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Zia MA. Streptokinase: An Efficient Enzyme in Cardiac Medicine. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:111-119. [PMID: 31612811 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014150408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in oxygen supply to cardiac tissues or formation of thrombus leads to deleterious results like pulmonary embolism, coronary heart disease and acute cardiac failure. The formation of thrombus requires clinical encounter with fibrinolytic agents including streptokinase, urokinase or tissue plasminogen activator. Irrespective to urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase is still a significant agent in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Streptokinase, being so economical, has an important value in treating cardiac diseases in developing countries. This review paper will provide the maximum information to enlighten all the pros and cons of streptokinase up till now. It has been concluded that recent advances in structural/synthetic biology improved SK with enhanced half-life and least antigenicity. Such enzyme preparations would be the best thrombolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Zia
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040,Pakistan
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Maxson T, Deane CD, Molloy EM, Cox CL, Markley AL, Lee SW, Mitchell DA. HIV protease inhibitors block streptolysin S production. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1217-26. [PMID: 25668590 DOI: 10.1021/cb500843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptolysin S (SLS) is a post-translationally modified peptide cytolysin that is produced by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. SLS belongs to a large family of azole-containing natural products that are biosynthesized via an evolutionarily conserved pathway. SLS is an important virulence factor during S. pyogenes infections, but despite an extensive history of study, further investigations are needed to clarify several steps of its biosynthesis. To this end, chemical inhibitors of SLS biosynthesis would be valuable tools to interrogate the various maturation steps of both SLS and biosynthetically related natural products. Such chemical inhibitors could also potentially serve as antivirulence therapeutics, which in theory may alleviate the spread of antibiotic resistance. In this work, we demonstrate that FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitors, especially nelfinavir, block a key proteolytic processing step during SLS production. This inhibition was demonstrated in live S. pyogenes cells and through in vitro protease inhibition assays. A panel of 57 nelfinavir analogs was synthesized, leading to a series of compounds with improved anti-SLS activity while illuminating structure-activity relationships. Nelfinavir was also found to inhibit the maturation of other azole-containing natural products, namely those involved in listeriolysin S, clostridiolysin S, and plantazolicin production. The use of nelfinavir analogs as inhibitors of SLS production has allowed us to begin examining the proteolysis event in SLS maturation and will aid in further investigations of the biosynthesis of SLS and related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Maxson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Caitlin D. Deane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Courtney L. Cox
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew L. Markley
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Shaun W. Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Douglas A. Mitchell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Institute
for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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KOSHIMURA S, SHIMIZU R, MASUSAKI T, OHTA T, KISHI G. ON THE FORMATION OF STREPTOLYSIN S BY HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ACTING ON TUMOR CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:23-8. [PMID: 13562982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1958.tb00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molloy EM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Mitchell DA, Ross RP. Streptolysin S-like virulence factors: the continuing sagA. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:670-81. [PMID: 21822292 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptolysin S (SLS) is a potent cytolytic toxin and virulence factor that is produced by nearly all Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Despite a 100-year history of research on this toxin, it has only recently been established that SLS is just one of an extended family of post-translationally modified virulence factors (the SLS-like peptides) that are produced by some streptococci and other Gram-positive pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. In this Review, we describe the identification, genetics, biochemistry and various functions of SLS. We also discuss the shared features of the virulence-associated SLS-like peptides, as well as their place within the rapidly expanding family of thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins (TOMMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Molloy
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mitchell DA, Lee SW, Pence MA, Markley AL, Limm JD, Nizet V, Dixon JE. Structural and functional dissection of the heterocyclic peptide cytotoxin streptolysin S. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13004-12. [PMID: 19286651 PMCID: PMC2676033 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900802200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secretes a highly
cytolytic toxin known as streptolysin S (SLS). SLS is a key virulence
determinant and responsible for the β-hemolytic phenotype of these
bacteria. Despite over a century of research, the chemical structure of SLS
remains unknown. Recent experiments have revealed that SLS is generated from
an inactive precursor peptide that undergoes extensive post-translational
modification to an active form. In this work, we address outstanding questions
regarding the SLS biosynthetic process, elucidating the features of substrate
recognition and sites of posttranslational modification to the SLS precursor
peptide. Further, we exploit these findings to guide the design of artificial
cytolytic toxins that are recognized by the SLS biosynthetic enzymes and
others that are intrinsically cytolytic. This new structural information has
ramifications for future antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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ELLIOTT SD. The crystallization and serological differentiation of a streptococcal proteinase and its precursor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 92:201-18. [PMID: 15436931 PMCID: PMC2136034 DOI: 10.1084/jem.92.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grown in dialysate broth at a pH between 5.5 and 6.5, some strains of group A streptococci elaborate the precursor of a proteolytic enzyme. Within this range of hydrogen concentration the precursor is also produced when the streptococci are suspended in a peptone dialysate containing glucose and incubated at 37°C. The precursor does not appear to be produced at a neutral or alkaline reaction. Methods are described whereby the precursor and proteinase have been isolated in crystalline form. The precursor crystallizes from half-saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 22°C. or higher; the proteinase crystallizes from 0.15 saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 but does so most readily at refrigerator temperature. The degree of purification achieved by these procedures is discussed. The activity of purified preparations of the precursor and of proteinase has been tested against α-benzoyl-l-arginineamide and, with this as a substrate, the conversion of precursor to proteinase by autocatalysis or by trypsin has been confirmed. Immunological experiments are described, the results of which provide evidence of the distinct antigenic specificity of the precursor and proteinase; the conversion of precursor to proteinase has been followed by means of serological tests.
