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Muenzel D, Critchell K, Cox C, Campbell SJ, Jakub R, Chollett I, Krueck N, Holstein D, Treml EA, Beger M. Comparing spatial conservation prioritization methods with site- versus spatial dependency-based connectivity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14008. [PMID: 36178033 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Larval dispersal is an important component of marine reserve networks. Two conceptually different approaches to incorporate dispersal connectivity into spatial planning of these networks exist, and it is an open question as to when either is most appropriate. Candidate reserve sites can be selected individually based on local properties of connectivity or on a spatial dependency-based approach of selecting clusters of strongly connected habitat patches. The first acts on individual sites, whereas the second acts on linked pairs of sites. We used a combination of larval dispersal simulations representing different seascapes and case studies of biophysical larval dispersal models in the Coral Triangle region and the province of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to compare the performance of these 2 methods in the spatial planning software Marxan. We explored the reserve design performance implications of different dispersal distances and patterns based on the equilibrium settlement of larvae in protected and unprotected areas. We further assessed different assumptions about metapopulation contributions from unprotected areas, including the case of 100% depletion and more moderate scenarios. The spatial dependency method was suitable when dispersal was limited, a high proportion of the area of interest was substantially degraded, or the target amount of habitat protected was low. Conversely, when subpopulations were well connected, the 100% depletion was relaxed, or more habitat was protected, protecting individual sites with high scores in metrics of connectivity was a better strategy. Spatial dependency methods generally produced more spatially clustered solutions with more benefits inside than outside reserves compared with site-based methods. Therefore, spatial dependency methods potentially provide better results for ecological persistence objectives over enhancing fisheries objectives, and vice versa. Different spatial prioritization methods of using connectivity are appropriate for different contexts, depending on dispersal characteristics, unprotected area contributions, habitat protection targets, and specific management objectives. Comparación entre los métodos de priorización de la conservación espacial con sitio y la conectividad espacial basada en la dependencia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Muenzel
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kay Critchell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Raymond Jakub
- Rare, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Rare Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Nils Krueck
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Daniel Holstein
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric A Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Giraldo Ospina A, Ruiz‐Montoya L, Kendrick GA, Hovey RK. Cross‐depth connectivity shows that deep kelps may act as refugia by reseeding climate‐vulnerable shallow beds. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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3
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Friedlander AM, Ballesteros E, Caselle JE, Hüne M, Adler AM, Sala E. Patterns and drivers of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the kelp forests of southern Patagonia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279200. [PMID: 36607974 PMCID: PMC9821511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The kelp forests of southern Patagonia have a large diversity of habitats, with remote islands, archipelagos, peninsulas, gulfs, channels, and fjords, which are comprised of a mixture of species with temperate and sub-Antarctic distributions, creating a unique ecosystem that is among the least impacted on Earth. We investigated the distribution, diversity, and abundance of marine macroinvertebrate assemblages from the kelp forests of southern Patagonia over a large spatial scale and examined the environmental drivers contributing to the observed patterns in assemblage composition. We analyzed data from 120 quantitative underwater transects (25 x 2 m) conducted within kelp forests in the southern Patagonian fjords in the Kawésqar National Reserve (KNR), the remote Cape Horn (CH) and Diego Ramírez (DR) archipelagos of southern Chile, and the Mitre Peninsula (MP) and Isla de los Estados (IE) in the southern tip of Argentina. We observed rich assemblages of macroinvertebrates among these kelp forests, with a total of 185 unique taxa from 10 phyla and 23 classes/infraorders across the five regions. The number of taxa per transect was highest at IE, followed by MP, CH, and KNR, with the lowest number recorded at DR. The trophic structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblages was explained mostly by wave exposure (28% of the variation), followed by salinity (12%) and the KNR region (11%). KNR was most distinct from the other regions with a greater abundance of deposit feeders, likely driven by low salinity along with high turbidity and nutrients from terrigenous sources and glacial melt. Our study provides the first broad-scale description of the benthic assemblages associated with kelp forests in this vast and little-studied region and helps to establish baselines for an area that is currently lightly influenced by local anthropogenic factors and less impacted by climate change compared with other kelp forests globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawaiʿi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʿi, Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʿi, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer E. Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Mathias Hüne
