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Cavadini P, Trogu T, Velarde R, Lavazza A, Capucci L. Recombination between non-structural and structural genes as a mechanism of selection in lagoviruses: The evolutionary dead-end of an RHDV2 isolated from European hare. Virus Res 2024; 339:199257. [PMID: 38347757 PMCID: PMC10654597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The genus Lagovirus, belonging to the family Caliciviridae, emerged around the 1980s. It includes highly pathogenic species, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV/GI.1) and European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV/GII.1), which cause fatal hepatitis, and nonpathogenic viruses with enteric tropism, rabbit calicivirus (RCV/GI.3,4) and hare calicivirus (HaCV/GII.2). Lagoviruses have evolved along two independent genetic lineages: GI (RHDV and RCV) in rabbits and GII (EBHSV and HaCV) in hares. To be emphasized is that genomes of lagoviruses, like other caliciviruses, are highly conserved at RdRp-VP60 junctions, favoring intergenotypic recombination events at this point. The recombination between an RCV (genotype GI.3), donor of non-structural (NS) genes, and an unknown virus, donor of structural (S) genes, likely led to the emergence of a new lagovirus in the European rabbit, called RHDV type 2 (GI.2), identified in Europe in 2010. New RHDV2 intergenotypic recombinants isolated in rabbits in Europe and Australia originated from similar events between RHDV2 (GI.2) and RHDV (GI.1) or RCV (GI.3,4). RHDV2 (GI.2) rapidly spread worldwide, replacing RHDV and showing several lagomorph species as secondary hosts. The recombination events in RHDV2 viruses have led to a number of viruses with very different combinations of NS and S genes. Recombinant RHDV2 with NS genes from hare lineage (GII) was recently identified in the European hare. This study investigated the first RHDV2 (GI.2) identified in Italy in European hare (RHDV2_Bg12), demonstrating that it was a new virus that originated from the recombination between RHDV2, as an S-gene donor and a hare lagovirus, not yet identified but presumably nonpathogenic, as an NS gene donor. When rabbits were inoculated with RHDV2_Bg12, neither deaths nor seroconversions were recorded, demonstrating that RHDV2_Bg12 cannot infect the rabbit. Furthermore, despite intensive and continuous field surveillance, RHDV2_Bg12 has never again been identified in either hares or rabbits in Italy or elsewhere. This result showed that the host specificity of lagoviruses can depend not only on S genes, as expected until today, but potentially also on some species-specific NS gene sequences. Therefore, because RHDV2 (GI.2) infects several lagomorphs, which in turn probably harbor several specific nonpathogenic lagoviruses, the possibility of new speciation, especially in those other than rabbits, is real. RHDV2 Bg_12 demonstrated this, although the attempt apparently failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cavadini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Salazar EJ, Guerrero MJ, Villaquiran JA, Suárez K, Cevallos J. Development of enhanced primer sets for detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A in food samples from Guayaquil (Ecuador) by reverse transcriptase-heminested PCR. BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NV) is an infectious biological agent that causes gastrointestinal problems of the original nonbacterial appearance of foodborne illnesses. The genotype of NV responsible for the most frequent NV disease outbreaks is GII, accounting for 60–80% of the cases. Moreover, original and new NV variants are continuously emerging, concurrent with the recent global increase in NV infections. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is another foodborne pathogen frequently implicated in acute gastroenteritis cases around the world. The virus is transmitted among humans via the fecal-oral route, and infection by HAV causes the most severe form of viral illness acquired from foods. In this study, we implemented primer sets to detect NV genotypes I and II. We also developed primer sets for the detection of HAV. The primers were used in a heminested reverse transcriptase PCR (hnRT-PCR) protocol that was rapid and sensitive for detecting NVG1, NVGII and HAV virus in food. The hnRT-PCR was applied successfully to strawberries and spinach obtained from a local fresh-food market, where we could see NVGI, NVGII and HAV.
Keywords: Norovirus1; Hepatitis A2; gastroenteritis3; genotypes4; NVG15; NVGII6; hnRT-PCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Salazar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador; 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Km 7.5 Vía Babahoyo - Montalvo
| | - M. J. Guerrero
- Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - J. A. Villaquiran
- Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - K.S. Suárez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - J.M. Cevallos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador ; Facultad Ciencias de la Vidas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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3
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Feline Calicivirus P39 Inhibits Innate Immune Responses by Autophagic Degradation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065254. [PMID: 36982330 PMCID: PMC10048920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a feline pathogen that can cause severe upper respiratory tract disease in cats, thus posing a major threat to their health. The exact pathogenic mechanism of FCV is still unclear, although it has been identified as having the ability to induce immune depression. In this study, we discovered that FCV infection triggers autophagy and that its non-structural proteins, P30, P32, and P39, are responsible for initiating this process. Additionally, we observed that altering autophagy levels via chemical modulation resulted in different influences on FCV replication. Moreover, our findings indicate that autophagy can modify the innate immunity induced by FCV infection, with increased autophagy further suppressing FCV-induced RIG-I signal transduction. This research provides insights into the mechanism of FCV replication and has the potential to aid in the development of autophagy-targeted drugs to inhibit or prevent FCV infection.
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Wang Y, Zhao C, Qi Y, Geng Y. Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:1-13. [PMID: 37223855 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the sequence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was determined from a patient with enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989, similar sequences have been isolated from many different animals, including pigs, wild boars, deer, rabbits, bats, rats, chicken, and trout. All of these sequences have the same genomic organization, which contains open reading frames (ORFs) 1, 2, and 3, although their genomic sequences are variable. Some have proposed that they be classified as new family, Hepeviridae, which would be further divided into different genera and species according to their sequence variability. The size of these virus particles generally ranged from 27 to 34 nm. However, HEV virions produced in cell culture differ in structure from the viruses found in feces. Those from cell culture have a lipid envelope and either lack or have a little ORF3, whereas the viruses isolated from feces lack a lipid envelope but have ORF3 on their surfaces. Surprisingly, most of the secreted ORF2 proteins from both these sources are not associated with HEV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yansheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Crnčević N, Rifatbegović Z, Hukić M, Deumić S, Pramenković E, Selimagić A, Gavrankapetanović I, Avdić M. Atypical Viral Infections in Gastroenterology. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040087. [PMID: 36278586 PMCID: PMC9590025 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are commonly found obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These viruses usually follow a fecal-oral route of transmission and are characterized by their extraordinary stability as well as resistance in high-stress environments. Most of them cause similar symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In order to come in contract with mucosal surfaces, these viruses need to pass the three main lines of defense: mucus layer, innate immune defenses, and adaptive immune defenses. The following atypical gastrointestinal infections are discussed: SARS-CoV2, hantavirus, herpes simplex virus I, cytomegalovirus, and calicivirus. Dysbiosis represents any modification to the makeup of resident commensal communities from those found in healthy individuals and can cause a patient to become more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. The interaction between bacteria, viruses, and host physiology is still not completely understood. However, with growing research on viral infections, dysbiosis, and new methods of detection, we are getting closer to understanding the nature of these viruses, their typical and atypical characteristics, long-term effects, and mechanisms of action in different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neira Crnčević
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +387-(61)-034487
| | - Zijah Rifatbegović
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clinic for Surgery, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirsada Hukić
- Center for Disease Control and Geohealth Studies, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute for Biomedical Diagnostics and Research Nalaz, Čekaluša 69, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sara Deumić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Pramenković
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amir Selimagić
- Department of Gastroenterohepatology, General Hospital “Prim. dr. Abdulah Nakas”, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ismet Gavrankapetanović
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Monia Avdić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Disease Control and Geohealth Studies, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Complete Genome Sequence, Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationships of a Temminck's Stint Calicivirus: Evidence for a New Genus within Caliciviridae Family. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081540. [PMID: 36013958 PMCID: PMC9416405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caliciviridae is a family of viral pathogens that naturally infects vertebrates, including humans, and causes a range of highly contagious infectious diseases. Caliciviruses are not well studied because of the lack of a universal approach to their cultivation; however, the development of molecular genetics and bioinformatics methods can shed light on their genetic architecture and evolutionary relationships. Here, we present and characterize the complete genome sequence of calicivirus isolated from a sandpiper-Temminck's stint (Calidris temminckii), preliminarily named Temminck's stint calicivirus (TsCV). Its genome is a linear, non-segmented, single-stranded (+sense) RNA with genome organization typical of avian caliciviruses. Comparative studies have shown significant divergence of the nucleotide sequence of the TsCV genome, as well as the amino acid sequence of the major capsid protein from all publicly available genomic and protein sequences, with the highest genome sequence similarity to unclassified Ruddy turnstone calicivirus A (43.68%) and the lowest pairwise divergence of the major capsid protein with unclassified goose calicivirus (57.44%). Phylogenetic analysis, as well as a comparative analysis of the homologous proteins, showed evidence of another separate genus within the Caliciviridae family-previously proposed, but not yet accepted by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)-the Sanovirus genus, which combines seven previously unclassified genomic sequences of avian caliciviruses, including the newly discovered TsCV, which we propose to consider as a separate species.
