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Baranowski ES, Arlt W, Idkowiak J. Monogenic Disorders of Adrenal Steroidogenesis. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:292-310. [PMID: 29874650 PMCID: PMC6067656 DOI: 10.1159/000488034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis comprise autosomal recessive conditions affecting steroidogenic enzymes of the adrenal cortex. Those are located within the 3 major branches of the steroidogenic machinery involved in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. This mini review describes the principles of adrenal steroidogenesis, including the newly appreciated 11-oxygenated androgen pathway. This is followed by a description of pathophysiology, biochemistry, and clinical implications of steroidogenic disorders, including mutations affecting cholesterol import and steroid synthesis, the latter comprising both mutations affecting steroidogenic enzymes and co-factors required for efficient catalysis. A good understanding of adrenal steroidogenic pathways and their regulation is crucial as the basis for sound management of these disorders, which in the majority present in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Prof. Wiebke Arlt, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK), E-Mail
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Sejdini M, Çerkezi S. Dental Number Anomalies and Their Prevalence According To Gender and Jaw in School Children 7 To 14 Years. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:867-873. [PMID: 29875863 PMCID: PMC5985881 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to find the prevalence of Hypodontia and Hyperdontia in different ethnicities in patients from 7 to 14 years old. MATERIAL AND METHODS A group of 520 children were included aged 7 to 14 years, only the children who went to primary schools. Controls were performed by professional people to preserve the criteria of orthodontic abnormalities evaluation. The data were recorded in the individual card specially formulated for this research and all the patients suspected for hypodontia and hyperdontia the orthopantomography for confirmation was made. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis using χ2 test for the significant difference for p ˂ 0.05 and Fisher test for p < 0.05. RESULTS Hypodontia, not counting the patients with missing third molars was found in 18 patients researched or 3.46%. The most commonly missing teeth were the second lower premolars, the second upper premolars, second upper lateral incisors followed by the lower incisors. Hyperdontia not including the third molars was found in 4 cases of the participants or 0.76% from which the most frequent atypical tooth mesiodens and one case of bilateral hypodontia of a lateral upper incisor with typical shape and size. But there were no significant differences when tested between genders and jaws. CONCLUSION The prevalence we found is similar to the prevalence in the region. Our findings indicate that there is a difference between the genders in the prevalence of hypodontia, but without statistical significance, while for hyperdontia we can't see such a difference between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milaim Sejdini
- Clinic of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Sabetim Çerkezi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Tetovo, Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia
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Frazier-Bowers S, Guo D, Cavender A, Xue L, Evans B, King T, Milewicz D, D'Souza R. A Novel Mutation in Human PAX9 Causes Molar Oligodontia. J Dent Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0810129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and animal studies, as well as genetic mutations in man, have indicated that the development of dentition is under the control of several genes. So far, mutations in MSX1 and PAX9 have been associated with dominantly inherited forms of human tooth agenesis that mainly involve posterior teeth. We identified a large kindred with several individuals affected with molar oligodontia that was transmitted as an isolated autosomal-dominant trait. Two-point linkage analysis using DNA from the family and polymorphic marker D14S288 in chromosome 14q12 produced a maximum lod score of 2.29 at Θ = 0.1. Direct sequencing of exons 2 to 4 of PAX9revealed a cytosine insertion mutation at nucleotide 793, leading to a premature termination of translation at aa 315. Our results support the conclusion that molar oligodontia is due to allelic heterogeneity in PAX9, and these data further corroborate the role of PAX9 as an important regulator of molar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Frazier-Bowers
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - D.C. Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - A. Cavender
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - L. Xue
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - B. Evans
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - T. King
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - D. Milewicz
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
| | - R.N. D'Souza
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Suite 371, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030
- Specialists in Orthodontics, 817 9th Street, Rapid City, SD 57701
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Al-Ani AH, Antoun JS, Thomson WM, Merriman TR, Farella M. Hypodontia: An Update on Its Etiology, Classification, and Clinical Management. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9378325. [PMID: 28401166 PMCID: PMC5376450 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9378325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypodontia, or tooth agenesis, is the most prevalent craniofacial malformation in humans. It may occur as part of a recognised genetic syndrome or as a nonsyndromic isolated trait. Excluding third molars, the reported prevalence of hypodontia ranges from 1.6 to 6.9%, depending on the population studied. Most affected individuals lack only one or two teeth, with permanent second premolars and upper lateral incisors the most likely to be missing. Both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the aetiology of hypodontia, with the latter playing a more significant role. Hypodontia individuals often present a significant clinical challenge for orthodontists because, in a number of cases, the treatment time is prolonged and the treatment outcome may be compromised. Hence, the identification of genetic and environmental factors may be particularly useful in the early prediction of this condition and the development of prevention strategies and novel treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Husam Al-Ani
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Safwat Antoun
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Murray Thomson
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tony Raymond Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Khalaf K. Tooth Size in Patients with Mild, Moderate and Severe Hypodontia and a Control Group. Open Dent J 2016; 10:382-9. [PMID: 27583048 PMCID: PMC4988087 DOI: 10.2174/1874210616021001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To compare tooth size between subjects with mild, moderate and severe hypodontia and a control group. Material and Methods: The study comprised 120 patients with hypodontia divided into three groups of 40 mild (≤2 teeth congenitally missing), 40 moderate (3-5 teeth congenitally missing) and 40 severe (≥6 teeth congenitally missing) hypodontia; and 40 age and sex matched controls. Tooth size was recorded by measuring the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of all fully erupted teeth on study models using digital callipers and compared between all hypodontia and control groups using Two-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tests of subgroup comparison. Results: Two-way ANOVA revealed patients with hypodontia had significantly smaller mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth dimensions compared with controls (p<0.05). Furthermore patients with more severe hypodontia demonstrated significantly smaller tooth dimensions than those in the mild and moderate hypodontia subgroups (p<0.05). The most affected tooth in terms of tooth size reduction was the maxillary lateral incisor and the least affected tooth was the mandibular first molar. Conclusion: Patients with hypodontia have smaller tooth dimensions than control. Tooth size appears to be affected by the degree of hypodontia, with severe hypodontia having a greater effect on tooth size reduction. The findings of this study may contribute to understanding the aetiology of hypodontia and aid the multidisciplinary management of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khalaf