- Centro de Investigación para la Conservación de los Ecosistemas Australes (ICEA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Alyssa M. Adler
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Western boundary currents drive sun-coral (Tubastraea spp.) coastal invasion from oil platforms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5286. [PMID: 35347218 PMCID: PMC8960833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most marine species have a planktonic larval phase that benefit from the surface oceanic flow to enhance their dispersion potential. For invasive species, the interaction of environmentally resistant larvae with different flow regimes and artificial substrates can lead to complex larval dispersion patterns and boost geographic expansion. In the Southwest Atlantic, the invasive corals Tubastraea spp. (sun-coral) have been recorded biofouling on oil platforms since the late 1980s. These platforms are considered important vectors for the established populations throughout the Brazilian coast. However, we still do not know how the position of these structures relative to regional flow contribute to the natural dispersion potential of these invaders on a regional scale. Herein, we used an eddy-resolving ocean model (ROMS) and an Individual Based Model (IBM-Ichthyop) to simulate the natural dispersion patterns of sun-coral larvae from all oil platforms on Brazilian oil-producing basins, for the austral summer and winter along 6 years (2010–2015) in 90-day simulations. We found that mortality rates by advection were significantly higher during the winter (p = 0.001) and when sources of larvae were compared throughout this season (p = 1.9 × 10–17). The influence of two western boundary currents and persistent eddy activity contribute to the dispersal of larvae to distances up to 7000 km. The effectiveness of each oil-producing basin as vectors for the entire Brazilian coastline, measured as the percentage of larval supply, highlights the importance of the northern Ceará (59.89%) and Potiguar (87.47%) basins and the more central Camamu (44.11%) and Sergipe-Alagoas (39.20%) basins. The poleward shift of the Southern branch of the South Equatorial Current during the winter causes larvae released from the Sergipe-Alagoas and Camamu basins to enter the North Brazil Current, expanding their dispersion towards the north. The Brazil Current disperses larvae southwards, but strong mesoscale activity prevents their dispersion to the coast, especially for those released from the oil platforms on Campos and Santos basins. Within this complex hydrodynamic setting, a few source areas, like those in the Sergipe-Alagoas and Camamu basins, can potentially contribute to the spread of larvae along nearly all the Brazilian coast. Therefore, oil platforms act as possible chronic sources of sun-coral propagules to the coast, emphasizing the urgency for a more detailed set of actions to control and monitor these invasive exotic species.
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Burnett NP, Gaylord B. Flow, form, and force: methods and frameworks for field studies of macroalgal biomechanics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1122-1138. [PMID: 34791153 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae are ecologically important organisms that often inhabit locations with physically challenging water motion. The biomechanical traits that permit their survival in these conditions have been of interest to biologists and engineers alike, but logistical and technical challenges of conducting investigations in macroalgal habitats have often prevented optimal study of these traits. Here, we review field methods for quantifying three major components of macroalgal biomechanics in moving water: fluid flow, macroalgal form, and hydrodynamic force. The implementation of some methodologies is limited due to the current state and accessibility of technology, but many of these limitations can be remedied by custom-built devices, borrowing techniques from other systems, or shifting lab-based approaches to the field. We also describe several frameworks for integrating flow, form, and force data that can facilitate comparisons of macroalgal biomechanics in field settings with predictions from theory and lab-based experiments, or comparisons between flow conditions, habitats, and species. These methods and frameworks, when used on scales that are relevant to the examined processes, can reveal mechanistic information about the functional traits that permit macroalgae to withstand physically challenging water motion in their habitats, using the actual fluid flows, macroalgal forms, and physical forces that occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Burnett
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California - Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Meyer AD, Hastings A, Largier JL. Larvae of coastal marine invertebrates enhance their settling success or benefits of planktonic development – but not both – through vertical swimming. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Meyer
- Dept of Mathematics, Univ. of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
- Santa Fe Inst. Santa Fe NM USA
| | - John L. Largier
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Inst., Univ. of California‐Davis Bodega Bay CA USA
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7
