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Burke Ó, Zeden MS, O'Gara JP. The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Virulence 2024; 15:2359483. [PMID: 38868991 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin and mucous membranes has long underpinned a casual disregard for the infection risk that these organisms pose to vulnerable patients in healthcare settings. Prior to the recognition of biofilm as an important virulence determinant in S. epidermidis, isolation of this microorganism in diagnostic specimens was often overlooked as clinically insignificant with potential delays in diagnosis and onset of appropriate treatment, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and increased morbidity or mortality. While impressive progress has been made in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms in this important opportunistic pathogen, research into other virulence determinants has lagged S. aureus. In this review, the broader virulence potential of S. epidermidis including biofilm, toxins, proteases, immune evasion strategies and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is surveyed, together with current and future approaches for improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Órla Burke
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Du J, Abdulkreem Al-Huqail A, Cao Y, Yao H, Sun Y, Garaleh M, El Sayed Massoud E, Ali E, Asilzade H, Escorcia-Gutierrez J. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Sida acuta Leaf Extract for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Applications, and Catalytic Degradation of Dye through the use of Convolutional Neural Network. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119204. [PMID: 38802033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a novel green approach, with Sida acuta leaf extract as a capping and reducing agent to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The innovation of this study lies in demonstrating the originality of utilizing zinc oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial action, antioxidant potential, and catalytic degradation of Congo red dye. This unique approach harnesses eco-friendly methods to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The synthesized nanoparticles' structure and conformation were characterized using UV-vis (λmax = 280nm), X-ray, atomic force microscopy, SEM, HR-TEM and FTIR. The antibacterial activity of the Nps was tested against Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli, demonstrating efficacy. The nanoparticles exhibited unique properties, with a crystallite size of 20 nm (XRD), a surface roughness of 2.5 nm (AFM), and a specific surface area of 60 m2/g (SEM). A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was effectively employed to accurately classify and analyze microscopic images of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. This research revealed their exceptional antioxidant potential, with an average DPPH scavenging rate of 80% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Additionally, zeta potential measurements indicated a stable net negative surface charge of approximately -12.2 mV. These quantitative findings highlight the promising applications of green-synthesized ZnO NPs in healthcare, materials science, and environmental remediation. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited catalytic capabilities for dye degradation, and the degradation rate was determined using UV spectroscopy. Key findings of the study encompass the green synthesis of versatile zinc oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating potent antibacterial action, antioxidant capabilities, and catalytic dye degradation potential. These nanoparticles offer multifaceted solutions with minimal environmental impact, addressing challenges in various fields, from healthcare to environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021 China
| | - Hui Yao
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yiding Sun
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021 China
| | - Mazen Garaleh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan; Department of Mathematical Science, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology-Dahban, Jeddah, 21361, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab El Sayed Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elimam Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamid Asilzade
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - José Escorcia-Gutierrez
- Department of Computational Science and Electronics, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, 080002, Colombia
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Nair ZJ, Gao IH, Firras A, Chong KKL, Hill ED, Choo PY, Colomer-Winter C, Chen Q, Manzano C, Pethe K, Kline KA. An essential protease, FtsH, influences daptomycin resistance acquisition in Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1021-1038. [PMID: 38527904 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Daptomycin is a last-line antibiotic commonly used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, but resistance evolves rapidly and further restricts already limited treatment options. While genetic determinants associated with clinical daptomycin resistance (DAPR) have been described, information on factors affecting the speed of DAPR acquisition is limited. The multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF), a phosphatidylglycerol-modifying enzyme involved in cationic antimicrobial resistance, is linked to DAPR in pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Since Enterococcus faecalis encodes two paralogs of mprF and clinical DAPR mutations do not map to mprF, we hypothesized that functional redundancy between the paralogs prevents mprF-mediated resistance and masks other evolutionary pathways to DAPR. Here, we performed in vitro evolution to DAPR in mprF mutant background. We discovered that the absence of mprF results in slowed DAPR evolution and is associated with inactivating mutations in ftsH, resulting in the depletion of the chaperone repressor HrcA. We also report that ftsH is essential in the parental, but not in the ΔmprF, strain where FtsH depletion results in growth impairment in the parental strain, a phenotype associated with reduced extracellular acidification and reduced ability for metabolic reduction. This presents FtsH and HrcA as enticing targets for developing anti-resistance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeus Jaren Nair
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iris Hanxing Gao
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aslam Firras
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric D Hill
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Choo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cristina Colomer-Winter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline Manzano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Chukwu S, Munn A, Wilson JC, Ibrahim H, Gosling D, Love RM, Bakr MM. Efficacy of an impression disinfectant solution after repeated use: An in vitro study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23792. [PMID: 38223712 PMCID: PMC10784168 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Statement of problem There are very few studies using Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) as an active disinfection agent for immersion techniques and there are no studies investigating the efficacy of repeated use of a disinfectant solution. Purpose This study evaluated an impression disinfectant by testing bacterial contamination of disinfectant batches used in a clinical setting after repeated use. Materials and methods Liquid samples were collected from impression disinfectant solutions used to disinfect dental impressions taken at a university dental clinic. The experimental samples (500 ml from 1 L of solution) were collected from teaching and professional clinics and the in-house commercial processing laboratory and stored at room temperature each day of clinic operation over five weeks. To determine to what extent the disinfectant efficacy of the active product decreased over time, the following tests were carried out: a. Inoculation b. Gram staining technique c. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass spectrometry (MALDI- MS). Microbial growth was monitored and photographed. A culture revival was made from colonies grown on sheep blood agar, to isolate pure colonies incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Each morphologically distinct type of colony was gram stained and MALDI spectrometry analysis was performed using the VITEK MS (BioMerieux Inc.). Results Evidence of growth of bacteria was detected in teaching clinics' samples, and no growth from the professional clinic or the commercial laboratory. Conclusions The study demonstrated that impression disinfectanat solution tested is effective against common oral bacteria, despite some rare species such as Bacillus circulans, Bacillus horneckiae, Bacillus altitudinis/pumilus and Bacillus cereus showing evidence of survival in solutions used for disinfection of impressions. However, in a high use teaching clinic environment its efficacy deteriorated. Though a second level disinfection protocol in the commercial laboratory-maintained impression disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chukwu
- Clinical Dental technologist, L & T Dental Laboratory Bridgend, Wales, UK
| | - Alan Munn
- Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Wilson
- Associate Professor, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hadeel Ibrahim
- Lecturer in Prosthodontics, University of Melbourne, Prosthodontist at the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dean Gosling
- Advanced Scientist - Laboratory Operations Manager, Queensland Public Health and Scientific Services (QPHaSS), Queensland Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert M. Love
- Dean of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mahmoud M. Bakr
- Director of Clinical Education, Senior lecturer in General Dental Practice, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Ijiri A, Terayama T, Sugiura H, Kaneko M, Seno S, Kiriu N, Kato H, Sekine Y, Shinmoto H, Kiyozumi T. Invasive candidiasis presenting bronchiectatic cavity as chest radiological findings: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:3467-3470. [PMID: 37539445 PMCID: PMC10393609 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is rare but is associated with high mortality in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. Here, we present a case of a 55-year-old man with untreated diabetes who was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 and subsequently developed invasive candidiasis. The patient presented with fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Chest computed tomography revealed multiple consolidations mainly distributed around the bronchovascular bundles with bronchiectatic cavity formation, which initially raised suspicion for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. However, subsequent testing confirmed Candida albicans infection; hence, we changed the antifungal agents effective for invasive candidiasis. This improved the patient's respiratory status, and he was then successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation. This case report highlights the importance of considering invasive candidiasis in the differential diagnosis of patients with bronchiectatic cavities on chest computed tomography, particularly in immunocompromised or critically ill patients with risk factors for invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Ijiri
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Takero Terayama
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
- Department of Emergency, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Ikeziri 1-2-24, Setagaya, Tokyo, 154-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiura
- Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kaneko
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Soichiro Seno
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kiriu
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Sekine
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinmoto
- Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kiyozumi