- Department of Orthodontics, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, KSA
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6
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Prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies: a comparison between maxillary and mandibular tooth agenesis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 148:793-8. [PMID: 26522039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the pattern and prevalence of associated dental anomalies between maxillary and mandibular tooth agenesis (hypodontia). METHODS A sample of 3315 dental patients, aged 8.6 to 25.4 years, was surveyed for tooth agenesis (excluding third molars): 106 subjects were diagnosed with maxillary hypodontia (group 1) and 70 with mandibular hypodontia (group 2). Both groups were examined for the following dental anomalies: retained deciduous molars, infraocclusion of deciduous molars, impaction, microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors, supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of the permanent molars. For statistical testing, the chi-square test (P <0.05) was used to compare the occurrences of these anomalies among the groups. RESULTS We found that 77.5% of the patients in the mandibular hypodontia group had at least 1 dental anomaly compared with 49.5% in the maxillary hypodontia group (P <0.0001). The only dental anomaly with a significantly increased prevalence in the maxillary hypodontia group compared with the mandibular hypodontia group was microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors (groups 1, 46.7%; group 2, 12.9%; P <0.0001). On the other hand, the prevalences of retained deciduous molars (group 1, 9.4%; group 2, 60.0%), infraoccluded deciduous molars (group 1, 0.9%; group 2, 7.1%), and impacted teeth (group 1, 22.6%; group 2, 38.6%) were significantly higher in the mandibular hypodontia group. The prevalences of supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of permanent molars were low and not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Tooth agenesis isolated to the maxilla is frequently associated with microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors, whereas tooth agenesis isolated to the mandible is frequently associated with retained deciduous molars, infraoccluded deciduous molars, and impacted teeth. The results of this study may provide additional evidence supporting the field-specific genetic control theory for dental development in both jaws.
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Khalaf K, Miskelly J, Voge E, Macfarlane TV. Prevalence of hypodontia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthod 2015; 41:299-316. [PMID: 25404667 DOI: 10.1179/1465313314y.0000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and factors associated with hypotonia. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCE A search strategy was developed along with inclusion criteria and run in MEDLINE and EMBASE (published from 2002 to August 2012) databases to reveal all studies on the prevalence of hypodontia or associated factors. A hand search of reference lists and a Google search aimed to improve the sensitivity of the literature search. SELECTION CRITERIA All studies on the prevalence of hypodontia or associated factors published from 2002 onwards were included. Abstracts of non-English papers were also analyzed. DATA SELECTION AND EXTRACTION All potential articles were checked against the inclusion criteria independently, and in duplicate by two investigators. A checklist was used to assess the quality of selected studies. MAIN OUTCOME Prevalence of hypodontia, excluding third molars. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hypodontia was found to be 6.4% (95% CI: 5.7, 7.2). There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hypodontia by continent (Q = 34.18, P<0.001). Prevalence of hypodontia was the highest in Africa: 13.4% (95% CI: 9.7, 18.0), followed by Europe (7% CI: 6.0-8.0%), Asia (6.3% CI: 4.4, 9.1) and Australia (6.3% CI: 5.3, 7.4) with a lower prevalence in North America (5.0% CI: 4.1-5.9) and Latin America and Caribbean (4.4% CI: 3.2-6.1). Females were found to have a higher prevalence than males (combined OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.30). The most commonly affected teeth were mandibular second premolars followed by maxillary lateral incisors and maxillary second premolars. The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe hypodontia was found to be 81.6, 14.3 and 3.1% respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a high variation in the prevalence of hypodontia between the studies. African populations were found to have a higher risk for tooth agenesis and there was an increased risk for females to have hypodontia than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khalaf
- University of Aberdeen Dental School and Hospital, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, UK
| | - John Miskelly
- University of Aberdeen Dental School and Hospital, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, UK
| | - Elena Voge
- University of Aberdeen Dental School and Hospital, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, UK
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Al Jawad FHA, Al Yafei H, Al Sheeb M, Al Emadi B, Al Hashimi N. Hypodontia prevalence and distribution pattern in a group of Qatari orthodontic and pediatric patients: A retrospective study. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:267-271. [PMID: 26038662 PMCID: PMC4439858 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.156850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia in the permanent teeth among a group of the Qatari sample and to compare the present results with findings from other populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of 1269 Qatari patients (674 females; mean age 11.8 ± 2.3 and 595 males; mean age 11.4 ± 2.2) which included panoramic radiographs were examined to identify hypodontia. All permanent teeth were investigated except third molars. RESULTS The prevalence of hypodontia was 6.2% (females 8% and males 4.2%; P < 0.05). The majority of patients had one or two missing teeth. There were no significant differences between right and left sides for any particular tooth. The most frequently missing teeth were maxillary lateral incisors (36.2%), followed by mandibular second premolar (32.6%) and maxillary second premolar (20.2%). Hypodontia was more commonly found unilaterally than bilaterally (63.2% and 44.3%; respectively). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hypodontia in a group of the Qatari population was within the average value of the majority of published studies in the literature. Hypodontia was significantly more prevalent in females. Although less prevalent, considerable cases of bilateral missing were found in the present study, which necessitates the urgent need for intervention and multi-disciplinary team approach for management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Al Yafei