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Lamy T, Pitz KJ, Chavez FP, Yorke CE, Miller RJ. Environmental DNA reveals the fine-grained and hierarchical spatial structure of kelp forest fish communities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14439. [PMID: 34262101 PMCID: PMC8280230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is changing at an accelerating rate at both local and regional scales. Beta diversity, which quantifies species turnover between these two scales, is emerging as a key driver of ecosystem function that can inform spatial conservation. Yet measuring biodiversity remains a major challenge, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Decoding environmental DNA (eDNA) left behind by organisms offers the possibility of detecting species sans direct observation, a Rosetta Stone for biodiversity. While eDNA has proven useful to illuminate diversity in aquatic ecosystems, its utility for measuring beta diversity over spatial scales small enough to be relevant to conservation purposes is poorly known. Here we tested how eDNA performs relative to underwater visual census (UVC) to evaluate beta diversity of marine communities. We paired UVC with 12S eDNA metabarcoding and used a spatially structured hierarchical sampling design to assess key spatial metrics of fish communities on temperate rocky reefs in southern California. eDNA provided a more-detailed picture of the main sources of spatial variation in both taxonomic richness and community turnover, which primarily arose due to strong species filtering within and among rocky reefs. As expected, eDNA detected more taxa at the regional scale (69 vs. 38) which accumulated quickly with space and plateaued at only ~ 11 samples. Conversely, the discovery rate of new taxa was slower with no sign of saturation for UVC. Based on historical records in the region (2000-2018) we found that 6.9 times more UVC samples would be required to detect 50 taxa compared to eDNA. Our results show that eDNA metabarcoding can outperform diver counts to capture the spatial patterns in biodiversity at fine scales with less field effort and more power than traditional methods, supporting the notion that eDNA is a critical scientific tool for detecting biodiversity changes in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lamy
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France.
| | - Kathleen J Pitz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | | | - Christie E Yorke
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Meyer AD, Hastings A, Largier JL. Spatial heterogeneity of mortality and diffusion rates determines larval delivery to adult habitats for coastal marine populations. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-021-00512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany benthic animals begin life with a planktonic larval stage during which coastal currents may move individuals far from shore. This trait is believed to allow individuals to develop away from nearshore predators and sibling competition, based on the assumption that mortality rates are weaker offshore. However, larvae developing offshore often fail to locate suitable coastal habitats. This results in a trade-off between nearshore mortality and offshore wastage with consequences for larval delivery to adult habitats that have not been fully appreciated. We use a reaction-diffusion model to show that when the nearshore larval mortality rate is high, larval supply can vary more than 10-fold with the offshore mortality rate. If this offshore rate is weak, then larval supply is maximized by an intermediate diffusion rate or larval duration. While a low-diffusivity coastal boundary layer typically improves the larval supply by decreasing wastage, it can also reduce the larval supply by preventing individuals from exploiting low offshore mortality rates. Finally, the cross-shore structure of the mortality rate may influence the alongshore transport of larvae by determining how far offshore they reside prior to settling, and, consequently, the alongshore currents they experience. Our observations contrast with the prior argument that larval supply decreases with diffusivity and larval duration due to wastage, and challenge the widespread decision to omit cross-shore heterogeneity from studies of alongshore movement. Scenarios in which spatial variability in the mortality rate has a large effect on recruitment are important both for understanding the biological consequences of the larval stage and from a modeling perspective.
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Connectivity and population structure of albacore tuna across southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Oceans inferred from multidisciplinary methodology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15657. [PMID: 32973260 PMCID: PMC7519111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) is an important target of tuna fisheries in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The commercial catch of albacore is the highest globally among all temperate tuna species, contributing around 6% in weight to global tuna catches over the last decade. The accurate assessment and management of this heavily exploited resource requires a robust understanding of the species’ biology and of the pattern of connectivity among oceanic regions, yet Indian Ocean albacore population dynamics remain poorly understood and its level of connectivity with the Atlantic Ocean population is uncertain. We analysed morphometrics and genetics of albacore (n = 1,874) in the southwest Indian (SWIO) and southeast Atlantic (SEAO) Oceans to investigate the connectivity and population structure. Furthermore, we examined the species’ dispersal potential by modelling particle drift through major oceanographic features. Males appear larger than females, except in South African waters, yet the length–weight relationship only showed significant male–female difference in one region (east of Madagascar and Reunion waters). The present study produced a genetic differentiation between the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Oceans, supporting their demographic independence. The particle drift models suggested dispersal potential of early life stages from SWIO to SEAO and adult or sub-adult migration from SEAO to SWIO.