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Stamelou E, Giantsis IA, Papageorgiou KV, Petridou E, Davidson I, Polizopοulou ZS, Papa A, Kritas SK. First report of canine Astrovirus and Sapovirus in Greece, hosting both asymptomatic and gastroenteritis symptomatic dogs. Virol J 2022; 19:58. [PMID: 35361253 PMCID: PMC8969266 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus are widely distributed viruses in humans and animals worldwide. They have frequently been associated with disease, mainly of gastroenteric nature. In dogs, these viruses have been detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, mainly of young age. Methods In the present epidemiologic study, we investigated the presence of canine Astrovirus (CAstV), canine Norovirus (canine NoV) and canine Sapovirus (Canine SaV) in saliva and stools of 201 domestic dogs originating from throughout Greece, based on two different molecular methods, i.e. conventional and SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR. The samples derived from young and adult asymptomatic and symptomatic animals. CAstV was detected in 15/201 (7.5%) and 29/201 (15%) of the examined dogs using conventional RT-PCR and SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR, respectively. Results The prevalence of the virus was higher at healthy dogs, with a slight discrepancy of the two methods on the aspect of age (67% young dogs with the method of conventional RT-PCR, versus 52% adult positive dogs with the method of SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR). Canine SaV was detected in 52/201 (23%) of the dogs (mainly young and asymptomatic), with the method of SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR only, while canine NoV was not detected in any sample with either of the two methods applied. Sequencing of the CAstV positive samples resulted in the acquisition of one CAstV sequence. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results, clustering the CAstV sequence with homologous canine hosting sequences from other countries. Conclusions CAstV and Canine SaV were proved to circulate in Greek dogs. SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR showed greater sensitivity in the detection of these viruses. Additionally, we were able to specify the CAstV strain that circulates in Greece, through phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of CAstV and canine SaV in dogs in Greece, as well as the first time detected in dogs from Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Stamelou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100, Florina, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos V Papageorgiou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irit Davidson
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Zoe S Polizopοulou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Stamelou E, Giantsis IA, Papageorgiou KV, Petridou E, Davidson I, Polizopοulou ZS, Papa A, Kritas SK. Epidemiology of Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus in Greek pig farms indicates high prevalence of Mamastrovirus suggesting the potential need for systematic surveillance. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35000615 PMCID: PMC8744241 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Backround Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus exhibit a wide distribution in swine pig herds worldwide. However, the association of porcine Astrovirus (PAstV), porcine Norovirus (PoNoV) and porcine Sapovirus (PoSaV) with disease in pigs remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of PAstV, PoNoV and PoSaV in Greek pig farms using both conventional RT-PCR and SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR in an effort to compare the sensitivity of the two methods. We examined 1400 stool samples of asymptomatic pigs originating from 28 swine farms throughout Greece in pools of five. Results PAstV was detected in all 28 swine farms examined, with an overall prevalence of 267/280 positive pools (95.4%). Porcine Caliciviruses prevalence was found at 36 and 57 out of the 280 examined samples, by the conventional and SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples revealed that the detected PAstV sequences are clustered within PAstV1, 3 and 4 lineages, with PAstV3 being the predominant haplotype (91.2%). Interestingly, sequencing of the Calicivirus positive samples demonstrated the presence of non-target viruses, i.e. Sapovirus, Kobuvirus and Sapelovirus sequences and one sequence highly similar to bat Astrovirus, while no Norovirus sequence was detected. Conclusions The high prevalence of PAstV in Greek pig farms poses a necessity for further investigation of the pathogenicity of this virus and its inclusion in surveillance programs in case that it proves to be important. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of these viruses in pig farms in Greece. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00245-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Stamelou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100, Florina, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos V Papageorgiou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irit Davidson
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Zoe S Polizopοulou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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El-Samadony HA, Mekky HM, Ghetas AM, Saad AS. Molecular characterization of some isolates of rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD) in Egypt from 2014 to 2019. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:396-403. [PMID: 34722738 PMCID: PMC8520161 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD) is a transmittable and lethal viral illness of rabbits. In this study, genetic identification and genetic analysis of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was made in three governorates in Egypt from 2014 to 2019. Materials and Methods Livers from 18 freshly dead rabbits, which was guessed to be VHD epidemics in Egypt (Giza, Menofia, and Fayoum governorates) from 2014 to 2019, were examined for RHDV. The examination was based on the hemagglutination assay (HA) test against different mammalian (human O-type and sheep) and avian (chicken and pigeon) erythrocytes, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing of the segment of VP60. Results 33% of the examined samples' virus titers were 5 log2 to 8 log2 hemagglutination of human O-type erythrocytes when compared to 28%, 11%, and 28% of sheep, chicken, and pigeon erythrocytes, respectively. Four RHDV isolates out of eight RT-PCR positives were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Sequenced isolates were designed and submitted to GenBank with accession numbers MN904506, MN904507, MN904508, and MN904509. These four RHDV isolates were related to classic G3 (GI.1d/RHDV). Twelve amino acid differences were detected between the vaccine strain sequence (Giza-2006) and RHDV isolates. Amino acid differences at 416, 423, and 476 positions seem interesting as they changed polarity that could change the protein structure and affect host interaction. Conclusions There is antigenic variation between circulating RHVD strains and the vaccinal strain. This may be the leading cause of vaccination failure and may increase the need to check out the vaccination program against RHVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoda Mohammed Mekky
- Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aly Mohammed Ghetas
- Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aalaa Samir Saad
- Food Hygiene Department, Animal Health Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Sarowska J, Wojnicz D, Jama-Kmiecik A, Frej-Mądrzak M, Choroszy-Król I. Antiviral Potential of Plants against Noroviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154669. [PMID: 34361822 PMCID: PMC8347075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses, which belong to the enterovirus family, are one of the most common etiological agents of food-borne diseases. In recent years, intensive research has been carried out regarding the antiviral activity of plant metabolites that could be used for the preservation of fresh food, because they are safer for consumption when compared to synthetic chemicals. Plant preparations with proven antimicrobial activity differ in their chemical compositions, which significantly affects their biological activity. Our review aimed to present the results of research related to the characteristics, applicability, and mechanisms of the action of various plant-based preparations and metabolites against norovirus. New strategies to combat intestinal viruses are necessary, not only to ensure food safety and reduce infections in humans but also to lower the direct health costs associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sarowska
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.J.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (I.C.-K.)
| | - Dorota Wojnicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717-841-512
| | - Agnieszka Jama-Kmiecik
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.J.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (I.C.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Frej-Mądrzak
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.J.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (I.C.-K.)
| | - Irena Choroszy-Król
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.J.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (I.C.-K.)
