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Lu Y, Chan HP, Wei J, Hadjiiski LM. A diffusion-based truncated projection artifact reduction method for iterative digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:569-87. [PMID: 23318346 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/3/569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has strong promise to improve sensitivity for detecting breast cancer. DBT reconstruction estimates the breast tissue attenuation using projection views (PVs) acquired in a limited angular range. Because of the limited field of view (FOV) of the detector, the PVs may not completely cover the breast in the x-ray source motion direction at large projection angles. The voxels in the imaged volume cannot be updated when they are outside the FOV, thus causing a discontinuity in intensity across the FOV boundaries in the reconstructed slices, which we refer to as the truncated projection artifact (TPA). Most existing TPA reduction methods were developed for the filtered backprojection method in the context of computed tomography. In this study, we developed a new diffusion-based method to reduce TPAs during DBT reconstruction using the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART). Our TPA reduction method compensates for the discontinuity in background intensity outside the FOV of the current PV after each PV updating in SART. The difference in voxel values across the FOV boundary is smoothly diffused to the region beyond the FOV of the current PV. Diffusion-based background intensity estimation is performed iteratively to avoid structured artifacts. The method is applicable to TPA in both the forward and backward directions of the PVs and for any number of iterations during reconstruction. The effectiveness of the new method was evaluated by comparing the visual quality of the reconstructed slices and the measured discontinuities across the TPA with and without artifact correction at various iterations. The results demonstrated that the diffusion-based intensity compensation method reduced the TPA while preserving the detailed tissue structures. The visibility of breast lesions obscured by the TPA was improved after artifact reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Bian J, Wang J, Han X, Sidky EY, Shao L, Pan X. Optimization-based image reconstruction from sparse-view data in offset-detector CBCT. Phys Med Biol 2012; 58:205-30. [PMID: 23257068 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/2/205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of view (FOV) of a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit in a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CBCT system can be increased by offsetting the CBCT detector. Analytic-based algorithms have been developed for image reconstruction from data collected at a large number of densely sampled views in offset-detector CBCT. However, the radiation dose involved in a large number of projections can be of a health concern to the imaged subject. CBCT-imaging dose can be reduced by lowering the number of projections. As analytic-based algorithms are unlikely to reconstruct accurate images from sparse-view data, we investigate and characterize in the work optimization-based algorithms, including an adaptive steepest descent-weighted projection onto convex sets (ASD-WPOCS) algorithms, for image reconstruction from sparse-view data collected in offset-detector CBCT. Using simulated data and real data collected from a physical pelvis phantom and patient, we verify and characterize properties of the algorithms under study. Results of our study suggest that optimization-based algorithms such as ASD-WPOCS may be developed for yielding images of potential utility from a number of projections substantially smaller than those used currently in clinical SPECT/CBCT imaging, thus leading to a dose reduction in CBCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Bian
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Xiao J, Verzijlbergen FJ, Viergever MA, Beekman FJ. Small field-of-view dedicated cardiac SPECT systems: impact of projection truncation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 37:528-36. [PMID: 19722106 PMCID: PMC2822234 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small field-of-view (FOV) dedicated cardiac SPECT systems suffer from truncated projection data. This results in (1) neglect of liver activity that otherwise could be used to estimate (and subsequently correct) the amount of scatter in the myocardium by model-based scatter correction, and (2) distorted attenuation maps. In this study, we investigated to what extent truncation impacts attenuation correction and model-based scatter correction in the cases of (99m)Tc, (201)Tl, and simultaneous (99m)Tc/(201)Tl studies. In addition, we evaluated a simple correction method to mitigate the effects of truncation. METHODS Digital thorax phantoms of different sizes were used to simulate the full FOV SPECT projections for (99m)Tc, (201)Tl, and simultaneous (99m)Tc/(201)Tl studies. Small FOV projections were obtained by artificially truncating the full FOV projections. Deviations from ideal heart positioning were simulated by axially shifting projections resulting in more severe liver truncation. Effects of truncation on SPECT images were tested for ordered subset (OS) expectation