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Abstract
Potassium ions, and to a less extent, ammonium, magnesium, and barium ions, protect streptolysin S against thermal inactivation.
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BERNHEIMER AW, RUFFIER NK. Elaboration of desoxyribonuclease by streptococci in the resting state and inhibition of the enzyme by a substance extractable from the cocci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 93:399-413. [PMID: 14824411 PMCID: PMC2136079 DOI: 10.1084/jem.93.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
As a preliminary to the study of desoxyribonuclease elaboration by resting cells, 34 strains of streptococci were examined for their capacity to produce desoxyribonuclease in broth cultures. The largest amounts of enzyme were found to be produced by strains belonging to Lancefield group A and by certain strains belonging to groups C and D. Many strains, especially those belonging to other groups, produced little or no enzyme. Washed cocci of certain strains elaborated desoxyribonuclease extracellularly upon suspending them in a solution containing an energy source, phosphate and magnesium ions. When any one of these factors was omitted, no enzyme was produced. The appearance of extracellular desoxyribonuclease was found to be inhibited by a variety of enzyme poisons, and this and other findings indicate that desoxyribonuclease is synthesized in the resting cell system. Cocci were found to contain a substance which partially inhibits the desoxyribonuclease formed by group A strains but which fails to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease formed by strains belonging to groups B and C or to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease derived from yeast, barley, and pancreas. The inhibitor of group A desoxyribonuclease has been identified as streptococcal ribonucleic acid. Preparations of ribonucleic acid derived from yeast differed from streptococcal ribonucleic acid in failing to inhibit the group A desoxyribonuclease.
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SLADE HD, KNOX GA. Nutrition and the role of reducing agents in the formation of streptolysin O by a group A hemolytic streptococcus. J Bacteriol 2004; 60:301-10. [PMID: 14774350 PMCID: PMC385880 DOI: 10.1128/jb.60.3.301-310.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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HALBERT SP, SWICK L, SONN C. The use of precipitin analysis in agar for the study of human streptococcal infections. II. Ouchterlony and Oakley technics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 101:557-76. [PMID: 14367679 PMCID: PMC2136456 DOI: 10.1084/jem.101.5.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown by agar precipitin tests (Ouchterlony and Oakley) that human sera may contain from 0 to 5 antibodies against antigens present in a partially purified streptolysin O preparation, and from 0 to 7 antibodies against antigens in a crude ammonium sulfate concentrate of the streptococcal culture supernate used. These antigens were prepared from a Group A hemolytic streptococcus (strain C203S). Strong evidence was presented suggesting that some of the bands seen with streptolysin O concentrate represented antibody reponses to streptococcal antigens heretofore undescribed. Tests were also carried out with other streptococcal antigens, including streptokinase-desoxyribonuclease mixture from Group C streptococci (varidase-Lederle), crystalline proteinase, proteinase precursor, C carbohydrate, and sonic vibrated streptococcal cell extracts (group A, C203S). Fewer bands were seen with these preparations, and with some they were quite uncommon. The observations indicated that the predominating antibody responses in human streptococcal infections were to extracellular products of the micro-organisms, and only very slightly and infrequently to intracellular antigens. The human sera studied included sera from patients with active or convalescent rheumatic fever, and non-rheumatic subjects suffering from a variety of illnesses. As was expected, the rheumatic subjects showed antibody responses to many more of the antigens present in these preparations than did the nonrheumatic group. Pooled normal human gamma globulin was found to contain many of the antibodies found in potent human sera. This finding confirmed the antigen-antibody nature of the bands seen with individual sera. The epidemiological significance of these findings with gamma, globulin was briefly discussed. It was found that rabbit, guinea pig, and human antibody precipitin bands join quite readily in the Ouchterlony tests. This finding adds another tool for the identification of the precipitin bands found with human sera. Evidence was obtained which indicated differing immunological specificities of two samples of streptococcal desoxyribonuclease, one from Group A, the other from a Group C streptococcus. The value of these technics as representing a new approach to the study of human infectious disease was discussed.