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12
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Toh X, Ong J, Chan C, Teo XH, Toh S, Fernandez CJ, Huangfu T. First detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2) in Singapore. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1521-1528. [PMID: 33892517 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a significant viral disease caused by infection with Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The first documented cases of RHDV in Singapore occurred in adult pet European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in September 2020. Rabbits presented with acute hyporexia, lethargy, huddled posture, and varying degrees of pyrexia and tachypnoea. Clinical pathology consistently reflected markedly elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP). Hepatic lobe torsion was ruled out using ultrasonography and colour Doppler studies in all patients. A total of 11 rabbits owned by 3 families were presented to the clinics; 8/11 rabbits died within 48 hr of presentation, while the remaining two rabbits had recovered after prolonged hospitalization and one rabbit was aclinical. Histopathology revealed acute, marked diffuse hepatocellular necrosis and degeneration, findings which were suggestive for RHDV infection and prompted the undertaking of further molecular diagnostics. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction of the liver samples detected RHDV RNA. Molecular characterization of viral genomes by whole genome sequencing revealed that the outbreak strain was of the genotype GI.2 (RHDV2/RHDVb). Nucleotide sequences of the VP60 gene were compared with various RHDV variants using phylogenetic analysis. The sample genome shared highest sequence identity with a GI.2-genotyped virus from GenBank (RHDV isolate Algarve 1 polyprotein and minor structural protein (VP10) genes, GenBank accession KF442961). The combination of clinical, histopathological, molecular and sequencing technologies enabled rapid detection and detailed genetic characterization of the RHDV virus causing the present outbreak for prompt implementation of disease control measures in Singapore. Further epidemiological investigations of potential virus introduction into Singapore are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Toh
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
| | - Jasmine Ong
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
| | - Cathy Chan
- The Animal Doctors Pte Ltd (Singapore), Singapore
| | - Xuan Hui Teo
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
| | - Steffie Toh
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
| | - Charlene Judith Fernandez
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
| | - Taoqi Huangfu
- Center for Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore
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13
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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14
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Barrón-Rodríguez RJ, Rojas-Anaya E, Ayala-Sumuano JT, Romero-Espinosa JÁI, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Cortés-Cruz M, García-Espinosa G, Loza-Rubio E. Swine virome on rural backyard farms in Mexico: communities with different abundances of animal viruses and phages. Arch Virol 2021; 166:475-489. [PMID: 33394173 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Domestic swine have been introduced by humans into a wide diversity of environments and have been bred in different production systems. This has resulted in an increased risk for the occurrence and spread of diseases. Although viromes of swine in intensive farms have been described, little is known about the virus communities in backyard production systems around the world. The aim of this study was to describe the viral diversity of 23 healthy domestic swine maintained in rural backyards in Morelos, Mexico, through collection and analysis of nasal and rectal samples. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify viruses that are present in swine. Through homology search and bioinformatic analysis of reads and their assemblies, we found that rural backyard swine have a high degree of viral diversity, different from those reported in intensive production systems or under experimental conditions. There was a higher frequency of bacteriophages and lower diversity of animal viruses than reported previously. In addition, sapoviruses, bocaparvoviruses, and mamastroviruses that had not been reported previously in our country were identified. These findings were correlated with the health status of animals, their social interactions, and the breeding/rearing environment (which differed from intensive systems), providing baseline information about viral communities in backyard swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jesús Barrón-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Salud Animal, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología Animal (CENID-Microbiología), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), carretera federal México-Toluca km 15.5, colonia palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, P.C. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, colonia Ciudad universitaria, Coyoacán, P.C. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Rojas-Anaya
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Salud Animal, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología Animal (CENID-Microbiología), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), carretera federal México-Toluca km 15.5, colonia palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, P.C. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Tonatiuh Ayala-Sumuano
- Idix S.A. de C.V., Sonterra 3035 interior 26, Fraccionamiento Sonterra, P.C. 76230, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - José Ángel Iván Romero-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Del. Tlalpan, colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, P.C. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joel Armando Vázquez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Del. Tlalpan, colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, P.C. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cortés-Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Recursoso Genéticos (CNRG), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Boulevard de la biodiversidad 400, Rancho las Cruces, P.C. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gary García-Espinosa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, colonia Ciudad universitaria, Coyoacán, P.C. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Salud Animal, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología Animal (CENID-Microbiología), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), carretera federal México-Toluca km 15.5, colonia palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, P.C. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico.
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15
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Álvarez ÁL, García-Manso A, Dalton KP, Martín-Alonso JM, Nicieza I, Podadera A, Acosta-Zaldívar M, de Llano D, Parra F. Reverse Genetics System for Rabbit vesivirus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596245. [PMID: 33304341 PMCID: PMC7693663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most caliciviruses are refractory to replication in cell culture and only a few members of the family propagate in vitro. Rabbit vesivirus (RaV) is unique due to its ability to grow to high titers in several animal and human cell lines. This outstanding feature makes RaV an ideal candidate for reverse genetics studies, an invaluable tool to understand the molecular basis of virus replication, the biological functions of viral genes and their roles in pathogenesis. The recovery of viruses from a cDNA clone is a prerequisite for reverse genetics studies. In this work, we constructed a RaV infectious cDNA clone using a plasmid expression vector, under the control of bacteriophage T7 RNA-polymerase promoter. The transfection of permissive cells with this plasmid DNA in the presence of T7 RNA-polymerase, provided in trans by a helper recombinant poxvirus, led to de novo synthesis of RNA transcripts that emulated the viral genome. The RaV progeny virus produced the typical virus-induced cytopathic effect after several passages of cell culture supernatants. Similarly, infectious RaV was recovered when the transcription step was performed in vitro, prior to transfection, provided that a 5′-cap structure was added to the 5′ end of synthetic genome-length RNAs. In this work, we report an efficient and consistent RaV rescue system based on a cDNA transcription vector, as a tool to investigate calicivirus biology through reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel L Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Manso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José M Martín-Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inés Nicieza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Podadera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maikel Acosta-Zaldívar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel de Llano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Zheng L, Zhang H, Ma J, Liu J, Ma S, Wang M, Huo Y. Phylogenetic and biological characterizations of a GI.3 norovirus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104554. [PMID: 32927119 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In this study, we report the isolation, near-complete genome sequencing, and expression and biological characterization of the major capsid protein (VP1) of a GI.3 NoV isolated from a child presenting acute gastroenteritis. The genome of the GI.3 NoV is 7746 bp in length, not including the poly-adenylation tail. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete VP1 nucleotide sequences indicates that GI.3 NoVs could be divided into four clusters, with 4.6%, 5.3%, 6.6%, 1.9% intracluster variations in nucleotide and 4.8%, 3.8%, 6.1%, 1.7% intracluster variations in amino acid sequences, respectively. A Bayesian evolutionary analysis showed that GI.3 NoVs evolved at 2.44 × 10-3, 2.78 × 10-3, and 3.04 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year using a strict clock model, an uncorrelated log-normal model (UCLN), and an uncorrelated exponential derivation model (UCED), respectively. VP1 protein expression using a recombinant baculovirus expression system leads to the successful assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs). In vitro VLP-Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding assay indicates that GI.3 NoV VLPs strongly bind to blood type A salivary HBGAs, moderately bind to blood type O salivary HBGAs, and weakly bind or do not bind to blood type B and AB salivary HBGAs. In vitro VLP-HBGA binding blockade assay indicated that the binding of GI.3 NoV VLPs to blood type A salivary HBGAs could only be blocked by anti-GI.3 NoV VLPs serum but not non-GI.3 NoV genotype-specific hyperimmune sera (GI.2, GI.7, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, and GII.17). The detailed characterization of GI.3 NoV in this study provides evidence that GI.3 NoV undergoes rapid evolution and exhibits no cross-blocking effects, suggesting that GI.3 NoV may potentially be utilized in the development of multivalent NoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zheng
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Jie Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.
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17
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Tin CM, Sosnovtsev SV. Detection of Human Norovirus-Specific Antibodies Using the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2024:137-152. [PMID: 31364047 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9597-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay is a liquid-phase immunoassay that quantitates antigen-specific serum antibodies by measuring luminescence emitted by the reporter enzyme Renilla luciferase (Ruc) fused to an antigen of interest. The LIPS assay can be utilized as a high-throughput and sensitive serological method for profiling serum antibodies recognizing diverse antigens. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for detecting human norovirus-specific serum antibodies with the LIPS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Chen L, Xu D, Wu X, Liu G, Ji L. An increasing prevalence of non-GII.4 norovirus genotypes in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Huzhou, China, 2014-2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1121-1128. [PMID: 32221714 PMCID: PMC7222896 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, novel non-GII.4 norovirus (NoV) genotypes continue to be reported as the main cause of outbreaks worldwide. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological and genetic features of NoV outbreaks from July 2014 to June 2018 in Huzhou, China. A total of 450 stool samples collected from 51 AGE outbreaks were tested for NoVs by real-time RT PCR. Partial polymerase and capsid sequences of NoV-positive samples were amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. NoVs were found to be responsible of 84.3% of AGE outbreaks in Huzhou over the past 5 years. Most NoV outbreaks were reported in the cool months (November-March) and occurred in primary schools and kindergartens. Changes in the diversity of genotypes and the distribution of predominant types were observed in recent years. At least eight genotypes were identified, and 91.9% of the genotyped outbreaks were caused by non-GII.4 strains. The top three circulating genotypes during the study period were GII.2[P16], GII.3[P12], and GII.17[P17]. The predominant NoV genotypes in outbreaks have changed from GII.4 variants to GII.17[P17] in 2014-2015, GII.3[P12] in 2015-2016, and then GII.2[P16] in 2016-2018. Non-GII.4 NoVs play an increasingly important role in outbreaks in Huzhou. Continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the emergence of novel NoV strains and help control NoV outbreaks in the next epidemic season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deshun Xu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangtao Liu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.