maximization reconstruction with (1) attenuation correction and detector response modelling (OS-AD), and (2) with additional Monte-Carlo-based scatter correction (OS-ADS). To correct truncation-induced artefacts, we axially extended truncated projections on both sides by duplicating pixel values on the projection edge. RESULTS For both (99m)Tc and (201)Tl, differences in the reconstructed myocardium between full FOV and small FOV projections were negligible. In the nine myocardial segments, the maximum deviations of the average pixel values were 1.3% for OS-AD and 3.5% for OS-ADS. For the simultaneous (99m)Tc/(201)Tl studies, reconstructed (201)Tl SPECT images from full FOV and small FOV projections showed clearly different image profiles due to truncation. The maximum deviation in defected segments was found to be 49% in the worst-case scenario. However, artificially extending projections reduced deviations in defected segments to a few percent. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, for single isotope studies, using small FOV systems has little impact on attenuation correction and model-based scatter correction. For simultaneous (99m)Tc/(201)Tl studies, artificial projection extension almost fully eliminates the adverse effects of projection truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Xiao
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, STR 5.203, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Y, Chan HP, Sahiner B, Wei J, Zhou C, Hadjiiski LM. Artifact reduction methods for truncated projections in iterative breast tomosynthesis reconstruction. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009; 33:426-35. [PMID: 19478639 PMCID: PMC2743904 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e3181838000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography is a promising imaging technique that has the potential to improve detection of early-stage breast cancers. Digital breast tomosynthesis mammography can provide quasi 3-dimensional information by reconstructing the breast volume from a number of low-dose mammograms acquired over a limited angular range. Previous studies have shown that iterative reconstruction methods such as simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) can give satisfactory image quality in DBT. However, because of the finite size of the detector and the limited field of view, DBT reconstruction contains artifacts caused by the truncated projection-view images. We developed methods that use a local intensity equalization strategy and a geometrical tissue-compensation method to remove two types of truncation artifacts: detector boundary discontinuity and underestimation of the attenuation path length. A custom-built breast phantom and a selected DBT case were used to evaluate the improvements. A GE (GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA) prototype DBT system was used to acquire 21 projection views in 3-degree increments over a +/-30-degree angular range. Experimental results demonstrated that the artifact reduction methods can improve the image quality at the boundaries with enhanced contrast-to-noise ratio and increased background uniformity, recover the obscured breast structural information, and achieve an overall reconstruction quality comparable with the quality of those without truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Chávez-Eakle RA, Graff-Guerrero A, García-Reyna JC, Vaugier V, Cruz-Fuentes C. Cerebral blood flow associated with creative performance: A comparative study. Neuroimage 2007; 38:519-28. [PMID: 17884587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity is important for social survival and individual wellbeing; science, art, philosophy and technology have been enriched and expanded by this trait. To our knowledge this is the first study probing differences in brain cerebral blood flow (CBF) between highly creative individuals (scientists and/or artists socially recognized for their contributions to their fields with creativity indexes corresponding to the 99% percentile) and average control subjects while performing a verbal task from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Additionally, we correlated CBF with creativity dimensions such as fluency, originality and flexibility. Subjects with a high creative performance showed greater CBF activity in right precentral gyrus, right culmen, left and right middle frontal gyrus, right frontal rectal gyrus, left frontal orbital gyrus, and left inferior gyrus (BA 6, 10, 11, 47, 20), and cerebellum; confirming bilateral cerebral contribution. These structures have been involved in cognition, emotion, working memory, and novelty response. The score on the three creativity dimensions--fluency, originality, and flexibility--correlated with CBF activation in right middle frontal gyrus and right rectal gyrus (Brodmann Area 6, 11). Moreover, fluency and flexibility strongly correlated with CBF in left inferior frontal gyrus and originality correlated with CBF in left superior temporal gyrus and cerebellar tonsil. These findings suggest an integration of perceptual, volitional, cognitive and emotional processes in creativity. The higher CBF found in particular brain regions of highly creative individuals during the performance of a creative task provides evidence of a specific neural network related to the creative process.
