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Soejima M, Koda Y. Identification and Diagnosis of Complete Haptoglobin Gene Deletion, One of the Genes Responsible for Adverse Posttransfusion Reactions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:790. [PMID: 38672145 PMCID: PMC11048176 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions are the most frequent adverse events in blood transfusion, and anaphylactic shock, although less frequent, is systemic and serious. The cause of allergic reactions to blood transfusions are largely unknown, but deficiencies in serum proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp) can lead to anaphylactic shock. A complete deletion of the haptoglobin gene (HPdel) was first identified in families with anomalous inheritance and then verified as a genetic variant that can cause anaphylactic shock because homozygotes for HPdel have complete Hp deficiency. Thereby, they may produce antibodies against Hp from blood transfusions. HPdel is found in East and Southeast Asian populations, with a frequency of approximately 0.9% to 4%, but not in other populations. Diagnosis of Hp deficiency due to HPdel prior to transfusion is advisable because severe adverse reactions can be prevented by washing the red blood cells and/or platelets with saline or by administering plasma products obtained from an Hp-deficient donor pool. This review outlines the background of the identification of HPdel and several genetic and immunological methods developed for diagnosing Hp deficiency caused by HPdel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiro Koda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
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2
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Watanabe-Okochi N, Sato A, Okuyama A, Tomiyoshi G, Suzuki Y, Watanabe Y, Kitsukawa K, Anazawa M, Shimoyamada T, Takahashi D, Onodera T, Uchikawa M, Tsuno NH, Muroi K. A novel reagent for the screening of haptoglobin-deficient blood donors. Vox Sang 2023; 118:1109-1114. [PMID: 37798623 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In Japan, the prevalence of haptoglobin deficiency is approximately 1 in 4000. Haptoglobin-deficient individuals may produce anti-haptoglobin from allo-immunization, leading to serious transfusion reactions. Therefore, implementation of a consistent supply of haptoglobin-deficient fresh frozen plasma is crucial. We developed a novel reagent to facilitate large-scale identification of haptoglobin-deficient individuals as potential donors of plasma products. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established mouse monoclonal anti-haptoglobin-producing cell lines (three clones) using the hybridoma method by immunizing mice with the haptoglobin protein. Purified antibodies were conjugated with carboxylate-modified polystyrene latex beads and used for haptoglobin measurements by the latex agglutination method using an automatic analyser (LABOSPECT008). Samples with low protein concentrations were re-examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to confirm the results. Additionally, the haptoglobin gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction to confirm the haptoglobin deletion allele (Hpdel ). RESULTS From February to October 2022, 7476 blood donor samples were screened. Two haptoglobin-deficient and 21 low-haptoglobin-expressing individuals were identified. Two haptoglobin-deficient donors were found homozygous for Hpdel , and 19 (90%) of the 21 low-haptoglobin-expressing individuals were heterozygous for Hpdel , which includes the first reported case of heterozygous Hpdel /HpJohnson . CONCLUSION We developed a new reagent for the detection of haptoglobin deficiency, which is automatable and inexpensive and appears useful for large-scale screening of blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayaka Sato
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yumi Suzuki
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Watanabe
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitsukawa
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Anazawa
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takayuki Onodera
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchikawa
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Muroi
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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Heme-deficient metabolism and impaired cellular differentiation as an evolutionary trade-off for human infectivity in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7075. [PMID: 36400774 PMCID: PMC9674590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to African trypanosomes in humans relies in part on the high affinity targeting of a trypanosome lytic factor 1 (TLF1) to a trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR). While TLF1 avoidance by the inactivation of HpHbR contributes to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human infectivity, the evolutionary trade-off of this adaptation is unknown, as the physiological function of the receptor remains to be elucidated. Here we show that uptake of hemoglobin via HpHbR constitutes the sole heme import pathway in the trypanosome bloodstream stage. T. b. gambiense strains carrying the inactivating mutation in HpHbR, as well as genetically engineered T. b. brucei HpHbR knock-out lines show only trace levels of intracellular heme and lack hemoprotein-based enzymatic activities, thereby providing an uncommon example of aerobic parasitic proliferation in the absence of heme. We further show that HpHbR facilitates the developmental progression from proliferating long slender forms to cell cycle-arrested stumpy forms in T. b. brucei. Accordingly, T. b. gambiense was found to be poorly competent for slender-to-stumpy differentiation unless a functional HpHbR receptor derived from T. b. brucei was genetically restored. Altogether, we identify heme-deficient metabolism and disrupted cellular differentiation as two distinct HpHbR-dependent evolutionary trade-offs for T. b. gambiense human infectivity.
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Gunzer S, Kraus A, Buchroth I, Grüneberg M, Westermann C, Biskup S, Reunert J, Grünewald I, Marquardt T. Hypertransaminasemia and liver fibrosis associated with haptoglobin retention and anhaptoglobinemia in a paediatric patient. Liver Int 2021; 41:2427-2432. [PMID: 34358398 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptogenic elevation of transaminases in childhood can in a few instances be linked to rare hereditary causes. In this paper, a 7-year old girl is reported who was diagnosed with elevated transaminases of unknown origin since infancy. A liver biopsy showed bridging fibrosis, pale eosinophilic intracytoplasmic hepatocellular inclusions and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in the hepatocytes. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous in-frame deletion of 3 base pairs in the haptoglobin gene. The patient is anhaptoglobinemic measured by standard laboratory turbidometry, which was confirmed by Western Blotting and thereby shown to affect both protein chains of haptoglobin. A polyclonal antibody revealed haptoglobin retention in hepatocytes suggesting a defect in haptoglobin secretion. A novel, previously unknown haptoglobin storage disease is suspected to be the reason for the elevated liver enzymes and tissue abnormalities in this patient. The pathophysiology appears to be similar to endoplasmic reticulum storage diseases like alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Gunzer
- Department of General Paediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Kraus
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inka Buchroth
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marianne Grüneberg
- Department of General Paediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Cordula Westermann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Janine Reunert
- Department of General Paediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Grünewald
