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Ostmeyer TJ, Bahuguna RN, Kirkham MB, Bean S, Jagadish SVK. Enhancing Sorghum Yield Through Efficient Use of Nitrogen - Challenges and Opportunities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:845443. [PMID: 35295626 PMCID: PMC8919068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.845443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is an important crop, which is widely used as food, forage, fodder and biofuel. Despite its natural adaption to resource-poor and stressful environments, increasing yield potential of sorghum under more favorable conditions holds promise. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for crops, having a dynamic impact on all growth, yield, and grain-quality-determining processes. Thus, increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in sorghum would provide opportunities to achieve higher yield and better-quality grain. NUE is a complex trait, which is regulated by several genes. Hence, exploring genetic diversity for NUE can help to develop molecular markers associated with NUE, which can be utilized to develop high NUE sorghum genotypes with greater yield potential. Research on improving NUE in sorghum suggests that, under water-deficit conditions, traits such as stay-green and altered canopy architecture, and under favorable conditions, traits such as an optimized stay-green and senescence ratio and efficient N translocation to grain, are potential breeding targets to develop high NUE sorghum genotypes. Hence, under a wide range of environments, sorghum breeding programs will need to reconsider strategies and develop breeding programs based on environment-specific trait(s) for better adaptation and improvement in productivity and grain quality. Unprecedented progress in sensor-based technology and artificial intelligence in high-throughput phenotyping has provided new horizons to explore complex traits in situ, such as NUE. A better understanding of the genetics and molecular pathways involving NUE, accompanied by targeted high-throughput sensor-based indices, is critical for identifying lines or developing management practices to enhance NUE in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Ostmeyer
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Rajeev Nayan Bahuguna
- Center for Advanced Studies on Climate Change, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, India
| | - M. B. Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Scott Bean
- Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit, CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Adamczyk B. How do boreal forest soils store carbon? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100010. [PMID: 33956367 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests store a globally significant pool of carbon (C), mainly in tree biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms underlying C stabilization are not well understood. Here, recently discovered mechanisms behind SOM stabilization, their level of understanding, interrelations, and future directions in the field are provided. A recently unraveled mechanism behind C stabilization via interaction of root-derived tannins with fungal necromass emphasizing fungal necromass chemistry is brought forth. The long-lasting dogma of the stability of SOM on minerals is challenged and the newest insights from the field of soil fauna and their influence on SOM stabilization are provided. In conclusion, mechanisms unraveled during the last decade are crucial steps forward to draw a holistic view of the main drivers of SOM stabilization.
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Adamczyk B, Sietiö OM, Straková P, Prommer J, Wild B, Hagner M, Pihlatie M, Fritze H, Richter A, Heinonsalo J. Plant roots increase both decomposition and stable organic matter formation in boreal forest soil. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3982. [PMID: 31484931 PMCID: PMC6726645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boreal forests are ecosystems with low nitrogen (N) availability that store globally significant amounts of carbon (C), mainly in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms controlling boreal C and N pools are not well understood. Here, using a three-year field experiment, we compare SOM decomposition and stabilization in the presence of roots, with exclusion of roots but presence of fungal hyphae and with exclusion of both roots and fungal hyphae. Roots accelerate SOM decomposition compared to the root exclusion treatments, but also promote a different soil N economy with higher concentrations of organic soil N compared to inorganic soil N accompanied with the build-up of stable SOM-N. In contrast, root exclusion leads to an inorganic soil N economy (i.e., high level of inorganic N) with reduced stable SOM-N build-up. Based on our findings, we provide a framework on how plant roots affect SOM decomposition and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adamczyk
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland.
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Straková
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith Prommer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Birgit Wild
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Nitrogen Addition Affects Soil Respiration Primarily through Changes in Microbial Community Structure and Biomass in a Subtropical Natural Forest. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest soil respiration plays an important role in global carbon (C) cycling. Owing to the high degree of C and nitrogen (N) cycle coupling, N deposition rates may greatly influence forest soil respiration, and possibly even global C cycling. Soil microbes play a crucial role in regulating the biosphere–atmosphere C exchange; however, how microbes respond to N addition remains uncertain. To better understand this process, the experiment was performed in the Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata Nature Reserve, in the subtropical zone of China. Treatments involved applying different levels of N (0, 40, and 80 kg ha−2 year−1) over a three-year period (January 2013–December 2015) to explore how soil physicochemical properties, respiration rate, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentration, and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance responded to various N addition rate. Results showed that high levels of N addition significantly decreased soil respiration; however, low levels of N addition significantly increased soil respiration. High levels of N reduced soil pH and enhanced P and C co-limitation of microorganisms, leading to significant reductions in total PLFA and changes in the structure of microbial communities. Significant linear relationships were observed between annual cumulative respiration and the concentration of microbial biomass (total PLFA, gram-positive bacteria (G+), gram-negative bacteria (G−), total bacteria, and fungi) and the microbial community structure (G+: G− ratio). Taken together, increasing N deposition changed microbial community structure and suppressed microbial biomass, ultimately leading to recalcitrant C accumulation and soil C emissions decrease in subtropical forest.