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Li T, You J, Wen J, Liang Z. An efficient reconstruction method for nonuniform attenuation compensation in nonparallel beam geometries based on Novikov's explicit inversion formula. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2005; 24:1357-68. [PMID: 16229421 PMCID: PMC1415226 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2005.857026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates an accurate reconstruction method to invert the attenuated Radon transform in nonparallel beam (NPB) geometries. The reconstruction method contains three major steps: 1) performing one-dimensional phase-shift rebinning; 2) implementing nonuniform Hilbert transform; and 3) applying Novikov's explicit inversion formula. The method seems to be adaptive to different settings of fan-beam geometry from very long to very short focal lengths without sacrificing reconstruction accuracy. Compared to the conventional bilinear rebinning technique, the presented method showed a better spatial resolution, as measured by modulation transfer function. Numerical experiments demonstrated its computational efficiency and stability to different levels of Poisson noise. Even with complicated geometries such as varying focal-length and asymmetrical fan-beam collimation, the presented method achieved nearly the same reconstruction quality of parallel-beam geometry. This effort can facilitate quantitative reconstruction of single photon emission computed tomography for cardiac imaging, which may need NPB collimation geometries and require high computational efficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Anisotropy
- Artifacts
- Computer Simulation
- Image Enhancement/methods
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Models, Biological
- Models, Statistical
- Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted
- Phantoms, Imaging
- Reproducibility of Results
- Scattering, Radiation
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/instrumentation
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Li
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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8
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Abstract
If a multislice or other area detector is shifted to one side to cover a larger field of view, then the data are truncated on one side. We propose a method to restore the missing data in helical cone-beam acquisitions that uses measured data on the longer side of the asymmetric detector array. The method is based on the idea of complementary rays, which is well known in fan beam geometry; in this paper we extend this concept to the cone-beam case. Different cases of complementary data coverage and dependence on the helical pitch are considered. The proposed method is used in our prototype 16-row CT scanner with an asymmetric detector and a 700 mm field of view. For evaluation we used scanned body phantom data and computer-simulated data. To simulate asymmetric truncation, the full, symmetric datasets were truncated by dropping either 22.5% or 45% from one side of the detector. Reconstructed images from the prototype scanner with the asymmetrical detector show excellent image quality in the extended field of view. The proposed method allows flexible helical pitch selection and can be used with overscan, short-scan, and super-short-scan reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Zamyatin
- Bio-Imaging Research, Inc., 425 Barclay Blvd., Lincolnshire, Illinois 60069, USA
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9
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Leng S, Zhuang T, Nett BE, Chen GH. Exact fan-beam image reconstruction algorithm for truncated projection data acquired from an asymmetric half-size detector. Phys Med Biol 2005; 50:1805-20. [PMID: 15815097 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/50/8/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new algorithm designed for a specific data truncation problem in fan-beam CT. We consider a scanning configuration in which the fan-beam projection data are acquired from an asymmetrically positioned half-sized detector. Namely, the asymmetric detector only covers one half of the scanning field of view. Thus, the acquired fan-beam projection data are truncated at every view angle. If an explicit data rebinning process is not invoked, this data acquisition configuration will reek havoc on many known fan-beam image reconstruction schemes including the standard filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm and the super-short-scan FBP reconstruction algorithms. However, we demonstrate that a recently developed fan-beam image reconstruction algorithm which reconstructs an image via filtering a backprojection image of differentiated projection data (FBPD) survives the above fan-beam data truncation problem. Namely, we may exactly reconstruct the whole image object using the truncated data acquired in a full scan mode (2pi angular range). We may also exactly reconstruct a small region of interest (ROI) using the truncated projection data acquired in a short-scan mode (less than 2pi angular range). The most important characteristic of the proposed reconstruction scheme is that an explicit data rebinning process is not introduced. Numerical simulations were conducted to validate the new reconstruction algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Leng