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of General Paediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood plasma glycoprotein that binds free hemoglobin (Hb) and plays a critical role in tissue protection and the prevention of oxidative damage. In addition, it has a number of regulatory functions. Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein, its concentration in plasma changes in pathology, and the test for its concentration is part of normal clinical practice. Haptoglobin is a conservative protein synthesized mainly in the liver and lungs and is the subject of research as a potential biomarker of many diseases, including various forms of malignant neoplasms. Haptoglobin has several unique biophysical characteristics. Only in humans, the Hp gene is polymorphic, has three structural alleles that control the synthesis of three major phenotypes of Hp, homozygous Hp1-1 and Hp2-2, and heterozygous Hp2-1, determined by a combination of allelic variants that are inherited. Numerous studies indicate that the phenotype of haptoglobin can be used to judge the individual's predisposition to various diseases. In addition, Hp undergoes various post-translational modifications (PTMs). These are structural transformations (removal of the signal peptide, cutting of the Pre-Hp precursor molecule into two subunits, α and β, limited proteolysis of α-chains, formation of disulfide bonds, multimerization), as well as chemical modifications of α-chains and glycosylation of the β-chain. Glycosylation of the β-chain of haptoglobin at four Asn sites is the most important variable PTM that regulates the structure and function of the glycoprotein. The study of modified oligosaccharides of the Hp β-chain has become the main direction in the study of pathological processes, including malignant neoplasms. Many studies are focused on the identification of PTM and changes in the level of the α2-chain of this protein in pathology. These characteristics of Hp indicate the possibility of the existence of this protein as different proteoforms, probably with different functions. This review is devoted to the description of the structural and functional diversity of Hp and its potential use as a biomarker of various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Naryzhny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
| | - O K Legina
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
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Naryzny SN, Legina OK. Haptoglobin as a Biomarker. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 15:184-198. [PMID: 34422226 PMCID: PMC8365284 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750821030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a glycoprotein that binds free hemoglobin (Hb) in plasma and plays a critical role in tissue protection and prevention of oxidative damage. Besides, it has some regulatory functions. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein, its concentration in plasma changes in pathology, and the test for its concentration is part of normal clinical practice. Haptoglobin is a conservative protein synthesized mainly in the liver and lungs and is the subject of research as a potential biomarker of many diseases, including various forms of malignant neoplasms. Haptoglobin has several unique biophysical characteristics. The human Нр gene is polymorphic, has three structural alleles that control the synthesis of three major phenotypes of haptoglobin: homozygous Нр1-1 and Нр2-2, and heterozygous Нр2-1, determined by a combination of allelic variants that are inherited. Numerous studies indicate that the phenotype of haptoglobin can be used to judge the individual predisposition of a person to various diseases. In addition, Hp undergoes various post-translational modifications (PTMs). These are structural transformations (removal of the signal peptide, cutting off the Pre-Hp precursor molecule into two subunits, α and β, limited proteolysis of α-chains, formation of disulfide bonds, multimerization), as well as chemical modifications of α-chains and glycosylation of the β-chain. Glycosylation of the β-chain of haptoglobin at four Asn sites is the most important variable PTM that regulates the structure and function of the glycoprotein. The study of modified oligosaccharides of the β-chain of Hp has become the main direction in the study of pathological processes, including malignant neoplasms. These characteristics indicate the possibility of the existence of Hp in the form of a multitude of proteoforms, probably performing different functions. This review is devoted to the description of the structural and functional diversity and the potential use of Hp as a biomarker of various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Naryzny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, ul. Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia ,St-Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI) NRC Kurchatov Institute, Orlova Roshcha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Leningrad oblast Russia
| | - O. K. Legina
- St-Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI) NRC Kurchatov Institute, Orlova Roshcha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Leningrad oblast Russia
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Haptoglobin polymorphisms in Latin American populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13780. [PMID: 32792581 PMCID: PMC7426911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic polymorphisms of the haptoglobin gene (HP) or haptoglobin-related gene (HPR) were reported to show a population-specific distribution and to be associated with not only serum haptoglobin (HP) but also cholesterol levels. For such association studies, it is important to know the distribution of polymorphisms or their haplotypes in the populations concerned. However, no comprehensive genetic studies have explored this in Latin Americans, and not every human variation or genotype is available in a database. In this study, we determined the genotypes of common HP (HP1 and HP2), HPdel, rs5471, rs5472, and rs2000999 in several Latin American populations. Haplotypes of rs5472-common HP-rs2000999 polymorphisms were estimated. We did not encounter any HPdel, and the frequencies of rs5471 A, rs5472 A, HP1, and rs2000999 G were higher than their counterpart alleles in studied populations. All of the alleles with higher frequency in the Latin Americans are associated with higher serum HP and lower cholesterol levels. Both A-1-G (probably HP1S) and G-1-G (probably HP1F) haplotypes were higher in Latin American populations than those in other geographic regions. In addition, the genetic influx from populations of other continents into Peruvians seems to be relatively lower than that into other Latin Americans.
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di Masi A, De Simone G, Ciaccio C, D'Orso S, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Haptoglobin: From hemoglobin scavenging to human health. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 73:100851. [PMID: 32660714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) belongs to the family of acute-phase plasma proteins and represents the most important plasma detoxifier of hemoglobin (Hb). The basic Hp molecule is a tetrameric protein built by two α/β dimers. Each Hp α/β dimer is encoded by a single gene and is synthesized as a single polypeptide. Following post-translational protease-dependent cleavage of the Hp polypeptide, the α and β chains are linked by disulfide bridge(s) to generate the mature Hp protein. As human Hp gene is characterized by two common Hp1 and Hp2 alleles, three major genotypes can result (i.e., Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2). Hp regulates Hb clearance from circulation by the macrophage-specific receptor CD163, thus preventing Hb-mediated severe consequences for health. Indeed, the antioxidant and Hb binding properties of Hp as well as its ability to stimulate cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and to modulate the helper T-cell type 1 and type 2 balance significantly associate with a variety of pathogenic disorders (e.g., infectious diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer). Alternative functions of the variants Hp1 and Hp2 have been reported, particularly in the susceptibility and protection against infectious (e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria) and non-infectious (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity) diseases. Both high and low levels of Hp are indicative of clinical conditions: Hp plasma levels increase during infections, inflammation, and various malignant diseases, and decrease during malnutrition, hemolysis, hepatic disease, allergic reactions, and seizure disorders. Of note, the Hp:Hb complexes display heme-based reactivity; in fact, they bind several ferrous and ferric ligands, including O2, CO, and NO, and display (pseudo-)enzymatic properties (e.g., NO and peroxynitrite detoxification). Here, genetic, biochemical, biomedical, and biotechnological aspects of Hp are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Orso
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146, Roma, Italy.
