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Ovchinnikova OS, Lorenz M, Wagner RB, Heeren RMA, Proksch R. Nanomechanical sampling of material for nanoscale mass spectrometry chemical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2747-2754. [PMID: 33025035 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to spatially resolve the chemical distribution of compounds on a surface is important in many applications ranging from biological to material science. To this extent, we have recently introduced a hybrid atomic force microscopy (AFM)-mass spectrometry (MS) system for direct thermal desorption and pyrolysis of material with nanoscale chemical resolution. However, spatially resolved direct surface heating using local thermal desorption becomes challenging on material surfaces with low melting points, because the material will undergo a melting phase transition due to heat dissipation prior to onset of thermal desorption. Therefore, we developed an approach using mechanical sampling and collection of surface materials on an AFM cantilever probe tip for real-time analysis directly from the AFM tip. This approach allows for material to be concentrated directly onto the probe for subsequent MS analysis. We evaluate the performance metrics of the technique and demonstrate localized MS sampling from a candelilla wax matrix containing UV stabilizers avobenzone and oxinoxate from areas down to 250 nm × 250 nm. Overall, this approach removes heat dissipation into the bulk material allowing for a faster desorption and concentration of the gas phase analyte from a single heating pulse enabling higher signal levels from a given amount of material in a single sampling spot.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6493, USA.
| | - Matthias Lorenz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6493, USA.,University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ryan B Wagner
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
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2
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Killgore JP, DelRio FW. Contact Resonance Force Microscopy for Viscoelastic Property Measurements: From Fundamentals to State-of-the-Art Applications. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Killgore
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Frank W. DelRio
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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3
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Somnath S, Jesse S, Van Berkel GJ, Kalinin SV, Ovchinnikova OS. Improved spatial resolution for spot sampling in thermal desorption atomic force microscopy - mass spectrometry via rapid heating functions. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5708-5717. [PMID: 28426053 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The key to advancing materials is to understand and control their structure and chemistry. However, thorough chemical characterization is challenging since existing techniques characterize only a few properties of the specimen, thereby necessitating multiple measurement platforms to acquire the necessary information. The multimodal combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mass spectrometry (MS) transcends existing analytical capabilities for nanometer scale spatially resolved correlation of the chemical and physical properties of a sample surface. One such hybrid system employs heated AFM cantilevers for thermal desorption (TD) sampling of molecules from a surface and subsequent gas phase ionization and detection of the liberated species by MS. Herein, we report on the use of voltage pulse trains to tailor cantilever heating such that spot sampling size was reduced and mass spectral signal was improved compared to constant voltage, static heating of the cantilever. Desorption efficiency (DE), defined as the quotient of the mass spectral signal intensity and the volume of the desorption crater, was used to judge the effectiveness of a particular tailored heating function. To guide the development and optimization of the heating functions and aid in interpreting experimental results, a 1D finite element model was developed that predicted the cantilever response to different heating functions. Three tailored heating functions that used different combinations, magnitudes, and durations of rectangular voltage pulses, were used for surface spot sampling. The resultant sampling spot size and DE were compared to the same metrics obtained with the conventional method that uses a single voltage pulse. Using a model system composed of a thin film of ink containing pigment yellow 74 as a model system, desorption craters shrunk from 2 μm, using the conventional approach, to 310 nm using the optimum tailored heating function. This same pulsed heating function produced a 381× improvement in the DE and an 8× improvement in spatial resolution compared to the conventional heating approach showing that signal/amount of material sampled was improved significantly by this new cantilever heating strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Somnath
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials and the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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4
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Kalinin SV, Strelcov E, Belianinov A, Somnath S, Vasudevan RK, Lingerfelt EJ, Archibald RK, Chen C, Proksch R, Laanait N, Jesse S. Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9068-9086. [PMID: 27676453 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have opened the door to nanoscience and nanotechnology by enabling imaging and manipulation of the structure and functionality of matter at nanometer and atomic scales. Here, we analyze the scientific discovery process in SPM by following the information flow from the tip-surface junction, to knowledge adoption by the wider scientific community. We further discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by merging SPM with advanced data mining, visual analytics, and knowledge discovery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaomei Chen
- College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company , Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
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5