- Department of Dentistry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Thimmegowda U, Prasanna P, Athimuthu A, Bhat PK, Puttashamachari Y. A Nonsyndromic Autosomal Dominant Oligodontia with A Novel Mutation of PAX9-A Clinical and Genetic Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZD08-10. [PMID: 26266225 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13173.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oligodontia is congenital absence of one or more teeth which has familial abnormality and attributable to various mutations or polymorphisms of genes often associated with malformative syndromes. The present case reports a rare case of non syndromic oligodontia in an 8-year-old girl with missing 14 permanent teeth excluding third molars in mixed dentition. It is a rare finding which has not been frequently documented in Indian children. Mutations in MSX1 and PAX9 have been described in families in which inherited oligodontia characteristically involves permanent incisors, lateral incisors, premolars and molars. Our study analysed one large family with dominantly inherited oligodontia clinically and genetically. This phonotype is distinct from oligodontia phenotypes associated with mutations in PAX9. Sequencing of the PAX9 revealed a novel mutation in the paired domain of the molecule. The multiple sequence alignment and SNP analysis of the PAX9 exon 2 revealed two mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umapathy Thimmegowda
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , #14 Ramohallicross Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Prasanna
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, DA Pandu Memorial R V Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anantharaj Athimuthu
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, DA Pandu Memorial R V Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Bhat
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , #14 Ramohallicross Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogish Puttashamachari
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital , Shimoga, Karnataka, India
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Dugan SL, Temme RT, Olson RA, Mikhailov A, Law R, Mahmood H, Noor A, Vincent JB. New recessive truncating mutation inLTBP3in a family with oligodontia, short stature, and mitral valve prolapse. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1396-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Dugan
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Renee T. Temme
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Rebecca A. Olson
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Anna Mikhailov
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rosalind Law
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Huda Mahmood
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Abdul Noor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Ceyhan D, Kirzioglu Z, Calapoglu NS. Mutations in the MSX1 gene in Turkish children with non-syndromic tooth agenesis and other dental anomalies. Indian J Dent 2015; 5:172-82. [PMID: 25565750 PMCID: PMC4260382 DOI: 10.4103/0975-962x.144717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To search for mutations on the MSX1 gene and to present a genetic basis for non-syndromic tooth agenesis in conjunction with dental anomalies in a Turkish population. Materials and Methods: The patients included in this study were otherwise healthy, with ages ranging from seven to eighteen years. Eighty-two of them had one to six teeth missing (Group I) and 26 had more than six teeth missing (Group II), except for the third molars,. The missing teeth and dental anomalies were examined clinically and radiographically. The MSX1 gene was sequenced from the blood samples of patients who consented to the study. Results: Mutations or polymorphisms on the MSX1 gene were identified in six patients. Taurodontism was seen in patients from both groups I and II. The nucleotide changes were identified by mutation screening. Conclusions: Performing family studies, screening other candidate genes, and investigation of interactions between genes will provide a basis for better analysis of tooth agenesis models and their association with other dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Ceyhan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Kirzioglu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Sahin Calapoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Rakhshan V. Congenitally missing teeth (hypodontia): A review of the literature concerning the etiology, prevalence, risk factors, patterns and treatment. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:1-13. [PMID: 25709668 PMCID: PMC4336964 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.150286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenitally missing teeth (CMT), or as usually called hypodontia, is a highly prevalent and costly dental anomaly. Besides an unfavorable appearance, patients with missing teeth may suffer from malocclusion, periodontal damage, insufficient alveolar bone growth, reduced chewing ability, inarticulate pronunciation and other problems. Treatment might be usually expensive and multidisciplinary. This highly frequent and yet expensive anomaly is of interest to numerous clinical, basic science and public health fields such as orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, prosthodontics, periodontics, maxillofacial surgery, anatomy, anthropology and even the insurance industry. This essay reviews the findings on the etiology, prevalence, risk factors, occurrence patterns, skeletal changes and treatments of congenitally missing teeth. It seems that CMT usually appears in females and in the permanent dentition. It is not conclusive whether it tends to occur more in the maxilla or mandible and also in the anterior versus posterior segments. It can accompany various complications and should be attended by expert teams as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rakhshan
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Tallón-Walton V, Manzanares-Céspedes MC, Carvalho-Lobato P, Valdivia-Gandur I, Arte S, Nieminen P. Exclusion of PAX9 and MSX1 mutation in six families affected by tooth agenesis. A genetic study and literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014; 19:e248-54. [PMID: 24316698 PMCID: PMC4048113 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, it is describe the phenotypical analysis and the mutational screening, for genes PAX9 and MSX1, of six families affected by severe forms of tooth agenesis associated with other dental anomalies and systemic entities. STUDY DESIGN Six families affected by severe tooth agenesis associated with other dental anomalies and systemic entities were included. Oral exploration, radiological examination, medical antecedents consideration and mutational screening for PAX9 and MSX1 were carried out. RESULTS No mutations were discovered despite the fact that numerous teeth were missing. An important phenotypical variability was observed within the probands, not being possible to establish a parallelism with the patterns associated to previously described PAX9 and MSX1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS; These results bring us to conclude that probably other genes can determine phenotypical patterns of dental agenesis in the families studied, different than the ones described in the mutations of PAX9 and MSX1. Moreover, epigenetic factors can be involved, as those that can reduce gene dosage and other post-transcriptional modulation agents, causing dental agenesis associated or not with systemic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tallón-Walton
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Campus de Bellvitge, Barcelona University, 5305, Pavelló de Govern, 5a planta, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,