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53704, USA
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10
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Pan X, Yu L, Kao CM. Spatial-resolution enhancement in computed tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2005; 24:246-253. [PMID: 15707250 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2004.840846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose an approach that combines an asymmetric fan-beam configuration and a new reconstruction algorithm to enhancing spatial resolution in computed tomography (CT). The asymmetric configuration can be achieved by changing the center of rotation (COR) from the conventional symmetric configuration. It does not, however, require new detectors and X-ray source nor alter the relative geometry between the detector and the X-ray source. By effectively reducing the distance of the COR to the X-ray source, the asymmetric configuration can increase the effective sampling density in projection data without reducing the size of the field of view (FOV). The proposed algorithm, on the other hand, can reconstruct images directly from data acquired with this asymmetric configuration. We performed numerical studies to demonstrate and validate the proposed acquisition/reconstruction approach. Results in these studies confirm that the proposed approach can lead to enhanced spatial resolution in reconstructed images. The proposed acquisition/reconstruction approach may find applications in micro-CT and industrial CT in which the CORs may be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Kojima A, Tomiguchi S, Kawanaka K, Utsunomiya D, Shiraishi S, Nakaura T, Katsuda N, Matsumoto M, Yamashita Y, Motomura N, Ichihara T. Attenuation correction using asymmetric fanbeam transmission CT on two-head SPECT system. Ann Nucl Med 2004; 18:315-22. [PMID: 15359925 DOI: 10.1007/bf02984470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For transmission computed tomography (TCT) systems using a centered transmission source with a fan-beam collimator, the transmission projection data are truncated. To achieve sufficiently large imaging field of view (FOV), we have designed the combination of an asymmetric fan-beam (AsF) collimator and a small uncollimated sheet-source for TCT, and implemented AsF sampling on a two-head SPECT system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of our TCT method for quantitative emission computed tomography (ECT) in clinical application. Sequential Tc-99m transmission and Tl-201 emission data acquisition were performed in a cardiac phantom (30 cm in width) with a myocardial chamber and a patient study. Tc-99m of 185 MBq was used as the transmission source. Both the ECT and TCT images were reconstructed with the filtered back-projection method after scatter correction with the triple energy window (TEW) method. The attenuation corrected transaxial images were iteratively reconstructed with the Chang algorithm utilizing the attenuation coefficient map computed from the TCT data. In this AsF sampling geometry, an imaging FOV of 50 cm was yielded. The attenuated regions appeared normal on the scatter and attenuation corrected (SAC) images in the phantom and patient study. The good quantitative accuracy on the SAC images was also confirmed by the measurement of the Tl-201 radioactivity in the myocardial chamber in the phantom study. The AsF collimation geometry that we have proposed in this study makes it easy to realize TCT data acquisition on the two-head SPECT system and to perform quantification on Tl-201 myocardial SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kojima
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Graff-Guerrero A, Gonzáles-Olvera J, Ruiz-García M, Avila-Ordoñez U, Vaugier V, García-Reyna JC. rTMS reduces focal brain hyperperfusion in two patients with EPC. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 109:290-6. [PMID: 15016013 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-0404.2003.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the acute effect of a single repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) session in a focal hyperperfusion epileptogenic region to induce a transitory decrease of epileptiform activity. CASE REPORT Two epilepsia partialis continua (EPC)-diagnosed patients, received one session with 15 trains of rTMS (20 Hz; 2 s train, inter-train of 58 s). Before rTMS session, a brain ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed to localize the focal frontal hyperperfusion region to establish the stimulation site. Immediately after the rTMS session another ictal SPECT was performed. Both patients showed a decrease of perfusion in the stimulated regions. For patient 1 epileptic seizures became intermittent until they stopped in the following 24 h. Patient 2 showed only a minimal improvement with a frequency decrease of epileptic spikes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a single rTMS session reduces focal epileptogenic activity and could be an alternative approach for epileptic-resistant patients, but efficacy should be confirmed in a larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graff-Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, División de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, México DF.