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Ma J, Han H, Zhang W, Cheng X. Dynamics of nitrogen and active nitrogen components across seasons under varying stand densities in a Larix principis-rupprechtii ( Pinaceae) plantation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5647. [PMID: 30280025 PMCID: PMC6166636 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the concentration of soil nitrogen (N) or its components may directly affect ecosystem functioning in forestry. Thinning of forest stands, a widely used forestry management practice, may transform soil nutrients directly by altering the soil environment, or indirectly by changing above- or belowground plant biomass. The study objectives were to determine how tree stem density affects the soil N pool and what mechanisms drive any potential changes. In this study, N and its active components were measured in the soil of a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation across two full growing seasons, in 12 (25 × 25 m) plots: (low thinning, removal of 15% of the trees, three plot repetitions), moderate thinning (MT) (35% removal) and heavy thinning (HT) (50% removal) and no thinning control. Environmental indices, like the light condition, soil respiration, soil temperatures, and prescription, were measured in the plots also. Results indicated that soil total nitrogen (STN) was affected by tree stem density adjustments in the short-term; STN generally increased with decreasing tree stem density, reaching its highest concentration in the MT treatment before decreasing in HT. This pattern was echoed by the DON/STN ratio dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) under MT. A lower DON/STN was measured across the seasons. Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and the SOC/STN (soil organic carbon (SOC)) ratio and density treatments influenced MBN concentration and inhibited SOC/STN. MT tended to accumulate more STN, produce lower DON/STN and had a generally higher microbial activity, which may be partly ascribed to the higher MBN value, MBN/STN ratio and lower DON/STN. The water conditions (soil moisture), light and soil temperatures could partly be responsible for the N pool dynamic in the different density treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Ma
- Beijing Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong Han
- Beijing Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Beijing Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Beijing Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Pan P, Zhao F, Ning J, Zhang L, Ouyang X, Zang H. Impact of understory vegetation on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamic in aerially seeded Pinus massoniana plantations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191952. [PMID: 29377926 PMCID: PMC5788378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understory vegetation plays a vital role in regulating soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) characteristics due to differences in plant functional traits. Different understory vegetation types have been reported following aerial seeding. While aerial seeding is common in areas with serious soil erosion, few studies have been conducted to investigate changes in soil C and N cycling as affected by understory vegetation in aerially seeded plantations. Here, we studied soil C and N characteristics under two naturally formed understory vegetation types (Dicranopteris and graminoid) in aerially seeded Pinus massoniana Lamb plantations. Across the two studied understory vegetation types, soil organic C was significantly correlated with all measured soil N variables, including total N, available N, microbial biomass N and water-soluble organic N, while microbial biomass C was correlated with all measured variables except soil organic C. Dicranopteris and graminoid differed in their effects on soil C and N process. Except water-soluble organic C, all the other C and N variables were higher in soils with graminoids. The higher levels of soil organic C, microbial biomass C, total N, available N, microbial biomass N and water-soluble organic N were consistent with the higher litter and root quality (C/N) of graminoid vegetation compared to Dicranopteris. Changes in soil C and N cycles might be impacted by understory vegetation types via differences in litter or root quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Pan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- College of Tourism and Territorial Resources, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Jinkui Ning
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail: , (LZ); (XO)
| | - Xunzhi Ouyang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail: , (LZ); (XO)
| | - Hao Zang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Zhu Q, Riley WJ, Tang J. A new theory of plant-microbe nutrient competition resolves inconsistencies between observations and model predictions. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:875-886. [PMID: 28008686 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants assimilate anthropogenic CO2 through photosynthesis and synthesizing new tissues. However, sustaining these processes requires plants to compete with microbes for soil nutrients, which therefore calls for an appropriate understanding and modeling of nutrient competition mechanisms in Earth System Models (ESMs). Here, we survey existing plant-microbe competition theories and their implementations in ESMs. We found no consensus regarding the representation of nutrient competition and that observational and theoretical support for current implementations are weak. To reconcile this situation, we applied the Equilibrium Chemistry Approximation (ECA) theory to plant-microbe nitrogen competition in a detailed grassland 15 N tracer study and found that competition theories in current ESMs fail to capture observed patterns and the ECA prediction simplifies the complex nature of nutrient competition and quantitatively matches the 15 N observations. Since plant carbon dynamics are strongly modulated by soil nutrient acquisition, we conclude that (1) predicted nutrient limitation effects on terrestrial carbon accumulation by existing ESMs may be biased and (2) our ECA-based approach may improve predictions by mechanistically representing plant-microbe nutrient competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jinyun Tang