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19
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Kennedy S, Leroux MM, Simons A, Malve B, Devocelle M, Varbanov M. Apoptosis and autophagy as a turning point in viral–host interactions: the case of human norovirus and its surrogates. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human gastroenteritis viruses are amid the major causes of disease worldwide, responsible for more than 2 million deaths per year. Human noroviruses play a leading role in the gastroenteritis outbreaks and the continuous emergence of new strains contributes to the significant morbidity and mortality. Many aspects of the viral entry and infection process remain unclear, including the major response of the host cell to the virus, which is the trigger of several programmed cell death related mechanisms. In this review, we assessed apoptosis and autophagy at various stages in the infection process to provide better understanding of the viral–host interaction. This brings us closer to fully understanding how noroviruses work, thus allowing the development of specific antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Kennedy
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1st Floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mélanie M Leroux
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology, Institute Jean Lamour UMR 7198 du CNRS, Université deLorraine, F‐54000, Nancy, France
| | - Alexis Simons
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Brice Malve
- Université deLorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Synthesis & Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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20
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stasis syndrome is a very common presentation of an ill rabbit to the veterinarian. The causes involved in this syndrome are often multifactorial, and an inappropriate diet puts the rabbit at a greater risk of developing this syndrome. Complications of this disorder can lead to gastrointestinal obstruction, a life-threatening condition that necessitates aggressive medical and in some case surgical therapy. Rabbits may also be presented with signs of diarrhea. However, abnormal cecotrophs must be differentiated from true intestinal diarrhea. The common causes, diagnosis and management of diarrhea including dysbiosis and enteritis are discussed. Other important causes of gastrointestinal disease are infectious disease and liver lobe torsion. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus has a new variant that has been identified in mainland Europe, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Subclinical infection of intestinal coccidiosis is a common cause of weight loss in adult rabbits. Liver lobe torsion is a challenging condition to diagnose in rabbits; this chapter discusses the presenting signs, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic options.
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21
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Qi R, Zhu J, Miao Q, Tang A, Dong D, Wang X, Liu G. Bioinformatics analysis of capsid protein of different subtypes rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:423. [PMID: 31775738 PMCID: PMC6882040 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) belongs to the Caliciviridae family, is a highly lethal pathogen to rabbits. Increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the existence of antigenic variation in RHDV, leading to the emergence of a new RHDV isolate (RHDVb). However, the underlying factors determining the emergence of the new RHDV and its unpredictable epidemiology remain unclear. To investigate these issues, we selected more than 184 partial and/or complete genome sequences of RHDV from GenBank and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, divergence, and predicted protein modification sites. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that classic RHDV isolates, RHDVa, and RHDVb formed different clades. It’s interesting to note that RHDVa being more closely related to classic RHDV than RHDVb, while RHDVb had a closer genetic relationship to Rabbit Calicivirus (RCV) than to classic RHDV isolates. Moreover, divergence analysis suggested that the accumulation of amino acid (aa) changes might be a consequence of adaptive diversification of capsid protein (VP60) during the division between classical RHDV, RHDVa, RHDVb, and RCV. Notably, the prediction of N-glycosylation sites suggested that RHDVb subtypes had two unique N-glycosylation sites (aa 301, 362) but lacked three other N-glycosylation sites (aa 45, 308, 474) displayed in classic RHDV and RHDVa VP60 implying this divergence of N-glycosylation sites in RHDV might affect viral virulence. Analysis of phosphorylation sites also indicated that some phosphorylation sites in RHDVa and RHDVb differed from those in classic RHDV, potentially related to antigenic variation in RHDV. Conclusion The genetic relationship between RHDVb and RCV was closer than classic RHDV isolates. Moreover, compared to RHDV and RHDVa, RHDVb had two unique N-glycosylation sites but lacked three sites, which might affect the virulence of RHDV. These results may provide new clues for further investigations of the origin of new types of RHDV and the mechanisms of genetic variation in RHDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Qi
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Miao
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Dong
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Mikounou Louya V, Vouvoungui C, Koukouikila-Koussounda F, Veas F, Kobawila SC, Ntoumi F. Molecular characterization of norovirus infection responsible for acute diarrhea in Congolese hospitalized children under five years old in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88:41-48. [PMID: 31382046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five worldwide. As no published data is available on the occurrence of this infection in the Republic of Congo, this study aimed at (1) determining the prevalence and (2) characterizing genotypes of norovirus strains in Brazzaville. METHODS From June 2012 to June 2013, stool samples were collected from hospitalized young children with acute gastroenteritis. A total of 545 samples were tested for GI and GII norovirus infections using nested duplex reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RESULTS The GI and GII norovirus infection were detected in 148 samples. Males (28%) were not significantly more infected than females (25%). Norovirus infection was found exclusively in children aged under 24 months with a higher prevalence (P=0,048) in the age group of 7-12 months, and throughout the year with a peak in August and September. Genetic diversity of norovirus strains revealed that GII was the most prevalent (87%). No risk factor was significantly associated with norovirus infection. CONCLUSION This study showed that noroviruses are important agents responsible for acute diarrhea in Congolese children and highlights the importance of continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaldie Mikounou Louya
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.
| | - Christevy Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.
| | - Félix Koukouikila-Koussounda
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.
| | - Francisco Veas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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GII.4 Norovirus Protease Shows pH-Sensitive Proteolysis with a Unique Arg-His Pairing in the Catalytic Site. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01479-18. [PMID: 30626675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01479-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the main cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis. Phylogenetically, noroviruses are divided into seven genogroups, with each divided into multiple genotypes. NoVs belonging to genogroup II and genotype 4 (GII.4) are globally most prevalent. Genetic diversity among the NoVs and the periodic emergence of novel strains present a challenge for the development of vaccines and antivirals to treat NoV infection. NoV protease is essential for viral replication and is an attractive target for the development of antivirals. The available structure of GI.1 protease provided a basis for the design of inhibitors targeting the active site of the protease. These inhibitors, although potent against the GI proteases, poorly inhibit the GII proteases, for which structural information is lacking. To elucidate the structural basis for this difference in the inhibitor efficiency, we determined the crystal structure of a GII.4 protease. The structure revealed significant changes in the S2 substrate-binding pocket, making it noticeably smaller, and in the active site, with the catalytic triad residues showing conformational changes. Furthermore, a conserved arginine is found inserted into the active site, interacting with the catalytic histidine and restricting substrate/inhibitor access to the S2 pocket. This interaction alters the relationships between the catalytic residues and may allow for a pH-dependent regulation of protease activity. The changes we observed in the GII.4 protease structure may explain the reduced potency of the GI-specific inhibitors against the GII protease and therefore must be taken into account when designing broadly cross-reactive antivirals against NoVs.IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (NoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. They are divided into seven genogroups (GI to GVII), with each genogroup further divided into several genotypes. Human NoVs belonging to genogroup II and genotype 4 (GII.4) are the most prevalent. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs available for NoV infection. The protease encoded by NoV is considered a valuable target because of its essential role in replication. NoV protease structures have only been determined for the GI genogroup. We show here that the structure of the GII.4 protease exhibits several significant changes from GI proteases, including a unique pairing of an arginine with the catalytic histidine that makes the proteolytic activity of GII.4 protease pH sensitive. A comparative analysis of NoV protease structures may provide a rational framework for structure-based drug design of broadly cross-reactive inhibitors targeting NoVs.
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Moreira JCDO, Rodrigues DM, Gilioli R, Costa FF, Albuquerque DM. A semi-nested RT-PCR assay for detection of norovirus in rat fecal samples. Exp Anim 2018; 68:169-176. [PMID: 30531093 PMCID: PMC6511519 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a highly prevalent pathogen that can infect a wide range of host species.