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Lacarbonara M, Marzo G, Lacarbonara V, Monaco A, Capogreco M. Presentation of a keratocystic odontogenic tumor with agenesis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:126. [PMID: 24716509 PMCID: PMC4000142 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We analyzed the etiopathogenetic, clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic aspects of keratocystic odontogenic tumors, particularly in association with dental anomalies of number, with the aim of providing useful information for their correct diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis within a multidisciplinary approach. Case presentation A 14-year-old Caucasian girl presented for observation of bilateral agenesis of the upper incisors, which was diagnosed by orthopantomography. Approximately one year after starting orthodontic treatment, the patient went to the emergency department because of a phlegmonous tumefaction of the lateroposterior upper left maxillary region. Diagnostic orthopantomography and axial computed tomography scan results of the facial skeleton revealed a large lesion occupying the left maxillary sinus, rhizolysis of dental elements 26 and 27, and dislocation of dental element 28. The lesion and infected sinus mucosa were removed through surgical antral-cystectomy with the Caldwell-Luc approach. Histological examination of the lesion confirmed the suspected diagnosis of keratocystic odontogenic tumor. The 12-month follow-up orthopantomography and computed tomography scan results showed good trabecular bone formation in the lesion area. The 24-month follow-up results showed optimal healing in the area of the lesion, positive pulp vitality tests for teeth 26 and 27, and good periodontal tissue healing, as verified through periodontal probing. Conclusions Combined with our observations from a careful review of the literature, the results of the case study suggest that keratocystic odontogenic tumor and dental agenesis probably do not develop through a common genetic cause. More likely, they are caused by related environmental factors. Management of this case required the multidisciplinary collaboration of different specializations and careful planning to devise a correct therapeutic protocol and reach a favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Lacarbonara
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Dental Clinic, University of L'Aquila, Unit of Dentistry, Building Delta 6, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Klein OD, Oberoi S, Huysseune A, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. Developmental disorders of the dentition: an update. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:318-32. [PMID: 24124058 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental anomalies are common congenital malformations that can occur either as isolated findings or as part of a syndrome. This review focuses on genetic causes of abnormal tooth development and the implications of these abnormalities for clinical care. As an introduction, we describe general insights into the genetics of tooth development obtained from mouse and zebrafish models. This is followed by a discussion of isolated as well as syndromic tooth agenesis, including Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), ectodermal dysplasias (EDs), oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome type I, Rieger syndrome, holoprosencephaly, and tooth anomalies associated with cleft lip and palate. Next, we review delayed formation and eruption of teeth, as well as abnormalities in tooth size, shape, and form. Finally, isolated and syndromic causes of supernumerary teeth are considered, including cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner syndrome.
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Cakan DG, Ulkur F, Taner T. The genetic basis of dental anomalies and its relation to orthodontics. Eur J Dent 2013; 7:S143-S147. [PMID: 24966722 PMCID: PMC4054073 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.119092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interruption of odontogenesis by any etiological factor may result in dental anomalies. Apart from the environmental factors, the impact of genetics in dental anomalies was found to be a factor in different levels. Many authors had questioned a common genetic defect resulting in different phenotypic conditions such as absent, malformed, malposed or ectopic teeth. Because the multidisciplinary treatment of these dental anomalies such as hypodontia, impaction etc., involves orthodontic intervention, orthodontists must be aware of the etiology and possible correlative conditions with dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Germec Cakan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Feyza Ulkur
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Tulin Taner
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
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Agarwal A, Gundappa M, Miglani S, Nagar R. Asyndromic hypodontia associated with tooth morphology alteration: A rare case report. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:269-71. [PMID: 23833465 PMCID: PMC3698595 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicians frequently encounter hypodontia in their practice. It can be associated with any syndrome or more commonly it is asyndromic. This asyndromic form is commonly familial and can be followed in heredity of the patient. The patient referred in this report presented with a rare anomaly of hypodontia with altered morphology where the patient had all the teeth single rooted and single canalled. Studies have indicated several genes that affect the tooth morphology and number. A genetic correlation of hypodontia with altered permanent teeth morphology may be explored further in studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay Agarwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
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Ruf S, Klimas D, Hönemann M, Jabir S. Genetic background of nonsyndromic oligodontia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 74:295-308. [PMID: 23828301 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-013-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to identify all known gene mutations that have been associated with the development of nonsyndromic oligodontia. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed electronically in two databases (PubMed, Medpilot) supplemented by a hand search. Articles published up to March 2012 were considered. Search terms were combined as follows: oligodontia and genes, oligodontia and mutations, tooth agenesis and genes, and tooth agenesis and mutations. A meta-analysis of the data was conducted based on the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC). RESULTS Seven genes are currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. All these genes vary both in terms of number of identified mutations and in terms of number of documented patients: 33 mutations and 93 patients are on record for PAX9, 10 mutations and 51 patients for EDA, 12 mutations and 33 patients for MSX1, 6 mutations and 17 patients for AXIN2, and 1 mutation in 1 patient for EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 each. A total TAC score of 250 was found to have cutoff properties, as 100% of MSX1 and 80% of EDA patients exhibited TAC ≤ 250, whereas 96.9% of PAX9 and 90% of AXIN2 patients exhibited TAC >250. Furthermore, 94.3% of EDA patients but only 28.6% of MSX1 patients exhibited odd-numbered TAC scores in at least one quadrant, and 72.7% of PAX9 but none of the AXIN2 patients were found to show TAC scores of 112 in at least one quadrant. CONCLUSION In order of decreasing frequency, PAX9, EDA, MSX1, AXIN2, EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 are the seven genes currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. TAC scores enabled us to identify an association between oligodontia phenotypes and genotypes in the patients covered by this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany.