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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Mudrik-Zohar H, Chowers M, Temkin E, Shitrit P. Preventing nosocomial bloodstream infections (NBSIs) by implementing hospitalwide, department-level, self-investigations: A NBSIs frontline ownership intervention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1562-1568. [PMID: 36883328 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial bloodstream infections (NBSIs) are adverse complications of hospitalization. Most interventions focus on intensive care units. Data on interventions involving patients' personal care providers in hospitalwide settings are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of department-level NBSI investigations on infection incidence. METHODS Beginning in 2016, positive cultures, classified as suspected of being hospital acquired, were prospectively investigated by patients' unit-based personal healthcare providers using a structured electronic questionnaire. After analyzing the conclusions of the investigation, a summary was sent quarterly to the departments and to hospital management. NBSI rates and clinical data during a 5-year period (2014-2018) were calculated and compared before and after the intervention (2014-2015 versus 2016-2018), using interrupted time-series analysis. RESULTS Among 4,135 bloodstream infections (BSIs), 1,237 (30%) were nosocomial. The rate of NBSI decreased from 4.58 per 1,000 admissions days in 2014 and 4.82 in 2015, to 3.81 in 2016, 2.94 in 2017 and 2.86 in 2018. Following a 4-month lag after introducing the intervention, the NBSI rate per 1000 admissions dropped significantly by 1.33 (P = .04; 95% CI, -2.58 to -0.07). The monthly NBSI rate continued to decrease significantly by 0.03 during the intervention period (P = .03; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.002). CONCLUSIONS Detailed department-level investigations of NBSI events performed by healthcare providers, increased staff awareness and frontline ownership and were associated with a decrease in NBSI rates hospitalwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Mudrik-Zohar
- Infectious Disease Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Chowers
- Infectious Disease Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Temkin
- National Institute for Infection Control and Antibiotic Resistance, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pnina Shitrit
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Infection Control Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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Choudhary S, Mundodi V, Smith AD, Kadosh D. Genome-wide translational response of Candida albicans to fluconazole treatment. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0257223. [PMID: 37610232 PMCID: PMC10580883 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02572-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Azoles are commonly used for the treatment of fungal infections, and the ability of human fungal pathogens to rapidly respond to azole treatment is critical for the development of antifungal resistance. While the roles of genetic mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and transcriptional mechanisms in azole resistance have been well-characterized, very little is known about post-transcriptional and translational mechanisms that drive this process. In addition, most previous genome-wide studies have focused on transcriptional responses to azole treatment and likely serve as inaccurate proxies for changes in protein expression due to extensive post-transcriptional and translational regulation. In this study, we use ribosome profiling to provide the first picture of the global translational response of a major human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, to treatment with fluconazole (Flu), one of the most widely used azole drugs. We identify sets of genes showing significantly altered translational efficiency, including genes associated with a variety of biological processes such as the cell cycle, DNA repair, cell wall/cell membrane biosynthesis, transport, signaling, DNA- and RNA-binding activities, and protein synthesis. We observe both similarities and differences among the most highly represented gene categories (as defined by gene ontology) that are regulated by fluconazole at the translational vs transcriptional levels. Importantly, however, very few genes that are translationally regulated by fluconazole are also controlled transcriptionally under this condition. Our findings suggest that C. albicans possesses distinct translational mechanisms that are important for the response to antifungal treatment, which could eventually be targeted by novel antifungal therapies. IMPORTANCE Azoles are one of the most commonly used drug classes to treat human fungal pathogens. While point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and transcriptional mechanisms that drive azole resistance have been well-characterized, we know very little about the role of translational mechanisms. In this study, we determined the global translational profile of genes that are expressed in the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans in response to fluconazole, one of the most widely used azole drugs. We find both similarities and differences among the most highly represented categories of genes regulated by fluconazole at the transcriptional and translational levels. Interestingly, however, many of the specific genes that are regulated by fluconazole at the translational level do not appear to be controlled by transcriptional mechanisms under this condition. Our results suggest that distinct C. albicans translational mechanisms control the response to antifungals and could eventually be targeted in the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Choudhary
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vasanthakrishna Mundodi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Kadosh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Morovati H, Kord M, Ahmadikia K, Eslami S, Hemmatzadeh M, Kurdestani KM, Khademi M, Darabian S. A Comprehensive Review of Identification Methods for Pathogenic Yeasts: Challenges and Approaches. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:187. [PMID: 37694259 PMCID: PMC10492613 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_375_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing incidence of yeast infections and the presence of drug-resistant isolates, accurate identification of the pathogenic yeasts is essential for the management of yeast infections. In this review, we tried to introduce the routine and novel techniques applied for yeast identification. Laboratory identification methods of pathogenic yeast are classified into three categories; I. conventional methods, including microscopical and culture-base methods II. biochemical/physiological-processes methods III. molecular methods. While conventional and biochemical methods require more precautions and are not specific in some cases, molecular diagnostic methods are the optimum tools for diagnosing pathogenic yeasts in a short time with high accuracy and specificity, and having various methods that cover different purposes, and affordable costs for researchers. Nucleotide sequencing is a reference or gold standard for identifying pathogenic yeasts. Since it is an expensive method, it is not widely used in developing countries. However, novel identification techniques are constantly updated, and we recommend further studies in this field. The results of this study will guide researchers in finding more accurate diagnostic method(s) for their studies in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Morovati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kord
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Ahmadikia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Eslami
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kian M. Kurdestani
- Department of Microbiology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Sima Darabian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Rizzo S, Di Vito M, Mazzinelli E, Favuzzi I, Torelli R, Cacaci M, Arcovito A, Sanguinetti M, Garzoli S, Nocca G, Bugli F. Cinnamaldehyde Loaded Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Microparticles for Antifungal Delivery Application against Resistant Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2437. [PMID: 37446996 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have explored natural products to combat the antibiotic resistance of various microorganisms. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), a major component of cinnamon essential oil (CC-EO), has been found to effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew, as well as their production of toxins. Therefore, this study aimed to create a delivery system for CIN using PLGA microparticles (CIN-MPs), and to compare the antifungal activity of the carried and free CIN, particularly against antibiotic-resistant strains of Candida spp. The first part of the study focused on synthesizing and characterizing the PLGA MPs, which had no toxic effects in vivo and produced results in line with the existing literature. The subsequent experiments analyzed the antifungal effects of MPs-CIN on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, both resistant (R) and sensitive (S) strains and compared its efficacy with the conventional addition of free CIN to the culture medium. The results indicated that conveyed CIN increased the antifungal effects of the product, particularly towards C. albicans R. The slow and prolonged release of CIN from the PLGA MPs ensured a constant and uniform concentration of the active principle within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Mazzinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcovito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Khzam A, Saunier J, Guilbaud M, Herry JM, Dazzi A, Tortolano L, Carpentier L, Mignot A, Yagoubi N. Surface properties and bacterial adhesion on polyurethane central catheters: Impact of ethanol lock solution. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213281. [PMID: 36634377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It was shown in the literature that ethanol locks have a positive effect on preventing catheter-related infections in patients with central venous catheters without causing any microbial resistance. However, ethanol is known to interact with polyurethanes. The consequences of this interaction on the catheter surface properties were studied as it can impact the biocompatibility of the material and the adhesion phenomena onto the surface. No physical and chemical degradation was put into evidence, but low molecular weight compounds such as additives were extracted from the catheter bulk or migrated and exudated onto its surface. Nevertheless, as far as bacterial adhesion is concerned, after the catheter was locked and the lock removed, the surface modifications promoted no adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khzam
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de pharmacie, Matériaux et Santé, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - J Saunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de pharmacie, Matériaux et Santé, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - M Guilbaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France
| | - J M Herry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France
| | - A Dazzi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Tortolano
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de pharmacie, Matériaux et Santé, 91400 Orsay, France; Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - N Yagoubi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de pharmacie, Matériaux et Santé, 91400 Orsay, France
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11