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Sierig G, Cywes C, Wessels MR, Ashbaugh CD. Cytotoxic effects of streptolysin o and streptolysin s enhance the virulence of poorly encapsulated group a streptococci. Infect Immun 2003; 71:446-55. [PMID: 12496195 PMCID: PMC143243 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.446-455.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the toxicity of streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS) in purified group A streptococci (GAS) has been established, the effect of these molecules in natural infection is not well understood. To identify whether biologically relevant concentrations of SLO and SLS were cytotoxic to epithelial and phagocytic cells that the bacteria would typically encounter during human infection and to characterize the influence of cell injury on bacterial pathogenesis, we derived GAS strains deficient in SLO or SLS in the background of an invasive GAS M3 isolate and determined their virulence in in vitro and in vivo models of human disease. Whereas bacterial production of SLO resulted in lysis of both human keratinocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, GAS expression of SLS was associated only with keratinocyte injury. Expression of SLO but not SLS impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing of GAS in vitro, but this effect could only be demonstrated in the background of acapsular organisms. In mouse invasive soft-tissue infection, neither SLO or SLS expression significantly influenced mouse survival. By contrast, in a mouse model of bacterial sepsis after intraperitoneal inoculation of GAS, SLO expression enhanced the virulence of both encapsulated and acapsular GAS, whereas SLS expression increased the virulence only of acapsular GAS. We conclude that the cytotoxic effects of SLO protect GAS from phagocytic killing and enhance bacterial virulence, particularly of strains that may be relatively deficient in hyaluronic acid capsule. Compared to SLO, SLS in this strain background has a more modest influence on GAS pathogenicity and the effect does not appear to involve bacterial resistance to phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sierig
- Channing Laboratory and Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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IRWIN J, SEELEY HW. Titration and partial characterization of a soluble hemolysin of a group D streptococcus. J Bacteriol 2000; 76:29-35. [PMID: 13563386 PMCID: PMC290149 DOI: 10.1128/jb.76.1.29-35.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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BERNHEIMER AW. Resolution of mixtures of proteins by means of zone electrophoresis in sucrose density gradients. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 96:226-32. [PMID: 13868184 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(62)90402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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GINSBURG I, HARRIS TN. OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI. II. CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 118:919-34. [PMID: 14112271 PMCID: PMC2137697 DOI: 10.1084/jem.118.6.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-stable streptococcal hemolysins, which can be induced by a number of diverse substances, have been studied. Differences among these hemolysins have been found in electrophoresis, chromatography, pH stability, and susceptibility to some organic solvents and to an enzyme, RNAase. These properties have in each case been found to characterize the inducing substances as well. In a number of instances it has been found possible to incubate one inducer with the hemolysin induced by another of these agents and then, after appropriate fractionation, to find hemolytic activity in the fraction containing the fresh inducer. These observations suggest that the oxygen-stable streptococcal hemolysins are constituted as carrier-hemolysin complexes, the carriers being the set of molecular species effective as inducers, and the prosthetic group being transferred from one carrier to another under appropriate conditions. After transfer of the hemolytic moiety from a hemolysin molecule which is susceptible to inactivation by a given agent or set of conditions to a carrier which is not itself significantly affected by this agent, the new, derived, hemolysin has been found not to be inactivated by the agent. The hemolysins of this group can thus be inactivated by enzymatic attack on the prosthetic group, or by hydrolysis or deformation of the postulated carrier molecule.
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Abstract
Berk, Richard S. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.). Intracellular hemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 85:522-526. 1963.-Disruption of cells (2 to 6 days old) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in Tryptose Broth devoid of blood yielded an intracellular hemolysin active on sheep and human erythrocytes. The intracellular agent was not usually detectable in cells grown under highly aerobic conditions. However, activity was observed after 48 hr of growth and appeared to reach a peak at 96 hr when grown under static conditions. Centrifugation of hemolytic extracts at 20,000 x g for 30 min resulted in a fractionation of activity into particulate and soluble components. Similar fractionation of activity occurred after adjustment of the pH of crude extracts to 1.40. In addition, hemolytic preparations were not inactivated by boiling for 90 min, by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or by heating in equal volumes of 20% KOH. Activity over a wide pH range was noted, with a maximum occurring at approximately 6.0. However, some preparations occasionally exhibited a second peak on the alkaline side.
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GINSBURG I, BENTWICH Z, HARRIS TN. OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI. 3. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CELL-BOUND HOMOLYSIN TO STREPTOLYSIN S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:633-45. [PMID: 14279764 PMCID: PMC2137988 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.4.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of the streptococcal hemolysin which is recognized on incubation of RBC with streptococcal cells (cell-bound hemolysin, CBH), to RNA hemolysin, a representative of oxygen-stable hemolysin (streptolysin S) has been studied. A number of similarities have been found in the conditions for optimal production of each of these hemolysins, a requirement for cysteine, Mg(++), and glucose; maximal production by streptococci in the stationary phase; similar curves of pH-dependence. In both systems, the production of hemolysin was inhibited by certain antibiotics, by ultraviolet irradiation, and by sonic disruption and was absent in the same streptococcal mutant strain. The hemolytic activity of both systems was inhibited by lecithin, trypan blue, and papain. Similarities were also found in relative susceptibilities to the two hemolytic systems of erythrocytes of a number of animal species. These data support a suggestion advanced in an earlier study that a streptococcal hemolytic moiety, which can be induced by, and carried on, a number of diverse agents to comprise the group of oxygen-stable hemolysins, serves, in its original attachment to a component of the streptococcal cell, to produce the hemolytic effect recognized as the cell-bound hemolysin.