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Cheng S, Bocharova V, Belianinov A, Xiong S, Kisliuk A, Somnath S, Holt AP, Ovchinnikova OS, Jesse S, Martin H, Etampawala T, Dadmun M, Sokolov AP. Unraveling the Mechanism of Nanoscale Mechanical Reinforcement in Glassy Polymer Nanocomposites. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3630-3637. [PMID: 27203453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) above the glass transition temperature, Tg, has been extensively studied. However, not much is known about the origin of this effect below Tg. In this Letter, we unravel the mechanism of PNC reinforcement within the glassy state by directly probing nanoscale mechanical properties with atomic force microscopy and macroscopic properties with Brillouin light scattering. Our results unambiguously show that the "glassy" Young's modulus in the interfacial polymer layer of PNCs is two-times higher than in the bulk polymer, which results in significant reinforcement below Tg. We ascribe this phenomenon to a high stretching of the chains within the interfacial layer. Since the interfacial chain packing is essentially temperature independent, these findings provide a new insight into the mechanical reinforcement of PNCs also above Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaomin Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Ievlev AV, Susner MA, McGuire MA, Maksymovych P, Kalinin SV. Quantitative Analysis of the Local Phase Transitions Induced by Laser Heating. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12442-12450. [PMID: 26536387 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional imaging enabled by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) allows investigations of nanoscale material properties under a wide range of external conditions, including temperature. However, a number of shortcomings preclude the use of the most common material heating techniques, thereby limiting precise temperature measurements. Here we discuss an approach to local laser heating on the micron scale and its applicability for SPM. We applied local heating coupled with piezoresponse force microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy for nanoscale investigations of a ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition in the copper indium thiophosphate layered ferroelectric. Bayesian linear unmixing applied to experimental results allowed extraction of the Raman spectra of different material phases and enabled temperature calibration in the heated region. The obtained results enable a systematic approach for studying temperature-dependent material functionalities in heretofore unavailable temperature regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Ievlev
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael A Susner
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael A McGuire
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Petro Maksymovych
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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7
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Yang S, Yan B, Li T, Zhu J, Lu L, Zeng K. In situ studies of lithium-ion diffusion in a lithium-rich thin film cathode by scanning probe microscopy techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22235-42. [PMID: 26242479 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents in situ characterization of lithium-ion diffusion at nano- to micro-meter scales in a Li-rich layered oxide thin film cathode under external bias by using Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques. The local variations of the diffusion coefficient are calculated and visualized from the ESM images. The results indicate that the Li-ion movement is closely correlated with the changes in the surface topography when the Li-rich cathode is subjected to an external bias. Furthermore, bias-induced Li-ion redistribution is partially reversible. Topography evolution due to Li-ion diffusion and relaxation behaviour are observed. The results from this in situ study provide the insight into the Li-ion diffusion mechanism in the cathode material and pave the way for studying the details of the diffusion-related phenomenon in Li-ion battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore.
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8
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Belianinov A, Vasudevan R, Strelcov E, Steed C, Yang SM, Tselev A, Jesse S, Biegalski M, Shipman G, Symons C, Borisevich A, Archibald R, Kalinin S. Big data and deep data in scanning and electron microscopies: deriving functionality from multidimensional data sets. ADVANCED STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL IMAGING 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27547705 PMCID: PMC4977326 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-015-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of electron and scanning probe microscopies in the second half of the twentieth century has produced spectacular images of the internal structure and composition of matter with nanometer, molecular, and atomic resolution. Largely, this progress was enabled by computer-assisted methods of microscope operation, data acquisition, and analysis. Advances in imaging technology in the beginning of the twenty-first century have opened the proverbial floodgates on the availability of high-veracity information on structure and functionality. From the hardware perspective, high-resolution imaging methods now routinely resolve atomic positions with approximately picometer precision, allowing for quantitative measurements of individual bond lengths and angles. Similarly, functional imaging often leads to multidimensional data sets containing partial or full information on properties of interest, acquired as a function of multiple parameters (time, temperature, or other external stimuli). Here, we review several recent applications of the big and deep data analysis methods to visualize, compress, and translate this multidimensional structural and functional data into physically and chemically relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chad Steed
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sang Mo Yang
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-747 South Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 South Korea
| | - Alexander Tselev
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Michael Biegalski
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Galen Shipman
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Christopher Symons
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Albina Borisevich
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rick Archibald
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sergei Kalinin
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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9
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Fischinger TJ, Laher M, Hild S. An Evaluation of Local Thermal Analysis of Polymers on the Sub-Micrometer Scale Using Heated Scanning Probe Microscopy Cantilevers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5570-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4092859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Laher
- Department
for Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sabine Hild
- Department
for Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
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10
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Jesse S, Vasudevan R, Collins L, Strelcov E, Okatan M, Belianinov A, Baddorf A, Proksch R, Kalinin S. Band Excitation in Scanning Probe Microscopy: Recognition and Functional Imaging. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:519-36. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - R.K. Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - L. Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - E. Strelcov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - M.B. Okatan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - A. Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - A.P. Baddorf