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Bokulić T, Vastenhouw B, de Jong HWAM, van Dongen AJ, van Rijk PP, Beekman FJ. Monte Carlo-based down-scatter correction of SPECT attenuation maps. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:1173-81. [PMID: 15034678 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-004-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combined acquisition of transmission and emission data in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used for correction of non-uniform photon attenuation. However, down-scatter from a higher energy isotope (e.g. 99mTc) contaminates lower energy transmission data (e.g. 153Gd, 100 keV), resulting in underestimation of reconstructed attenuation coefficients. Window-based corrections are often not very accurate and increase noise in attenuation maps. We have developed a new correction scheme. It uses accurate scatter modelling to avoid noise amplification and does not require additional energy windows. The correction works as follows: Initially, an approximate attenuation map is reconstructed using down-scatter contaminated transmission data (step 1). An emission map is reconstructed based on the contaminated attenuation map (step 2). Based on this approximate 99mTc reconstruction and attenuation map, down-scatter in the 153Gd window is simulated using accelerated Monte Carlo simulation (step 3). This down-scatter estimate is used during reconstruction of a corrected attenuation map (step 4). Based on the corrected attenuation map, an improved 99mTc image is reconstructed (step 5). Steps 3-5 are repeated to incrementally improve the down-scatter estimate. The Monte Carlo simulator provides accurate down-scatter estimation with significantly less noise than down-scatter estimates acquired in an additional window. Errors in the reconstructed attenuation coefficients are reduced from ca. 40% to less than 5%. Furthermore, artefacts in 99mTc emission reconstructions are almost completely removed. These results are better than for window-based correction, both in simulation experiments and in physical phantom experiments. Monte Carlo down-scatter simulation in concert with statistical reconstruction provides accurate down-scatter correction of attenuation maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Bokulić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, STR 5.203, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hirai I, Kimura W, Fuse A, Suto K, Urayama M. Evaluation of preoperative portal embolization for safe hepatectomy, with special reference to assessment of nonembolized lobe function with 99mTc-GSA SPECT scintigraphy. Surgery 2003; 133:495-506. [PMID: 12773977 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2003.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative portal embolization (PE) is used to stimulate liver hypertrophy in the nonembolized lobe. We studied liver volume and function with computed tomography and technetium-99m-galactosyl human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) scintigraphy before PE and at 1 or 2 weeks after PE. METHODS Right PE was performed in 30 patients. Morphologic and functional hypertrophy in the left lobe after PE was determined and related to the presence or absence of cholestasis, biliary drainage of the embolized lobe, and postoperative liver failure. RESULTS The volume of the left lobe and (99m)Tc-GSA uptake increased rapidly for the first week after PE, but no significant increase was seen during the second week. Morphologic hypertrophy was less pronounced in patients with jaundice (P =.03). When PE was performed at a total bilirubin level above 2 mg/dL, the interval between PE and surgery was prolonged because of cholangitis and liver abscess formation. The net morphologic hypertrophy ratio was significantly higher in livers that had undergone left lobe drainage only (9.1% +/- 0.9%) compared with those in which there was drainage of the embolized lobes (5.7% +/- 0.9%; P =.03). The volume and (99m)Tc-GSA uptake of the left lobe in the second week after PE was significantly smaller in patients with postoperative liver failure (33.7% +/- 2.4% and 18.0% +/- 2.1%, respectively) than in patients without liver failure (46.2% +/- 1.4% and 38.4% +/- 2.3%; P =.003 and P =.01, respectively). CONCLUSION In the nonembolized lobe, the functional increase in (99m)Tc-GSA uptake is more pronounced than suggested by the degree of morphologic hypertrophy. Whenever possible, biliary drainage should not be performed in the lobe undergoing hepatectomy. (99m)Tc-GSA SPECT scintigraphy is useful for the evaluation of postoperative liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hirai
- First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
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King M, Farncombe T. An overview of attenuation and scatter correction of planar and SPECT data for dosimetry studies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2003; 18:181-90. [PMID: 12804043 DOI: 10.1089/108497803765036346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors impact the accuracy of activity quantitation in planar and single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging. Two important such factors are attenuation and scattering in the medium containing the activity. The first removes photons which otherwise would have been included in the images, and the second adds events to the images from photons which would not have otherwise been imaged. A number of methods have been developed to compensate for these biases to activity quantitation. This review will briefly introduce planar quantitation which is commonly used for dosimetric purposes, and then present a slightly more detailed overview of SPECT quantitation which is arguably more accurate. It will conclude by cautioning users of commercial reconstruction software to validate it for quantitation before using it for dosimetric purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael King
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester 01655, USA.