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HIRSCH JG, BERNHEIMER AW, WEISSMANN G. MOTION PICTURE STUDY OF THE TOXIC ACTION OF STREPTOLYSINS ON LEUCOCYTES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 118:223-8. [PMID: 14074386 PMCID: PMC2137707 DOI: 10.1084/jem.118.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The initial morphologic alteration in rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes exposed to streptolysin is rapid and extensive lysis of cytoplasmic granules. The granules appear to rupture directly into the cell sap. Within a few minutes following degranulation, the leucocyte rounds up, filamentous processes appear on the cell membrane, the cytoplasm liquefies, and finally the nuclear lobes swell and fuse. Streptolysin O causes these changes in intact leucocytes when added in concentrations only slightly higher than those required for release of hydrolases from isolated liver lysosomes, and furthermore exerts its action on granulocytes promptly. On the other hand streptolysin S acts on white cells only after a 15 to 30 minute delay, and the levels necessary to disrupt granules in leucocytes are considerably higher than those which act on lysosome suspensions. Exposure of rabbit alveolar macrophages to streptolysin O also results in lysis of granules, soon followed by alterations in the cytoplasm and membrane. The observations are in accord with the hypothesis that streptolysins penetrate the leucocyte membrane and bring about lysis of granules. Autolytic enzymes released from the granules might then be responsible for the subsequent damage seen in various other cell structures.
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Abstract
The Su strain of Streptococcus pyogenes (S-coccus)-derived anticancer preparation, OK-432, which is immobilized by heating in the presence of penicillin G, is well known to have an immunopotentiating activity through activation of natural killer cells in vivo. In this study, a streptococcal anticancer preparation stronger than OK-432 was prepared. Live streptococci (S-cocci) of the Su strain were induced to acquire H202-producing ability by treatment with serum under aerobic conditions. The resulting preparation no longer possessed hemolytic activity, and was not viable. The serum-treated S-coccus preparation activated natural killer cells as well as OK-432 did, and had stronger antitumor activity than OK-432 did. These results suggest that the serum-treated S-coccus preparation would be a useful tool for chemotherapy, in addition to immunotherapy, for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Higuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Takara-machi, Ishikawa
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BERNHEIMER AW, SCHWARTZ LL. EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND OTHER BACTERIAL TOXINS ON PLATELETS IN VITRO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 89:209-23. [PMID: 14263463 DOI: 10.1002/path.1700890121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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BERNHEIMER AW, DAVIDSON M. LYSIS OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND STREPTOCOCCAL TOXINS. Science 1996; 148:1229-31. [PMID: 14280003 DOI: 10.1126/science.148.3674.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Six strains representing three species of Mycoplasma were examined for susceptibility to lysis by staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins. All were sensitive to staphylococcal alpha-toxin, two to streptolysin S, and three to streptolysin O. The results support the concept that the limiting membrane of pleuropneumonia-like organisms is basically similar to those of many other cell types and provide additional evidence for the participation of cholesterol in cytolysis induced by streptolysin O.
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GINSBURG I, HARRIS TN. OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 38:198-222. [PMID: 14269507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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WEISSMANN G, BECHER B, THOMAS L. STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES. V. THE EFFECTS OF STREPTOLYSINS AND OTHER HEMOLYTIC AGENTS ON ISOLATED LEUCOCYTE GRANULES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 22:115-26. [PMID: 14195605 PMCID: PMC2106489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.22.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Granules from rabbit peritoneal leucocytes were prepared in 0.3 M sucrose as an optically homogeneous suspension with the aid of heparin. Lysis of the granules in vitro was followed by measurement of decreases in the apparent absorbance of the suspensions at 520 mmicro and was accompanied by solubilization of beta-glucuronidase from the particles. Streptolysins O and S from hemolytic streptococci lysed the granules at 20 degrees C; the initial rate of lysis by streptolysin O was greater than that by streptolysin S. Cysteine activated, and specific antibody inhibited, streptolysin O; antimycin and bovine serum albumin inhibited streptolysin S. The granules were not lysed by any other streptococcal exotoxins. Lysis was irreversible and depended neither upon oxidative phosphorylation, nor upon intact respiration. The granules were also lysed by lysolecithin, at concentrations from 2 x 10(-6)M to 1 x 10(-4)M; bovine serum albumin and antimycin also inhibited this lytic agent. Such other hemolytic agents and procedures as vitamin A, non-ionic detergents, and ultraviolet irradiation also disrupted leucocyte granules. In susceptibility to lysis and other properties, the granules of white cells resembled erythrocytes. Leucocyte granules differed from mitochondria in that they did not appear to take up or extrude water reversibly; they were unaffected by thyroxine, phosphate, or metabolic substrate. The studies are compatible with the hypotheses that white cell granules are similar to lysosomes isolated from other tissues, and that they share common surface properties with erythrocytes.