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - R. Proksch
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117
| | - S.V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
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11
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Seong M, Somnath S, Kim HJ, King WP. Parallel nanoimaging using an array of 30 heated microcantilevers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel nanoimaging using an array of 30 heated AFM cantilevers is reported. The measurement speed and area are increased over standard AFM by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoon Seong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Suhas Somnath
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Hoe Joon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - William P. King
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
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12
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Ovchinnikova OS, Kjoller K, Hurst GB, Pelletier DA, Van Berkel GJ. Atomic force microscope controlled topographical imaging and proximal probe thermal desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Chem 2013; 86:1083-90. [PMID: 24377265 DOI: 10.1021/ac4026576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a hybrid atmospheric pressure atomic force microscopy/mass spectrometry imaging system utilizing nanothermal analysis probes for thermal desorption surface sampling with subsequent atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass analysis. The basic instrumental setup and the general operation of the system were discussed, and optimized performance metrics were presented. The ability to correlate topographic images of a surface with atomic force microscopy and a mass spectral chemical image of the same surface, utilizing the same probe without moving the sample from the system, was demonstrated. Co-registered mass spectral chemical images and atomic force microscopy topographical images were obtained from inked patterns on paper as well as from a living bacterial colony on an agar gel. Spatial resolution of the topography images based on pixel size (0.2 μm × 0.8 μm) was better than the resolution of the mass spectral images (2.5 μm × 2.0 μm), which were limited by current mass spectral data acquisition rate and system detection levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131
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13
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Nikiforov MP, Darling SB. Concurrent quantitative conductivity and mechanical properties measurements of organic photovoltaic materials using AFM. J Vis Exp 2013:50293. [PMID: 23380988 DOI: 10.3791/50293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC(61)BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC(61)BM blend separates onto PC(61)BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC(61)BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.
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14
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Balke N, Kalnaus S, Dudney NJ, Daniel C, Jesse S, Kalinin SV. Local detection of activation energy for ionic transport in lithium cobalt oxide. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3399-3403. [PMID: 22681455 DOI: 10.1021/nl300219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Local activation energy for ionic diffusion is probed on the nanometer level in LiCoO(2) thin films using variable temperature electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM). The high spatial resolution of ESM allows one to extract information about ionic activation energies on the level of individual grains and grain facets, thus bridging the lengths scales of atomistic calculations and traditional macroscopic experiments. A series of control experiments have been performed and possible signal generating mechanisms are discussed to explain the temperature-dependent ESM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.
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15
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Lee B, King WP. 2-ω and 3-ω temperature measurement of a heated microcantilever. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:074902. [PMID: 22852713 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes temperature measurement of a heated atomic force microscope cantilever using the 2ω and 3ω harmonics of the cantilever temperature signal. When the cantilever is periodically heated, large temperature oscillations lead to large changes in the cantilever electrical resistance and also lead to nonconstant temperature coefficient of resistance. We model the cantilever heating to account for these sources of nonlinearity, and compare models with experiment. When the heating voltage amplitude is 17.9 V over the driving frequency range 10 Hz-34 kHz, the cantilever temperature oscillation is between 5 °C and 200 °C. Over this range, the corrected 2ω method predicts cantilever temperature to within 16% and the corrected 3ω method predicts the cantilever temperature within 3%. We show a general method for predicting the periodic cantilever temperature, sources of errors, and corrections for these errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Quacquarelli FP, Woolley RAJ, Humphry M, Chauhan J, Moriarty PJ, Cadby A. Combining nanoscale manipulation with macroscale relocation of single quantum dots. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:324-328. [PMID: 22563529 PMCID: PMC3343268 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have controllably positioned, with nanometre precision, single CdSe quantum dots referenced to a registration template such that the location of a given nanoparticle on a macroscopic (≈1 cm(2)) sample surface can be repeatedly revisited. The atomically flat sapphire substrate we use is particularly suited to optical measurements of the isolated quantum dots, enabling combined manipulation-spectroscopy experiments on a single particle. Automated nanoparticle manipulation and imaging routines have been developed so as to facilitate the rapid assembly of specific nanoparticle arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Quacquarelli
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Hicks Building, The University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Richard A J Woolley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Martin Humphry
- Phase Focus Limited, The Kroto Innovation Centre, The University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Jasbiner Chauhan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Philip J Moriarty
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ashley Cadby
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Hicks Building, The University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7RH, UK