Thus far, there have only been two reports of norovirus infection in rats. Diagnostic
assays for the detection of norovirus are well established, but a specific molecular assay
for the diagnosis of norovirus infection in laboratory rats has not yet been reported. In
this study, we describe the development of a sensitive, semi-nested RT-PCR assay for
detection of norovirus in fecal samples from Rattus norvegicus, reared in
animal facilities under different sanitary barrier conditions. Additionally, we describe
the first report of the presence of norovirus in rat colonies from Brazilian animal
facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Masselli Rodrigues
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 250, 5 de Junho Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rovilson Gilioli
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 250, 5 de Junho Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira Costa
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 480 Carlos Chagas Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-878, Brazil
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25
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Han J, Wu X, Chen L, Fu Y, Xu D, Zhang P, Ji L. Emergence of norovirus GII.P16-GII.2 strains in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou, China, 2016-2017. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:342. [PMID: 30041612 PMCID: PMC6056945 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In late 2016, an uncommon recombinant NoV genotype called GII.P16-GII.2 caused a sharp increase in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in different countries of Asia and Europe, including China. However, we did not observe a drastic increase in sporadic norovirus cases in the winter of 2016 in Huzhou. Therefore, we investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoVs in the sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases from January 2016 to December 2017 in Huzhou City, Zhejiang, China. Methods From January 2016 to December 2017, a total of 1001 specimens collected from patients with AGE were screened for NoV by real-time RT-PCR. Partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid gene of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Genotypes of NoV were confirmed by online NoV typing tool and phylogenetic analysis. Complete VP1 sequences of GII.P16-GII.2 strains detected in this study were further obtained and subjected into sequence analysis. Results In total, 204 (20.4%) specimens were identified as NoV-positive. GII genogroup accounted for most of the NoV-infected cases (98.0%, 200/204). NoV infection was found in all age groups tested (< 5, 5–15, 16–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and >60 years), with the 5–15 year age group having the highest detection rate (17/49, 34.7%). Higher activity of NoV infection could be seen in winter-spring season. The predominant NoV genotypes have changed from GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney2012 and GII.P17-GII.17 in 2016 to GII.P16-GII.2, GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney2012 and GII.P17-GII.17 in 2017. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 2016–2017 GII.P16-GII.2 strains were most closely related to Japan 2010–2012 cluster in VP1 region and no common mutations were found in the amino acids of the HBGA-binding sites and the predicted epitopes. Conclusions We report the emergence of GII.P16-GII.2 strains and characterize the molecular epidemiological patterns NoV infection between January 2016 and December 2017 in Huzhou. The predominant genotypes of NoV during our study period are diverse. VP1 amino acid sequences of 2016–2017 GII.P16-GII.2 strains remain static after one year of circulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3259-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Han
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Fu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deshun Xu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Intragenogroup Recombination in the Complete Genome Sequence of Human Sapovirus Circulating in Bangladesh. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/18/e00388-18. [PMID: 29724852 PMCID: PMC5940942 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00388-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is responsible for severe gastroenteritis among infants and children. Research about the genetic configuration of SaV is scarce in Bangladesh. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an SaV strain with intragenogroup recombination, isolated from an infant with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh in 2005.
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Dalton K, Podadera A, Granda V, Nicieza I, del Llano D, González R, de los Toyos J, García Ocaña M, Vázquez F, Martín Alonso J, Prieto J, Parra F, Casais R. ELISA for detection of variant rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus RHDV2 antigen in liver extracts. J Virol Methods 2018; 251:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Serological and molecular investigation of 2117-like vesiviruses in cats. Arch Virol 2017; 163:197-201. [PMID: 29022118 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vesivirus 2117 was first discovered as a contaminant in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures used for human drug production. Similar vesiviruses (VeVs) have been detected recently in dogs. In order to address the hypothesis that cats may also be exposed to 2117-like VeVs, in this study, we screened 236 feline sera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a recombinant VP1 protein from the canine VeV Bari/212/07/ITA. IgG antibodies against the 2117-like VeV were detected in 37.3% of the sera tested. Also, by screening cat faecal specimens, the RNA of a 2117-like VeV was detected in a clinically healthy cat.
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29
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Barry AF, Durães-Carvalho R, Oliveira-Filho EF, Alfieri AA, Van der Poel WHM. High-resolution phylogeny providing insights towards the epidemiology, zoonotic aspects and taxonomy of sapoviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:8-13. [PMID: 28951203 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolution, epidemiology and zoonotic aspects of Sapoviruses (SaV) are still not well explored. In this study, we applied high-resolution phylogeny to investigate the epidemiological and zoonotic origins as well as taxonomic classification of animal and human SaV. Bayesian framework analyses showed an increase in porcine SaV (PoSaV) population dynamics and genetic diversity between 1975 and 1982, resulting in a SaV gene flow and generation of new strains among porcine and human populations. Our results also show the contribution of different animal populations involved in SaV epidemiology and highlight zoonotic aspects, as exemplified by the crucial role that swine, dogs, mink and humans play in SaV spread. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats may play key role in SaV epidemiology. According to our hypothesis, these animals may act as reservoirs or intermediate host species, contributing to viral spread in zoonotic and other epidemiological scenarios and facilitating the generation of new SaV genogroups and genotypes through recombination events. Data from large-scale phylogeny partition based on patristic distance, did not show a correlation between transmission clusters on generation of SaV genogroups, nevertheless we present both important findings about SaV taxonomy and important considerations useful for further taxonomical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Barry
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Durães-Carvalho
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - E F Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - W H M Van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Department of Virology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
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30
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Li X, Huang R, Chen H. Evaluation of Assays to Quantify Infectious Human Norovirus for Heat and High-Pressure Inactivation Studies Using Tulane Virus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:314-325. [PMID: 28238030 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared the heat and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) inactivation results of Tulane virus (TV), a human norovirus (HuNoV) surrogate, obtained by plaque assay, direct quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), porcine gastric mucin magnetic beads (PGM-MBs) binding assay followed by RT-qPCR (PGM/PCR), and propidium monoazide (PMA) assay followed by RT-qPCR (PMA/PCR). Heat and HHP inactivation of a HuNoV genotype I.1 (GI.1) strain and a genotype II.4 (GII.4) strain was also evaluated using those molecular assays. Viruses were heat treated at 50-90 °C for 2 min and HHP treated at 100-550 MPa at initial temperatures of 4 or 21 °C for 2 min. For heat treatment, the three molecular methods significantly underestimated the inactivation of TV. It could be logically concluded that the PGM/PCR assay was better than the PMA/PCR and direct RT-qPCR assays in estimating the inactivation of HuNoV GI.1. The three molecular methods were comparable in estimating the heat inactivation of GII.4. For HHP treatment, both PGM/PCR and PMA/PCR assays were able to estimate inactivation of TV at ≤~2-log reduction levels, but significantly underestimated its inactivation at >~2-log reduction levels. The direct RT-qPCR assay was the worst method for estimating HHP inactivation of TV. It could be logically concluded that the PGM/PCR and PMA/PCR assays were comparable in estimating the HHP inactivation of GI.1 and both were significantly better than the direct RT-qPCR assay. Among the three molecular methods, the PGM/PCR assay was the best in estimating the HHP inactivation of GII.4. These results demonstrated that the PGM/PCR assay was probably the method of choice in estimating the inactivation of HuNoV GI.1 and GII.4 for heat and HHP treatments, but this method would likely result in underestimation of HuNoV inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Runze Huang
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA.