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WEISSMANN G, KEISER H, BERNHEIMER AW. STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES. III. THE EFFECTS OF STREPTOLYSINS O AND S ON THE RELEASE OF ACID HYDROLASES FROM A GRANULAR FRACTION OF RABBIT LIVER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 118:205-22. [PMID: 14074385 PMCID: PMC2137708 DOI: 10.1084/jem.118.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Streptolysins O and S from hemolytic streptococci have been added to granular fractions of tissue homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose prepared from rabbit liver, heart, spleen and lymph nodes. At concentrations ranging from 0.65 microg/ml to 2.0 mg/ml of streptolysin S, and from 10 microg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml of streptolysin O, two lysosomal enzymes (beta glucuronidase and acid phosphatase) and, to a lesser degree, one mitochondrial enzyme (malic dehydrogenase) were released into the supernatants of the reaction mixture. Although the hemolytic action of each lysin paralleled the effect on lysosomes, at equivalent levels of hemolytic activity, SLS was approximately 10 times more active on lysosomes than SLO. SLO was inhibited by cholesterol, cortisol, and specific antibody in vitro; pretreatment of animals with cortisone decreased the susceptibility of their isolated lysosomes to SLO. These agents failed to prevent SLS action on lysosomes. SLO had a pH optimum of 6.5 against lysosomes while SLS was maximally active at 7.5. No other streptococcal extracellular products were as active on lysosomes as the streptolysins, although activated streptococcal proteinase precursor released some hydrolases from the granules. Similarities between the actions of SLO and SLS on red cells and lysosomes suggested that the membranes bounding lysosomes and erythrocytes have common properties.
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BERNHEIMER AW, SCHWARTZ LL. LYSIS OF BACTERIAL PROTOPLASTS AND SPHEROPLASTS BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN AND STREPTOLYSIN S. J Bacteriol 1996; 89:1387-92. [PMID: 14293012 PMCID: PMC277656 DOI: 10.1128/jb.89.5.1387-1392.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bernheimer, Alan W. (New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.), and Lois L. Schwartz. Lysis of bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts by staphylococcal alpha-toxin and streptolysin S. J. Bacteriol. 89:1387-1392. 1965.-Protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and spheroplasts of Escherichia coli were lysed by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, whereas spheroplasts of Vibrio metschnikovii and V. comma were not. In the spectrum of its lytic action, streptolysin S qualitatively resembled staphylococcal alpha-toxin except for failure to lyse S. pyogenes protoplasts. In contrast to the two foregoing agents, streptolysin O did not lyse protoplasts and spheroplasts. The observations are interpreted in relation to similarities and differences in lipid composition of bacterial and mammalian cell membranes.
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GINSBURG I, HARRIS TN, GROSSOWICZ N. OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI. I. THE ROLE OF VARIOUS AGENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE HEMOLYSINS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 118:905-17. [PMID: 14112270 PMCID: PMC2137696 DOI: 10.1084/jem.118.6.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of oxygen-stable hemolysin in growing and resting Group A streptococci has been induced by RNA, by detergents, and by mammalian blood serum proteins, in the presence of glucose, Mg++, and cysteine. Of the serum proteins, albumin and α lipoprotein could act as inducers. In the case of both these serum proteins treatment with trypsin did not affect the capacity to induce hemolysin production, but removal of the bound lipids by alcohol-ether or chloroform-methanol destroyed this property. In comparisons of the conditions of production and of activity between the hemolysin produced by RNA on one hand and albumin and detergents on the other, some data indicated similarities among the hemolysins, and others, differences. The similarities included similar degrees of temperature dependence for production and equal degrees of inhibition by serum β lipoprotein. Differences found among these hemolysins included differences between, the rate of production of the RNA hemolysin from that of albumin or detergent hemolysin by both resting and growing streptococci, and the failure of utilization of glucosamine as an energy source for the production of albumin hemolysin, in contrast with that of RNA hemolysin. The fact that the data have in some cases indicated similarities and in other cases differences among the hemolysins raises the question of whether these are different molecular species, or a single hemolysin synthesized by the streptococci via different pathways of metabolism, or complexes of a single hemolytic moiety with various molecular carriers.
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KEISER H, WEISSMANN G, BERNHEIMER AW. STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES. IV. SOLUBILIZATION OF ENZYMES DURING MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING AND DISRUPTION OF LYSOSOMES BY STREPTOLYSIN S AND OTHER HEMOLYTIC AGENTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 22:101-13. [PMID: 14195604 PMCID: PMC2106483 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.22.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptolysins S and O from hemolytic streptococci were found to induce mitochondrial swelling and the release of malic dehydrogenase from mitochondria; no other streptococcal products were as active. Mg(++), cyanide, dinitrophenol, bovine serum albumin, and antimycin all inhibited streptolysin-induced mitochondrial swelling; only the latter two agents prevented release of malic dehydrogenase from the particles. The streptolysins also solubilized beta-glucuronidase from the less numerous lysosomes of mitochondrial fractions. Vitamin A induced swelling of mitochondria with release of malic dehydrogenase and, at higher concentrations, release of beta-glucuronidase. In these effects, streptolysin S and vitamin A resembled cysteine and ascorbate, which induced swelling and lysis of mitochondria together with solubilization of enzymes. In contrast, mitochondrial swelling induced by such agents as phosphate, thyroxine, or substrates was not accompanied by release of enzymes. The release of enzymes from particles is suggested as a criterion for distinguishing "lytic" agents from those which induce mitochondrial swelling dependent upon electron transport. It was possible to dissociate effects on mitochondria and lysosomes in these experiments; less streptolysin was necessary to damage lysosomes than mitochondria; the converse was found with vitamin A. Injury to mitochondria resulted from the direct action of these agents, since the lysosomal enzymes released as a consequence of their action were not capable of inducing mitochondrial swelling or release of enzymes under the conditions studied.
