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Banach M, Harley ITW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Comparative analysis of the repertoire of insulin-reactive B cells in type 1 diabetes-prone and resistant mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961209. [PMID: 36275764 PMCID: PMC9579539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seropositivity for autoantibodies against multiple islet antigens is associated with development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting a role for B cells in disease. The importance of B cells in T1D is indicated by the effectiveness of B cell-therapies in mouse models and patients. B cells contribute to T1D by presenting islet antigens, including insulin, to diabetogenic T cells that kill pancreatic beta cells. The role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in T1D development is unclear. Here, we employed single cell RNA sequencing to define the relationship between BCR affinity for insulin and B cell phenotype during disease development. We utilized immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (VH125) mouse models in which high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells (IBCs) were previously shown to be anergic in diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 and activated in VH125. NOD mice developing disease. Here, high-affinity IBCs were found in the spleen of prediabetic VH125. NOD mice and exhibited marginal zone or follicular phenotypes. Ig light chains expressed by these B cells are unmutated and biased toward Vκ4-74 and Vκ4-57 usage. Receptors expressed by anergic high-affinity IBCs of diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 are also unmutated; however, in this genetic background light chains are polymorphic relative to those of NOD. Light chains derived from NOD and C57BL/6-H2g7 genetic backgrounds conferred divergent kinetics of binding to insulin when paired with the VH125 heavy chain. These findings suggest that relaxation of tolerance mechanisms in the NOD mouse leads to accumulation and partial activation of B cells expressing germline encoded high-affinity BCRs that support development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Banach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Isaac T. W. Harley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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A Germline-Encoded Structural Arginine Trap Underlies the Anti-DNA Reactivity of a Murine V Gene Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094541. [PMID: 33926148 PMCID: PMC8123574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity may have its origins of early repertoire selection in developmental B cells. Such a primary repertoire is probably shaped by selecting B cells that can efficiently perform productive signaling, stimulated by self-antigens in the bone marrow, such as DNA. In support of that idea, we previously found a V segment from VH10 family that can form antibodies that bind to DNA independent of CDR3 usage. In this paper we designed four antibody fragments in a novel single-chain pre-BCR (scpre-BCR) format containing germinal V gene segments from families known to bind DNA (VH10) or not (VH4) connected to a murine surrogate light chain (SLC), lacking the highly charged unique region (UR), by a hydrophilic peptide linker. We also tested the influence of CDR2 on DNA reactivity by shuffling the CDR2 loop. The scpre-BCRs were expressed in bacteria. VH10 bearing scpre-BCR could bind DNA, while scpre-BCR carrying the VH4 segment did not. The CDR2 loop shuffling hampered VH10 reactivity while displaying a gain-of-function in the nonbinding VH4 germline. We modeled the binding sites demonstrating the conservation of a positivity charged pocket in the VH10 CDR2 as the possible cross-reactive structural element. We presented evidence of DNA reactivity hardwired in a V gene, suggesting a structural mechanism for innate autoreactivity. Therefore, while autoreactivity to DNA can lead to autoimmunity, efficiently signaling for B cell development is likely a trade-off mechanism leading to the selection of potentially autoreactive repertoires.
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3
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Tipton CM, Hom JR, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Understanding B-cell activation and autoantibody repertoire selection in systemic lupus erythematosus: A B-cell immunomics approach. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:120-131. [PMID: 29944759 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding antibody repertoires and in particular, the properties and fates of B cells expressing potentially pathogenic antibodies is critical to define the mechanisms underlying multiple immunological diseases including autoimmune and allergic conditions as well as transplant rejection. Moreover, an integrated knowledge of the antibody repertoires expressed by B cells and plasma cells (PC) of different functional properties and longevity is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies, better biomarkers for disease segmentation, and new assays to measure restoration of B-cell tolerance or, at least, of normal B-cell homeostasis. Reaching these goals, however, will require a more precise phenotypic, functional and molecular definition of B-cell and PC populations, and a comprehensive analysis of the antigenic reactivity of the antibodies they express. While traditionally hampered by technical and ethical limitations in human experimentation, new technological advances currently enable investigators to address these questions in a comprehensive fashion. In this review, we shall discuss these concepts as they apply to the study of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer R Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Kalinina O, Louzoun Y, Wang Y, Utset T, Weigert M. Origins and specificity of auto-antibodies in Sm+ SLE patients. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gould TJ, Tóth K, Mücke N, Langowski J, Hakusui AS, Olins AL, Olins DE. Defining the epichromatin epitope. Nucleus 2017; 8:625-640. [PMID: 28960120 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1380141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epichromatin is identified by immunostaining fixed and permeabilized cells with particular bivalent anti-nucleosome antibodies (mAbs PL2-6 and 1H6). During interphase, epichromatin resides adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane; during mitosis, at the outer surface of mitotic chromosomes. By STED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy, PL2-6 stained interphase epichromatin is ∼76 nm thick and quite uniform; mitotic epichromatin is more variable in thickness, exhibiting a "wrinkled" surface with an average thickness of ∼78 nm. Co-immunostaining with anti-Ki-67 demonstrates Ki-67 deposition between the PL2-6 "ridges" of mitotic epichromatin. Monovalent papain-derived Fab fragments of PL2-6 yield a strikingly different punctate "chromomeric" immunostaining pattern throughout interphase nuclei and along mitotic chromosome arms. Evidence from electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and from analytical ultracentrifugation characterize the Fab/mononucleosome complex, supporting the concept that there are two binding sites per nucleosome. The peptide sequence of the Hv3 region (heavy chain variable region 3) of the PL2-6 antibody binding site strongly resembles other nucleosome acidic patch binding proteins (especially, LANA and CENPC), supporting that the nucleosome acidic patch is included within the epichromatin epitope. It is speculated that the interphase epichromatin epitope is "exposed" with favorable geometric arrangements for binding bivalent PL2-6 at the surface chromatin; whereas, the epitope is "hidden" within internal chromatin. Furthermore, it is suggested that the "exposed" nucleosome surface of mitotic epichromatin may play a role in post-mitotic nuclear envelope reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Gould
- a Department of Physics & Astronomy , Bates College , Lewiston , ME , USA
| | - Katalin Tóth
- b Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Norbert Mücke
- b Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jörg Langowski
- b Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Ada L Olins
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New England , Portland , ME , USA
| | - Donald E Olins
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New England , Portland , ME , USA
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Phenotyping of autoreactive B cells with labeled nucleosomes in 56R transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13232. [PMID: 29038433 PMCID: PMC5643551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic characterization of self-reactive B cells producing autoantibodies is one of the challenges to get further insight in the physiopathology of autoimmune diseases. We took advantage of our previously developed flow cytometry method, using labeled nucleosomes, prominent autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus, to analyze the phenotype of self-reactive B cells in the anti-DNA B6.56R mouse model. We showed that splenic anti-nucleosome B cells express mostly kappa light chains and harbor a marginal zone phenotype. Moreover, these autoreactive B cells fail to acquire a germinal center phenotype and are less abundant in the transitional T3 compartment. In conclusion, the direct detection of autoreactive B cells helped determine their phenotypic characteristics and provided a more direct insight into the B cell tolerance process in B6.56R mice. This method constitutes an interesting new tool to study the mechanisms of B cell tolerance breakdown in B6.56R mice crossed with autoimmune prone models.
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Townsend CL, Laffy JMJ, Wu YCB, Silva O'Hare J, Martin V, Kipling D, Fraternali F, Dunn-Walters DK. Significant Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Human Immunoglobulin Kappa and Lambda CDR3 Regions. Front Immunol 2016; 7:388. [PMID: 27729912 PMCID: PMC5037968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody variable regions are composed of a heavy and a light chain, and in humans, there are two light chain isotypes: kappa and lambda. Despite their importance in receptor editing, the light chain is often overlooked in the antibody literature, with the focus being on the heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 region. In this paper, we set out to investigate the physicochemical and structural differences between human kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. We constructed a dataset containing over 29,000 light chain variable region sequences from IgM-transcribing, newly formed B cells isolated from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. We also used a published human naïve dataset to investigate the CDR-H3 properties of heavy chains paired with kappa and lambda light chains and probed the Protein Data Bank to investigate the structural differences between kappa and lambda antibody CDR regions. We found that kappa and lambda light chains have very different CDR physicochemical and structural properties, whereas the heavy chains with which they are paired do not differ significantly. We also observed that the mean CDR3 N nucleotide addition in the kappa, lambda, and heavy chain gene rearrangements are correlated within donors but can differ between donors. This indicates that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may work with differing efficiencies between different people but the same efficiency in the different classes of immunoglobulin chain within one person. We have observed large differences in the physicochemical and structural properties of kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. This may reflect different roles in the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M J Laffy
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London , London , UK
| | | | | | - Victoria Martin
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London , London , UK
| | - David Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Deborah K Dunn-Walters
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Lang J, Ota T, Kelly M, Strauch P, Freed BM, Torres RM, Nemazee D, Pelanda R. Receptor editing and genetic variability in human autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2015; 213:93-108. [PMID: 26694971 PMCID: PMC4710202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lang et al. show in a humanized mouse model that human B cells undergo central tolerance via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. The mechanisms by which B cells undergo tolerance, such as receptor editing, clonal deletion, and anergy, have been established in mice. However, corroborating these mechanisms in humans remains challenging. To study how autoreactive human B cells undergo tolerance, we developed a novel humanized mouse model. Mice expressing an anti–human Igκ membrane protein to serve as a ubiquitous neo self-antigen (Ag) were transplanted with a human immune system. By following the fate of self-reactive human κ+ B cells relative to nonautoreactive λ+ cells, we show that tolerance of human B cells occurs at the first site of self-Ag encounter, the bone marrow, via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. Moreover, the amount of available self-Ag and the genetics of the cord blood donor dictate the levels of central tolerance and autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Thus, this model can be useful for studying specific mechanisms of human B cell tolerance and to reveal differences in the extent of this process among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Brian M Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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