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Willen SM, McNeil JB, Rodeghier M, Kerchberger VE, Shaver CM, Bastarache JA, Steinberg MH, DeBaun MR, Ware LB. Haptoglobin genotype predicts severe acute vaso-occlusive pain episodes in children with sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:E92-E95. [PMID: 31919880 PMCID: PMC7343605 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaina M. Willen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. Brennan McNeil
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - V. Eric Kerchberger
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ciara M. Shaver
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julie A. Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martin H. Steinberg
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. DeBaun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Soejima M, Munkhtulga L, Furukawa K, Iwamoto S, Koda Y. Serum haptoglobin correlates positively with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in an obese Mongolian population. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:176-182. [PMID: 32156606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed that several genetic polymorphisms of haptoglobin gene (HP) and the haptoglobin-related protein gene (HPR) associated not only with haptoglobin (HP) but total, non-HDL, and/or LDL cholesterol concentrations in various populations. METHODS Association between serum HP concentrations and polymorphisms of HP and the HPR gene, or anthropometric and metabolic factors were examined in Mongolian participants (n = 927) using linear regression analyses. RESULTS The association of HP and HPR polymorphisms with serum HP concentration but not serum lipids concentrations was observed. However, subgroup analysis revealed that the association of HP and HPR polymorphisms with serum HP concentration was weakened in subgroup of obese (BMI ≥ 30) subjects and positive correlations between serum HP and non-HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations were observed in the obese subjects as compared with in subgroups of normal weight (BMI < 25) and overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) subjects. CONCLUSION The degree of obesity strongly affects the relationships between serum HP concentrations and several genetic, anthropometric and metabolic factors. These results suggested that we need to take into account the degree of obesity when considering the HP polymorphisms as predictive markers for clinical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Soejima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Lkhagvasuren Munkhtulga
- Department of Pathophysiology, Biomedical School, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Koda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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Thoren KL, Avecilla ST, Klimek V, Goss C. A novel method for the laboratory workup of anaphylactic transfusion reactions in haptoglobin-deficient patients. Transfusion 2020; 60:682-687. [PMID: 31975382 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with congenital haptoglobin deficiency can develop anti-haptoglobin antibodies after exposure to blood products, and they can suffer from life-threatening anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Here, we present a case of a 57-year-old Chinese male with myelodysplastic syndrome who manifested an anaphylactic transfusion reaction during the transfusion of platelets. The only abnormality detected during his reaction laboratory workup was an undetectable haptoglobin level in the absence of evidence of hemolysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was explored as a method to be able to detect the presence of anti-haptoglobin antibodies in serum. First, haptoglobin was immobilized to the surface of an SPR sensor chip. The patient's serum sample was injected, and the binding response was monitored in real time. Serum samples from five healthy volunteers were used as negative controls. Binding specificity was assessed in competition experiments using soluble haptoglobin. Anti-IgG, -IgA, -IgM, -IgD and -IgE antibodies were used to identify the antibody isotype. RESULTS An IgG anti-haptoglobin antibody was detected in the patient's serum with SPR. CONCLUSION SPR provided a rapid, readily available method for the detection of an IgG anti-haptoglobin antibody in an anhaptoglobinemic individual. This confirmed the underlying etiology of the anaphylactic nonhemolytic transfusion reaction and justified the necessity of stringently washed cellular products for all future transfusions and strong caution for future use of plasma-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Thoren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott T Avecilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Virginia Klimek
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cheryl Goss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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12
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Buhimschi CS, Jablonski KA, Rouse DJ, Varner MW, Reddy UM, Mercer BM, Leveno KJ, Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Malone FD, Carpenter MW, O'Sullivan MJ, Peaceman AM, Saade GR, Dudley D, Caritis SN, Buhimschi IA. Cord Blood Haptoglobin, Cerebral Palsy and Death in Infants of Women at Risk for Preterm Birth: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Controlled Trial. EClinicalMedicine 2019; 9:11-18. [PMID: 31143877 PMCID: PMC6510719 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal exposure to intra-uterine inflammation results in precocious Haptoglobin (Hp) expression (switch-on status). We investigated the relationships between foetal Hp expression at birth with newborn and childhood outcomes. METHODS We evaluated cord blood samples from 921 newborns of women at imminent risk for preterm delivery randomised to either placebo (n = 471, birth gestational age (GA) median [min-max]: 31 [24-41] weeks) or magnesium sulphate (n = 450, GA 31 [24-42] weeks]). Primary outcome was infant death by 1 year and/or cerebral palsy (CP) ≥ 2 years of corrected age. Adjusted odd ratios (aOR) for neonatal and childhood outcomes were calculated controlling for GA, birth weight, sex, and magnesium exposure. FINDINGS Primary outcome occurred in 2.8% of offspring. Newborns were classified in three pre-defined categorisation groups by cord blood Hp switch status and IL-6 levels: inflammation-nonexposed (Category 1, n = 432, 47%), inflammation-exposed haptoglobinemic (Category 2, n = 449, 49%), and inflammation-exposed anhaptoglobinemic or hypohaptoglobinemic (Category 3, n = 40, 4%). Newborns, found anhaptoglobinemic or hypohaptoglobinemic (Category 3) had increased OR for intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and/or death (aOR: 7.0; 95% CI: 1.4-34.6, p = 0.02) and for CP and/or death (aOR: 6.27; 95% CI: 1.7-23.5, p = 0.006) compared with Category 2. Foetal ability to respond to inflammation by haptoglobinemia resulted in aOR similar to inflammation-nonexposed newborns. Hp1-2 or Hp2-2 phenotypes protected against retinopathy of prematurity (aOR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.48-0.91, p = 0.01). INTERPRETATION Foetal ability to switch-on Hp expression in response to inflammation was associated with reduction of IVH and/or death, and CP and/or death. Foetuses unable to mount such a response had an increased risk of adverse outcomes.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00014989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin S. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Corresponding author at: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Kathleen A. Jablonski
- The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dwight J. Rouse
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Uma M. Reddy
- the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Mercer
- Case Western Reserve University-MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Ronald J. Wapner
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yoram Sorokin
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - John M. Thorp
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Ramin
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - George R. Saade
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Donald Dudley
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Caritis
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Irina A. Buhimschi
- Centre for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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13
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Feeding red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) to beef heifers fed a high-grain diet affected feed intake and total tract digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Abah SE, Burté F, Marquet S, Brown BJ, Akinkunmi F, Oyinloye G, Afolabi NK, Omokhodion S, Lagunju I, Shokunbi WA, Wahlgren M, Dessein H, Argiro L, Dessein AJ, Noyvert B, Hunt L, Elgar G, Sodeinde O, Holder AA, Fernandez-Reyes D. Low plasma haptoglobin is a risk factor for life-threatening childhood severe malarial anemia and not an exclusive consequence of hemolysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17527. [PMID: 30510258 PMCID: PMC6277387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Malarial Anemia (SMA), a life-threatening childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria syndrome requiring urgent blood transfusion, exhibits inflammatory and hemolytic pathology. Differentiating between hypo-haptoglobinemia due to hemolysis or that of genetic origin is key to understand SMA pathogenesis. We hypothesized that while malaria-induced hypo-haptoglobinemia should reverse at recovery, that of genetic etiology should not. We carried-out a case-control study of children living under hyper-endemic holoendemic malaria burden in the sub-Saharan metropolis of Ibadan, Nigeria. We show that hypo-haptoglobinemia is a risk factor for childhood SMA and not solely due to intravascular hemolysis from underlying schizogony. In children presenting with SMA, hypo-haptoglobinemia remains through convalescence to recovery suggesting a genetic cause. We identified a haptoglobin gene variant, rs12162087 (g.-1203G > A, frequency = 0.67), to be associated with plasma haptoglobin levels (p = 8.5 × 10-6). The Homo-Var:(AA) is associated with high plasma haptoglobin while the reference Homo-Ref:(GG) is associated with hypo-haptoglobinemia (p = 2.3 × 10-6). The variant is associated with SMA, with the most support for a risk effect for Homo-Ref genotype. Our insights on regulatory haptoglobin genotypes and hypo-haptoglobinemia suggest that haptoglobin screening could be part of risk-assessment algorithms to prevent rapid disease progression towards SMA in regions with no-access to urgent blood transfusion where SMA accounts for high childhood mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eneọjọ Abah
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Burté
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Marquet
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, 13385, France.,Aix-Marseille University, Inserm Laboratoire TAGC/U1090, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Biobele J Brown
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Francis Akinkunmi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gbeminiyi Oyinloye
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nathaniel K Afolabi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Omokhodion
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ikeoluwa Lagunju
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wuraola A Shokunbi
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hélia Dessein
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Laurent Argiro
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Alain J Dessein
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Boris Noyvert
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Hunt
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Elgar
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Olugbemiro Sodeinde