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Witters NA, Duhamel GE. Cell membrane permeability and mitochondrial dysfunction-inducing activities in cell-free supernatants from Serpulina hyodysenteriae serotypes 1 and 2. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 19:233-44. [PMID: 8800549 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(96)00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane permeability (MP) and mitochondrial dysfunction-inducing (MDI) activities were detected in cell-free supernatants (CFS) of Serpulina hyodysenteriae, using either hemoglobin release from porcine red blood cells (RBC) or cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase release from porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and reduction of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye by porcine PBL. The MP and MDI activities of CFS correlated with each other for serotype 1 and 2 isolates taken at different population densities; however, the kinetics of toxin production varied between each serotype. The loss of enteropathogenicity of two field isolates with nonpathogenic phenotypes and pathogenic isolates passaged up to 45 times in vitro was not attributable to a loss of either membrane permeability or mitochondrial dysfunction-inducing activity of cell-free supernatants. Results from this study suggested the potential for two separate toxins being involved in the pathogenesis of swine dysentery, with the MDI activity correlating with age susceptibility to clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Witters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583-0905, USA
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Ozegowski JH, Wollweber L, Vettermann S, Muller PJ, Gunther E, Kohler W. Kinetics and regulation of erythrogenic toxins type A and C during growth of Streptococcus pyogenes. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 283:271-85. [PMID: 8861865 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of erythrogenic toxins type A (ETA) and C (ETC) is described as a function of growth kinetics. Group A streptococcal strains C 203 S and NY 5 were cultivated in yeast-peptone extract, Todd-Hewitt medium and a synthetic medium. Two main growth phases occurred during growth: a first logarithmic phase and a second linear phase. These phases were separated by a short stationary interphase caused by limitation of the amino acids L-serine and L-leucine. Maximum production of ETC was observed during the logarithmic phase, it was correlated to a high level of viable cells. ETA was produced mainly during the short stationary interphase. The production of ETC is regulated by L-isoleucine. A stagnation or reduction of the concentration of viable cells was observed during the interphase. The phosphate limitation caused during streptococcal growth induced expression of the extracellular protein phosphatase and surprisingly, of a serine proteinase activity. The association between these results and the pathogenicity of streptococci is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ozegowski
- Institut fur Experimentelle Mikrobiologie der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Germany
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Ozegowski JH, Wollweber L, Schmidt KH, Vettermann S, Reichardt W, Köhler W. Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin type C is not a phosphorylated protein. Description of two different purification procedures and investigation of its phosphorylation state. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 9:65-76. [PMID: 7920465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Erythrogenic toxin type C (ETC) from different streptococcal group A strains was successively purified by absorption on phenylsepharose, acidic dialysis of the eluate at 40% saturated ammonium sulphate solution, CM-Sepharose chromatography, finally by immunoaffinity chromatography on monoclonal antibodies. Second, after growing of bacteria in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate to phosphorylate ETC, the ETC was purified with phenylsepharose following immunoaffinity chromatography. The occurrence of phosphoamino acids in the purified ETC was investigated by an immunoassay. No phosphoamino acids could be detected in the ETC molecule. Also after radiolabelling with 32P it was not possible to demonstrate a radioactive signal. The treatment with alkaline phosphatase has no influence on the mitogenicity or position of ETC in isoelectric focusing. The results obtained led to the conclusion that in contrast to the literature, ETC is not a phosphorylated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ozegowski
- Institut für Experimentelle Mikrobiologie der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, FRG
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Gerlach D, Köhler W, Günther E, Mann K. Purification and characterization of streptolysin O secreted by Streptococcus equisimilis (group C). Infect Immun 1993; 61:2727-31. [PMID: 8500915 PMCID: PMC280909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2727-2731.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptolysin O (SLO) was purified from culture supernatants of group C streptococci. The final product was either the complete, native molecule (SLOn [pI, 6.0]) with the N-terminal sequence (Asp)-Ser-Asn-Lys-Gln-Asn-Thr-Ala-Asn-Thr-Glu-Thr- or a large fragment (SLOf [pI, 7.3]) with the N-terminal sequence Ala-Pro-Lys-Glu-Met-Pro-Leu-Glu-Ser-Ala-Glu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Lys-.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerlach
- Institute of Experimental Microbiology, Jena, Germany
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Akao T, Takahashi T, Kobashi K. Purification and characterization of a peptide essential for formation of streptolysin S by Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 1992; 60:4777-80. [PMID: 1398988 PMCID: PMC258231 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.11.4777-4780.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides in a pronase digest of bovine serum albumin were required for streptolysin S formation by Streptococcus pyogenes besides maltose and a carrier (the oligonucleotide fraction obtained by treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA with RNase A). A peptide essential for streptolysin S formation was purified to homogeneity from a pronase digest of bovine serum albumin by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and anion-exchange, reverse-phase, and gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide was divided into more than two peptides by HCOOOH oxidation and was composed of four residues of cysteine, three of leucine, and one each of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Leucine and cysteine were detected as amino-terminal residues, and leucine and glutamic acid were detected as carboxyl-terminal residues, suggesting that two or three peptides are linked by a disulfide bond(s). A disulfide bond structure in the peptide seemed to be required for streptolysin S formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Abstract