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Eltahla AA, Lun JH, Ferla S, Brancale A, Urakova N, Frese M, Strive T, Mackenzie JM, White PA. Broad-spectrum non-nucleoside inhibitors for caliciviruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:65-75. [PMID: 28757394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the Caliciviridae cause significant and sometimes lethal diseases, however despite substantial research efforts, specific antivirals are lacking. Broad-spectrum antivirals could combat multiple viral pathogens, offering a rapid solution when no therapies exist. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an attractive antiviral target as it is essential for viral replication and lacks mammalian homologs. To focus the search for pan-Caliciviridae antivirals, the RdRp was probed with non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) developed against hepatitis C virus (HCV) to reveal both allosteric ligands for structure-activity relationship enhancement, and highly-conserved RdRp pockets for antiviral targeting. The ability of HCV NNIs to inhibit calicivirus RdRp activities was assessed using in vitro enzyme and murine norovirus cell culture assays. Results revealed that three NNIs which bound the HCV RdRp Thumb I (TI) site also inhibited transcriptional activities of six RdRps spanning the Norovirus, Sapovirus and Lagovirus genera of the Caliciviridae. These NNIs included JTK-109 (RdRp inhibition range: IC50 4.3-16.6 μM), TMC-647055 (IC50 range: 18.8-45.4 μM) and Beclabuvir (IC50 range: 23.8->100 μM). In silico studies and site-directed mutagenesis indicated the JTK-109 binding site was within the calicivirus RdRp thumb domain, in a pocket termed Site-B, which is highly-conserved within all calicivirus RdRps. Additionally, RdRp inhibition assays revealed that JTK-109 was antagonistic with the previously reported RdRp inhibitor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-(2'-naphthylazo-6'-nitro-4',8'-disulfonate) tetrasodium salt (PPNDS), that also binds to Site-B. Moreover, like JTK-109, PPNDS was also a potent inhibitor of polymerases from six viruses spanning the three Caliciviridae genera tested (IC50 range: 0.1-2.3 μM). Together, this study demonstrates the potential for de novo development of broad-spectrum antivirals that target the highly-conserved RdRp thumb pocket, Site-B. We also revealed three broad-spectrum HCV NNIs that could be used as antiviral scaffolds for further development against caliciviruses and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nadya Urakova
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Yokoyama M, Oka T, Takagi H, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Tohya Y, Sato H. A Proposal for a Structural Model of the Feline Calicivirus Protease Bound to the Substrate Peptide under Physiological Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1383. [PMID: 28790989 PMCID: PMC5524728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) protease functions to cleave viral precursor proteins during productive infection. Previous studies have mapped a protease-coding region and six cleavage sites in viral precursor proteins. However, how the FCV protease interacts with its substrates remains unknown. To gain insights into the interactions, we constructed a molecular model of the FCV protease bound with the octapeptide containing a cleavage site of the capsid precursor protein by homology modeling and docking simulation. The complex model was used to screen for the substrate mimic from a chemical library by pharmacophore-based in silico screening. With this structure-based approach, we identified a compound that has physicochemical features and arrangement of the P3 and P4 sites of the substrate in the protease, is predicted to bind to FCV proteases in a mode similar to that of the authentic substrate, and has the ability to inhibit viral protease activity in vitro and in the cells, and to suppress viral replication in FCV-infected cells. The complex model was further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to refine the enzyme-substrate interactions in solution. The simulation along with a variation study predicted that the authentic substrate and anti-FCV compound share a highly conserved binding site. These results suggest the validity of our in silico model for elucidating protease-substrate interactions during FCV replication and for developing antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takagi
- Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon UniversityFujisawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
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Adaptive diversification between the classic rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and the RHDVa isolates: A genome-wide perspective. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:527-532. [PMID: 28743597 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes high mortality in wild and domestic rabbits. RHDV could be divided into two subtypes, classic RHDV and RHDVa, which present clear genetic, antigenic, and epidemiological differences. To further understand the nature of the diversity, we performed a genome-wide evolutionary study on the classic RHDV and RHDVa isolates. The results show that RHDV had experienced adaptive diversification with the dividing process of these subtypes. Furthermore, amino acid changes relevant to the adaptive diversification mainly cluster in viral capsid protein VP60. These results might be beneficial for a further understanding the function of VP60 and provide helpful hints for the genetic basis of RHDV emergence and re-emergence.
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Tin CM, Yuan L, Dexter RJ, Parra GI, Bui T, Green KY, Sosnovtsev SV. A Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) assay for profiling human norovirus antibodies. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:116-129. [PMID: 28673856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) assay was developed to define the antigenic specificity and titer of antibodies directed against human norovirus (HuNoV). Recombinant proteins, expressed by plasmid constructs encoding Renilla luciferase (Ruc) fused to the full-length HuNoV major capsid protein (VP1) (Ruc-antigen), were generated for ten HuNoV strains. In addition, subdomain constructs Ruc-Shell (S) and Ruc-Protruding (P) were engineered for a representative GII.4 norovirus (strain GII.4/2006b). The LIPS assay measured antibody levels in a well-defined panel of HuNoV-specific sera, and the results were compared to an ELISA standard. In hyperimmune sera, the LIPS produced titers similar to or higher than those measured by the ELISA of HuNoV-specific antibodies. The specificity of antibodies in various sera was profiled by LIPS with a panel of diverse Ruc-antigens containing full-length HuNoV VP1 proteins or VP1 subdomains, and the assay detected both specific and cross-reactive antibodies. Competition assays, in which antibodies were pre-incubated with one or more intact VLPs representing different genotypes, proved useful in further assessment of the antibody specificity detected by LIPS in complex polyclonal sera. The profiling of HuNoV-specific antibodies in the high-throughput LIPS format may prove useful in defining the strength or specificity of the adaptive immune response following natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tin
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachel J Dexter
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ma L, Su L, Liu H, Zhao F, Zhou D, Duan D. Norovirus contamination and the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway in Pacific oyster: A transcriptomics study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:26-34. [PMID: 28457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the primary pathogens associated with shellfish-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks. These viruses remain stable in oysters, suggesting an active mechanism for virus concentration. In this study, a deep RNA sequencing technique was used to analyze the transcriptome profiles of Pacific oysters at different time points after inoculation with norovirus (GII.4). We obtained a maximum of 65, 294, 698 clean sample reads. When aligned to the reference genome, the average mapping ratio of clean data was approximately 65%. In the samples harvested at 12, 24, and 48 h after contamination, 2,223, 2,990, and 2020 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in contaminated and non-contaminated oyster digestive tissues, including 500, 1748, and 1039 up-regulated and 1723, 1242, and 981 down-regulated genes, respectively. In particular, FUT2 and B3GNT4, genes encoding the signaling components of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, were significantly up-regulated in contaminated samples. In addition, we found up-regulation of some immune- and disease-related genes in the MHC I pathway (PA28, HSP 70, HSP90, CANX, BRp57, and CALR) and MHC II pathway (GILT, CTSBLS, RFX, and NFY), although NoVs did not cause diseases in the oysters. We detected two types of HBGA-like molecules with positive-to-negative ratios similar to type A and H1 HBGA-like molecules in digestive tissues that were significantly higher in norovirus-contaminated than in non-contaminated oysters. Thus, our transcriptome data analysis indicated that a human pathogen (GII.4 Norovirus) was likely concentrated in the digestive tissues of oysters via HBGA-like molecules that were synthesized by the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. The identified differentially expressed genes also provide potential candidates for functional analysis to identify genes involved in the accumulation of noroviruses in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Laijin Su
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Delin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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Morillo SG, Luchs A, Cilli A, Ribeiro CD, de Cássia Compagnoli Carmona R, do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky M. Norovirus GII.Pe Genotype: Tracking a Foodborne Outbreak on a Cruise Ship Through Molecular Epidemiology, Brazil, 2014. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:142-148. [PMID: 27933493 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as the most common cause of foodborne outbreaks. In 2014, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred on a cruise ship in Brazil, and NoV became the suspected etiology. Here we present the molecular identification of the NoV strains and the use of sequence analysis to determine modes of virus transmission. Food (cream cheese, tuna salad, grilled fish, orange mousse, and vegetables soup) and clinical samples were analyzed by ELISA, conventional RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and sequencing. Genogroup GII NoV was identified by ELISA and conventional RT-PCR in fecal samples from 5 of 12 patients tested (41.7%), and in the orange mousse food sample by conventional RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Two fecal GII NoV samples and the orange mousse GII NoV sample were successfully genotyped as GII.Pe (ORF 1), revealed 98.0-98.8% identities among them, and shared phylogenetically distinct cluster. Establishing the source of a NoV outbreak can be a challenging task. In this report, the molecular analysis of the partial RdRp NoV gene provided a powerful tool for genotyping (GII.Pe) and tracking of outbreak-related samples. In addition, the same fast and simple extraction methods applied to clinical samples could be successfully used for complex food matrices, and have the potential to be introduced in routine laboratories for screening foods for presence of NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guadagnucci Morillo
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, No 355, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, No 355, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Audrey Cilli
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, No 355, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Cibele Daniel Ribeiro
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, No 355, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Compagnoli Carmona
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, No 355, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