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Alfawaz S, Fong F, Plagnol V, Wong FSL, Fearne J, Kelsell DP. Recessive oligodontia linked to a homozygous loss-of-function mutation in the SMOC2 gene. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:462-6. [PMID: 23317772 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, several genes have been reported with mutations or variants that underlie a number of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of oligodontia including MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, EDA and WNT10A. This study aimed to identify the causal mutations in a consanguineous Pakistan family with oligodontia and microdontia. DESIGN Exome sequencing was performed in two of affected members of the Pakistan family. RESULTS The exome sequencing data revealed that the affected individuals were homozygous with a novel mutation in exon 8 of the SMOC2 gene, c.681T>A (p.C227X). CONCLUSIONS This is the second report describing SMOC2 mutations with oligodontia and microdontia underlining the key role for this signalling molecule in tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alfawaz
- Centre for Oral Growth & Development, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
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Boeira Junior BR, Echeverrigaray S. Dentistry and molecular biology: a promising field for tooth agenesis management. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:243-9. [PMID: 22452934 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is the failure of tooth bud development, causing definitive absence of the tooth. It is the most common dental anomaly, affecting up to one-quarter of the general population. The main cause is related to abnormal function of specific genes which play key roles during odontogenesis, particularly MSX1 and PAX9. MSX1 is a transcription factor highly expressed in the mesenchyme of developing tooth germs, whereas PAX9 is a transcription factor that shows a direct relationship with craniofacial development, particularly the formation of the palate and teeth. Despite the high frequency of tooth agenesis, there are as yet only a restricted number of mutations in MSX1 and PAX9 that have been associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis. Thus, a deeper analysis of the gene networks underlying this anomaly is imperative. By means of a literature review based on Medline, PubMed, Lilacs, NCBI, and STRING, performed between 1991 and 2010 and focused on etiologically associated mutations, this work aimed to assess the latest advances in the genetic etiology of tooth agenesis and to offer an insight into how they can assist dental practice in the near future. A better knowledge of the genetic networks underlying tooth agenesis will lead to better treatment options and, perhaps, a tool for early diagnosis possibly related to DNA examination based on polymorphic variants. Such a test based on DNA analysis may be available to and accessible by clinicians, resulting in a more accurate diagnosis and allowing for a better approach to this anomaly.
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Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. Diseases of the tooth: the genetic and molecular basis of inherited anomalies affecting the dentition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:183-212. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Galluccio G, Castellano M, La Monaca C. Genetic basis of non-syndromic anomalies of human tooth number. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:918-30. [PMID: 22325622 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Teeth organogenesis develops through a well-ordered series of inductive events involving genes and BMP, FGF, SHH and WNT represent the main signalling pathways that regulate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Moreover, progress in genetics and molecular biology indicates that more than 300 genes are involved in different phases of teeth development. Mutations in genes involved in odontogenesis are responsible for many dental anomalies, including a number of dental anomalies that can be associated with other systemic skeletal or organic manifestations (syndromic dental anomalies) or not (non-syndromic dental anomalies). The knowledge of the genetic development mechanisms of the latter is of major interest. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis of non-syndromic teeth anomalies would also clarify the role of teeth in craniofacial development, and this would represent an important contribution to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of congenital malformations, and the eventual association to other severe diseases. Future research in this area is likely to lead to the development of tests for doctors to formulate an early diagnosis of these anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Galluccio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Oral Medicine, Course of Dentistry Degree, Courses of Orthognatodontics 2 and Clinical Gnatology 2, Italy.