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10
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Hodin J, Ferner MC, Gaylord B. Choosing the right home: settlement responses by larvae of six sea urchin species align with hydrodynamic traits of their contrasting adult habitats. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ocean organisms as diverse as seaweeds and sea cucumbers exhibit life cycles in which dispersal occurs primarily via microscopic larvae or spores, with adults exhibiting limited or even no dispersal. In benthic animals, the larval stage concludes with irreversible settlement into the benthos. The decision of where and when to settle is thus one of substantial import. Prior work has shown that settlement in two shoreline echinoids (a sea urchin and a sand dollar) is unexpectedly sensitive to an environmental feature (intense fluid turbulence) that can be considered as a signal to larvae of their arrival in the neighbourhood of the hydrodynamically energetic habitats in which these taxa live as adults. Here, we used a comparative approach to explore the evolution of turbulence responsiveness in late-stage echinoid larvae. We examined three pairs of closely related sea urchins that differ in the energetic exposure of their adult habitats and found that larval responsiveness to turbulence was more pronounced in urchins that settle in more hydrodynamically exposed locations. These results raise the possibility that evolutionary differences in larval responsiveness to environmental indicators of appropriate adult habitat might reinforce or even provide a mechanism for vicariance in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Esgro MW, Lindholm J, Nickols KJ, Bredvik J. Early conservation benefits of a de facto marine protected area at San Clemente Island, California. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224060. [PMID: 31945056 PMCID: PMC6964903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De facto marine protected areas (DFMPAs) are regions of the ocean where human activity is restricted for reasons other than conservation. Although DFMPAs are widespread globally, their potential role in the protection of marine habitats, species, and ecosystems has not been well studied. In 2012 and 2013, we conducted remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys of marine communities at a military DFMPA closed to all civilian access since 2010 and an adjacent fished reference site at San Clemente Island, the southernmost of California’s Channel Islands. We used data extracted from ROV imagery to compare density and biomass of focal species, as well as biodiversity and community composition, between the two sites. Generalized linear modeling indicated that both density and biomass of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) were significantly higher inside the DFMPA. Biomass of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps) was also significantly higher inside the DFMPA. However, species richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity were not significantly higher inside the DFMPA, and overall fish community composition did not differ significantly between sites. Demonstrable differences between the DFMPA and fished site for two highly sought-after species hint at early potential benefits of protection, though the lack of differences in the broader community suggests that a longer trajectory of recovery may be required for other species. A more comprehensive understanding of the potential conservation benefits of DFMPAs is important in the context of marine spatial planning and global marine conservation objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Esgro
- Institute for Applied Marine Ecology, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James Lindholm
- Institute for Applied Marine Ecology, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Kerry J. Nickols
- California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bredvik
- Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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13
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Gaylord B, Barclay KM, Jellison BM, Jurgens LJ, Ninokawa AT, Rivest EB, Leighton LR. Ocean change within shoreline communities: from biomechanics to behaviour and beyond. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz077. [PMID: 31754431 PMCID: PMC6855281 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are changing the physical properties of Earth. In marine systems, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations are driving notable shifts in temperature and seawater chemistry. Here, we consider consequences of such perturbations for organism biomechanics and linkages amongst species within communities. In particular, we examine case examples of altered morphologies and material properties, disrupted consumer-prey behaviours, and the potential for modulated positive (i.e. facilitative) interactions amongst taxa, as incurred through increasing ocean acidity and rising temperatures. We focus on intertidal rocky shores of temperate seas as model systems, acknowledging the longstanding role of these communities in deciphering ecological principles. Our survey illustrates the broad capacity for biomechanical and behavioural shifts in organisms to influence the ecology of a transforming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Kristina M Barclay
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Brittany M Jellison
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, 255 Main Street, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Laura J Jurgens
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Aaron T Ninokawa
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Emily B Rivest
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1370 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Lindsey R Leighton
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
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14
