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Albery GF, Webber QMR, Farine D, Picardi S, Vander Wal E, Manlove KR. Expanding theory, methodology and empirical systems at the spatial-social interface. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220534. [PMID: 39230454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
All animals exhibit some combination of spatial and social behaviours. A diversity of interactions occurs between such behaviours, producing emergent phenomena at the spatial-social interface. Untangling and interrogating these complex, intertwined processes can be vital for identifying the mechanisms, causes and consequences of behavioural variation in animal ecology. Nevertheless, the integrated study of the interactions between spatial and social phenotypes and environments (at the spatial-social interface) is in its relative infancy. In this theme issue, we present a collection of papers chosen to expand the spatial-social interface along several theoretical, methodological and empirical dimensions. They detail new perspectives, methods, study systems and more, as well as offering roadmaps for applied outputs and detailing exciting new directions for the field to move in the future. In this Introduction, we outline the contents of these papers, placing them in the context of what comes before, and we synthesize a number of takeaways and future directions for the spatial-social interface. This article is part of the theme issue 'The spatial-social interface: a theoretical and empirical integration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Albery
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Quinn M R Webber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien Farine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior , Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Simona Picardi
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kezia R Manlove
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
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Shaw AK, Bisesi AT, Wojan C, Kim D, Torstenson M, Naven Narayanan, Lutz P, Ales R, Shao C. Six personas to adopt when framing theoretical research questions in biology. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240803. [PMID: 39288809 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory is a critical component of the biological research process, and complements observational and experimental approaches. However, most biologists receive little training on how to frame a theoretical question and, thus, how to evaluate when theory has successfully answered the research question. Here, we develop a guide with six verbal framings for theoretical models in biology. These correspond to different personas one might adopt as a theorist: 'Advocate', 'Explainer', 'Instigator', 'Mediator', 'Semantician' and 'Tinkerer'. These personas are drawn from combinations of two starting points (pattern or mechanism) and three foci (novelty, robustness or conflict). We illustrate each of these framings with examples of specific theoretical questions, by drawing on recent theoretical papers in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. We show how the same research topic can be approached from slightly different perspectives, using different framings. We show how clarifying a model's framing can debunk common misconceptions of theory: that simplifying assumptions are bad, more detail is always better, models show anything you want and modelling requires substantial maths knowledge. Finally, we provide a roadmap that researchers new to theoretical research can use to identify a framing to serve as a blueprint for their own theoretical research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ave T Bisesi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chris Wojan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dongmin Kim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Martha Torstenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Naven Narayanan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Peter Lutz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ruby Ales
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cynthia Shao
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Mulla AJ, Denis V, Lin CH, Fong CL, Shiu JH, Nozawa Y. Natural coral recovery despite negative population growth. Ecology 2024; 105:e4368. [PMID: 39106878 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Demographic processes that ensure the recovery and resilience of marine populations are critical as climate change sends an increasing proportion on a trajectory of decline. Yet for some populations, recovery potential remains high. We conducted annual monitoring over 9 years (2012-2020) to assess the recovery of coral populations belonging to the genus Pocillopora. These populations experienced a catastrophic collapse following a severe typhoon in 2009. From the start of the monitoring period, high initial recruitment led to the establishment of a juvenile population that rapidly transitioned to sexually mature adults, which dominated the population within 6 years after the disturbance. As a result, coral cover increased from 1.1% to 20.2% during this time. To identify key demographic drivers of recovery and population growth rates (λ), we applied kernel-resampled integral projection models (IPMs), constructing eight successive models to examine annual change. IPMs were able to capture reproductive traits as key demographic drivers over the initial 3 years, while individual growth was a continuous key demographic driver throughout the entire monitoring period. IPMs further detected a pulse of reproductive output subsequent to two further Category 5 typhoon events during the monitoring period, exemplifying key mechanisms of resilience for coral populations impacted by disturbance. Despite rapid recovery, (i.e., increased coral cover, individual colony growth, low mortality), IPMs estimated predominantly negative values of λ, indicating a declining population. Indeed, while λ translates to a change in the number of individuals, the recovery of coral populations can also be driven by an increase in the size of surviving colonies. Our results illustrate that accumulating long-term data on historical dynamics and applying IPMs to extract demographic drivers are crucial for future predictions that are based on comprehensive and robust understandings of ecological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz J Mulla
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University School, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vianney Denis
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Fong
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University School, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ho Shiu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yoko Nozawa
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University School, Taipei, Taiwan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