Production of streptolysin S by streptococci was found to be inhibited by treatment with protease inhibitors, tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), even in the presence of the inducer oligonucleotides. Other protease inhibitors, antipain, leupeptin, or pepstatin were found to have little or no effect. Trypsin reversed the effect of TPCK or TLCK. The reversal was dependent upon the amount of added trypsin and the incubation time at 37 degrees C, suggesting that a protease activity was involved in the hemolysin formation. The effect of trypsin was not observed if chloramphenicol was also added, suggesting that a precursor of streptolysin S was processed as it was synthesized and released into medium as the active hemolysin, by the concerted action of a protease and inducer oligonucleotides. Experiments with the subcellular fractions of streptococci indicated that the streptolysin precursor was localized in the insoluble fraction and the "processing" protease in the supernatant fraction.
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Michel J, Ferne M, Borinski R, Kornberg Z, Bergner-Rabinowitz S, Ginsburg I. Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and penicillin on group A streptococci. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1982; 1:375-80. [PMID: 6761113 DOI: 10.1007/bf02019938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococci strains were grown in broth containing subminimal inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and penicillin, and tested for possible changes in colonial morphology, activity and amount of cellular and extracellular components. The following components were tested: T protein, M protein, opacity factor, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic acid, streptolysin S, streptolysin O, DNase, hyaluronidase and NADase. Sub-MICs of these drugs produced variable changes in the bacteria. They increased the amount of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase, decreased the amount of M protein, and enhanced phagocytosis and the release of lipoteichoic acid. The results indicate that sub-MICs of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and penicillin may affect the pathogenicity and toxinogenicity of group A streptococci.
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Duncan JL, Buckingham L. Effect of streptolysin S on liposomes. Influence of membrane lipid composition on toxin action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 648:6-12. [PMID: 6895326 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the bacterial cytolytic toxin, streptolysin S, on liposomes composed of various phospholipids was investigated. Large unilamellar vesicles containing [14C]sucrose were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation, and membrane damage produced by the toxin was measured by following the release of labeled marker. The net charge of the liposomes had little or no effect on their susceptibility to steptolysin S and the toxin was about equally effective on liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. Experiments with liposomes composed of synthetic phospholipids showed that the ability of the toxin to produce membrane damage depended on the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains. The order of sensitivity was C18 : 2 phosphatidylcholine greater than C18: I phosphatidylcholine greater than C18 : 0 phosphatidylcholine = C16 : 0 phosphatidylcholine. Liposomes containing the latter two phospholipids were virtually unaffected by streptolysin S, and experiments with C18 : 0 phosphatidylcholine suggested that toxin activity does not bind to liposomes composed of phospholipids with saturated fatty acyl chains. The inclusion of 40 mol% cholesterol in C16 : 0 phosphatidylcholine and C18 : 0 phosphatidylcholine liposomes made these vesicles sensitive to streptolysin S. Egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes, which were unaffected at 0 degrees C and 4 degrees C became susceptible to the toxin at these temperatures when cholesterol was included. Liposomes composed of C14 : 0 phosphatidylcholine were unaffected by streptolysin S at temperatures below the chain-melting transition temperature (23 degrees C) of this phospholipid, but became increasingly susceptible above this temperature. The results suggest that the fluidity of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains in the membrane is important in streptolysin S action.
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Hryniewicz W, Roszkowski W, Lipski S, Jeljaszewicz J. Influence of streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes on some functions of lymphocyte membrane. Toxicon 1981; 19:33-9. [PMID: 6261420 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(81)90115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Group A streptococci which produce streptolysin S (SLS) contain a cellular potential hemolysin (CPH) which is precursor to extracellular SLS. Since the cellular location of CPH is unknown, protoplasts prepared with group C phage-associated lysin or mutanolysin from 18 strains of group A streptococci were fractionated into subcellular components and assayed for CPH. In all strains, most of the CPH was membrane associated, and most could not be removed from membranes by washing with buffer or 2 M LiCl. CPH remaining in the cytoplasmic fraction was sedimentable, but not associated with membrane fragments. Ribonuclease digestion neither solubilized nor inactivated CPH from membranes. Streptococcal proteinase also did not affect CPH, although it did inactivate SLS. We conclude that group A streptococci contain a major pool of CPH in the membrane and a smaller pool in the cytoplasm.