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Holder
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Delmiro Fernandez-Reyes
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. .,Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. .,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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15
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Wang S, Wang J, Zhang R, Wang T, Yan D, He Z, Jiang F, Hu C, Jia W. Mendelian randomization analysis to assess a causal effect of haptoglobin on macroangiopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:14. [PMID: 29338727 PMCID: PMC5769522 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haptoglobin (Hp) functions as an antioxidant by binding with haemoglobin. We investigated whether serum Hp has a causal effect on macroangiopathy via Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis with common variants of the Hp gene in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 5687 type 2 diabetes patients were recruited and genotyped for the Hp gene. Clinical features and vascular imaging tests were applied to diagnose macroangiopathy. The association between common Hp genotypes and macroangiopathy was analyzed in the whole population. Serum Hp levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a subset of 935 patients. We individually analyzed the correlations among Hp levels, Hp genotypes and macroangiopathy. Further, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative marker of DNA damage, was examined to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress. Results Common Hp genotypes were correlated with macroangiopathy (OR = 1.140 [95% CI 1.005–1.293], P = 0.0410 for the Hp 1 allele). Serum Hp levels were associated with both common Hp genotypes (P = 3.55 × 10−31) and macroangiopathy (OR = 2.123 [95% CI 1.098–4.102], P = 0.0252) in the subset of 935 patients. In the MR analysis, the directional trends of the observed and predicted relationships between common Hp genotypes and macroangiopathy were the same (OR 1.357 and 1.130, respectively). Furthermore, common Hp genotypes and Hp levels were associated with serum 8-OHdG levels (P = 0.0001 and 0.0084, respectively). Conclusions Our study provides evidence for a causal relationship between serum Hp levels and macroangiopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients by MR analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0662-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen He
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China. .,Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Awasthi G, Tyagi S, Kumar V, Patel SK, Rojh D, Sakrappanavar V, Kochar SK, Talukdar A, Samanta B, Das A, Srivastava S, Patankar S. A Proteogenomic Analysis of Haptoglobin in Malaria. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12:e1700077. [PMID: 28960920 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Awasthi
- Molecular Parasitology Lab; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; IIT Bombay; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Suchi Tyagi
- National Institute of Malaria Research; Field Unit, Civil Hospital; Nadiad Gujarat India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Proteomics Lab; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; IIT Bombay; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Sandip Kumar Patel
- Proteomics Lab; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; IIT Bombay; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | | | - Vijeth Sakrappanavar
- Department of Medicine; Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital; Chitradurga Karnataka India
| | | | - Arunansu Talukdar
- Medicine Department; Medical College Hospital Kolkata; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Biaus Samanta
- Medicine Department; Medical College Hospital Kolkata; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for research in Tribal Health; Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Proteomics Lab; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; IIT Bombay; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Swati Patankar
- Molecular Parasitology Lab; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; IIT Bombay; Mumbai Maharashtra India
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17
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Bjornsson E, Helgason H, Halldorsson G, Helgadottir A, Gylfason A, Kehr B, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Sigurdsson A, Oddsson A, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson OT, Gretarsdottir S, Zink F, Kristjansson RP, Asgeirsdottir M, Swinkels DW, Kiemeney LA, Eyjolfsson GI, Sigurdardottir O, Masson G, Olafsson I, Thorgeirsson G, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Sulem P, Stefansson K. A rare splice donor mutation in the haptoglobin gene associates with blood lipid levels and coronary artery disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2364-2376. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Renner W, Jahrbacher R, Marx-Neuhold E, Tischler S, Zulus B. A novel exonuclease (TaqMan) assay for rapid haptoglobin genotyping. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 54:781-3. [PMID: 26479343 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haptoglobin is an acute-phase binding protein that scavenges free hemoglobin. The human haptoglobin gene (HP) is polymorphic with two main alleles, haptoglobin allele 1 (Hp1) and haptoglobin allele 2 (Hp2). The smaller Hp1 allele features no duplication and consists of four exons, whereas the larger Hp2 allele, containing a 1.7 kb duplication, consists of six exons, with the fifth and sixth being highly homologous to exons 3 and 4 of Hp1. METHODS We designed an exonuclease (TaqMan) assay targeting single nucleotide differences between the homologous regions of Hp1 and Hp2. The assay contained one probe specifically binding to a site in intron 4 of Hp2, and another probe binding equally to intron 4 of Hp1 and intron 6 of Hp2. RESULTS Measurement of post-PCR fluorescence allowed unambiguous discrimination of HP genotypes. Comparison with genotypes obtained by a method based upon allele-specific primers yielded fully corresponding results. CONCLUSIONS The new HP genotyping method is fast, reliable, does not require real-time instruments and may be especially useful for high-throughput genotyping.
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19
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Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Tebabi P, Brauner J, Benghiat FS, Vanhollebeke B, Pays E. Adaptation of Trypanosoma rhodesiense to hypohaptoglobinaemic serum requires transcription of the APOL1 resistance gene in a RNA polymerase I locus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:397-407. [PMID: 25899052 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) kills African trypanosomes except Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense, the parasites causing sleeping sickness. APOL1 uptake into trypanosomes is favoured by its association with the haptoglobin-related protein-haemoglobin complex, which binds to the parasite surface receptor for haptoglobin-haemoglobin. As haptoglobin-haemoglobin can saturate the receptor, APOL1 uptake is increased in haptoglobin-poor (hypohaptoglobinaemic) serum (HyHS). While T. rhodesiense resists APOL1 by RNA polymerase I (pol-I)-mediated expression of the serum resistance-associated (SRA) protein, T. gambiense resists by pol-II-mediated expression of the T. gambiense-specific glycoprotein (TgsGP). Moreover, in T. gambiense resistance to HyHS is linked to haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor inactivation by mutation. We report that unlike T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense possesses a functional haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor, and that like T. gambiense experimentally provided with active receptor, this parasite is killed in HyHS because of receptor-mediated APOL1 uptake. However, T. rhodesiense could adapt to low haptoglobin by increasing transcription of SRA. When assayed in Trypanosoma brucei, resistance to HyHS occurred with pol-I-, but not with pol-II-mediated SRA expression. Similarly, T. gambiense provided with active receptor acquired resistance to HyHS only when TgsGP was moved to a pol-I locus. Thus, transcription by pol-I favours adaptive gene regulation, explaining the presence of SRA in a pol-I locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale (ULB222), Hôpital André Vésale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 706, route de Gozée, B6110, Montigny le Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Brauner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, B1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fleur Samantha Benghiat
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, B1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Liège, Belgium
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20
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Soejima M, Agusa T, Iwata H, Fujihara J, Kunito T, Takeshita H, Lan VTM, Minh TB, Takahashi S, Trang PTK, Viet PH, Tanabe S, Koda Y. Haptoglobin genotyping of Vietnamese: Global distribution of HPdel, complete deletion allele of the HP gene. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 17:14-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Genetic factors associated with serum haptoglobin level in a Japanese population. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Azuma A, Iida H, Yoneda M, Takahashi H, Inamori M, Kirikoshi H, Nakajima A, Maeda S, Saito S, Kamijyo A. [Case report; a case of congenital haptoglobin deficiency diagnosed after transfusion for esophageal varix rupture]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2013; 102:2980-2982. [PMID: 24450136 DOI: 10.2169/naika.102.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Azuma
- Office of Postgraduate Medical Education, Yokohama City University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Masahiko Inamori
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kirikoshi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
| | - Aki Kamijyo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Yokohama City Univercity Hospital, Japan
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23
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Haptoglobin (HP) and Haptoglobin-related protein (HPR) copy number variation, natural selection, and trypanosomiasis. Hum Genet 2013; 133:69-83. [PMID: 24005574 PMCID: PMC3898332 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Haptoglobin, coded by the HP gene, is a plasma protein that acts as a scavenger for free heme, and haptoglobin-related protein (coded by the HPR gene) forms part of the trypanolytic factor TLF-1, together with apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1). We analyse the polymorphic small intragenic duplication of the HP gene, with alleles Hp1 and Hp2, in 52 populations, and find no evidence for natural selection either from extended haplotype analysis or from correlation with pathogen richness matrices. Using fiber-FISH, the paralog ratio test, and array-CGH data, we also confirm that the HPR gene is copy number variable, with duplication of the whole HPR gene at polymorphic frequencies in west and central Africa, up to an allele frequency of 15 %. The geographical distribution of the HPR duplication allele overlaps the region where the pathogen causing chronic human African trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is endemic. The HPR duplication has occurred on one SNP haplotype, but there is no strong evidence of extended homozygosity, a characteristic of recent natural selection. The HPR duplication shows a slight, non-significant undertransmission to human African trypanosomiasis-affected children of unaffected parents in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, taken together with alleles of APOL1, there is an overall significant undertransmission of putative protective alleles to human African trypanosomiasis-affected children.