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Souza LS, Solowiej-Wedderburn J, Bonforti A, Libby E. Modeling endosymbioses: Insights and hypotheses from theoretical approaches. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002583. [PMID: 38598454 PMCID: PMC11006130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic relationships are pervasive across diverse taxa of life, offering key avenues for eco-evolutionary dynamics. Although a variety of experimental and empirical frameworks have shed light on critical aspects of endosymbiosis, theoretical frameworks (mathematical models) are especially well-suited for certain tasks. Mathematical models can integrate multiple factors to determine the net outcome of endosymbiotic relationships, identify broad patterns that connect endosymbioses with other systems, simplify biological complexity, generate hypotheses for underlying mechanisms, evaluate different hypotheses, identify constraints that limit certain biological interactions, and open new lines of inquiry. This Essay highlights the utility of mathematical models in endosymbiosis research, particularly in generating relevant hypotheses. Despite their limitations, mathematical models can be used to address known unknowns and discover unknown unknowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Santana Souza
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Josephine Solowiej-Wedderburn
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adriano Bonforti
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
| | - Eric Libby
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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McGuire RM, Hayashi KT, Yan X, Caritá Vaz M, Cinoğlu D, Cowen MC, Martínez‐Blancas A, Sullivan LL, Vazquez‐Morales S, Kandlikar GS. EcoEvoApps: Interactive apps for theoretical models in ecology and evolutionary biology. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9556. [PMID: 36479028 PMCID: PMC9719042 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of theory and data drives progress in science, but a persistent barrier to such integration in ecology and evolutionary biology is that theory is often developed and expressed in the form of mathematical models that can feel daunting and inaccessible for students and empiricists with variable quantitative training and attitudes towards math. A promising way to make mathematical models more approachable is to embed them into interactive tools with which one can visually evaluate model structures and directly explore model outcomes through simulation. To promote such interactive learning of quantitative models, we developed EcoEvoApps, a collection of free, open-source, and multilingual R/Shiny apps that include model overviews, interactive model simulations, and code to implement these models directly in R. The package currently focuses on canonical models of population dynamics, species interactions, and landscape ecology. These apps help illustrate fundamental results from theoretical ecology and can serve as valuable teaching tools in classroom settings. We present data from student surveys which show that students rate these apps as useful learning tools, and that using interactive apps leads to substantial gains in students' interest and confidence in working with mathematical models. This points to the potential for interactive activities to make theoretical models more accessible to a wider audience, and thus facilitate the feedback between theory and data across ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. McGuire
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kenji T. Hayashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xinyi Yan
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Marcel Caritá Vaz
- Institute for Environmental Science and SustainabilityWilkes UniversityWilkes‐BarrePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Damla Cinoğlu
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Madeline C. Cowen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alejandra Martínez‐Blancas
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MexicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Lauren L. Sullivan
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyKellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Gaurav S. Kandlikar
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Division of Plant Sciences & TechnologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Esquivel KE, Hesselbarth MHK, Allgeier JE. Mechanistic support for increased primary production around artificial reefs. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2617. [PMID: 35368128 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors controlling primary production is fundamental for the protection, management, and restoration of ecosystems. Tropical seagrass ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems worldwide, yielding tremendous services for society. Yet they are also among the most impaired from anthropogenic stressors, prompting calls for ecosystem-based restoration approaches. Artificial reefs (ARs) are commonly applied in coastal marine ecosystems to rebuild failing fisheries and have recently gained attention for their potential to promote carbon sequestration. Nutrient hotspots formed via excretion from aggregating fishes have been empirically shown to enhance local primary production around ARs in seagrass systems. Yet, if and how increased local production affects primary production at ecosystem scale remains unclear, and empirical tests are challenging. We used a spatially explicit individual-based simulation model that combined a data-rich single-nutrient primary production model for seagrass and bioenergetics models for fish to test how aggregating fish on ARs affect seagrass primary production at patch and ecosystem scales. Specifically, we tested how the aggregation of fish alters (i) ecosystem seagrass primary production at varying fish densities and levels of ambient nutrient availability and (ii) the spatial distribution of seagrass primary production. Comparing model ecosystems with equivalent nutrient levels, we found that when fish aggregate around ARs, ecosystem-scale primary production is enhanced synergistically. This synergistic increase in production was caused by nonlinear dynamics associated with nutrient uptake and biomass allocation that enhances aboveground primary production more than belowground production. Seagrass production increased near the AR and decreased in areas away from the AR, despite marginal reductions in seagrass biomass at the ecosystem level. Our simulation's findings that ARs can increase ecosystem production provide novel support for ARs in seagrass ecosystems as an effective means to promote (i) fishery restoration (increased primary production can increase energy input to the food web) and (ii) carbon sequestration, via higher rates of primary production. Although our model represents a simplified, closed seagrass system without complex trophic interactions, it nonetheless provides an important first step in quantifying ecosystem-level implications of ARs as a tool for ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo E Esquivel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jacob E Allgeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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