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Pan X, Yu L. Image reconstruction with shift-variant filtration and its implication for noise and resolution properties in fan-beam computed tomography. Med Phys 2003; 30:590-600. [PMID: 12722811 DOI: 10.1118/1.1556608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In computed tomography (CT), the fan-beam filtered backprojection (FFBP) algorithm is used widely for image reconstruction. It is known that the FFBP algorithm can significantly amplify data noise and aliasing artifacts in situations where the focal lengths are comparable to or smaller than the size of the field of measurement (FOM). In this work, we propose an algorithm that is less susceptible to data noise, aliasing, and other data inconsistencies than is the FFBP algorithm while retaining the favorable resolution properties of the FFBP algorithm. In an attempt to evaluate the noise properties in reconstructed images, we derive analytic expressions for image variances obtained by use of the FFBP algorithm and the proposed algorithm. Computer simulation studies are conducted for quantitative evaluation of the spatial resolution and noise properties of images reconstructed by use of the algorithms. Numerical results of these studies confirm the favorable spatial resolution and noise properties of the proposed algorithm and verify the validity of the theoretically predicted image variances. The proposed algorithm and the derived analytic expressions for image variances can have practical implications for both estimation and detection/classification tasks making use of CT images, and they can readily be generalized to other fan-beam geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Radiology, MC2026, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Almquist H, Norrgren K, Palmer J, Jonson B, Wollmer P. Performance of simultaneous emission-transmission systems for attenuation-corrected SPEct: a method for validation applied to two camera systems. Nucl Med Commun 2001; 22:759-66. [PMID: 11453048 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200107000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several commercially available systems for attenuation correction in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) based on a transmission scan have been introduced that vary in performance. A test procedure for attenuation correction in SPECT is described and applied to two principally different gamma camera systems (the Siemens Multispect 3 triple-headed system [3HS] and the ADAC Genesys Vertex double-headed system [2HS]). The test procedure was based on geometrically well-defined phantoms. A torso phantom was used to illustrate the attenuation correction methods. The test procedure can be used without detailed knowledge of or access to the algorithms used for attenuation correction. The influence on the transmission measurement of radioactivity in a phantom was higher for the 2HS than for the 3HS. The 3HS produced satisfactory attenuation maps and corrected emission count rates to a constant value independent of phantom density and size. With the 2HS, there was a progressive decrease in the correction of emission count rates with increasing phantom density, and about 30% lower corrected count rates in the large compared with the small phantom. A decrease in measured attenuation coefficients in the vicinity of an emission source was demonstrated in large but not small phantoms. A likely explanation is erroneous correction of downscatter into the transmission energy window. This study demonstrates the need for independent evaluation of systems for attenuation correction in SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Almquist
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
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18
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Narayanan MV, Byrne CL, King MA. An interior point iterative maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithm incorporating upper and lower bounds with application to SPECT transmission imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2001; 20:342-353. [PMID: 11370901 DOI: 10.1109/42.921483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The algorithm we consider here is a block-iterative (or ordered subset) version of the interior point algorithm for transmission reconstruction. Our algorithm is an interior point method because each vector of the iterative sequence [x(k)], k = 0, 1, 2, ... satisfies the constraints a(j) < x(j)k < b(j), j = 1, ..., J. Because it is a block-iterative algorithm that reconstructs the transmission attenuation map and places constraints above and below the pixel values of the reconstructed image, we call it the BITAB method. Computer simulations using the three-dimensional mathematical cardiac and torso phantom, reveal that the BITAB algorithm in conjunction with reasonably selected prior upper and lower bounds has the potential to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed attenuation coefficients from truncated fan beam transmission projections. By suitably selecting the bounds, it is possible to restrict the over estimation of coefficients outside the fully sampled region, that results from reconstructing truncated fan beam projections with iterative transmission algorithms such as the maximum-likelihood gradient type algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Narayanan
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA.