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Hameed SO, White JW, Miller SH, Nickols KJ, Morgan SG. Inverse approach to estimating larval dispersal reveals limited population connectivity along 700 km of wave-swept open coast. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0370. [PMID: 27358362 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographic connectivity is fundamental to the persistence and resilience of metapopulations, but our understanding of the link between reproduction and recruitment is notoriously poor in open-coast marine populations. We provide the first evidence of high local retention and limited connectivity among populations spanning 700 km along an open coast in an upwelling system. Using extensive field measurements of fecundity, population size and settlement in concert with a Bayesian inverse modelling approach, we estimated that, on average, Petrolisthes cinctipes larvae disperse only 6.9 km (±25.0 km s.d.) from natal populations, despite spending approximately six weeks in an open-coast system that was once assumed to be broadly dispersive. This estimate differed substantially from our prior dispersal estimate (153.9 km) based on currents and larval duration and behaviour, revealing the importance of employing demographic data in larval dispersal estimates. Based on this estimate, we predict that demographic connectivity occurs predominantly among neighbouring populations less than 30 km apart. Comprehensive studies of larval production, settlement and connectivity are needed to advance an understanding of the ecology and evolution of life in the sea as well as to conserve ecosystems. Our novel approach provides a tractable framework for addressing these questions for species occurring in discrete coastal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O Hameed
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - J Wilson White
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Seth H Miller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Kerry J Nickols
- Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | - Steven G Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
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Couvray S, Coupé S. Three-year monitoring of genetic diversity reveals a micro-connectivity pattern and local recruitment in the broadcast marine species Paracentrotus lividus. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 120:110-124. [PMID: 29180717 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In conservation and management of marine biological resources, a knowledge of connectivity is necessary to understand how local populations are naturally replenished by the arrival of new recruits from source populations. At small geographical scales, species experiencing moderate to long pelagic larval phases are mostly genetically homogeneous, which hinders inferences about local connectivity. Recent studies demonstrated that assessing genetic relatedness and kinship could provide information about local connectivity in populations with high levels of gene flow. Here, we were interested in deciphering the structure and connectivity of populations of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, by monitoring populations at 11 localities distributed along a 225-km coast-line in the south-eastern French Mediterranean Sea. Using 12 microsatellite loci, we found a weak but significant genetic differentiation and observed a transient genetic differentiation among locations within temporal cohorts, without any correlation with the distance between locations, interpreted as unexplainable chaotic genetic patchiness. Among temporal cohorts, the more related individuals were mainly found within locations and the observed local differentiation (FST) correlated with the proportion of kin within locations, suggesting that larvae dispersed cohesively. Specifically, we could also reveal that populations flanking Cape Sicié were influenced by eastern populations and that local recruitment was a frequent occurrence. Overall, our results contribute to the growing number of studies showing that connectivity can be reliably assessed at a fine spatial scale even in genetically homogenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Couvray
- Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard, Ile des Embiez, 83140, Six-Fours-Les-Plages, France
| | - Stéphane Coupé
- Univ Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France.
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Community assembly of coral reef fishes along the Melanesian biodiversity gradient. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186123. [PMID: 29069096 PMCID: PMC5656311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indo-Pacific is home to Earth’s most biodiverse coral reefs. Diversity on these reefs decreases from the Coral Triangle east through the islands of Melanesia. Despite this pattern having been identified during the early 20th century, our knowledge about the interaction between pattern and process remains incomplete. To evaluate the structure of coral reef fish communities across Melanesia, we obtained distributional records for 396 reef fish species in five taxa across seven countries. We used hierarchical clustering, nestedness, and multiple linear regression analyses to evaluate the community structure. We also compiled data on life history traits (pelagic larval duration, body size and schooling behavior) to help elucidate the ecological mechanisms behind community structure. Species richness for these taxa along the gradient was significantly related to longitude but not habitat area. Communities are significantly nested, indicating that species-poor communities are largely composed of subsets of the species found on species rich reefs. These trends are robust across taxonomic groups except for the Pomacentridae, which exhibit an anti-nested pattern, perhaps due to a large number of endemic species. Correlations between life history traits and the number of reefs on which species occurred indicate that dispersal and survival ability contribute to determining community structure. We conclude that distance from the Coral Triangle dominates community structure in reef fish; however, conservation of the most species-rich areas will not be sufficient alone to conserve the vivid splendor of this region.