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Saleem M, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Rashid N, Anjum F, Tahir M, Shahzad R, Sehar A, Sabir A, Rafiq N, Ishtiaq S, Shahid M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the characterization of supernatants of bacterial cultures of bacterial strains causing sinusitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103278. [PMID: 36627069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the paranasal sinus mucous membrane lining caused by bacteria which usually invade the sinus by upper respiratory tract viral infections (UTI). OBJECTIVES In the present study, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to differentiate and characterize supernatant samples, in triplicate, of three different types of bacteria which are considered leading cause of sinusitis disease. METHODS For this purpose, supernatant samples of three different strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The SERS has identified significant changes as a result of secretions of biomolecules by these bacteria in their supernatants which can be helpful to explore the potential of this technique for the identification and characterization of different strains of bacteria causing same disease. RESULTS These differentiating characteristic SERS spectral features including 552 cm-1 (C-S-S-C bonds), 951 cm-1 (CN stretching), 1008 cm-1 (Phenylalanine), 1032 cm-1 (In plane CH bending mode Phenylalanine), 1280 cm-1, 1320 cm-1, 1329 cm-1 (Amide III band), 1368 cm-1, 1400 cm-1, 1420 cm-1 (COO-sym. stretching and CH bending), 1583 cm-1 (Tyrosine) correspond to Proteins and 1051 cm-1 (C-C, C-O, -C-OH def.) correspond to carbohydrates contents of these three different types of bacterial secretions in their respective supernatants. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and a supervised method partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were found to be useful for the identification and characterization of different bacterial supernatants. CONCLUSIONS Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is proven to be a helpful approach for the characterization and discrimination of three bacterial supernatants including S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rida Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aafia Sehar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amina Sabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shazra Ishtiaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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12
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Vena A, Bovis F, Tutino S, Santagostino Barbone A, Mezzogori L, Ponzano M, Taramasso L, Baldi F, Dettori S, Labate L, Russo C, Giacobbe DR, Mikulska M, Dentone C, Magnasco L, Marchese A, Robba C, Ball L, Battaglini D, Pelosi P, Crea F, Di Pilato V, Di Biagio A, Bouza E, Muñoz P, Bassetti M. Short Course of Antifungal Therapy in Patients With Uncomplicated Candida Bloodstream Infection: Another Case of Less Is More in the Clinical Setting? Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 10:ofac656. [PMID: 36655192 PMCID: PMC9835756 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients receiving a short course (SC) vs a prolonged course (PC) of antifungal therapy for uncomplicated Candida bloodstream infections (BSIs). Methods All episodes of uncomplicated Candida BSI from September 1, 2018, to August 31, 2020, were reviewed. We compared the primary (all-cause 90-day mortality) and secondary study end points (1-year recurrent Candida BSI and all-cause 1-year mortality) among patients who underwent SC (5-11 days) or PC (12-24 days) therapy using propensity score analysis with the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method. Results A total of 114 patients with uncomplicated Candida BSI were included: 35 (30.7%) were classified into the SC group (median [interquartile range {IQR}], 9 [7-11] days) and 79 (69.3%) into the PC group (median [IQR], 14 [14-16] days). Patients in the SC group compared with the PC group had a higher rate of hospitalization in the surgical ward (40.0% vs 19.0%; P = .02) or septic shock at the time of Candida BSI onset (11.4% vs 1.3%; P = .03). The risk of 90-day mortality was not different between the SC and PC groups (n = 8 [22.9%] vs 17 [21.5%], respectively; IPTW-adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.31-1.47; P = .20). The risk for recurrent Candida BSI within 1 year of completing therapy (IPTW-adjusted sHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.20-5.80; P = .94) or for all-cause 1-year mortality (IPTW-adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.35-1.50; P = .38) did not differ between groups. Conclusions Receiving a short vs prolonged course of antifungal therapy did not affect mortality or BSI recurrence in patients with uncomplicated candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vena
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Biostatistics Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Tutino
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mezzogori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Biostatistics Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Correspondence: Lucia Taramasso, MD, PhD, Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino—IRCCS, University of Genoa, L.go R. Benzi, 10–16132 Genoa, Italy ()
| | - Federico Baldi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Dettori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Labate
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Russo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Dentone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Magnasco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Marchese
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Microbiology Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Denise Battaglini
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Crea
- Microbiology Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Microbiology Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital—IRCCS, Genoa, Italy,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain,Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain,Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Basso P, Dang EV, Urisman A, Cowen LE, Madhani HD, Noble SM. Deep tissue infection by an invasive human fungal pathogen requires lipid-based suppression of the IL-17 response. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1589-1601.e5. [PMID: 36323314 PMCID: PMC9744107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection in humans. IL-17 is critical for defense against superficial fungal infections, but the role of this response in invasive disease is less understood. We show that C. albicans secretes a lipase, Lip2, that facilitates invasive disease via lipid-based suppression of the IL-17 response. Lip2 was identified as an essential virulence factor in a forward genetic screen in a mouse model of bloodstream infection. Murine infection with C. albicans strains lacking Lip2 display exaggerated IL-17 responses that lead to fungal clearance from solid organs and host survival. Both IL-17 signaling and lipase activity are required for Lip2-mediated suppression. Lip2 inhibits IL-17 production indirectly by suppressing IL-23 production by tissue-resident dendritic cells. The lipase hydrolysis product, palmitic acid, similarly suppresses dendritic cell activation in vitro. Thus, C. albicans suppresses antifungal IL-17 defense in solid organs by altering the tissue lipid milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Basso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Eric V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Suzanne M Noble
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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14
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Shao TY, Haslam DB, Bennett RJ, Way SS. Friendly fungi: symbiosis with commensal Candida albicans. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:706-717. [PMID: 35961916 PMCID: PMC10027380 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are constitutively colonized by a wide assortment of host-adapted microbes. This includes the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans which is a primary target of human adaptive responses. Immunogenicity is replicated after intestinal colonization in preclinical models with a surprising array of protective benefits for most hosts, but harmful consequences for a few. The interaction between fungus and host is complex, and traditionally, the masking of antigenic fungal ligands has been viewed as a tactic for fungal immune evasion during invasive infection. However, we propose that dynamic expression of cell wall moieties, host cell lysins, and other antigenic C. albicans determinants is necessary during the more ubiquitous context of intestinal colonization to prime immunogenicity and optimize mammalian host symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Shao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunobiology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David B Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard J Bennett
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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15
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Sharma C, Kadosh D. Post-transcriptional control of antifungal resistance in human fungal pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheshta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David Kadosh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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16
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de Azevedo Pereira FG, Milagres A, Werneck JT, Marques LC, Picciani BLS, Junior AS. Oral candidiasis in patients with hematological diseases: Diagnosis through clinical and cytopathological examinations. Cytopathology 2022; 33:611-617. [PMID: 35603463 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is the first to analyze the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco-hematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological examinations. METHODS This is a cross-sectional and observational study with a retrospective sample composed of participants hospitalized in the hematology clinic, diagnosed with hematological diseases. All participants were submitted to an oral mucosal examination and scraping from oral mucosa. RESULTS Of the 62 participants, 56.5% were male, 82.3% were white, with mean age of 57 years. Lymphoma was the most common hematological disease (24.2%). In total, 48.4% of the sample was diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Of these participants with oral candidiasis, 13 (21.0%) had clinical diagnosis. Cytopathological analysis revealed more 17 (27.4%) cases, without oral lesion indicative of candidiasis. Erythematous candidiasis (p=0.02), pseudomembranous candidiasis (p<0,001), clinical candidiasis (p<0,001), fibrous hyperplasia (p=0,032), and coated tongue (p=0,012) showed correlation to candidiasis cytopathologic diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Oral candidiasis is common among patients with hematological disease, and the cytopathological examination proved to be a useful tool, confirming clinical diagnosis of candidiasis and identifying subclinical cases. These data are of great relevance considering the possible complications that these patients may develop such as longer hospitalizations, worsening of the general condition or even death due to candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrianna Milagres
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Tristão Werneck
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Côgo Marques
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lavinas Sayed Picciani
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arley Silva Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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17
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A GDPase/UDPase bifunctional enzyme from Candida albicans: purification and biochemical characterization. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:505-519. [PMID: 35175437 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently isolated human fungal pathogen is Candida albicans which is responsible for about 50% of all Candida infections. In healthy individuals, this organism resides as a part of the normal microbiota in equilibrium with the host. However, under certain conditions, particularly in immunocompromised patients, this opportunistic pathogen adheres to host cells causing serious systemic infections. Thus, much effort has been dedicated to the study of its physiology with emphasis on factors associated to pathogenicity. A representative analysis deals with the mechanisms of glycoprotein assembly as many cell surface antigens and other macromolecules that modulate the immune system fall within this chemical category. In this regard, studies of the terminal protein glycosylation stage which occurs in Golgi vesicles has led to the identification of nucleotidases that convert glycosyltransferase-generated dinucleotides into the corresponding mononucleotides, thus playing a double function: their activity prevent inhibition of further glycosyl transfer by the accumulation of dinucleotides and the resulting mononucleotides are exchanged by specific membrane transporters for equimolecular amounts of sugar donors from the cytosol. Here, using a simple protocol for protein separation we isolated a bifunctional nucleotidase from C. albicans active on GDP and UDP that was characterized in terms of its molecular mass, response to bivalent ions and other factors, substrate specificity and affinity. Results are discussed in terms of the similarities and differences of this nucleotidase with similar counterparts from other organisms thus contributing to the knowledge of a bifunctional diphosphatase not described before in C. albicans.