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Vahid-Dastjerdi E, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Mahdian M, Amini N. Non-syndromic hypodontia in an Iranian orthodontic population. J Oral Sci 2011; 52:455-61. [PMID: 20881340 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence, characteristics (ie, malocclusion, location, type), and sex distribution of hypodontia in an Iranian orthodontic population. A retrospective study was conducted using periapical and panoramic radiographs and study models of 1,751 subjects attending university orthodontic clinics (870 females, 881 males, age 9-27 years). The Chi-square test was used to analyze differences in the distribution of hypodontia, after stratification by sex and malocclusion type. A total of 197 congenitally missing teeth were observed in 160 patients (9.1%; 74 boys and 86 girls); there were no statistically significant differences between sexes (Chi-square = 0.832, P = 0.36). Hypodontia was more common in patients with Class III malocclusion (45.2%), and was more prevalent in the maxilla (71%) than in the mandible (29%). Maxillary lateral incisors (35.6%) and maxillary second premolars (13.0%) were the most commonly missing teeth, followed by mandibular lateral incisors (9.6%) and mandibular second premolars (8.2%). The prevalence of missing teeth was higher in the anterior segment (incisors and canines) than in the posterior segment (premolars and molars). The prevalence of oligodontia was 0.34%. The prevalence and characteristics of the most frequently missing teeth accorded with the findings of most studies conducted in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Vahid-Dastjerdi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Silva ER, Reis-Filho CR, Napimoga MH, Alves JB. Polymorphism in the Msx1 gene associated with hypodontia in a Brazilian family. J Oral Sci 2010; 51:341-5. [PMID: 19776500 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development is regulated by a reciprocal series of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. With the large number of genes involved in the odontogenesis process, the opportunity for mutations to disrupt this process is high. Mutational analysis has revealed genes that are major causes of non-syndromic hypodontia. The most common permanent missing teeth are the third molars, second premolars, and maxillary lateral incisors. Although hypodontia does not represent a serious public health problem, it may cause masticatory and speech dysfunctions and esthetic problems. Msx1 (Muscle Segment Box) is believed to play an important role in tooth development. To further investigate the role of the gene in human hypodontia, we analyzed genotypes in a family with hypodontia using the SSCP assay. Examinations of all affected and unaffected members of the family studied indicated that 5 of the 10 family members had hypodontia, and it was possible to observe polymorphisms/mutation by SSCP as bands with an anomalous migration pattern in individuals with hypodontia. Our data suggest that Msx1 gene polymorphism is associated with hypodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela R Silva
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nieminen P. Genetic basis of tooth agenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312B:320-42. [PMID: 19219933 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis or hypodontia, failure to develop all normally developing teeth, is one of the most common developmental anomalies in man. Common forms, including third molar agenesis and hypodontia of one or more of the incisors and premolars, constitute the great majority of cases. They typically affect those teeth that develop latest in each tooth class and these teeth are also most commonly affected in more severe and rare types of tooth agenesis. Specific vulnerability of the last developing teeth suggests that agenesis reflects quantitative defects during dental development. So far molecular genetics has revealed the genetic background of only rare forms of tooth agenesis. Mutations in MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2 and EDA have been identified in familial severe agenesis (oligodontia) and mutations in many other genes have been identified in syndromes in which tooth agenesis is a regular feature. Heterozygous loss of function mutations in many genes reduce the gene dose, whereas e.g. in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) the complete inactivation of the partially redundant signaling pathway reduces the signaling centers. Although these mechanisms involve quantitative disturbances, the phenotypes associated with mutations in different genes indicate that in addition to an overall reduction of odontogenic potential, tooth class-specific and more complex mechanisms are also involved. Although several of the genes so far identified in rare forms of tooth agenesis are being studied as candidate genes of common third molar agenesis and incisor and premolar hypodontia, it is plausible that novel genes that contribute to these phenotypes will also become identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Nieminen
- Institute of Dentistry, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Noor A, Windpassinger C, Vitcu I, Orlic M, Arshad Rafiq M, Khalid M, Nasir Malik M, Ayub M, Alman B, Vincent JB. Oligodontia is caused by mutation in LTBP3, the gene encoding latent TGF-beta binding protein 3. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:519-23. [PMID: 19344874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a consanguineous Pakistani family where oligodontia is inherited along with short stature in an autosomal-recessive fashion. Increased bone density was present in the spine and at the base of the skull. Using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays for homozygosity mapping, we identified a 28 Mb homozygous stretch shared between affected individuals on chromosome 11q13. Screening selected candidate genes within this region, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation, Y774X, within LTBP3, the gene for the latent TGF-beta binding protein 3, an extracellular matrix protein believed to be required for osteoclast function.