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Abstract
A hemolysin that appears to be responsible for the zones of beta-hemolysis surrounding colonies of group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) on blood agar plates has been isolated and partially purified. No soluble hemolysin was detectable in the supernatants of streptococcal cultures grown in several types of media. However, hemolytic activity was detected when streptococci were incubated with erythrocytes, and soluble hemolysin was isolated when bacterial suspensions were incubated in the presence of a variety of agents, including calf serum, albumin, Tween 80, and starch. Glucose and other fermentable carbohydrates stimulated hemolysin production, and metabolic inhibitors greatly reduced the titer of hemolysin that could be recovered, suggesting that cellular metabolism is necessary for hemolysin production or release. The soluble hemolysin was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and partially purified by gel filtration. Agents known to inhibit other streptococcal hemolysins, including phospholipids, trypan blue, proteases, and cholesterol, were tested for their effect on the group B hemolysin. Only the phospholipids inhibited hemolysin activity. The group B streptococcal hemolysin appears to be similar to, but distinct from, streptolysin S produced by Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Abstract
Group A streptococci which produce streptolysin S contain a cellular precursor to streptolysin S in the membranes and cytoplasm which is activatable by blending in a Vortex mixer with glass beads and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-core (RNA preparation from yeast). Although no activation of precursor occurred when it was mixed with detergents, it was activated when blended with glass beads and detergents such as Tergitol NP-40 and Brij 35. Maximum activation of precursor was achieved in 1 to 2% detergent, in pH 6.5 buffer, and after 8 min of blending. Detergents Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80, Brij 56, and Lubrol WX also activated precursor, but, of all the hemolysin preparations, those with Tween 40 or 60 or Lubrol WX were the most stable. The addition of RNA-core during or after blending of precursor with detergents enhanced the titer and stability of the hemolysin. This was due in part to the association of the hemolytic moiety with RNA-core. Activation of precursor in the membrane was better with a detergent, whereas that in the cytoplasm was better with RNA-core. Therefore, precursor from two different cellular locations can be differentiated by the effects of RNA-core and detergents on precursor titer.
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Pryjma J, Hryniewicz W, Pryjma K. Influence of streptolysin S on lymphocyte functions. Curr Microbiol 1980; 3:225-30. [PMID: 27520767 DOI: 10.1007/bf02602453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptolysin S, which was found to be cytotoxic for mouse and human lymphocytes and particularly for their T subpopulation, was also shown to affect some of the functions ascribed to T lymphocytes. In vitro studies demonstrated that streptolysin S-pretreated lymphocytes exhibited reduced responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and decreased lymphokine production. Streptolysin S could also alter the immune response of mice in vivo. It induced suppression of the immune response to T-dependent antigen (SRBC) but had not influence on response to T-independent antigen (S III). The in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that streptolysin S can impair the function of T lymphocytes or, more precisely, of some subpopulation of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pryjma
- Branch Rabka, National Institute of Mother and Child, Polna 16, 34-410, Rabka, Poland
| | - W Hryniewicz
- National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Pryjma
- Branch Rabka, National Institute of Mother and Child, Polna 16, 34-410, Rabka, Poland
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Akao T, Wang MT, Lai CY. Purification of oligonucleotides with streptolysin S inducer activity and de novo synthesis of the hemolysin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 201:56-63. [PMID: 6994650 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lai CY, Wang MT, de Faria JB, Akao T. Streptolysin S: improved purification and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:804-12. [PMID: 742902 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Janiak M, Hryniewicz W, Jeljaszewicz J, Pulverer G. Local microwave hyperthermia (43 degrees C) and stimulation of the macrophage and T-lymphocyte systems in treatment of Guerin epithelioma in rats. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KREBSFORSCHUNG UND KLINISCHE ONKOLOGIE. CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1978; 91:35-48. [PMID: 146340 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Streptolysin O was measured in subcellular fractions of group A streptococci obtained after preparation of protoplasts in a hypertonic buffer containing raffinose. Most of the activity was located in the periplasm (the region between cell wall and membrane) and did not differ in several characteristics from that of extracellular streptolysin O. Of the enzymes used as subcellular markers, aldolase and maltase (cytoplasmic) and acid phosphatase (membrane associated) were in the same fractions as found in other bacteria. However, the location of alkaline phosphatase differed from that of other bacteria in the most of the activity was in cytoplasm rather than in the periplasm.
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Taylor AG, Lack CH, Fincham WJ. Synovitis produced by intra-articular injections of a non-haemolytic fraction of streptolysin-S preparations. J Pathol 1972; 108:199-203. [PMID: 4119089 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Colacicco G, Buckelew AR. Lipid monolayers: influence of lipid film and urea on the surface activity of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Lipids 1971; 6:546-53. [PMID: 5094765 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Buckelew AR, Colacicco G. Lipid monolayers. Interactions with staphylococcal alpha-toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 233:7-16. [PMID: 4325423 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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