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18
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Husain F, Pathak P, Román E, Pla J, Panwar SL. Adaptation to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Candida albicans Relies on the Activity of the Hog1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794855. [PMID: 35069494 PMCID: PMC8770855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to ER stress is linked to the pathogenicity of C. albicans. The fungus responds to ER stress primarily by activating the conserved Ire1-Hac1-dependent unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Subsequently, when ER homeostasis is re-established, the UPR is attenuated in a timely manner, a facet that is unexplored in C. albicans. Here, we show that C. albicans licenses the HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol) MAPK pathway for abating ER stress as evidenced by activation and translocation of Hog1 to the nucleus during tunicamycin-induced ER stress. We find that, once activated, Hog1 attenuates the activity of Ire1-dependent UPR, thus facilitating adaptation to ER stress. We use the previously established assay, where the disappearance of the UPR-induced spliced HAC1 mRNA correlates with the re-establishment of ER homeostasis, to investigate attenuation of the UPR in C. albicans. hog1Δ/Δ cells retain spliced HAC1 mRNA levels for longer duration reflecting the delay in attenuating Ire1-dependent UPR. Conversely, compromising the expression of Ire1 (ire1 DX mutant strain) results in diminished levels of phosphorylated Hog1, restating the cross-talk between Ire1 and HOG pathways. Phosphorylation signal to Hog1 MAP kinase is relayed through Ssk1 in response to ER stress as inactivation of Ssk1 abrogates Hog1 phosphorylation in C. albicans. Additionally, Hog1 depends on its cytosolic as well as nuclear activity for mediating ER stress-specific responses in the fungus. Our results show that HOG pathway serves as a point of cross-talk with the UPR pathway, thus extending the role of this signaling pathway in promoting adaptation to ER stress in C. albicans. Additionally, this study integrates this MAPK pathway into the little known frame of ER stress adaptation pathways in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Husain
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Pathak
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sneh Lata Panwar
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Development of a Simple DNA Extraction Method and Candida Pan Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Candidemia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020111. [PMID: 35215055 PMCID: PMC8878442 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the morbidity and mortality of candidemia patients through rapid treatment, the development of a simple, rapid molecular diagnostic method that is based on nucleic acid extraction and is superior to conventional methods for detecting Candida in the blood is necessary. We developed a multiplex Candida Pan/internal control (IC) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and a simple DNA extraction boiling protocol using Chelex-100 that could extract yeast DNA in blood within 20 min. The Chelex-100/boiling method for DNA extraction showed comparable efficiency to that of the commercial QIAamp UCP Pathogen Mini Kit using Candida albicans qPCR. In addition, the Candida Pan/IC LAMP assay showed superior sensitivity to that of general Candida Pan and species qPCRs against clinical DNA samples extracted with the QIAamp UCP Pathogen Mini Kit and Chelex-100/boiling method. The Candida Pan/IC LAMP assay followed by Chelex-100/boiling-mediated DNA extraction showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) against clinical samples infected with Candida. These results suggest that the Candida Pan/IC LAMP assay could be used as a rapid molecular diagnostic test for candidemia.
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20
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Characterization of the Candida glabrata Transcription Factor CgMar1: Role in Azole Susceptibility. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010061. [PMID: 35050001 PMCID: PMC8779156 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antifungal resistance in Candida glabrata, especially against azole drugs, results in difficult-to-treat and potentially life-threatening infections. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in C. glabrata is crucial to designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. In this study, the role of the transcription factor encoded by ORF CAGL0B03421g, here denominated as CgMar1 (Multiple Azole Resistance 1), in azole susceptibility was explored. Using RNA-sequencing, CgMar1 was found to regulate 337 genes under fluconazole stress, including several related to lipid biosynthesis pathways. In this context, CgMar1 and its target CgRSB1, encoding a predicted sphingoid long-chain base efflux transporter, were found to contribute to plasma membrane sphingolipid incorporation and membrane permeability, decreasing fluconazole accumulation. CgMar1 was found to associate with the promoter of CgRSB1, which contains two instances of the CCCCTCC consensus, found to be required for CgRSB1 activation during fluconazole stress. Altogether, a regulatory pathway modulating azole susceptibility in C. glabrata is proposed, resulting from what appears to be a neofunctionalization of a Hap1-like transcription factor.
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21
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Kamel NA, Soliman MM, Abo-Zeid MA, Shaaban MI. Effect of Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Cosupplementations on Sepsis Prevention in Critically Ill Trauma Patients at High Risk for Sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:792741. [PMID: 34912231 PMCID: PMC8666620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.792741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sepsis development in patients with trauma is associated with bad prognosis. This study investigated the effect of immunomodulatory interventions in major trauma patients at high risk for sepsis. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded, controlled design, severe trauma patients were stratified by leukocyte anti-sedimentation rate (LAR) test into high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) for sepsis. The HR patients were randomly allocated into intravenous vitamin C plus vitamin B1 (HR-CB), intramuscular vitamin D plus oral Lactobacillus probiotics (HR-DP), or control (HR-C) groups. The clinical trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04216459). Outcomes: The primary outcome was Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation score II (APACHE II) score. Secondary outcomes included sepsis incidence, changes in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) on day 6 from baseline, 28-day mortality, intensive care unit (ICU), and hospital discharge. Results: The HR-DP, HR-CB, and LR groups showed a significantly lower incidence of sepsis development (20%, 20%, and 16%, respectively, versus 60% in the HR-C group, p-value = 0.004). The three groups also showed a significant improvement in APACHE II and SOFA scores. Besides, MCP-1 levels were significantly decreased in HR-DP and HR-CB groups compared to the HR-C group (p-value ≤ 0.05). Significantly decreased mortality (10% and 16% versus 60% in the HR-C group) and increased ICU discharge (95% and 84% versus 45% in the HR-C group) were observed in HR-CB and LR groups (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Both combinations of interventions improved APACHE II scores and reduced sepsis incidence in trauma patients. The LAR combined with injury severity score were good sepsis predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Kamel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Moetaza M Soliman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha A Abo-Zeid
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona I Shaaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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22
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Candida albicans PPG1, a serine/threonine phosphatase, plays a vital role in central carbon metabolisms under filament-inducing conditions: A multi-omics approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259588. [PMID: 34874940 PMCID: PMC8651141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the leading cause of life-threatening bloodstream candidiasis, especially among immunocompromised patients. The reversible morphological transition from yeast to hyphal filaments in response to host environmental cues facilitates C. albicans tissue invasion, immune evasion, and dissemination. Hence, it is widely considered that filamentation represents one of the major virulence properties in C. albicans. We have previously characterized Ppg1, a PP2A-type protein phosphatase that controls filament extension and virulence in C. albicans. This study conducted RNA sequencing analysis of samples obtained from C. albicans wild type and ppg1Δ/Δ strains grown under filament-inducing conditions. Overall, ppg1Δ/Δ strain showed 1448 upregulated and 710 downregulated genes, representing approximately one-third of the entire annotated C. albicans genome. Transcriptomic analysis identified significant downregulation of well-characterized genes linked to filamentation and virulence, such as ALS3, HWP1, ECE1, and RBT1. Expression analysis showed that essential genes involved in C. albicans central carbon metabolisms, including GDH3, GPD1, GPD2, RHR2, INO1, AAH1, and MET14 were among the top upregulated genes. Subsequent metabolomics analysis of C. albicans ppg1Δ/Δ strain revealed a negative enrichment of metabolites with carboxylic acid substituents and a positive enrichment of metabolites with pyranose substituents. Altogether, Ppg1 in vitro analysis revealed a link between metabolites substituents and filament formation controlled by a phosphatase to regulate morphogenesis and virulence.