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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8
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Smart SM, Glanville HC, Blanes MDC, Mercado LM, Emmett BA, Jones DL, Cosby BJ, Marrs RH, Butler A, Marshall MR, Reinsch S, Herrero‐Jáuregui C, Hodgson JG. Leaf dry matter content is better at predicting above‐ground net primary production than specific leaf area. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mark Smart
- Land Use Group NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Library Avenue BailriggLA1 4AP UK
| | | | | | - Lina Maria Mercado
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Geography Department University of Exeter Rennes Drive ExeterEX4 4RJ UK
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, OxfordshireOX10 8BB4 UK
| | - Bridget Anne Emmett
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2UW UK
| | - David Leonard Jones
- School of Environment Natural Resources & Geography Bangor University BangorLL57 2UW UK
| | - Bernard Jackson Cosby
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2UW UK
| | - Robert Hunter Marrs
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Nicholson Building LiverpoolL69 3GP UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland JCMB The King's Buildings Peter Guthrie Tait Road EdinburghEH9 3FD UK
| | - Miles Ramsvik Marshall
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2UW UK
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2UW UK
| | | | - John Gavin Hodgson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Alfred Denny Building University of Sheffield Western Bank SheffieldS10 2TN UK
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9
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Stevens CJ, Payne RJ, Kimberley A, Smart SM. How will the semi-natural vegetation of the UK have changed by 2030 given likely changes in nitrogen deposition? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:879-89. [PMID: 26439678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition is known to have major impacts on contemporary ecosystems but few studies have addressed how these impacts will develop over coming decades. We consider likely changes to British semi-natural vegetation up to the year 2030 both qualitatively, based on knowledge of species responses from experimental and gradient studies, and quantitatively, based on modelling of species relationships in national monitoring data. We used historical N deposition trends and national predictions of changing deposition to calculate cumulative deposition from 1900 to 2030. Data from the Countryside Survey (1978, 1990 and 1998) was used to parameterise models relating cumulative N deposition to Ellenberg N which were then applied to expected future deposition trends. Changes to habitat suitability for key species of grassland, heathland and bog, and broadleaved woodland to 2030 were predicted using the MultiMOVE model. In UK woodlands by 2030 there is likely to be reduced occurrence of lichens, increased grass cover and a shift towards more nitrophilic vascular plant species. In grasslands we expect changing species composition with reduced occurrence of terricolous lichens and, at least in acid grasslands, reduced species richness. In heaths and bogs we project overall reductions in species richness with decreased occurrence of terricolous lichens and some bryophytes, reduced cover of dwarf shrubs and small increases in grasses. Our study clearly suggests that changes in vegetation due to nitrogen deposition are likely to continue through coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4QQ, UK.
| | - Richard J Payne
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Kimberley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4QQ, UK; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Simon M Smart
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
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10
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Perakis SS, Matkins JJ, Hibbs DE. Interactions of tissue and fertilizer nitrogen on decomposition dynamics of lignin-rich conifer litter. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00340.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Vergutz L, Manzoni S, Porporato A, Novais RF, Jackson RB. Global resorption efficiencies and concentrations of carbon and nutrients in leaves of terrestrial plants. ECOL MONOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0416.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Variation in Aboveground Cover Influences Soil Nitrogen Availability at Fine Spatial Scales Following Severe Fire in Subalpine Conifer Forests. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Baer SG, Blair JM. GRASSLAND ESTABLISHMENT UNDER VARYING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY: A TEST OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. Ecology 2008; 89:1859-71. [DOI: 10.1890/07-0417.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Fire and grazing in grasslands of the Argentine Caldenal: Effects on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Turner MG, Smithwick EAH, Metzger KL, Tinker DB, Romme WH. Inorganic nitrogen availability after severe stand-replacing fire in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4782-9. [PMID: 17360349 PMCID: PMC1829215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700180104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding ecosystem processes as they relate to wildfire and vegetation dynamics is of growing importance as fire frequency and extent increase throughout the western United States. However, the effects of severe, stand-replacing wildfires are poorly understood. We studied inorganic nitrogen pools and mineralization rates after stand-replacing wildfires in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming. After fires that burned in summer 2000, soil ammonium concentration peaked in 2001 (33 mg NH(4)-N x kg(soil)(-1)); soil nitrate increased subsequently (2.7 mg NO(3)-N.kg(soil)(-1) in 2003) but was still low. However, annual net ammonification rates were largely negative from 2001 to 2004, indicating ammonium depletion. Thus, although net nitrification rates were positive, annual net nitrogen mineralization (net ammonification plus net nitrification) remained low. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) increased from 0.25 to 1.6 Mg x ha(-1) x yr(-1) from 2001 to 2004, but variation in ANPP among stands was not related to net nitrogen mineralization rates. Across a broader temporal gradient (stand age zero to >250 yr), negative rates of net annual ammonification were especially pronounced in the first postfire year. Laboratory incubations using (15)N isotope pool dilution revealed that gross production of ammonium was reduced and ammonium consumption greatly exceeded gross production during the initial postfire years. Our results suggest a microbial nitrogen sink for several years after severe, stand-replacing fire, confirming earlier hypotheses about postdisturbance succession and nutrient cycling in cold, fire-dominated coniferous forests. Postfire forests in Yellowstone seem to be highly conservative for nitrogen, and microbial immobilization of ammonium plays a key role during early succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica G Turner