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24
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Ratanasopa K, Chakane S, Ilyas M, Nantasenamat C, Bulow L. Trapping of human hemoglobin by haptoglobin: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2364-74. [PMID: 22900934 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Haptoglobin (Hp) is an abundant plasma protein controlling the fate of hemoglobin (Hb) released from red blood cells after intravascular hemolysis. The complex formed between Hp and Hb is extraordinary strong, and once formed, this protein-protein association can be considered irreversible. RECENT ADVANCES A model of the Hp-Hb complex has been generated and the first steps toward understanding the mechanism behind the shielding effects of Hp have been taken. The clinical potential of the complex for modulating inflammatory reactions and for functioning as an Hb-based oxygen carrier have been described. CRITICAL ISSUES The three-dimensional structure of the Hp-Hb complex is unknown. Moreover, Hp is not a homogeneous protein. There are two common alleles at the Hp genetic locus denoted Hp1 and Hp2, which when analyzed on the protein levels result in differences between their physiological behavior, particularly in their shielding against Hb-driven oxidative stress. Additional cysteine residues on the α-subunit allow Hp2 to form a variety of native multimers, which influence the biophysical and biological properties of Hp. The multimeric conformations, in turn, also modulate the glycosylation patterns of Hp by steric hindrance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A detailed analysis of the influence of Hp glycosylation will be instrumental to generate a deeper understanding of its biological function. Several pathological conditions also modify the glycan compositions allowing Hp to be potentially used as a marker protein for these disorders.
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25
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A review of haptoglobin typing methods for disease association study and preventing anaphylactic transfusion reaction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:390630. [PMID: 23555085 PMCID: PMC3600241 DOI: 10.1155/2013/390630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin, the product of the Hp gene, is a glycoprotein involved in the scavenging of free hemoglobin. Haptoglobin levels increase or decrease in response to various acquired conditions, and they are also influenced by genetic predisposition. There were 2 major alleles, Hp (1) and Hp (2), and 1 minor allele, Hp (del) . Many researchers have attempted to study the haptoglobin types and their association with disease; however, no definitive conclusions have been reached yet. It is reported that patients who are genetically deficient in haptoglobin are at risk of anaphylaxis against blood components containing haptoglobin. Haptoglobin genotypes also affect the reference intervals of haptoglobin levels. Many studies have attempted to establish simple and accurate typing methods. In this paper, we have broadly reviewed several methods for haptoglobin typing-phenotyping, Southern blotting, conventional PCR, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. We discuss their characteristics, clinical applications, and limitations. The phenotyping methods are time consuming and labor intensive and not designed to detect patients harboring Hp (del) . The rapid and robust haptoglobin genotyping may help in preventing fatal anaphylactic reactions and in establishing the relationships between the haptoglobin phenotypes and diseases.
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26
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Kim H, Choi J, Park KU, Kim HS, Min YH, Kim MJ, Kim HO. Anaphylactic transfusion reaction in a patient with anhaptoglobinemia: the first case in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32:304-6. [PMID: 22779074 PMCID: PMC3384814 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2012.32.4.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are rare complications of blood transfusions. Anhaptoglobinemia, a condition that has high incidence in Asia, can cause allergic transfusion reactions or anaphylaxis in severe cases. A 50-yr-old Korean woman was diagnosed with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. She developed thrombocytopenia during chemotherapy and an anaphylactic transfusion reaction on the 4th and 5th platelet transfusions immediately after the transfusion of the platelet concentrates was initiated. Blood analysis showed no detectable serum haptoglobin. We examined her genetic phenotype and detected anhaptoglobinemia, which occurs because of an allelic deletion in the Hp gene cluster. The presence of an antibody against haptoglobin was detected by performing ELISA. To prevent anaphylactic reactions, apheresis platelets were transfused after washing. Consequently, anaphylactic transfusion reactions did not develop. Here, we report the first case of anhaptoglobinemia causing anaphylactic transfusion reaction in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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A genome-wide association study identifies rs2000999 as a strong genetic determinant of circulating haptoglobin levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32327. [PMID: 22403646 PMCID: PMC3293812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin released from erythrocytes to aid its elimination, and thereby haptoglobin prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species in the blood. Haptoglobin levels have been repeatedly associated with a variety of inflammation-linked infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, diabetes, carotid atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. However, a comprehensive genetic assessment of the inter-individual variability of circulating haptoglobin levels has not been conducted so far. We used a genome-wide association study initially conducted in 631 French children followed by a replication in three additional European sample sets and we identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2000999 located in the Haptoglobin gene (HP) as a strong genetic predictor of circulating Haptoglobin levels (Poverall = 8.1×10−59), explaining 45.4% of its genetic variability (11.8% of Hp global variance). The functional relevance of rs2000999 was further demonstrated by its specific association with HP mRNA levels (β = 0.23±0.08, P = 0.007). Finally, SNP rs2000999 was associated with decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 8,789 European children (Ptotal cholesterol = 0.002 and PLDL = 0.0008). Given the central position of haptoglobin in many inflammation-related metabolic pathways, the relevance of rs2000999 genotyping when evaluating haptoglobin concentration should be further investigated in order to improve its diagnostic/therapeutic and/or prevention impact.