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23
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Blankenheim Y, Salmanton-García J, Seifert H, Cornely OA, Koehler P. Attributable mortality of candidemia at a German tertiary hospital from 1997 to 2001 before the introduction of echinocandins. Mycoses 2021; 65:211-221. [PMID: 34847247 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relevance of candidemia has increased over the last decades due to higher incidence rates in an ageing society. Studies on amphotericin B and fluconazole have shown high attributable mortality rates of 38% and 49% in the United States. Incidence rates and locational factors might have an impact on the mortality rates at the University Hospital of Cologne (UHC), Germany. METHODS We performed a matched case-control study including 57 patients with candidemia, hospitalised at the UHC between 1 July 1997 and 30 June 2001. Controls were matched by age, sex, admission date, treatment on intensive care unit (ICU), number of days at risk, underlying diseases, surgical procedures and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. RESULTS The incidence of candidemia was 3.5 per 10 000 admissions. For cases and controls, we observed in-hospital-mortality rates of 33.3% and 11.8%, and a 30-day mortality of 23.5% and 7.8% respectively. The attributable mortality rate to candidemia was 21.5%, and at 30 days, it was 15.7%. Underlying conditions were more frequent in cases than in controls, especially central venous catheter (80% vs 33%, P < .001), chronic cardiovascular disease (39.2% vs 25.5%, P = .138), treatment on ICU (31.4% vs 13.7%, P = .033) and chronic liver disease (21.6% vs 0%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The attributable mortality of candidemia at the UHC between 1997 and 2001 was lower compared to studies performed in the United States with a similar design. Contributing factors might be lower incidence rates and less comorbidities in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Blankenheim
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), 50937, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald Seifert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), 50937, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), 50937, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Matzaraki V, Le KTT, Jaeger M, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Johnson MD, Sanna S, Rosati D, Franke L, Zhernakova A, Fu J, Withoff S, Jonkers I, Li Y, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Wijmenga C, Kumar V. Inflammatory Protein Profiles in Plasma of Candidaemia Patients and the Contribution of Host Genetics to Their Variability. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662171. [PMID: 34512620 PMCID: PMC8428519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulatory inflammatory proteins play a significant role in anti-Candida host immune defence. However, little is known about the genetic variation that contributes to the variability of inflammatory responses in response to C. albicans. To systematically characterize inflammatory responses in Candida infection, we profiled 91 circulatory inflammatory proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with C. albicans yeast isolated from 378 individuals of European origin from the 500 Functional Genomics (500FG) cohort of the Human Functional Genomics Project (HFGP) and Lifelines Deep cohort. To identify the genetic factors that determine variation in inflammatory protein responses, we correlated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes with protein abundance (protein quantitative trait loci, pQTLs) produced by the Candida-stimulated PBMCs. Furthermore, we investigated whether differences in survival of candidaemia patients can be explained by modulating levels of inflammatory proteins. We identified five genome-wide significant pQTLs that modulate IL-8, MCP-2, MMP-1, and CCL3 in response to C. albicans. In addition, our genetic analysis suggested that GADD45G from rs10114707 locus that reached genome-wide significance could be a potential core gene that regulates a cytokine network upon Candida infection. Last but not least, we observed that a trans-pQTL marked from SNP rs7651677 at chromosome 3 that influences urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is strongly associated with patient survival (Psurvival = 3.52 x 10-5, OR 3). Overall, our genetic analysis showed that genetic variation determines the abundance of circulatory proteins in response to Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kieu T T Le
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raúl Aguirre-Gamboa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Melissa D Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Serena Sanna
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Iris Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Kristian Gerhard (K.G). Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, India
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25
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Kadosh D. Rapid Proliferation Compensates for Defective Filamentation in Candida albicans Pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:867-868. [PMID: 34462187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent study (Dunker et al.) has shown that a Candida albicans mutant, defective for filamentation, is fully virulent due to rapid cellular proliferation in host tissues. These findings challenge the current paradigm in C. albicans pathogenesis and suggest that defects in one virulence property can be compensated for by enhancements in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kadosh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., MC: 7758, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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26
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Training the metaorganism: the microbial counterpart. Cell 2021; 184:574-576. [PMID: 33545033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection or immunization can reprogram innate immune cells generating memory responses with broad protection against subsequent infection, a process referred to as "trained immunity." A new study by Stacy and colleagues demonstrates that, following acute infection, the commensal microbiota can also be "trained" to enhance colonization resistance against heterologous infection.
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27
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Biomarkers for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115509. [PMID: 34384954 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Blood culture methods show low sensitivity, so reliable non-culture diagnostic tests are needed to help clinicians with the introduction, de-escalation, and discontinuation of antifungal therapy in patients with suspected invasive candidiasis (IC). We evaluated different biomarkers for the diagnosis of IC in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients at risk for developing invasive fungal diseases. The specificity of Candida albicans germ-tube antibodies (CAGTA) detection was high (89%-100%), but sensitivity did not exceed 61% even after raising the cut-off from 1/160 to 1/80. We developed enzyme-linked immunoassays detecting antibodies against C. albicans proteins (Als3-N, Hwp1-N, or Met6) that resulted more sensitive (66%-92%) but less specific than CAGTA assay. The combination of 1,3-beta-D-glucan (BDG) detection and CAGTA results provided the highest diagnostic usefulness in immunocompetent patients. However, in immunocompromised patients, anti-Met6 antibodies was the best biomarker, both, alone or in combination with BDG.
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28
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The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are to create optimum thermal comfort and appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) for occupants. Air ventilation systems can significantly affect the health risk in indoor environments, especially those by contaminated aerosols. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to analyze the indoor airflow patterns in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the impact of outlets/windows. The other goal of this study is to simulate the trajectory of the aerosols from a human sneeze, investigate the impact of opening windows on the number of air changes per hour (ACH) and exhibit the role of dead zones with poor ventilation. The final goal is to show the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in improving the HVAC design, such as outlet locations or airflow rate, in addition to the placement of occupants. In this regard, an extensive literature review has been combined with the CFD method to analyze the indoor airflow patterns, ACH, and the role of windows. The airflow pattern analysis shows the critical impact of inflow/outflow and windows. The results show that the CFD model simulation could exhibit optimal placement and safer locations for the occupants to decrease the health risk. The results of the discrete phase simulation determined that the actual ACH could be different from the theoretical ACH as the short circuit and dead zones affect the ACH.
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29
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Li N, Wang W, Zeng X, Liu M, Li M, Li C, Wang M. Crystal structure of glutamate dehydrogenase 3 from Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:15-20. [PMID: 34271431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase 3 from Candida albicans (CaGdh3) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate, playing an important role in the yeast-to-hyphal transition of C. albicans. Here we report the crystal structures of CaGdh3 and its complex with α-ketoglutarate and NADPH. CaGdh3 exists as a hexamer, with each subunit containing two domains. The substrate and coenzyme bind in the cleft between the two domains and their binding induces a conformational change in CaGdh3. Our results will help to understand the catalytic mechanism of CaGdh3 and will provide a structural basis for the design of antifungal drugs targeting the CaGdh3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Changrun Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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30
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Mundodi V, Choudhary S, Smith AD, Kadosh D. Global translational landscape of the Candida albicans morphological transition. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6046988. [PMID: 33585865 PMCID: PMC7849906 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen associated with high mortality and/or morbidity rates in a wide variety of immunocompromised individuals, undergoes a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous cells that is required for virulence. While previous studies have identified and characterized global transcriptional mechanisms important for driving this transition, as well as other virulence properties, in C. albicans and other pathogens, considerably little is known about the role of genome-wide translational mechanisms. Using ribosome profiling, we report the first global translational profile associated with C. albicans morphogenesis. Strikingly, many genes involved in pathogenesis, filamentation, and the response to stress show reduced translational efficiency (TE). Several of these genes are known to be strongly induced at the transcriptional level, suggesting that a translational fine-tuning mechanism is in place. We also identify potential upstream open reading frames (uORFs), associated with genes involved in pathogenesis, and novel ORFs, several of which show altered TE during filamentation. Using a novel bioinformatics method for global analysis of ribosome pausing that will be applicable to a wide variety of genetic systems, we demonstrate an enrichment of ribosome pausing sites in C. albicans genes associated with protein synthesis and cell wall functions. Altogether, our results suggest that the C. albicans morphological transition, and most likely additional virulence processes in fungal pathogens, is associated with widespread global alterations in TE that do not simply reflect changes in transcript levels. These alterations affect the expression of many genes associated with processes essential for virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakrishna Mundodi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Saket Choudhary
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David Kadosh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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31