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Shaik MM, Bhattacharjee N, Feliks M, Ng KKS, Field MJ. Norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: A computational study of metal-binding preferences. Proteins 2017; 85:1435-1445. [PMID: 28383118 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is essential for replicating the genome of the virus, which makes this enzyme a key target for the development of antiviral agents against NV gastroenteritis. In this work, a complex of NV RdRP bound to manganese ions and an RNA primer-template duplex was investigated using X-ray crystallography and hybrid quantum chemical/molecular mechanical simulations. Experimentally, the complex crystallized in a tetragonal crystal form. The nature of the primer/template duplex binding in the resulting structure indicates that the complex is a closed back-tracked state of the enzyme, in which the 3'-end of the primer occupies the position expected for the post-incorporated nucleotide before translocation. Computationally, it is found that the complex can accept a range of divalent metal cations without marked distortions in the active site structure. The highest binding energy is for copper, followed closely by manganese and iron, and then by zinc, nickel, and cobalt. Proteins 2017; 85:1435-1445. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munan Shaik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Nicholus Bhattacharjee
- Dynamo Team/DYNAMOP Group, UMR5075, Université Grenoble I, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38044, France
| | - Mikolaj Feliks
- Dynamo Team/DYNAMOP Group, UMR5075, Université Grenoble I, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38044, France
| | - Kenneth K-S Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J Field
- Dynamo Team/DYNAMOP Group, UMR5075, Université Grenoble I, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38044, France
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Cai H, Yu Y, Jin M, Pan Y, Yan S, Wang Y. Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the genome of a recombinant norovirus of the rare genotype GII.P7/GII.6 in China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2053-2059. [PMID: 28299482 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence of a rare recombinant norovirus (NoV) genotype obtained from clinical samples in China was determined using one-step reverse transcription PCR. It was identified as the GII.P7/GII.6 genotype using both phylogenetic and SimPlot analyses. A high degree of variability was observed in the P2 subdomain, especially in the B-loop structure. The recombination breakpoints of all available GII.P7/GII.6 strains were mapped to two different positions within the RdRp region, both of which were at least 40 nt upstream of the overlap of ORF1 and 2. The GII.P7/GII.6 genotype appears to have been circulating in Asia for at least 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuling Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Bodnar L, Melegari I, Sarchese V, Massirio I, Dowgier G, Lanave G, Marsilio F, Bányai K, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Seroprevalence for 2117-like vesiviruses in Italian household dogs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:14-17. [PMID: 28284600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2003, a novel calicivirus, the vesivirus (VeV) strain 2117, was identified incidentally as a contaminant in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures by a German pharmaceutical company. Similar contaminations have been documented in three additional episodes, in bio-reactors used for production of recombinant drugs. More, recently 2117-like VeVs have also been identified at high prevalence in the stools from asymptomatic kennel dogs and only sporadically in diarrhoeic and healthy household dogs. In this study, antibodies for 2117-like viruses were detected in 21.5% of sera from household dogs, indicating that they are common viruses in the canine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Livia Bodnar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Irene Melegari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Dowgier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Conley M, Emmott E, Orton R, Taylor D, Carneiro DG, Murata K, Goodfellow IG, Hansman GS, Bhella D. Vesivirus 2117 capsids more closely resemble sapovirus and lagovirus particles than other known vesivirus structures. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:68-76. [PMID: 27902397 PMCID: PMC5370393 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesivirus 2117 is an adventitious agent that, in 2009, was identified as a contaminant of Chinese hamster ovary cells propagated in bioreactors at a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant belonging to Genzyme. The consequent interruption in supply of Fabrazyme and Cerezyme (drugs used to treat Fabry and Gaucher diseases, respectively) caused significant economic losses. Vesivirus 2117 is a member of the Caliciviridae, a family of small icosahedral viruses encoding a positive-sense RNA genome. We have used cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to calculate a structure of vesivirus 2117 virus-like particles as well as feline calicivirus and a chimeric sapovirus. We present a structural comparison of several members of the Caliciviridae, showing that the distal P domain of vesivirus 2117 is morphologically distinct from that seen in other known vesivirus structures. Furthermore, at intermediate resolutions, we found a high level of structural similarity between vesivirus 2117 and Caliciviridae from other genera: sapovirus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirms vesivirus 2117 as a vesivirus closely related to canine vesiviruses. We postulate that morphological differences in virion structure seen between vesivirus clades may reflect differences in receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Conley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Taylor
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 742 Stanley Hall, MS 3220 University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA
| | - Daniel G Carneiro
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Present address: School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Grant S Hansman
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Pacho S, Dahdouh E, Merino J, Suárez M. Assessment of a Novel Vaccine Against Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Young Rabbits. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:583-585. [PMID: 27834618 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDVb) is the new variant of the classical RHDV, a virulent pathogen responsible for an acute disease in young rabbits. The virus invades internal organs, especially the liver, spleen, kidneys, and gut; prevents coagulation; and causes liver necrosis. This eventually leads to quick death of the animal because of hemorrhage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a new vaccine against RHDVb in rabbits at a young age, after experimental infection using four different viral isolates. Our findings show that the vaccine had a protective effect with survival rates reaching 80-100% against the different isolates. These results suggest that this vaccine, when applied to young animals, is an effective tool to protect against the disease caused by RHDVb in rabbitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Pacho
- 1 Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Elias Dahdouh
- 1 Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Merino
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León , León, Spain
| | - Monica Suárez
- 1 Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Structural basis for norovirus neutralization by an HBGA blocking human IgA antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5830-E5837. [PMID: 27647885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609990113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. They are classified into two major genogroups (GI and GII), with each genogroup further divided into multiple genotypes. Susceptibility to these viruses is influenced by genetically determined histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression. HBGAs function as cell attachment factors by binding to a surface-exposed region in the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein. Sequence variations in this region that result in differential HBGA binding patterns and antigenicity are suggested to form a basis for strain diversification. Recent studies show that serum antibodies that block HBGA binding correlate with protection against illness. Although genogroup-dependent variation in HBGA binding specificity is structurally well characterized, an understanding of how antibodies block HBGA binding and how genotypic variations affect such blockade is lacking. Our crystallographic studies of the GI.1 P domain in complex with the Fab fragment of a human IgA monoclonal antibody (IgA 5I2) with HBGA blocking activity show that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope formed by two surface-exposed loop clusters in the P domain. The antibody engulfs the HBGA binding site but does not affect its structural integrity. An unusual feature of the antigen recognition by IgA 5I2 is the predominant involvement of the CDR light chain 1 in contrast to the commonly observed CDR heavy chain 3, providing a unique perspective into antibody diversity in antigen recognition. Identification of the antigenic site in the P domain shows how genotypic variations might allow escape from antibody neutralization and exemplifies the interplay between antigenicity and HBGA specificity in HuNoV evolution.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rapid transmission of norovirus often occurs due to its low infectious dosage, high genetic diversity and its short incubation time. The viruses cause acute gastroenteritis and may lead to death. Presently, no effective vaccine or selective drugs accepted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are available for the treatment of norovirus. Advances in the development of norovirus replicon cell lines, GII.4-Sydney HuNoV strain human B cells, and murine and gnotobiotic pig norovirus models have facilitated the discovery of effective small molecule inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. AREAS COVERED This review gives a brief discussion of the biology and replication of norovirus before highlighting the discovery of anti-norovirus molecules. The article coverage includes: an overview of the current state of norovirus drug discovery, the targeting of the norovirus life cycle, the inhibition of structural and nonstructural proteins of norovirus such as proteases and polymerase, and the blockage of virus entry into host cells. Finally, anti-norovirus drugs in the clinical development stage are described. EXPERT OPINION The current approach for the counteraction of norovirus focuses on the inhibition of viral RNA polymerase, norovirus 3C-like protease and the structural proteins VP1 as well as the blockade of norovirus entry. Broad-spectrum anti-norovirus molecules, based on the inhibition of 3C-like protease, have been developed. Other host factors and ways to overcome the development of resistance through mutation are also being examined. A dual approach in targeting viral and host factors may lead to an effective counteraction of norovirus infection. Current successes in developing norovirus replicon harboring cells and norovirus infected human cells, as well as murine norovirus models and other animal models such as piglets have facilitated the discovery of effective drugs and helped our understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahani Weerasekara
- a Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Allan M Prior
- b Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Duy H Hua
- a Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
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Purification and Biochemical Characterisation of Rabbit Calicivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases and Identification of Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors. Viruses 2016; 8:100. [PMID: 27089358 PMCID: PMC4848594 DOI: 10.3390/v8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a calicivirus that causes acute infections in both domestic and wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The virus causes significant economic losses in rabbit farming and reduces wild rabbit populations. The recent emergence of RHDV variants capable of overcoming immunity to other strains emphasises the need to develop universally effective antivirals to enable quick responses during outbreaks until new vaccines become available. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a primary target for the development of such antiviral drugs. In this study, we used cell-free in vitro assays to examine the biochemical characteristics of two rabbit calicivirus RdRps and the effects of several antivirals that were previously identified as human norovirus RdRp inhibitors. The non-nucleoside inhibitor NIC02 was identified as a potential scaffold for further drug development against rabbit caliciviruses. Our experiments revealed an unusually high temperature optimum (between 40 and 45 °C) for RdRps derived from both a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic rabbit calicivirus, possibly demonstrating an adaptation to a host with a physiological body temperature of more than 38 °C. Interestingly, the in vitro polymerase activity of the non-pathogenic calicivirus RdRp was at least two times higher than that of the RdRp of the highly virulent RHDV.