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Adinortey MB, Gyan BA, Adjimani JP, Nyarko PE, Sarpong C, Tsikata FY, Nyarko AK. Haptoglobin polymorphism and association with complications in ghanaian type 2 diabetic patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:366-72. [PMID: 23024472 PMCID: PMC3210236 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is scanty information on the role of genetic factors, especially those relating to haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes in the expression of complications among diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana. In this study, we investigated whether there is any association between Hp phenotypes and diabetic complications and to determine if association of the Hp phenotypes with diabetic complications in Ghanaian diabetics differ from those in Caucasians. A total of 398 participants were randomly recruited into the study. These comprised diabetic patients numbering 290 attending a diabetes Clinic in Ghana and 108 non-diabetic controls from the same community. Analyses of the results indicate that most of the diabetics with complications were of the Hp 2-2 (35%) and Hp 2-1 (23.9%) phenotypes. Fewer diabetics were found to be of the Hp 2-1 M phenotype. The controls were mostly of Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1 M phenotypes. The odds ratio of having complications in a diabetic with an Hp 2-2 phenotype was 18.27 times greater than that for Hp 0-0. Hp 2-2 phenotype with its poor antioxidant activity may therefore be a useful predictor for the propensity of an individual to develop diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Adinortey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ben A. Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Philomena E. Nyarko
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Alexander K. Nyarko
- Clinical Pathology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Soejima M, Egashira K, Kawano H, Kawaguchi A, Sagawa K, Koda Y. Rapid detection of haptoglobin gene deletion in alkaline-denatured blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction. J Mol Diagn 2011; 13:334-9. [PMID: 21497293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhaptoglobinemic patients run the risk of severe anaphylactic transfusion reaction because they produce serum haptoglobin antibodies. Being homozygous for the haptoglobin gene deletion allele (HP(del)) is the only known cause of congenital anhaptoglobinemia, and detection of HP(del) before transfusion is important to prevent anaphylactic shock. In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based screening for HP(del). Optimal primer sets and temperature for LAMP were selected for HP(del) and the 5' region of the HP using genomic DNA as a template. Then, the effects of diluent and boiling on LAMP amplification were examined using whole blood as a template. Blood samples diluted 1:100 with 50 mmol/L NaOH without boiling gave optimal results as well as those diluted 1:2 with water followed by boiling. The results from 100 blood samples were fully concordant with those obtained by real-time PCR methods. Detection of the HP(del) allele by LAMP using alkaline-denatured blood samples is rapid, simple, accurate, and cost effective, and is readily applicable in various clinical settings because this method requires only basic instruments. In addition, the simple preparation of blood samples using NaOH saves time and effort for various genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Soejima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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30
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Kasvosve I, Speeckaert MM, Speeckaert R, Masukume G, Delanghe JR. Haptoglobin polymorphism and infection. Adv Clin Chem 2010; 50:23-46. [PMID: 20521439 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(10)50002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The haptoglobin gene is highly polymorphic in humans with strong evidence of functionally distinct biochemical phenotypes. In all human populations, three major haptoglobin phenotypes Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2 are present, but additional phenotypes have been identified. Haptoglobin polymorphism has important biological and clinical significance. In this review, we examine the putative role of haptoglobin polymorphism in parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections. Despite many striking effects of haptoglobin polymorphism in infectious conditions, the effects of haptoglobin genetic variation upon infections are not always predictable due to the multifunctional character of the plasma protein (e.g., antibody-like properties, immunomodulation, iron metabolism). More studies on the interplay of haptoglobin polymorphism, vaccination, and susceptibility or resistance to common infections seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Kasvosve
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
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31
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Vanhollebeke B, Pays E. The trypanolytic factor of human serum: many ways to enter the parasite, a single way to kill. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:806-14. [PMID: 20398209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans have developed a particular innate immunity system against African trypanosomes, and only two Trypanosoma brucei clones (T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense) can resist this defence and cause sleeping sickness. The main players of this immunity are the primate-specific apolipoprotein L-I (apoL1) and haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr). These proteins are both associated with two serum complexes, a minor subfraction of HDLs and an IgM/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1) complex, respectively, termed trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) 1 and TLF2. Although the two complexes appear to lyse trypanosomes by the same mechanism, they enter the parasite through various modes of uptake. In case of TLF1 one uptake process was characterized. When released in the circulation, haemoglobin (Hb) binds to Hpr, hence to TLF1. In turn the TLF1-Hpr-Hb complex binds to the trypanosome haptoglobin (Hp)-Hb receptor, whose original function is to ensure haem uptake for optimal growth of the parasite. This binding triggers efficient uptake of TLF1 and subsequent trypanosome lysis. While Hpr is involved as TLF ligand, the lytic activity is due to apoL1, a Bcl-2-like pore-forming protein. We discuss the in vivo relevance of this uptake pathway in the context of other potentially redundant delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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32
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Gennero L, Roos MA, D'Amelio P, Denysenko T, Morra E, Sperber K, Ceroni V, Panzone M, Lesca F, De Vivo E, Grimaldi A, Gabetti ML, Ponzetto A, Pescarmona GP, Pugliese A. Iron metabolism markers and haptoglobin phenotypes in susceptibility to HSV-1 or/and HSV-2 lesion relapses. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:142-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Soejima M, Tsuchiya Y, Egashira K, Kawano H, Sagawa K, Koda Y. Development and validation of a SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction method for detection of haptoglobin gene deletion in clinical materials. Transfusion 2010; 50:1322-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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34
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Quaye IK, Tagoe EA, Amoah AG, Agbolosu K, Aryee NA. Smokers are Over-Represented in Subjects with Ahaptoglobinemia in Ghana. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:1212-7. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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35
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Haptoglobin polymorphism in Mongolian population: Comparison of the two genotyping methods. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 408:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Pays E, Vanhollebeke B. Human innate immunity against African trypanosomes. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:493-8. [PMID: 19559585 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are naturally resistant to infection by the African trypanosome prototype Trypanosoma brucei brucei, and only two variant clones of this parasite can avoid this innate immunity and cause sleeping sickness. The resistance to T. brucei is due to serum complexes associating apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA1) with two primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-1 (apoL1) and haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr). We discuss recent advances on the respective functions of apoL1 and Hpr in this system. ApoL1 was found to share structural and functional similarities with proteins of the apoptotic Bcl2 family, and to kill trypanosomes through anionic pore formation in the lysosomal membrane of the parasite. In association with hemoglobin (Hb), Hpr was found to promote the binding of the trypanolytic complexes to a haptoglobin (Hp)-Hb receptor of the trypanosome surface, hereby facilitating the internalization of apoL1. Hpr or apoL1 deficiency respectively leads to the reduction or abolishment of human protection against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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37
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The prognostic utility of haptoglobin genotypes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:1277-83. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Su YC, Chen YC, Li SC, Lee CC, Tung YT. Detection of Hpdel in healthy individuals and cancer patients in Taiwan. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:745-9. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Soejima M, Koda Y. TaqMan-based real-time PCR for genotyping common polymorphisms of haptoglobin (HP1 and HP2). Clin Chem 2008; 54:1908-13. [PMID: 18787013 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The haptoglobin gene (HP) has 2 common codominant alleles (HP(1) and HP(2)) that account for 3 phenotypes. HP(2) is generated by a 1.7-kb intragenic duplication of HP(1). METHODS We used the real-time TaqMan PCR system to develop an effective method for HP genotyping that allows us to evaluate the relative number of copies of the HP(2) allele-specific junctional region of the 1.7-kb gene duplication (HP2) by comparing the intensity of the amplification signals to those of the HP promoter region (HP5'), which was used as the internal control. The difference in threshold cycles (DeltaCt) between HP2 and HP5' was used to assess HP(2) copy number. In addition, the assay detects the HP deletion (HP(del)) at the same time. RESULTS The mean 2(-DeltaDeltaCt) values (the HP2/HP5' ratio) obtained from 123 samples of known HP genotypes clearly differentiated 2 nonoverlapping intervals that correspond to the HP genotypes. Ratios for HP(2)/HP(1) samples ranged from 0.34-0.50, HP(2)/HP(2) samples ranged from 0.79-0.98, and the absence of an HP(2) allele signal was defined as HP(1)/HP(1). We simultaneously detected HP(del). The assay produces results in <1 h. CONCLUSIONS The TaqMan-based real-time PCR method was successfully applied to HP genotyping. The method is easy to use in a molecular diagnosis laboratory, and its robustness and rapidity make it suitable for high-throughput analysis of large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Soejima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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40
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Quaye IK. Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:735-42. [PMID: 18486167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that scavenges haemoglobin in the event of intravascular or extravascular haemolysis. The protein exists in humans as three main phenotypes, Hp1-1, Hp2-2 and Hp2-1. Accumulated data on the protein's function has established its strong association with diseases that have inflammatory causes. These include parasitic (malaria), infectious (HIV, tuberculosis) and non-infectious diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity) among others. Phenotype-dependent poor disease outcomes have been linked with the Hp2-2 phenotype. The present review brings this association into perspective by looking at the functions of the protein and how defects in these functions associated with the Hp2 allele affect disease outcome. A model is provided to explain the mechanism, which appears to be largely immunomodulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Quaye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu-Accra, Ghana.