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Bailleul-Forestier I, Molla M, Verloes A, Berdal A. The genetic basis of inherited anomalies of the teeth. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:273-91. [PMID: 18499550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Swinnen S, Bailleul-Forestier I, Arte S, Nieminen P, Devriendt K, Carels C. Investigating the etiology of multiple tooth agenesis in three sisters with severe oligodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 11:24-31. [PMID: 18199077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the dentofacial phenotypes of three sisters with severe non-syndromic oligodontia, to report on the mutation analysis in three genes, previously shown to cause various phenotypes of non-syndromic oligodontia and in two other suspected genes. Based on the phenotypes in the pedigree of this family, the different possible patterns of transmission are discussed. METHODS Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were taken to study the phenotype of the three sisters and their first-degree relatives. Blood samples were also taken to obtain their karyotypes and DNA samples. Mutational screening was performed for the MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 and DLX2 genes. RESULTS The probands' pedigree showed evidence for a recessive or multifactorial inheritance pattern. Normal chromosomal karyotypes were found and - despite the severe oligodontia present in all three sisters - no mutation appeared to be present in the five genes studied so far in these patients. CONCLUSIONS In the three sisters reported, their common oligodontia phenotype is not caused by mutations in the coding regions of MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 or DLX2 genes, but genetic factors most probably play a role as all three sisters were affected. Environmental and epigenetic factors as well as genes regulating odontogenesis need further in vivo and in vitro investigation to explain the phenotypic heterogeneity and to increase our understanding of the odontogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swinnen
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pan Y, Wang L, Ma J, Zhang W, Wang M, Zhong W, Huang Y. PAX9 polymorphisms and susceptibility to sporadic tooth agenesis: a case-control study in southeast China. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:98-103. [PMID: 18353002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental disorders in humans. The PAX9 gene, which plays an important role in odontogenesis, is associated with familial and sporadic tooth agenesis. A case-control study was performed in 102 subjects with tooth agenesis (cases) and 116 healthy controls. We genotyped four PAX9 gene polymorphisms using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the four polymorphisms were not significantly different between the controls and the subjects with tooth agenesis. Similar results were observed in a subgroup analysis of test subjects only with mandibular incisor agenesis. Further analysis showed no significant difference in the haplotype distribution between the controls and the subjects with tooth agenesis or mandibular incisor agenesis. However, we found that the AGGC haplotype was associated with a decreased risk of tooth agenesis, compared with the most common haplotype, AGCC (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.95). These results suggest that the four PAX9 polymorphisms alone have a non-significant main effect on the risk of tooth agenesis but that the AGGC haplotype may have a protective effect associated with a decreased risk of tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchu Pan
- Dental Research Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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31
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El-Toum S, Cassia A, Zaarour I, Hobeika P, Feki A. Is the homozygous region on chromosome 16q12.2 responsible for a fifth mandibular incisor? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:767-71. [PMID: 18299234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a fifth mandibular incisor, a eumorphic supernumerary tooth, has rarely been described in the literature. Recently we reported on a large Lebanese consanguineous family where 4 individuals displayed 5 mandibular incisors with the same shape and size. This type of familial clustering of the trait has not been previously described. We previously postulated several theories to explain the etiology of this anomaly. The possibility of an autosomal recessive inheritance for this nonsyndromic trait was discussed. We now report the use of homozygosity mapping to identify a homozygous region with different alleles at chromosome 16q12.2, located at the marker D16S415, which likely harbors the gene underlying this anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El-Toum
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Lebanese University School of Dentistry, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Abstract
The congenital absence of teeth is one of the commonest developmental abnormalities seen in human populations. Familial hypodontia or oligodontia represents an absence of varying numbers of primary and/or secondary teeth as an isolated trait. While much progress has been made in understanding the developmental basis of tooth formation, knowledge of the aetiological basis of inherited tooth loss remains poor. The study of mouse genetics has uncovered a large number of candidate genes for this condition, but mutations in only three have been identified in human pedigrees with familial hypodontia or oligodontia: MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2. This suggests that these conditions may represent a more complex multifactorial trait, influenced by a combination of gene function, environmental interaction and developmental timing. Completion of the human genome project has made available the DNA sequence of the collected human chromosomes, allowing the localisation of all human genes and, ultimately, determination of their function. Therefore it is likely that our understanding of this complex developmental process will continue to improve, not only during normal development but also when things go wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cobourne
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Development, King's Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
The development of dentition is a fascinating process that encompasses a complex series of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involving growth factors, transcription factors, signal receptors and other soluble morphogens. It is not surprising that such a complex process is prone to disturbances and may result in tooth agenesis. Initial discoveries indicating that the homeo-domain protein MSX1 and the paired-domain transcription factor PAX9 are causative genes in tooth morphogenesis were made in mice. Both genes are co-expressed in dental mesenchyme and either one, when homozygously deleted, results in an arrest at an early developmental stage. Heterozygous Pax9 or Msx1 mice have normal teeth, however, double heterozygous Pax9/Msx1 mice show a phenotype of arrested tooth development which can be rescued by transgenic expression of Bmp4, a very influential signaling factor in many developmental processes. We have obtained mounting evidence for a partnership between PAX9 and MSX1 within the tooth-specific Bmp4 signaling pathway. In humans, unlike in mice, a heterozygous mutation in either PAX9 or MSX1 suffices to cause tooth agenesis of a predominantly molar or more premolar pattern, respectively. Our laboratory and others have identified several PAX9 and MSX1 mutations in families with non-syndromic forms of autosomal dominant posterior tooth agenesis. We have also identified families with tooth agenesis in whom PAX9 and MSX1 mutations have been excluded opening up the possibilities for the discovery of other genes that contribute to human tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kapadia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Chishti MS, Muhammad D, Haider M, Ahmad W. A novel missense mutation in MSX1 underlies autosomal recessive oligodontia with associated dental anomalies in Pakistani families. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:872-878. [PMID: 16932841 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis constitutes the most common anomaly of dental development in humans. In the majority of familial cases of hypodontia alone or in association with other anomalies, the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant. In the present study, we have identified two distantly related consanguineous Pakistani kindreds with an autosomal recessive form of oligodontia with associated dental anomalies. Locus in this case has been mapped on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. The maximum two-point LOD score of 2.85 (theta=0.0) was obtained at markers D4S2925 and D4S2285. A maximum multipoint LOD score exceeding 4 was obtained at the same markers. Recombination events observed in affected individuals localized the disease locus between markers D4S412 and D4S2935, spanning a 9.24-cM region on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. Sequence analysis of candidate gene MSX1 revealed a novel recessive missense mutation resulting in substitution of alanine to threonine amino acid (p. A219T), located in the MSX1 homeodomain, which is important for DNA binding and protein-protein interaction. The mutation, p. A219T, is the first recessive mutation identified in MSX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Chishti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dost Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmud Haider
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karachi Medical Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Axenovich TI, Kulikova AV, Knyazev SP, Zorkoltseva IV, Borodin PM. Polymorphism of dental formula and segregation of its variants in a pedigree of Kerry Blue Terrier dogs. RUSS J GENET+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795406030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Townsend GC, Richards L, Hughes T, Pinkerton S, Schwerdt W. Epigenetic influences may explain dental differences in monozygotic twin pairs. Aust Dent J 2005; 50:95-100. [PMID: 16050088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparisons between monozygotic (MZ) co-twins have tended to focus on the similarities between their dentitions rather than differences. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of discordant expression for simple hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in MZ twin pairs and to explain how phenotypic differences might occur despite their similar genotypes. METHODS Records of 278 pairs of MZ twins, including dental casts and radiographs, were examined and the prevalences of discordant expression for missing upper lateral incisors (ULI) or second premolars (PM2), and of mesiodentes, were determined. Zygosities were confirmed by comparisons of blood markers and DNA. RESULTS There was evidence of at least one missing ULI or PM2 in 24 of the 278 MZ pairs (8.6 per cent), with 21 of these 24 pairs (87.5 per cent) showing discordant expression. Nine of the 278 MZ pairs (3.2 per cent) displayed evidence of mesiodentes, with eight of these nine pairs (88.9 per cent) being discordant. CONCLUSION Our findings show that differences in the expression of missing or extra teeth occur often between MZ co-twins whose genetic make-up predisposes them to simple hypodontia or mesiodentes. We postulate that minor variations in epigenetic events during odontogenesis may account for these distinct differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Townsend
- Dental School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia.