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Kotey FCN, Dayie NTKD, Tetteh-Uarcoo PB, Donkor ES. Candida Bloodstream Infections: Changes in Epidemiology and Increase in Drug Resistance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 14:11786337211026927. [PMID: 34248358 PMCID: PMC8236779 DOI: 10.1177/11786337211026927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on bloodstream infections (BSIs) have predominantly been biased towards bacteria, given their superior clinical significance in comparison with the other types of microorganisms. Fungal pathogens have epidemiologically received relatively less attention, although they constitute an important proportion of BSI aetiologies. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical relevance of fungal BSIs in the context of Candida species, as well as treatment options for the infections, emphasizing the compelling need to develop newer antifungals and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programmes in the wake of the rapid spread of antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleischer CN Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nicholas TKD Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Soulountsi V, Schizodimos T, Kotoulas SC. Deciphering the epidemiology of invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit: is it possible? Infection 2021; 49:1107-1131. [PMID: 34132989 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) has emerged in the last decades as an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic load in the intensive care unit (ICU). The epidemiology of IC is still a difficult and unsolved enigma for the literature. Accurate estimation of the true burden of IC is difficult due to variation in definitions and limitations inherent to available case-finding methodologies. Candidemia and intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) are the two predominant types of IC in ICU. During the last two decades, an increase in the incidence of candidemia has been constantly reported particularly in the expanding populations of elderly or immunosuppressed patents, with a parallel change in Candida species (spp.) distribution worldwide. Epidemiological shift in non-albicans spp. has reached worrisome trends. Recently, a novel, multidrug-resistant Candida spp., Candida auris, has globally emerged as a nosocomial pathogen causing a broad range of healthcare-associated invasive infections. Epidemiological profile of IAC remains imprecise. Though antifungal drugs are available for Candida infections, mortality rates continue to be high, estimated to be up to 50%. Increased use of fluconazole and echinocandins has been associated with the emergence of resistance to these drugs, which affects particularly C. albicans and C. glabrata. Crucial priorities for clinicians are to recognize the epidemiological trends of IC as well as the emergence of resistance to antifungal agents to improve diagnostic techniques and strategies, develop international surveillance networks and antifungal stewardship programmes for a better epidemiological control of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Soulountsi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, George Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Schizodimos
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, George Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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33
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Nishimoto AT, Sharma C, Rogers PD. Molecular and genetic basis of azole antifungal resistance in the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:257-270. [PMID: 31603213 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast and the major human fungal pathogen in the USA, as well as in many other regions of the world. Infections with C. albicans can range from superficial mucosal and dermatological infections to life-threatening infections of the bloodstream and vital organs. The azole antifungals remain an important mainstay treatment of candidiasis and therefore the investigation and understanding of the evolution, frequency and mechanisms of azole resistance are vital to improving treatment strategies against this organism. Here the organism C. albicans and the genetic changes and molecular bases underlying the currently known resistance mechanisms to the azole antifungal class are reviewed, including up-regulated expression of efflux pumps, changes in the expression and amino acid composition of the azole target Erg11 and alterations to the organism's typical sterol biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, we update what is known about activating mutations in the zinc cluster transcription factor (ZCF) genes regulating many of these resistance mechanisms and review azole import as a potential contributor to azole resistance. Lastly, investigations of azole tolerance in C. albicans and its implicated clinical significance are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nishimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheshta Sharma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P David Rogers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Chen X, Liu Y, Dolin H, Liu J, Jiang Y, Pan ZK. Pinaverium Bromide Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Excessive Systemic Inflammation via Inhibiting Neutrophil Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1858-1865. [PMID: 33771933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dominant infiltration of neutrophils is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases, especially in septic shock. IL-1β as one of the most early released proinflammatory cytokine in neutrophil, plays a pivotal role in the progress of sepsis. In this study, we built a high-throughput-compatible drug screen assay platform based on our newly constructed reporter C57BL/6 mice, pIL1-DsRed, expressing the DsRed gene under the control of the IL-1β promoter. After screening 1200 U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds, we found that pinaverium bromide (PVB) significantly suppressed the DsRed expression of primed neutrophil and improved the survival rate of mice given LPS in an endotoxin challenge analogous to sepsis, regardless of whether PVB was administered before or after LPS. PVB also protected the liver and lung from LPS-induced damage and reduced organ-specific inflammatory responses. PVB decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1 mRNA in the lungs of LPS-treated mice and decreased the serum levels of liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) at multiple time points and doses tested. PVB can significantly suppress primed neutrophil-specific respiratory bursts and migration as well. Lastly, PVB affected neutrophils' gene expression and phenotypic changes during neutrophil priming. PVB downregulated GM-CSF-induced expression of CD54 and dectin-2 (markers of fully primed neutrophils) at both mRNA and protein levels during late-phase neutrophil priming. In summary, we demonstrated that PVB can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; and.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Hallie Dolin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; and
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; and
| | - Zhixing K Pan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614
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Gram Negative Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Bacteria Prevalence in Jouf Region Tertiary Care Hospital, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended Spectrum beta lactamase producing pathogens are reported in many clinical samples and pose an emerging threat health. To find the prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobactriacea pathogens isolated from inpatients (Medical and Surgical Wards; Hospital stay > 72 h) admitted to Prince, Mutib, Hospital Sakaka, Jouf. A total of 1043 Enterobactriacea were isolated during April 2015 to October 2016 study period. Vitek -2 compact (biomeriux Leon, France) was used for identification and antimicrobial sensitivity (AST) test. A Total of 115/1043 (11.02%) ESBL producing pathogens were isolated from urine 15.07% (n=242), sputum 13.6 % (n=220), wound 10.8% (n=287) and blood 5.4 % (n=294). Klebsiella pneumonia is most dominant followed by E coli and Proteus miribilis. Cephamycins and carbapenems were found most effective (100% sensitivity) against the pathogens isolated. The aminoglycosides, beta lactams and Fluroquinolnes class of antibiotics, microorganisms have gained the resistance of 20%, 22.7%, 40-70% respectively. The infection control measures should be taken seriously and making of effective use of antibiotics is need of hour.
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Kazakou N, Vyzantiadis TA, Gambeta A, Vasileiou E, Tsotridou E, Kotsos D, Giantsidi A, Saranti A, Palabougiouki M, Ioannidou M, Hatzipantelis E, Tragiannidis A. Invasive fungal infections in a pediatric hematology-oncology department: A 16-year retrospective study. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:37-42. [PMID: 33628980 PMCID: PMC7888516 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.2.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence of IFIs in pediatric patients with underlying hematologic malignancies and determine the patient characteristics, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and outcome of IFIs. Materials and Methods For the purpose of the study, a retrospective analysis was performed on cases with proven and probable fungal infections from January 2001 to December 2016 (16 years). Results During this period, 297 children with hematologic malignancies were admitted to the 2nd Pediatric Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, and 24 cases of IFIs were registered. The most common underlying diseases were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n=19,79%), followed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n=4, 17%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; n=1,4%). The crude incidence rates of IFIs in ALL, AML, and NHL were 10.5%, 18.2%, and 2.8% respectively. Based on the results, 25% (n=6) and 75% (n=18) of the patients were diagnosed as proven and probable IFI cases, respectively. The lung was the most common site of involvement in 16 (66.7%) cases. Furthermore, Aspergillus and Candida species represented 58.3% and 29.1% of the identified species, respectively. Regarding antifungal treatment, liposomal amphotericin B was the most commonly prescribed therapeutic agent (n=21), followed by voriconazole (n=9), caspofungin (n=3), posaconazole (n=3), micafungin (n=1), and fluconazole (n=1). In addition, 12 children received combined antifungal treatment. The crude mortality rate was obtained as 33.3%. Conclusion As the findings of the present study indicated, despite the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of IFIs with the use of new antifungal agents, the mortality rate of these infections still remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kazakou
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Gambeta
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasileiou
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsotridou
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kotsos
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Giantsidi
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Saranti
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Palabougiouki
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Ioannidou
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Hatzipantelis
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tragiannidis
- nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Balasubramaniam B, Prateek, Ranjan S, Saraf M, Kar P, Singh SP, Thakur VK, Singh A, Gupta RK. Antibacterial and Antiviral Functional Materials: Chemistry and Biological Activity toward Tackling COVID-19-like Pandemics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:8-54. [PMID: 33615160 PMCID: PMC7784665 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing worldwide pandemic due to COVID-19 has created awareness toward ensuring best practices to avoid the spread of microorganisms. In this regard, the research on creating a surface which destroys or inhibits the adherence of microbial/viral entities has gained renewed interest. Although many research reports are available on the antibacterial materials or coatings, there is a relatively small amount of data available on the use of antiviral materials. However, with more research geared toward this area, new information is being added to the literature every day. The combination of antibacterial and antiviral chemical entities represents a potentially path-breaking intervention to mitigate the spread of disease-causing agents. In this review, we have surveyed antibacterial and antiviral materials of various classes such as small-molecule organics, synthetic and biodegradable polymers, silver, TiO2, and copper-derived chemicals. The surface protection mechanisms of the materials against the pathogen colonies are discussed in detail, which highlights the key differences that could determine the parameters that would govern the future development of advanced antibacterial and antiviral materials and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prateek
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sudhir Ranjan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Mohit Saraf
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Prasenjit Kar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining
and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Anand Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Raju Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Center
for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Isolated from Blood Cultures: A Two-Year Multicenter Hospital Surveillance Study in Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010010. [PMID: 33374232 PMCID: PMC7824585 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning issues in medicine today. The objectives of this study were to investigate the AMR distribution of the blood-borne pathogens isolated over a two-year period in an Italian region. Methods: A retrospective electronic record review of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections (BSIs) was done, and data from three major diagnostic laboratories were used. Twelve invasive clinically important bacteria species were included in the sample. Results: During the study period, 1228 positive BSIs were collected. The most common pathogens were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (29.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%) and Escherichia coli (15.9%). With regard to the AMR pattern, 31.7% of CoNS and 28.1% of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin-resistant, and almost half of the Enterococci showed resistance to high-level gentamicin. Among Gram-negative species, 11.7% of Escherichia coli and 39.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. Among the non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria, the most frequently combined AMR pattern was aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones (48.4% in A. baumannii and 14.6% in P. aeruginosa). Conclusion: The results display an alarming prevalence of AMR among hospital isolated pathogens, consistently higher than the European average. Information from surveillance systems to better characterize the trend in the incidence of AMR at local and national levels is needed.