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41
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Vanhollebeke B, De Muylder G, Nielsen MJ, Pays A, Tebabi P, Dieu M, Raes M, Moestrup SK, Pays E. A haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor conveys innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei in humans. Science 2008; 320:677-81. [PMID: 18451305 DOI: 10.1126/science.1156296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is lysed by apolipoprotein L-I, a component of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles that are also characterized by the presence of haptoglobin-related protein. We report that this process is mediated by a parasite glycoprotein receptor, which binds the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex with high affinity for the uptake and incorporation of heme into intracellular hemoproteins. In mice, this receptor was required for optimal parasite growth and the resistance of parasites to the oxidative burst by host macrophages. In humans, the trypanosome receptor also recognized the complex between hemoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein, which explains its ability to capture trypanolytic HDLs. Thus, in humans the presence of haptoglobin-related protein has diverted the function of the trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor to elicit innate host immunity against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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42
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Yueh SCH, Wang YH, Lin KY, Tseng CF, Chu HP, Chen KJ, Wang SS, Lai IH, Mao SJT. Low levels of haptoglobin and putative amino acid sequence in Taiwanese Lanyu miniature pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:379-87. [PMID: 18460833 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein. Its plasma level increases significantly during inflammation and infection. One of the main functions of Hp is to bind free hemoglobin (Hb) and inhibit its oxidative activity. In the present report, we studied the Hp phenotype of Taiwanese Lanyu miniature pigs (TLY minipigs; n=43) and found their Hp structure to be a homodimer (beta-alpha-alpha-beta) similar to human Hp 1-1. Interestingly, Western blot and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis showed that 25% of the TLY minipigs possessed low or no plasma Hp level (<0.05 mg/ml). The Hp cDNA of these TLY minipigs was then cloned, and the translated amino acid sequence was analyzed. No sequences were found to be deficient; they showed a 99.7% identity with domestic pigs (NP_999165). The mean overall Hp level of the TLY minipigs (0.21 +/- 0.25 mg/ml; n=43) determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was markedly lower than that of domestic pigs (0.78 +/- 0.45 mg/ml; p<0.001), while 25% of the TLY minipigs had an Hp level that was extremely low (<0.05 mg/ml). In addition, the initial recovery rate (first 40 min) in the circulation of infused fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Hb was significantly higher in the TLY minipigs with extremely low Hp levels than those with high levels. This data suggests that the low concentration of Hp-Hb complex is responsible for the higher recovery rate of Hb in the circulation. TLY minipigs have been used as an experimental model for cardiovascular diseases; whether they can be used as a model for inflammatory diseases, with Hp as a marker, remains a topic of interest. However, since the Hp level varies significantly among individual TLY minipigs, it is necessary to prescreen the Hp levels of the animals to minimize variation in the experimental baseline. The present study may provide a reference value for future use of the TLY minipig as an animal model for inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C H Yueh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Wobeto VPDA, Zaccariotto TR, Sonati MDF. Polymorphism of human haptoglobin and its clinical importance. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Shimada E, Odagiri M, Chaiwong K, Watanabe Y, Anazawa M, Mazda T, Okazaki H, Juji T, O'Charoen R, Tadokoro K. Detection of Hpdel among Thais, a deleted allele of the haptoglobin gene that causes congenital haptoglobin deficiency. Transfusion 2007; 47:2315-21. [PMID: 17764509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital haptoglobin deficiency is a risk factor for anaphylactic nonhemolytic transfusion reactions in Japan. The deleted allele of the haptoglobin gene, Hp(del), which causes congenital haptoglobin deficiency, has also been observed in other Northeast Asian populations, such as Korean and Chinese persons. It has not been reported in several African and European-African populations, however, or investigated in other countries. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate the distribution of congenital haptoglobin deficiency in Southeast Asian countries, blood samples collected from 200 randomly selected healthy Thai volunteers were analyzed for serum haptoglobin and the haptoglobin gene. Plasma haptoglobin concentration was measured to identify haptoglobin deficiency. Haptoglobin phenotyping was performed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. The presence of the Hp(del) allele was determined with genomic DNA by an Hp(del)-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS There were no haptoglobin-deficient subjects detected among the 200 Thais. Their haptoglobin phenotypes were as follows: Hp 1-1 in 10, Hp 2-1 in 81, and Hp 2-2 in 109. Six individuals heterozygous for Hp(del) were detected. The frequency of the Hp(del) allele was calculated to be 0.015. The prevalence of haptoglobin deficiency caused by Hp(del) homozygosity was estimated to be approximately 1 in 4000. CONCLUSION Congenital haptoglobin deficiency caused by Hp(del) homozygosity is presumed to be present in Thailand as a risk factor for anaphylactic transfusion reactions with a frequency similar to that in Japan. The causative deleted allele of the haptoglobin gene, Hp(del), is distributed among Southeast Asian populations as well as among Northeast Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Shimada
- Research and Development Department, Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan.
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Carter K, Worwood M. Haptoglobin: a review of the major allele frequencies worldwide and their association with diseases. Int J Lab Hematol 2007; 29:92-110. [PMID: 17474882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a plasma alpha(2)-glycoprotein which binds free haemoglobin, thus preventing oxidative damage. The complex is rapidly removed from the circulation by a specific receptor (CD163) found on macrophages. Three major subtypes, Hp1-1, Hp2-1 and Hp2-2 are the product of two closely related genes HP(1) and HP(2). The frequency of the HP(1) and HP(2) genes varies worldwide depending on racial origin: the HP(1)frequency varying from about 0.07 in parts of India to over 0.7 in parts of West Africa and South America. Both HP(1) and HP(2) have been linked to susceptibility to various diseases. Such associations may be explained by functional differences between the subtypes in the binding of Hb and its rate of clearance from the plasma. However, there are also corresponding negative reports for disease associations. The conflicting evidence on disease association and the lack of association between disease and particular populations, despite the wide range of HP(1) and HP(2) gene frequencies across the world, may indicate that any associations are marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberley Carter
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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46