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Martinez-Mir A, Zlotogorski A, Ott J, Gordon D, Christiano AM. Genetic linkage studies in alopecia areata. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2004; 8:199-203. [PMID: 14582673 DOI: 10.1046/j.1087-0024.2003.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata affects approximately 4.6 million individuals in the United States alone. It is typified by patchy hair loss on the scalp that can progress to cover the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) and eventually the entire body (alopecia universalis). Despite the high incidence of this condition, its genetic basis is largely unknown. It is now generally accepted, however, that it fits the paradigm of a complex trait, in which a combination of genetic and environmental factors results in the final phenotype. Genetic studies have been limited thus far to association analyses, which suggest that a permissive HLA status may potentiate the development of alopecia areata. A systematic screen for identifying the primary genetic mechanisms underlying this disorder has never before been undertaken, however. Here we discuss our approach to the identification of susceptibility genes for alopecia areata. In particular, we recently initiated a comprehensive genetic analysis by performing a genome-wide scan in a collection of alopecia families with multiple affected family members. There are currently a number of examples of complex diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, in which genetic studies are being undertaken that substantiate the timeliness of this approach. We anticipate that these studies will lead to the identification of the susceptibility genes and provide a foundation for understanding how they interact with each other and with other variables, such as the immune system and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Martinez-Mir
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Papagrigorakis MJ, Synodinos PN, Daliouris CP, Metaxotou C. De novo inv(2)(p12q34) associated with Klippel-Feil anomaly and hypodontia. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:594-7. [PMID: 12827510 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-003-1262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 04/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present case report describes a patient with Klippel-Feil anomaly (KFA) and oligodontia, carrying a de novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 (p12q34). KFA is characterised by congenital vertebral fusion of the cervical spine and a wide spectrum of associated anomalies. It therefore constitutes a heterogenous group of clinical conditions and has been classified morphologically, although its aetiology remains unclear. We present an 18-year-old female with KFA, associated with congenital impairment of hearing, psychomotor retardation, speech limitation, short stature, spinal scoliosis, facial asymmetry and latent hypothyroidism. No renal anomaly or heart disease was present. In addition, she exhibited oligodontia of both the deciduous and permanent dentition, a unique characteristic that has not yet been reported in any non-cleft palate KFA case. CONCLUSION The current report of a patient with oligodontia and an inversion on chromosome 2 may aid in the identification of novel genes for oligodontia.
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Facemask therapy with rigid anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and severe oligodontia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vastardis H. Teeth in a genetic age. Semin Orthod 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/sodo.2002.28714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Arte S, Nieminen P, Apajalahti S, Haavikko K, Thesleff I, Pirinen S. Characteristics of incisor-premolar hypodontia in families. J Dent Res 2001; 80:1445-50. [PMID: 11437217 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic tooth agenesis is a genetically and phenotypically heterogenous condition. It is generally assumed that different phenotypic forms are caused by different mutated genes. We analyzed inheritance and phenotype of hypodontia and dental anomalies in 214 family members in three generations of 11 probands collected for genetic linkage study on incisor-premolar hypodontia (IPH). Our analysis confirms the autosomal-dominant transmission with reduced penetrance of IPH. The prevalence of hypodontia and/or peg-shaped teeth was over 40% in first- and second-degree relatives and 18% in first cousins of the probands. Four of nine noted obligate carriers of hypodontia gene had dental anomalies, including small upper lateral incisors, ectopic canines, taurodontism, and rotated premolars. These anomalies were also observed at higher than normal frequency in relatives affected with hypodontia. We conclude that incisor-premolar hypodontia is a genetic condition with autosomal-dominant transmission and that it is associated with several other dental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arte
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Gilbert F. Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 16. GENETIC TESTING 1999; 3:243-54. [PMID: 10464676 DOI: 10.1089/gte.1999.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Gilbert
- Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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