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19
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Bouwens L, Van de Walle R, Nuyts J, Koole M, D'Asseler Y, Vandenberghe S, Lemahieu I, Dierckx RA. Image-correction techniques in SPECT. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2001; 25:117-126. [PMID: 11137788 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-6111(00)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This overview takes a look at different correction techniques for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). We discuss the influence of the detection system followed by the scatter and attenuation caused by the object of investigation. When possible we describe how the correction methods for the different physical effects can be incorporated in the reconstruction method, being either filtered backprojection or iterative reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouwens
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Mennessier C, Noo F, Clackdoyle R, Bal G, Desbat L. Attenuation correction in SPECT using consistency conditions for the exponential ray transform. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44:2483-510. [PMID: 10533924 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/44/10/309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using data consistency conditions for the exponential ray transform, a method is derived to correct SPECT data for attenuation effects. No transmission measurements are required, and no operator-defined contours are needed. Furthermore, any 3D parallel-ray geometry can be considered for SPECT data acquisition, even unconventional geometries which do not lead to a set of 2D parallel-beam sinograms. The method is presented for both the 2D parallel-beam geometry and a particular 3D case, called the rotating slant hole geometry. Full details of the algorithms are given. Implementation has been carried out and results are presented in 2D and in 3D using simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mennessier
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Nonuniform attenuation, Compton scatter, and limited, spatially varying resolution degrade both the qualitative and quantitative nature of myocardial perfusion SPECT. Physicians must recognize and understand the effects of these factors on myocardial perfusion SPECT for optimal interpretation and use of this important imaging technique. Recent developments in the design and implementation of compensation algorithms and transmission-based imaging promise to provide clinically realistic solutions to these effects and provide the framework for truly quantitative imaging. This achievement should improve the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of myocardial perfusion SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Galt
- Department of Radiology and the Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Abstract
Rather than the introduction of a heralded technologic advancement in cardiac SPECT imaging challenging the accuracy of PET perfusion imaging, the commercial introduction of attenuation correction has been met with at least as many negative as positive reports. Some studies have reported significant improvements in specificity or specificity and sensitivity, especially for high-risk patterns of coronary artery disease; others have reported no improvement or a decrease in accuracy resulting from the introduction of troublesome artifacts. Although this review has attempted to emphasize the positive aspects of attenuation-corrected cardiac SPECT perfusion imaging and the potential for improved patient care it may provide, several negative reports continue to appear. Still there has been sufficient positive data reported to suggest that with fully developed, accurate, and robust correction methods, significant gains in SPECT assessments of the presence and extent of CHD, patient risk, and myocardial viability can be anticipated. Ultimately attenuation correction for cardiac SPECT should have a positive impact on the management of patients with coronary artery disease with important savings in lives and health care dollars.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Corbett
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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23
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Cao Z, Qian L. Compensation for displacement of the focal point in cone beam single photon emission computed tomography reconstruction. Int J Med Inform 1997; 44:105-15. [PMID: 9291002 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-5056(96)01252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of focal point displacement on image quality in cone beam single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A new image reconstruction algorithm that accounts for the focal point shift was derived and three shift geometries were investigated. The geometries included a lateral shift with a fixed focal length but off-center focusing, a linear axial shift with a variable focal length that depends linearly on the distance between a bin of the detector and the center of the detector, and a random axial shift with a randomly varying focal length. Computer simulation was conducted to evaluate the shift effects with a phantom that was composed of 118 small spherical sources. The results demonstrated that the lateral shift of the focal point was more critical to image quality than was the axial shift. With a 0.64 cm (1 pixel) lateral shift, noticeable artifacts was observed, while an axial shift resulted in minimal changes in image quality until it reached 8 cm (12.5 pixels). The derived reconstruction algorithm eliminated most of the artifacts caused by a fixed lateral shift or a linear axial shift of the focal point, but failed to do so for a random axial shift since the linear distribution assumed in image reconstruction did not match the random shift occurred in acquisition of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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24
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Glick SJ, King MA, Pan TS, Soares EJ. An analytical approach for compensation of non-uniform attenuation in cardiac SPECT imaging. Phys Med Biol 1995; 40:1677-93. [PMID: 8532748 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/40/10/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Photon attenuation can reduce the diagnostic accuracy of cardiac SPECT imaging. Bellini et al have previously derived a mathematically exact method to compensate for attenuation in a uniform attenuator. Since the human thorax contains structures with differing attenuation properties, non-uniform attenuation compensation is required in cardiac SPECT. Given an estimate of the patient attenuation map, we show that the Bellini attenuation compensation method can be used in cardiac SPECT to provide a quantitatively accurate reconstruction of a central region in the image which includes the heart and surrounding soft tissue. Simulations using a mathematical cardiac-torso phantom were conducted to evaluate the Bellini method and to compare its performance to the ML-EM iterative algorithm, and to 180 degrees and 360 degrees filtered backprojection (FBP) with no attenuation compensation. 'Bulls-eye' polar maps and circumferential profiles showed that both the Bellini method and the ML-EM algorithm provided quantitatively accurate reconstructions of the myocardium, with a substantial reduction in attenuation-induced artifacts that were observed in the FBP images. The computational load required to implement the Bellini method is approximately equivalent to that required for one iteration of the ML-EM algorithm, thus it is suitable for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Glick
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA
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