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Cheng TM, Pan JP, Lai ST, Kao LP, Lin HH, Mao SJT. Immunochemical property of human haptoglobin phenotypes: determination of plasma haptoglobin using type-matched standards. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:1045-56. [PMID: 17583688 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 are associated with inflammatory diseases. Since their biochemical structures are rather heterogeneous, it is necessary to accurately determine the plasma Hp levels. DESIGN AND METHODS Immunodiffusion, immunoturbidimetric, and noncompetitive ELISA were conducted to determine the differences in immunoreactivity among Hp phenotypes and to verify that such difference may significantly affect the outcome of Hp determinations. A novel ELISA using phenotype-matched calibrators was performed to compared with a commercial GenWay ELISA kit using a single calibrator in normal healthy males. RESULTS In immunodiffusion and immunoturbidimetric assays, the immunoreactivity of Hp 1-1 was markedly higher than 2-1 and 2-2, while an opposite result was observed using an ELISA. The latter was primarily due to the repeated antigenic epitopes in polymeric 2-1 and 2-2. Thus, Hp levels could be significantly over- or underestimated depending on the method. An accurate ELISA could be achieved when using each type-specific Hp calibrator matched to each type subject. We show the mean levels of Hp 1-1 subjects (n=16; 184+/-42 mg/dL) to be significantly and differentially greater than 2-1 (n=28; 153+/-55 mg/dL) (p<0.05) and 2-2 (n=24; 93+/-54 mg/dL) (p<0.01) subjects. CONCLUSIONS Due to the diverse immunochemical structure among the Hp types, phenotyping should be performed in all the patients and a type-matched Hp calibrator should be used in clinical Hp determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Mu Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Cox SE, Doherty C, Atkinson SH, Nweneka CV, Fulford AJC, Ghattas H, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM. Haplotype association between haptoglobin (Hp2) and Hp promoter SNP (A-61C) may explain previous controversy of haptoglobin and malaria protection. PLoS One 2007; 2:e362. [PMID: 17426810 PMCID: PMC1838521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the strongest recent selective pressures on the human genome, as evidenced by the high levels of varying haemoglobinopathies in human populations–despite the increased risk of mortality in the homozygous states. Previously, functional polymorphisms of Hp, coded by the co-dominant alleles Hp1 and Hp2, have been variously associated with several infectious diseases, including malaria susceptibility. Methodology/Principal Findings Risk of a clinical malarial episode over the course of a malarial transmission season was assessed using active surveillance in a cohort of Gambian children aged 10–72 months. We report for the first time that the major haplotype for the A-61C mutant allele in the promoter of haptoglobin (Hp)–an acute phase protein that clears haemoglobin released from haemolysis of red cells–is associated with protection from malarial infection in older children, (children aged ≥36 months, >500 parasites/ul and temperature >37.5°C; OR = 0.42; [95% CI 0.24–0.73] p = 0.002) (lr test for interaction, <36 vs ≥36 months, p = 0.014). Protection was also observed using two other definitions, including temperature >37.5°C, dipstick positive, plus clinical judgement of malaria blinded to dipstick result (all ages, OR = 0.48, [95% CI 0.30–0.78] p = 0.003; ≥36 months, OR = 0.31, [95% CI 0.15–0.62] p = 0.001). A similar level of protection was observed for the known protective genetic variant, sickle cell trait (HbAS). Conclusions/Significance We propose that previous conflicting results between Hp phenotypes/genotypes and malaria susceptibility may be explained by differing prevalence of the A-61C SNP in the populations studied, which we found to be highly associated with the Hp2 allele. We report the -61C allele to be associated with decreased Hp protein levels (independent of Hp phenotype), confirming in vitro studies. Decreased Hp expression may lead to increased oxidant stress and increased red cell turnover, and facilitate the development of acquired immunity, similar to a mechanism suggested for sickle cell trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Cox
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kindgom.
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Vanhollebeke B, Nielsen MJ, Watanabe Y, Truc P, Vanhamme L, Nakajima K, Moestrup SK, Pays E. Distinct roles of haptoglobin-related protein and apolipoprotein L-I in trypanolysis by human serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4118-23. [PMID: 17360487 PMCID: PMC1820718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609902104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I) is a human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) component able to kill Trypanosoma brucei brucei by forming anion-selective pores in the lysosomal membrane of the parasite. Another HDL component, haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr), has been suggested as an additional toxin required for full trypanolytic activity of normal human serum. We recently reported the case of a human lacking apoL-I (apoL-I(-/-)HS) as the result of frameshift mutations in both apoL-I alleles. Here, we show that this serum, devoid of any trypanolytic activity, exhibits normal concentrations of HDL-bound Hpr. Conversely, the serum of individuals with normal HDL-bound apoL-I but who lack Hpr and haptoglobin [Hp(r)(-/-)HS] as the result of gene deletion (anhaptoglobinemia) exhibited phenotypically normal but delayed trypanolytic activity. The trypanolytic properties of Hp(r)(-/-)HS were mimicked by free recombinant apoL-I, whereas recombinant Hpr did not affect trypanosomes. The lysis delay observed with either Hp(r)(-/-)HS or recombinant apoL-I could entirely be attributed to a defect in the uptake of the lytic components. Thus, apoL-I is responsible for the trypanolytic activity of normal human serum, whereas Hpr allows fast uptake of the carrier HDL particles, presumably through their binding to an Hp/Hpr surface receptor of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vanhollebeke
- *Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marianne J. Nielsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Philippe Truc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche 117 Trypanosomoses Africaines, Instituto de Combate e Controlo das Tripanosossomiases, CP 2657 Luanda, Angola; and
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- *Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Soren K. Moestrup
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Etienne Pays
- *Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, B6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Park KU, Song J, Kim JQ. Haptoglobin genotypic distribution (including Hp0 allele) and associated serum haptoglobin concentrations in Koreans. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:1094-5. [PMID: 15452167 PMCID: PMC1770454 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.017582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haptoglobin polymorphism is associated with the prevalence of infections, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other disorders. Congenital haptoglobin deficiency is associated with anaphylactic transfusion reactions in anhaptoglobinaemic patients with antihaptoglobin antibody. AIMS To investigate haptoglobin genotypic distribution (including the Hp(0) allele) and associated serum haptoglobin concentrations in Koreans. METHODS Five hundred and nine healthy Korean adults were randomly selected. Two methods were used: haptoglobin genotyping based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system that exploited the structural difference of the Hp(1) and Hp(2 )alleles, and another PCR method that detected haptoglobin gene deletion by amplification of the junctional region of the Hp(0) allele. Serum haptoglobin concentrations were measured by nephelometry. RESULTS The haptoglobin genotypes of 509 subjects were as follows: Hp(1)Hp(1), 7.1%; Hp(2)Hp(1), 37.7%; Hp(2)Hp(2), 49.3%; Hp(0)Hp(1), 2.2%; Hp(0)Hp(2), 3.5%; Hp(0)Hp(0), 0.2%. The gene frequency of Hp(0) in Koreans was calculated to be 0.031. Significant differences were seen among the concentrations of each haptoglobin genotype (Kruskal-Wallis test). Hp(0)Hp(2), but not Hp(0)Hp(1), was associated with hypohaptoglobinaemia. CONCLUSIONS PCR methods for differentiating between haptoglobin genotypes, including the Hp(0) allele, may be useful in a broad spectrum of basic studies and clinical examinations.
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Teye K, Quaye IKE, Koda Y, Soejima M, Tsuneoka M, Pang H, Ekem I, Amoah AGB, Adjei A, Kimura H. A−61C and C−101G Hp gene promoter polymorphisms are, respectively, associated with ahaptoglobinaemia and hypohaptoglobinaemia in Ghana. Clin Genet 2003; 64:439-43. [PMID: 14616769 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the genetic basis for the Hp0 phenotype amongst 123 randomly selected Ghanaians. A total of 17 individuals were determined to be Hp0 phenotype, based on the classical method for Hp phenotyping of Hb-supplemented plasma. Out of the 17 Hp0 individuals, nine subjects were further classified as ahaptoglobinaemic and eight as hypohaptoglobinaemic by Western blots and double immunodiffusion. We identified three previously known base substitutions (A-55G, A-61C and T-104A) and three new ones (C-101G, T-191G and C-242T) within the 5' flanking region of the Hp gene. The A-61C base substitution significantly decreased transcriptional activity and was associated strongly with Hp2 allele and ahaptoglobinaemia. The C-101G substitution was similar in transcriptional activity to the wild-type and was associated with Hp1S allele and hypohaptoglobinaemia. The Hpdel allele seen in Asian populations was absent. We conclude that the Hp0 phenotype in Ghana has a genetic basis that differs significantly from that seen in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Teye
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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