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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16
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Withington JM, Reich PB, Oleksyn J, Eissenstat DM. COMPARISONS OF STRUCTURE AND LIFE SPAN IN ROOTS AND LEAVES AMONG TEMPERATE TREES. ECOL MONOGR 2006. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0381:cosals]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Dickman EM, Vanni MJ, Horgan MJ. Interactive effects of light and nutrients on phytoplankton stoichiometry. Oecologia 2006; 149:676-89. [PMID: 16823562 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometric composition of autotrophs can vary greatly in response to variation in light and nutrient availability, and can mediate ecological processes such as C sequestration, growth of herbivores, and nutrient cycling. We investigated light and nutrient effects on phytoplankton stoichiometry, employing five experiments on intact phytoplankton assemblages from three lakes varying in productivity and species composition. Each experiment employed two nutrient and eight irradiance levels in a fully factorial design. Light and nutrients interactively affected phytoplankton stoichiometry. Thus, phytoplankton C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios increased with irradiance, and slopes of the stoichiometric ratio versus irradiance relationships were steeper with ambient nutrients than with nutrients added. Our results support the light-nutrient hypothesis, which predicts that phytoplankton C:nutrient ratios are functions of the ratio of available light and nutrients; however, we observed considerable variation among lakes in the expression of this relationship. Phytoplankton species diversity was positively correlated with the slopes of the C:N and C:P versus irradiance relationships, suggesting that diverse assemblages may exhibit greater flexibility in the response of phytoplankton nutrient stoichiometry to light and nutrients. The interactive nature of light and nutrient effects may render it difficult to generate predictive models of stoichiometric responses to these two factors. Our results point to the need for future studies that examine stoichiometric responses across a wide range of phytoplankton communities.
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Thuiller W, Lavorel S, Sykes MT, Araujo MB. Using niche-based modelling to assess the impact of climate change on tree functional diversity in Europe. DIVERS DISTRIB 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Hikosaka K. A model of dynamics of leaves and nitrogen in a plant canopy: an integration of canopy photosynthesis, leaf life span, and nitrogen use efficiency. Am Nat 2003; 162:149-64. [PMID: 12858260 DOI: 10.1086/376576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2002] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A model of dynamics of leaves and nitrogen is developed to predict the effect of environmental and ecophysiological factors on the structure and photosynthesis of a plant canopy. In the model, leaf area in the canopy increases by the production of new leaves, which is proportional to the canopy photosynthetic rate, with canopy nitrogen increasing with uptake of nitrogen from soil. Then the optimal leaf area index (LAI; leaf area per ground area) that maximizes canopy photosynthesis is calculated. If leaf area is produced in excess, old leaves are eliminated with their nitrogen as dead leaves. Consequently, a new canopy having an optimal LAI and an optimal amount of nitrogen is obtained. Repeating these processes gives canopy growth. The model provides predictions of optimal LAI, canopy photosynthetic rates, leaf life span, nitrogen use efficiency, and also the responses of these factors to changes in nitrogen and light availability. Canopies are predicted to have a larger LAI and a higher canopy photosynthetic rate at a steady state under higher nutrient and/or light availabilities. Effects of species characteristics, such as photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and leaf mass per area, are also evaluated. The model predicts many empirically observed patterns for ecophysiological traits across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Miki T, Kondoh M. Feedbacks between nutrient cycling and vegetation predict plant species coexistence and invasion. Ecol Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fenner M, Hanley ME, Lawrence R. Comparison of seedling and adult palatability in annual and perennial plants. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fenner
- Biodiversity & Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - M. E. Hanley
- Biodiversity & Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - R. Lawrence
- Biodiversity & Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Wright IJ, Westoby M. Cross-species relationships between seedling relative growth rate, nitrogen productivity and root vs
leaf function in 28 Australian woody species. Funct Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Enoki T, Kawaguchi H. Initial nitrogen content and topographic moisture effects on the decomposition of pine needles. Ecol Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2000.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reich PB, Peterson DW, Wedin DA, Wrage K. FIRE AND VEGETATION EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND NITROGEN CYCLING ACROSS A FOREST–GRASSLAND CONTINUUM. Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1703:faveop]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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