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Rodriguez DL, Quail MM, Hernday AD, Nobile CJ. Transcriptional Circuits Regulating Developmental Processes in Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:605711. [PMID: 33425784 PMCID: PMC7793994 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal member of the human microbiota that colonizes multiple niches in the body including the skin, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of healthy individuals. It is also the most common human fungal pathogen isolated from patients in clinical settings. C. albicans can cause a number of superficial and invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The ability of C. albicans to succeed as both a commensal and a pathogen, and to thrive in a wide range of environmental niches within the host, requires sophisticated transcriptional regulatory programs that can integrate and respond to host specific environmental signals. Identifying and characterizing the transcriptional regulatory networks that control important developmental processes in C. albicans will shed new light on the strategies used by C. albicans to colonize and infect its host. Here, we discuss the transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling three major developmental processes in C. albicans: biofilm formation, the white-opaque phenotypic switch, and the commensal-pathogen transition. Each of these three circuits are tightly knit and, through our analyses, we show that they are integrated together by extensive regulatory crosstalk between the core regulators that comprise each circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Morgan M. Quail
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Aaron D. Hernday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California - Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California—Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California - Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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Clinical characteristics, management and outcome of patients with invasive candidiasis hospitalized in Internal Medicine Units: findings from a registry by the Italian Scientific Society FADOI. Infection 2020; 49:277-285. [PMID: 33095391 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a challenging clinical condition, burdened by relevant mortality and morbidity. There is limited knowledge on the occurrence and management of IC in Internal Medicine Units (IMUs). Aim of this study was to provide real-world data on this topic. METHODS Consecutive objectively diagnosed cases of IC were collected in this prospective registry, which involved 18 IMUs in Italy. Patients were followed-up to 90 days from the diagnosis of candidemia. RESULTS A total of 111 patients were observed (median age 78, IQR 67-83) for an overall incidence of infection of 1.89 cases/1000 hospital admissions. Candida albicans was the most frequent isolated species (62%), followed by Candida parapsilosis (17%) and Candida glabrata (13%). Echinocandins and fluconazole were used as initial therapy in 56.8 and 43.2% of patients, respectively. Antifungal therapy was started within 24 h in 18.9% of patients, in 40.6% in the period 1-3 days, and in 40.5% of patients more than 3 days after blood cultures. Death rate was 19.8% at 30 days and 40.5% at 90 days. At multivariable analysis concomitant bacteremia (i.e. polymicrobial sepsis), and fluconazole as the initial therapy were associated with an increased risk of death at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of IC is not negligible, and our registry confirmed that these patients have a relevant mortality rate at 90 days. Concomitant bacteremia, featuring polymicrobial sepsis, and starting antifungal treatment with fluconazole instead of echinocandins independently increase the risk of death. Efforts are needed to improve the awareness and management of IC in IMUs.
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Tolnai E, Fidler G, Szász R, Rejtő L, Nwozor KO, Biró S, Paholcsek M. Free circulating mircoRNAs support the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies and neutropenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16532. [PMID: 33020578 PMCID: PMC7536194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a worrisome complication in hematologic cancer patients and in the absence of disease specific symptoms, it is important to establish new biological indicators, which can be used during mould-active prophylaxis. Recently, miRNAs have appeared as candidate diagnostic and prognostic markers of several diseases. A pilot clinical study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of 14 microRNAs which can be related to invasive fungal infections. Based on our data miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-26b-5p and miR-21-5p showed significant overexpression (p < 0.005) due to invasive aspergillosis in hemato-oncology patients with profound neutropenia. A tetramiR assay was designed to monitor peripheral blood specimens. Optimal cut-off was estimated by using the median value (fold change 1.1) of the log10 transformed gene expressions. The biomarker panel was evaluated on two independent sample cohorts implementing different antimicrobial prophylactic strategies. The receiver operating characteristic analysis with area under the curve proved to be 0.97. Three miRNAs (miR-142-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-16-5p) showed significant expression alterations in episodes with sepsis. In summary, the tetramiR assay proved to be a promising diagnostic adjunct with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity to trace invasive aspergillosis in hemato-oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Tolnai
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gábor Fidler
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szász
- Division of Haematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Rejtő
- Department of Hematology, Jósa András Teaching Hospital, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Kingsley Okechukwu Nwozor
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Sándor Biró
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Melinda Paholcsek
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Wang M, Zu X, Zhao Z, Fu F, Bai X, Gong X, Zhao P, Gao W, Xue Y. Cephalosporin Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Children with Septicemia in Mainland China from 2007 to 2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1250-1259. [PMID: 32013730 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Septicemia in children in mainland China has recently become a public health concern. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed on studies investigating the prevalence of cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from children with septicemia in mainland China from 2007 to 2017 following a search of relevant databases. Results: A total of 43 articles reporting 11 cephalosporins were included in the review. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that for the first-generation cephalosporins, the pooled summarized prevalence of resistance to cefazolin was 74.96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.79-83.91) and cephalothin resistance was 62.28% (95% CI: 36.45-100). Regarding the second-generation cephalosporins, cefoxitin-resistant E. coli comprised 23.85% (95% CI: 10.60-40.40) and cefuroxime resistance was 60.32% (95% CI: 51.25-68.73). For the third-generation cephalosporins, the pooled summarized prevalence of resistance was 51.34% for cefotaxime (95% CI: 40.08-62.54), 40.43% for ceftazidime (95% CI: 31.07-50.15), 45.51% for cefoperazone (95% CI: 20.41-70.61), 12.10% for cefoperazone/sulbactam (95% CI: 6.55-18.76), 62.99% for ceftriaxone (95% CI: 55.00-70.98), and 0% for cefotetan. Among the fourth-generation cephalosporins, resistance to cefepime was 34.08% (95% CI: 25.91-43.31). Conclusions: Most third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) retained high resistance rates throughout the 11-year study period without significant changes. The new fourth-generation cephalosporin, cefepime, is rapidly gaining resistance. Interestingly, ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefoperazone/sulbactam showed a recent decreasing trend of drug resistance. These situations may present a risk for treating children with septicemia and should be closely monitored and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangmei Gong
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Pengchao Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Weina Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Engineering, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Candida glabrata Transcription Factor Rpn4 Mediates Fluconazole Resistance through Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Plasma Membrane Permeability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00554-20. [PMID: 32571817 PMCID: PMC7449212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00554-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. Targets comprise several proteasome and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, including ERG1, ERG2, ERG3, and ERG11. The localization of CgRpn4 to the nucleus increases upon fluconazole stress. Consistent with a role in ergosterol and plasma membrane homeostasis, CgRpn4 is required for the maintenance of ergosterol levels upon fluconazole stress, which is associated with a role in the upkeep of cell permeability and decreased intracellular fluconazole accumulation. We provide evidence that CgRpn4 directly regulates ERG11 expression through the TTGCAAA binding motif, reinforcing the relevance of this regulatory network in azole resistance. In summary, CgRpn4 is a new regulator of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in C. glabrata, contributing to plasma membrane homeostasis and, thus, decreasing azole drug accumulation.