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Martella V, Pinto P, Lorusso E, Di Martino B, Wang Q, Larocca V, Cavalli A, Camero M, Decaro N, Bányai K, Saif LJ, Buonavoglia C. Detection and Full-Length Genome Characterization of Novel Canine Vesiviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26196075 PMCID: PMC4517720 DOI: 10.3201/eid2108.140900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesiviruses have been detected in several animal species and as accidental contaminants of cells. We detected vesiviruses in asymptomatic kennel dogs (64.8%) and symptomatic (1.1%) and asymptomatic (3.5%) household dogs in Italy. The full-length genome of 1 strain, Bari/212/07/ITA, shared 89%–90% nt identity with vesiviruses previously detected in contaminated cells.
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Zonta W, Mauroy A, Farnir F, Thiry E. Comparative Virucidal Efficacy of Seven Disinfectants Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus, Surrogates of Human Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:1-12. [PMID: 26445948 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted either by person-to-person contact or by consumption of contaminated food. A knowledge of an efficient disinfection for both hands and food-contact surfaces is helpful for the food sector and provides precious information for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seven disinfectants belonging to different groups of biocides (alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agents, quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehyde and biguanide) on infectious viral titre and on genomic copy number. Due to the absence of a cell culture system for HuNoV, two HuNoV surrogates, such as murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, were used and the tests were performed in suspension, on gloves and on stainless steel discs. When, as criteria of efficacy, a log reduction >3 of the infectious viral titre on both surrogates and in the three tests is used, the most efficacious disinfectants in this study appear to be biocidal products B, C and D, representing the halogens, the oxidizing agents group and a mix of QAC, alcohol and aldehyde, respectively. In addition, these three disinfectants also elicited a significant effect on genomic copy number for both surrogate viruses and in all three tests. The results of this study demonstrate that a halogen compound, oxidizing agents and a mix of QAC, alcohol and aldehyde are advisable for HuNoV disinfection of either potentially contaminated surfaces or materials in contact with foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Zonta
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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O'Ryan M, Vidal R, del Canto F, Salazar JC, Montero D. Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part I: Overview, vaccines for enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:584-600. [PMID: 25715048 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccines for prevention of acute diarrhea have been going on for more than 40 y with partial success. The myriad of pathogens, more than 20, that have been identified as a cause of acute diarrhea throughout the years pose a significant challenge for selecting and further developing the most relevant vaccine candidates. Based on pathogen distribution as identified in epidemiological studies performed mostly in low-resource countries, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Shigella, diarrheogenic E. coli and V. cholerae are predominant, and thus the main targets for vaccine development and implementation. Vaccination against norovirus is most relevant in middle/high-income countries and possibly in resource-deprived countries, pending a more precise characterization of disease impact. Only a few licensed vaccines are currently available, of which rotavirus vaccines have been the most outstanding in demonstrating a significant impact in a short time period. This is a comprehensive review, divided into 2 articles, of nearly 50 vaccine candidates against the most relevant viral and bacterial pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. In order to facilitate reading, sections for each pathogen are organized as follows: i) a discussion of the main epidemiological and pathogenic features; and ii) a discussion of vaccines based on their stage of development, moving from current licensed vaccines to vaccines in advanced stage of development (in phase IIb or III trials) to vaccines in early stages of clinical development (in phase I/II) or preclinical development in animal models. In this first article we discuss rotavirus, norovirus and Vibrio cholerae. In the following article we will discuss Shigella, Salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic E. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic), and Campylobacter jejuni.
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Key Words
- ALA, aminolevulenic acid
- ASC, antibody secreting cell
- Ace, accessory cholera enterotoxin
- CT, cholera toxin
- CT-A cholera toxin A subunit
- CT-B cholera toxin B subunit
- Cep, core encoded pilus
- E. coli
- ETEC
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- GEMS, global enteric multi-center study
- HA/P, hemaglutinin protease
- HBGA, histo-blood group antibodies
- IS, intussusception
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LB, lower boundary
- LLR, Lanzhou Lamb Rotavirus vaccine
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MPL, monophosphoril lipid A
- MSH, mannose-sensitive hemaglutinin pilus
- REST, rotavirus efficacy and safety trial
- RITARD
- RR, relative risk, CI, confidence interval
- RecA, recombinase A
- SAES, serious adverse events
- SRSV, small round virus, ORF, open reading frame
- STEC
- STEC, shigatoxin producing E. coli
- TCP, toxin co-regulated pilus
- V. cholerae
- VA1.3, vaccine attempt 1.3
- VLP, virus like particle
- VLPs, virus like particles, VRPs, virus replicon particles
- VP, viral proteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- Zot, zonula occludens toxin
- acute diarrhea
- campylobacter
- enteric pathogens
- gastroenteritis
- norovirus
- removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea
- rotavirus
- salmonella
- shigella
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O'Ryan
- a Microbiology and Mycology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidad de Chile ; Santiago , Chile
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Kabue JP, Meader E, Hunter PR, Potgieter N. Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 21:2-17. [PMID: 26436862 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of Human Norovirus to diarrhoeal diseases in Africa. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE databases for published articles of Human Norovirus in Africa between 1990 and 2013. Data were extracted from selected studies and analysed. RESULTS A total of 208 eligible studies were identified, of which 55 (from 19 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Many cases were of sporadic gastroenteritis (70.9%) in children (82%), 65.4% of which were seen in an outpatient setting. Over half (59.4%) of the affected children were under 5 years of age. The pooled prevalence rate of Human NoV was 11% (95% CI 8-14%), and the meta-analysis indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. However, the conditional negative binomial regression could not clearly find the factors affecting the Human NoV prevalence rates reported. A close relationship was found between Human Norovirus strains from environmental and clinical samples. CONCLUSION Unreported sporadic gastroenteritis cases of Human Norovirus are common in Africa. Most are community-associated infections. Possible environmental transmission routes have been documented. Combined environmental and clinical studies are required for targeted actions to control transmission of Human Norovirus in Africa. Systematic surveillance of Human Norovirus is needed to measure the burden of Norovirus-induced gastroenteritis in Africa and support any requirements for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
| | - Emma Meader
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
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Samandoulgou I, Hammami R, Morales Rayas R, Fliss I, Jean J. Stability of Secondary and Tertiary Structures of Virus-Like Particles Representing Noroviruses: Effects of pH, Ionic Strength, and Temperature and Implications for Adhesion to Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7680-6. [PMID: 26296729 PMCID: PMC4616957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01278-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ordered molecular structure in proteins is known to increase their adhesion to surfaces. The aim of this work was to study the stability of norovirus secondary and tertiary structures and its implications for viral adhesion to fresh foods and agrifood surfaces. The pH, ionic strength, and temperature conditions studied correspond to those prevalent in the principal vehicles of viral transmission (vomit and feces) and in the food processing and handling environment (pasteurization and refrigeration). The structures of virus-like particles representing GI.1, GII.4, and feline calicivirus (FCV) were studied using circular dichroism and intrinsic UV fluorescence. The particles were remarkably stable under most of the conditions. However, heating to 65°C caused losses of β-strand structure, notably in GI.1 and FCV, while at 75°C the α-helix content of GII.4 and FCV decreased and tertiary structures unfolded in all three cases. Combining temperature with pH or ionic strength caused variable losses of structure depending on the particle type. Regardless of pH, heating to pasteurization temperatures or higher would be required to increase GII.4 and FCV adhesion, while either low or high temperatures would favor GI.1 adhesion. Regardless of temperature, increased ionic strength would increase GII.4 adhesion but would decrease GI.1 adhesion. FCV adsorption would be greater at refrigeration, pasteurization, or high temperature combined with a low salt concentration or at a higher NaCl concentration regardless of temperature. Norovirus adhesion mediated by hydrophobic interaction may depend on hydrophobic residues normally exposed on the capsid surface at pH 3, pH 8, physiological ionic strength, and low temperature, while at pasteurization temperatures it may rely more on buried hydrophobic residues exposed upon structural rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Samandoulgou
- Université Laval, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Riadh Hammami
- Université Laval, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rocio Morales Rayas
- Université Laval, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Université Laval, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Université Laval, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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