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17
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Truelove NK, Box SJ, Aiken KA, Blythe-Mallett A, Boman EM, Booker CJ, Byfield TT, Cox CE, Davis MH, Delgado GA, Glazer BA, Griffiths SM, Kitson-Walters K, Kough AS, Pérez Enríquez R, Preziosi RF, Roy ME, Segura-García I, Webber MK, Stoner AW. Isolation by oceanic distance and spatial genetic structure in an overharvested international fishery. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K. Truelove
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Marine Station; Fort Pierce FL USA
| | - Stephen J. Box
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Marine Station; Fort Pierce FL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Courtney E. Cox
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Marine Station; Fort Pierce FL USA
| | | | | | - Bob A. Glazer
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Marathon FL USA
| | - Sarah M. Griffiths
- School of Science and the Environment; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | | | - Andy S. Kough
- Shedd Aquarium; Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research; Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Richard F. Preziosi
- School of Science and the Environment; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | | | - Iris Segura-García
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Marine Station; Fort Pierce FL USA
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18
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Wasson K, Hughes BB, Berriman JS, Chang AL, Deck AK, Dinnel PA, Endris C, Espinoza M, Dudas S, Ferner MC, Grosholz ED, Kimbro D, Ruesink JL, Trimble AC, Vander Schaaf D, Zabin CJ, Zacherl DC. Coast-wide recruitment dynamics of Olympia oysters reveal limited synchrony and multiple predictors of failure. Ecology 2017; 97:3503-3516. [PMID: 27912012 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of new propagules into a population can be a critical determinant of adult density. We examined recruitment dynamics in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), a species occurring almost entirely in estuaries. We investigated spatial scales of interannual synchrony across 37 sites in eight estuaries along 2,500 km of Pacific North American coastline, predicting that high vs. low recruitment years would coincide among neighboring estuaries due to shared exposure to regional oceanographic factors. Such synchrony in recruitment has been found for many marine species and some migratory estuarine species, but has never been examined across estuaries in a species that can complete its entire life cycle within the same estuary. To inform ongoing restoration efforts for Olympia oysters, which have declined in abundance in many estuaries, we also investigated predictors of recruitment failure. We found striking contrasts in absolute recruitment rate and frequency of recruitment failure among sites, estuaries, and years. Although we found a positive relationship between upwelling and recruitment, there was little evidence of synchrony in recruitment among estuaries along the coast, and only limited synchrony of sites within estuaries, suggesting recruitment rates are affected more strongly by local dynamics within estuaries than by regional oceanographic factors operating at scales encompassing multiple estuaries. This highlights the importance of local wetland and watershed management for the demography of oysters, and perhaps other species that can complete their entire life cycle within estuaries. Estuaries with more homogeneous environmental conditions had greater synchrony among sites, and this led to the potential for estuary-wide failure when all sites had no recruitment in the same year. Environmental heterogeneity within estuaries may thus buffer against estuary-wide recruitment failure, analogous to the portfolio effect for diversity. Recruitment failure was correlated with lower summer water temperature, higher winter salinity, and shorter residence time: all indicators of stronger marine influence on estuaries. Recruitment failure was also more common in estuaries with limited networks of nearby adult oysters. Large existing oyster networks are thus of high conservation value, while estuaries that lack them would benefit from restoration efforts to increase the extent and connectivity of sites supporting oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wasson
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 1700 Elkhorn Road, Royal Oaks, California, 95064, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - John S Berriman
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, California, 92866-1005, USA
- Department of Biological Science (MH-282), California State University, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California, 92834-6850, USA
| | - Andrew L Chang
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Anna K Deck
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Paul A Dinnel
- Skagit County Marine Resources Committee, 1800 Continental Place, Mount Vernon, Washington, 98273, USA
| | - Charlie Endris
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 1700 Elkhorn Road, Royal Oaks, California, 95064, USA
| | - Michael Espinoza
- Department of Biological Science (MH-282), California State University, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California, 92834-6850, USA
| | - Sarah Dudas
- Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
| | - Edwin D Grosholz
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - David Kimbro
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, 01908, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ruesink
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Alan C Trimble
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Dick Vander Schaaf
- The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97214, USA
| | - Chela J Zabin
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Danielle C Zacherl
- Department of Biological Science (MH-282), California State University, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California, 92834-6850, USA
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19