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Yangzom T, Tsering DC, Kar S, Kapil J. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends among Pathogens Isolated from Blood: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in East Sikkim, India. J Lab Physicians 2020; 12:3-9. [PMID: 32792787 PMCID: PMC7419168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are one of the frequent nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. To understand the local epidemiology and evolving antimicrobial drug resistance of blood-borne pathogens, we analyzed the distribution and antibiotic sensitivity profile of organisms causing BSI in our hospital-based study. Materials and Methods We reviewed retrospective data of laboratory-confirmed BSIs, from January 2013 to December 2018. Causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility profile of primary and secondary BSI reports were determined from BacT/Alert and Vitek systems findings (bioMérieux). A 6-year multidrug resistance indexing was done to document the resistance pattern of the commonly isolated organisms. Results A total of 1,340 (10.2%) BSIs were reported from 13,091 blood cultures. Organisms were frequently isolated from the younger population (≤20 years), especially from ages < 1 year (20.8% of total BSIs). Majority of pathogens were bacterial (97.1%) whereas 2.9% were fungal in origin. Monomicrobial growth was recorded in over 98% of BSIs. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated were 518 (39.8%) and 783 (60.2%), respectively. Commonly isolated organisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (29.4%), Escherichia coli (19.8%), Klebsiella species (13.5%), Salmonella species (9.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%). Multidrug-resistance index was observed highest in Acinetobacter species followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus . Conclusion Overall, there has been a gradual decline in the reporting of BSI. However, infections by gram-negative bacilli and multidrug-resistant organisms remain persistently high. Ages < 20 years were the vulnerable group, with infants < 1 year contributing to the maximum number of BSI cases caused by both bacteria and fungi. Therefore, additional methods are required to study the origin and causation of these infections, particularly among vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Yangzom
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Dechen Chomu Tsering
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Sumit Kar
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Jyotsna Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
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Bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infection: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2012–2017). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Sá NP, Pôssa AP, Perez P, Ferreira JMS, Fonseca NC, Lino CI, Cruz LB, de Oliveira RB, Rosa CA, Borelli BM, Mylonakis E, Fuchs BB, Johann S. Antifungal Activity Directed Toward the Cell Wall by 2-Cyclohexylidenhydrazo- 4-Phenyl-Thiazole Against Candida albicans. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:428-438. [PMID: 29852876 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180531101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of invasive forms of candidiasis and resistance to antifungal therapy leads us to seek new and more effective antifungal compounds. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antifungal activity and toxicity as well as to evaluate the potential targets of 2- cyclohexylidenhydrazo-4-phenyl-thiazole (CPT) in Candida albicans. METHODS The antifungal activity of CPT against the survival of C. albicans was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, we determined the effect of CPT on the inhibition of C. albicans adhesion capacity to buccal epithelial cells (BECs), the toxicity of CPT in mammalian cells, and the potential targets of CPT in C. albicans. RESULTS CPT exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.4-1.9 µg/mL. Furthermore, CPT at high concentrations (>60 x MIC) showed no or low toxicity in HepG2 cells and <1% haemolysis in human erythrocytes. In addition, CPT decreased the adhesion capacity of yeasts to the BECs and prolonged the survival of C. elegans infected with C. albicans. Analysis of CPT-treated cells showed that their cell wall was thinner than that of untreated cells, especially the glucan layer. We found that there was a significantly lower quantity of 1,3-β-D-glucan present in CPT-treated cells than that in untreated cells. Assays performed on several mutant strains showed that the MIC value of CPT was high for its antifungal activity on yeasts with defective 1,3-β-glucan synthase. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CPT appears to target the cell wall of C. albicans, exhibits low toxicity in mammalian cells, and prolongs the survival of C. elegans infected with C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nívea P de Sá
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pôssa
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Campus Centro- Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pilar Perez
- Instituto de Biologia Fundamental y Genomica CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jaqueline M S Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Campus Centro- Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nayara C Fonseca
- Departamento de Produtos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Cleudiomar I Lino
- Departamento de Produtos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Lana B Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Renata B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Borelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Beth B Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Susana Johann
- Instituto de Biologia Fundamental y Genomica CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Cheeseman S, Christofferson AJ, Kariuki R, Cozzolino D, Daeneke T, Crawford RJ, Truong VK, Chapman J, Elbourne A. Antimicrobial Metal Nanomaterials: From Passive to Stimuli-Activated Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902913. [PMID: 32440470 PMCID: PMC7237851 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and fungi is one of the most significant health issues of the 21st century. Recently, advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanomaterials, particularly metals that exhibit antimicrobial properties. These metal nanomaterials have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antimicrobial therapies. In this review, a broad overview of metal nanomaterials, their synthesis, properties, and interactions with pathogenic micro-organisms is first provided. Secondly, the range of nanomaterials that demonstrate passive antimicrobial properties are outlined and in-depth analysis and comparison of stimuli-responsive antimicrobial nanomaterials are provided, which represent the next generation of microbiocidal nanomaterials. The stimulus applied to activate such nanomaterials includes light (including photocatalytic and photothermal) and magnetic fields, which can induce magnetic hyperthermia and kinetically driven magnetic activation. Broadly, this review aims to summarize the currently available research and provide future scope for the development of metal nanomaterial-based antimicrobial technologies, particularly those that can be activated through externally applied stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cheeseman
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Andrew J. Christofferson
- School of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Food Science and TechnologyBundoora CampusSchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3086Australia
| | - Rashad Kariuki
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Food Science and TechnologyBundoora CampusSchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3086Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Russell J. Crawford
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
- Nanobiotechnology LaboratorySchool of ScienceCollege of ScienceEngineering and HealthRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
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Doğan Ö, Yeşilkaya A, Menekşe Ş, Güler Ö, Karakoç Ç, Çınar G, Kapmaz M, Aydın M, Keske Ş, Şahin S, Hacıseyitoğlu D, Yalçın D, Tekin S, Ataç N, Albayrak Ö, Aksu ED, Can F, Ergönül Ö. Effect of initial antifungal therapy on mortality among patients with bloodstream infections with different Candida species and resistance to antifungal agents: A multicentre observational study by the Turkish Fungal Infections Study Group. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:105992. [PMID: 32335275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the effect of initial antifungal therapy on patient mortality and to detail the current distribution and resistance patterns of Candida spp. among patients with candidaemia. A prospective observational study was performed among consecutive patients with candidaemia from 10 Turkish medical centres between January 2015 and November 2018. The primary outcome was 10-day mortality. Species were identified using MALDI-TOF/MS. A total of 342 patients with candidaemia were included, of which 175 (51.2%) were male and 68 (19.9%) were aged <18 years. The most common species were Candida albicans (47.4%), Candida parapsilosis (26.6%), Candida tropicalis (9.6%) and Candida glabrata (7.6%). Among all Candida spp., the 10-day case fatality rate (CFR) was 32.2%. The CFR was highest in patients with C. albicans (57.3%) and lowest in patients with C. parapsilosis (21.8%). The resistance rate to fluconazole was 13% in C. parapsilosis, with no significant effect on mortality. No resistance to echinocandins was detected. In the multivariate analysis, being in the ICU [OR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.32-3.57); P = 0.002], renal failure [OR = 2.4 (1.41-3.97); P = 0.001], total parenteral nutrition [OR = 2 (1.22-3.47); P = 0.006], C. albicans infection [OR = 1.7 (1.06-2.82); P = 0.027] and echinocandin as primary agent [OR = 0.6 (0.36-0.99); P = 0.047] were significantly associated with mortality. Candidaemia is a deadly infection. Fluconazole resistance is emerging, although it was not significantly related to mortality. Using an echinocandin as the primary agent could be life-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Doğan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yeşilkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şirin Menekşe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koşuyolu State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Güler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Çağla Karakoç
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güle Çınar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahir Kapmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Aydın
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şiran Keske
- Department of Infectious Diseases, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suzan Şahin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dr Lütfü Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Demet Hacıseyitoğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dr Lütfü Kırdar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Demet Yalçın
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Göztepe Medicalpark, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süda Tekin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Ataç
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgür Albayrak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin Deniz Aksu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Füsun Can
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Önder Ergönül
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Risk factors, clinical characteristics and mortality of candidemia in non-neutropenic, critically ill patients in a tertiary care hospital. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.686677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Alrumaihi F, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Khan A, Khan MA. Tinospora cordifolia Aqueous Extract Alleviates Cyclophosphamide- Induced Immune Suppression, Toxicity and Systemic Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Mice: In vivo Study in Comparison to Antifungal Drug Fluconazole. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1055-1063. [PMID: 31333126 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666190722151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and systemic Candida albicans infection in a murine model. METHODS The protective effect of AETC against cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia was evaluated by quantitative and qualitative analysis of the leukocytes. The immune-stimulating potential of AETC on macrophages was assessed by determining the levels of secreted cytokines. To determine the direct antifungal activity, AETC or fluconazole was administered to C. albicans infected mice. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by determining the survival rate, kidney fungal burden, the organ index and liver inflammation parameters. RESULTS Cyclophosphamide administration resulted in substantial depletion of leukocytes, whereas AETC treatment induced the recovery of leukocytes in cyclophosphamide-injected mice. Moreover, AETC treatment of macrophages resulted in enhanced secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β. C. albicans infected mice treated with AETC at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg exhibited 40% and 60% survival rate, whereas the mice treated with fluconazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed 20% survival rate. Like survival data, the fungal load was found to be the lowest in the kidney tissues of mice treated with AETC at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Interestingly, mice infected with C. albicans demonstrated improvement in the organ indices and liver functioning after AETC treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AETC may potentially be used to rejuvenate the weakened immune system and eliminate systemic candidiasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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