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17
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Kareem AU, Solares SD. Characterization of surface stiffness and probe-sample dissipation using the band excitation method of atomic force microscopy: a numerical analysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:015706. [PMID: 22155951 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/1/015706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently Jesse and co-workers introduced the band excitation atomic force microscopy (BE-AFM) method (Jesse et al 2007 Nanotechnology 18 435503), in which the cantilever probe is excited in a continuum frequency band in order to measure its response at all frequencies in the band. Analysis of the cantilever response using the damped harmonic oscillator model provides information on the stiffness and level of dissipation at the tip-sample junction as the sample is scanned. Since its introduction, this method has been used in magnetic, electromechanical, thermal and molecular unfolding applications, among others, and has given rise to a new family of scanning probe microscopy techniques. Additionally, the concept is applicable to any field in which measurement of the frequency response of harmonic oscillators is relevant. In this paper we present an analytical and numerical analysis of the excitation signals used in BE-AFM, as well as of the cantilever response under different conditions. Our analysis is performed within the context of viscoelastic characterization. We discuss subtleties in the cantilever dynamics, provide guidelines for implementing the method effectively and illustrate the use of simulation in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam U Kareem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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18
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Arruda TM, Kumar A, Kalinin SV, Jesse S. Mapping irreversible electrochemical processes on the nanoscale: ionic phenomena in li ion conductive glass ceramics. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4161-7. [PMID: 21863801 DOI: 10.1021/nl202039v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A scanning probe microscopy approach for mapping local irreversible electrochemical processes based on detection of bias-induced frequency shifts of cantilevers in contact with the electrochemically active surface is demonstrated. Using Li ion conductive glass ceramic as a model, we demonstrate near unity transference numbers for ionic transport and establish detection limits for current-based and strain-based detection. The tip-induced electrochemical process is shown to be a first-order transformation and nucleation potential is close to the Li-metal reduction potential. Spatial variability of the nucleation bias is explored and linked to the local phase composition. These studies both provide insight into nanoscale ionic phenomena in practical Li-ion electrolyte and also open pathways for probing irreversible electrochemical, bias-induced, and thermal transformations in nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Arruda
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37922, United States
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Ovchinnikova OS, Nikiforov MP, Bradshaw JA, Jesse S, Van Berkel GJ. Combined atomic force microscope-based topographical imaging and nanometer-scale resolved proximal probe thermal desorption/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5526-31. [PMID: 21639403 DOI: 10.1021/nn200939e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer- scale proximal probe thermal desorption/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD/ESI-MS) was demonstrated for molecular surface sampling of caffeine from a thin film using a 30 nm diameter nanothermal analysis (nano-TA) probe tip in an atomic force microscope (AFM) coupled via a vapor transfer line and ESI interface to a MS detection platform. Using a probe temperature of 350 °C and a spot sampling time of 30 s, conical desorption craters 250 nm in diameter and 100 nm deep were created as shown through subsequent topographical imaging of the surface within the same system. Automated sampling of a 5 × 2 array of spots, with 2 μm spacing between spots, and real time selective detection of the desorbed caffeine using tandem mass spectrometry was also demonstrated. Estimated from the crater volume (∼2 × 10(6) nm(3)), only about 10 amol (2 fg) of caffeine was liberated from each thermal desorption crater in the thin film. These results illustrate a relatively simple experimental setup and means to acquire in an automated fashion submicrometer scale spatial sampling resolution and mass spectral detection of materials amenable to TD. The ability to achieve MS-based chemical imaging with 250 nm scale spatial resolution with this system is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, USA
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Kalinin SV, Balke N. Local electrochemical functionality in energy storage materials and devices by scanning probe microscopies: status and perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:E193-E209. [PMID: 20730814 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage and conversion systems are an integral component of emerging green technologies, including mobile electronic devices, automotive, and storage components of solar and wind energy economics. Despite the rapidly expanding manufacturing capabilities and wealth of phenomenological information on the macroscopic device behaviors, the microscopic mechanisms underpinning battery and fuel cell operations in the nanometer-micrometer range are virtually unknown. This lack of information is due to the dearth of experimental techniques capable of addressing elementary mechanisms involved in battery operation, including electronic and ion transport, vacancy injection, and interfacial reactions, on the nanometer scale. In this article, a brief overview of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods addressing nanoscale electrochemical functionalities is provided and compared with macroscopic electrochemical methods. Future applications of emergent SPM methods, including near field optical, electromechanical, microwave, and thermal probes and combined SPM-(S)TEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) methods in energy storage and conversion materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Nikiforov MP, Gam S, Jesse S, Composto RJ, Kalinin SV. Morphology Mapping of Phase-Separated Polymer Films Using Nanothermal Analysis. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Nikiforov
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - S. Gam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S. Jesse
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - R. J. Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S. V. Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901S 14th Street, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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