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Pascual M, Palero F, García-Merchán VH, Macpherson E, Robainas-Barcia A, Mestres F, Roda T, Abelló P. Temporal and spatial genetic differentiation in the crab Liocarcinus depurator across the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29892. [PMID: 27431989 PMCID: PMC4949458 DOI: 10.1038/srep29892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial genetic studies often require sampling broadly separated areas, difficult to access simultaneously. Although comparing localities surveyed at different time periods might result in spurious genetic differentiation, there is a general believe on the stability of genetic structure through time, particularly if sampled localities are isolated or very distant. By analysing spatial and temporal genetic differentiation of the portunid crab Liocarcinus depurator we assessed the contribution of historical and contemporary processes on population connectivity patterns across three main oceanographic discontinuities along the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition: Gibraltar Strait, Almeria-Oran Front and Ibiza Channel. A partial fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene was sequenced in 366 individuals collected from localities at both sides of each discontinuity during three time periods. Although localities showed genetic fluctuations through time, a significant gradient was detected along the coast for all sampling periods. Significant inter-annual differences identified within the Alicante area, north of the Almeria-Oran Front, were associated with shifts in the relative contribution of Atlantic and Mediterranean water masses. The persistence of a clinal pattern in the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition area together with local fluctuations suggests a complex balance of dispersal and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pascual
- Dept. Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Palero
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Carrer d'Accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Macpherson
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Carrer d'Accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Aymée Robainas-Barcia
- Dept. Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Mestres
- Dept. Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Roda
- Dept. Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Abelló
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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20
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Garavelli L, Colas F, Verley P, Kaplan DM, Yannicelli B, Lett C. Influence of Biological Factors on Connectivity Patterns for Concholepas concholepas (loco) in Chile. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146418. [PMID: 26751574 PMCID: PMC4713471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine benthic ecosystems, larval connectivity is a major process influencing the maintenance and distribution of invertebrate populations. Larval connectivity is a complex process to study as it is determined by several interacting factors. Here we use an individual-based, biophysical model, to disentangle the effects of such factors, namely larval vertical migration, larval growth, larval mortality, adults fecundity, and habitat availability, for the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas (loco) in Chile. Lower transport success and higher dispersal distances are observed including larval vertical migration in the model. We find an overall decrease in larval transport success to settlement areas from northern to southern Chile. This spatial gradient results from the combination of current direction and intensity, seawater temperature, and available habitat. From our simulated connectivity patterns we then identify subpopulations of loco along the Chilean coast, which could serve as a basis for spatial management of this resource in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysel Garavelli
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 209 UPMC UMMISCO, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France
- * E-mail:
| | - François Colas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), LOCEAN-IPSL, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Verley
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MARBEC, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France
| | - David Michael Kaplan
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Yannicelli
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Christophe Lett
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 209 UPMC UMMISCO, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France
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21
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Burgess SC, Baskett ML, Grosberg RK, Morgan SG, Strathmann RR. When is dispersal for dispersal? Unifying marine and terrestrial perspectives. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:867-82. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Burgess
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32308 U.S.A
| | - Marissa L. Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy; University of California; One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory; University of California; 2099 Westside Rd Davis CA 94923 U.S.A
| | - Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories; University of Washington; 620 University Rd Friday Harbor WA 98250 U.S.A
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22
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Hodin J, Ferner MC, Ng G, Lowe CJ, Gaylord B. Rethinking competence in marine life cycles: ontogenetic changes in the settlement response of sand dollar larvae exposed to turbulence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150114. [PMID: 26543587 PMCID: PMC4632551 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex life cycles have evolved independently numerous times in marine animals as well as in disparate algae. Such life histories typically involve a dispersive immature stage followed by settlement and metamorphosis to an adult stage on the sea floor. One commonality among animals exhibiting transitions of this type is that their larvae pass through a 'precompetent' period in which they do not respond to localized settlement cues, before entering a 'competent' period, during which cues can induce settlement. Despite the widespread existence of these two phases, relatively little is known about how larvae transition between them. Moreover, recent studies have blurred the distinction between the phases by demonstrating that fluid turbulence can spark precocious activation of competence. Here, we further investigate this phenomenon by exploring how larval interactions with turbulence change across ontogeny, focusing on offspring of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz). Our data indicate that larvae exhibit increased responsiveness to turbulence as they get older. We also demonstrate a likely cost to precocious competence: the resulting juveniles are smaller. Based upon these findings, we outline a new, testable conception of competence that has the potential to reshape our understanding of larval dispersal and connectivity among marine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodin
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Matthew C. Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Gabriel Ng
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | | | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
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