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Foster D, Larsen J. Polymeric Metal Contrast Agents for T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1224-1242. [PMID: 36753685 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging plays an integral role in diagnostics and treatment monitoring for conditions affecting the brain; enhanced brain imaging capabilities will improve upon both while increasing the general understanding of how the brain works. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred modality for brain imaging. Commercially available contrast agents, which are often required to render readable brain images, have considerable toxicity concerns. In recent years, much progress has been made in developing new contrast agents based on the magnetic features of gadolinium, iron, or magnesium. Nanotechnological approaches for these systems allow for the protected integration of potentially harmful metals with added benefits like reduced dosage and improved transport. Polymeric enhancement of each design further improves biocompatibility while allowing for specific brain targeting. This review outlines research on polymeric nanomedicine designs for T1-weighted contrast agents that have been evaluated for performance in the brain.
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Scialla S, Genicio N, Brito B, Florek-Wojciechowska M, Stasiuk GJ, Kruk D, Bañobre-López M, Gallo J. Insights into the Effect of Magnetic Confinement on the Performance of Magnetic Nanocomposites in Magnetic Hyperthermia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:16462-16474. [PMID: 36569339 PMCID: PMC9778729 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and lipid matrices enables the integration of imaging, drug delivery, and therapy functionalities into smart theranostic nanocomposites. SPION confinement creates new interactions primarily among the embedded SPIONs and then between the nanocomposites and the surroundings. Understanding the parameters that rule these interactions in real interacting (nano)systems still represents a challenge, making it difficult to predict or even explain the final (magnetic) behavior of such systems. Herein, a systematic study focused on the performance of a magnetic nanocomposite as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and magnetic hyperthermia (MH) effector is presented. The effect of stabilizing agents and magnetic loading on the final physicochemical and, more importantly, functional properties (i.e., blocking temperature, specific absorption rate, relaxivity) was studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scialla
- Advanced
(Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuria Genicio
- Advanced
(Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Brito
- Advanced
(Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, Strand, LondonSE1 7EH, U.K.
- School
of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, U.K.
| | - Malgorzata Florek-Wojciechowska
- Department
of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, Strand, LondonSE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department
of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced
(Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced
(Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
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Substituted Poly(Vinylphosphonate) Coatings of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Clusters. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8080079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles and clusters of nanoparticles have been of Increasing scientific interest in the past decades. In order to prepare nanoparticles and clusters that are stable in suspension, different coatings have been used. Phosphates and phosphonates are a preferred anchoring group for the coating of magnetite nanomaterials. However, poly(vinylphosphonates) have rarely been used as a coating agent for any nanoparticles. Here, poly(methylvinylphosphonate) and other substituted polyvinylphosphonates are described as new coatings for magnetite nanoparticles and clusters. They show great stability in aqueous suspension. This is also the first time phosphonate-coated magnetite clusters have been synthesized in a one-pot polyol reaction. The coated magnetite nanoparticles and clusters have been characterized by TEM, EDX, FTIR, magnetization measurement, XRD as well as XPS. It has been shown that substituted vinylphosphonates can be easily synthesized in one-step procedures and as a polymeric coating can imbue important properties such as stability in suspension, tight binding to the particle surface, the ability to be further functionalized or to tightly adsorb metal ions. For the synthesis of magnetite clusters the cluster formation, polymerization and coating are done in a one-pot reaction and the resulting magnetite clusters show a higher amount of phosphonate coating than with a three-step procedure including a ligand exchange.
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4
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Dadfar SMR, Pourmahdian S, Tehranchi MM, Dadfar SM. Design and fabrication of novel core-shell nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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The ε-AlxFe2-xO3 nanomagnets as MRI contrast agents: Factors influencing transverse relaxivity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Allen SP, Steeves T, Fergusson A, Moore D, Davis RM, Vlaisialjevich E, Meyer CH. Novel acoustic coupling bath using magnetite nanoparticles for MR-guided transcranial focused ultrasound surgery. Med Phys 2019; 46:5444-5453. [PMID: 31605643 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acoustic coupling baths, nominally composed of degassed water, play important roles during transcranial focused ultrasound surgery. However, this large water bolus also degrades the quality of intraoperative magnetic resonance (MR) guidance imaging. In this study, we test the feasibility of using dilute, aqueous magnetite nanoparticle suspensions to suppress these image degradations while preserving acoustic compatibility. We examine the effects of these suspensions on metrics of image quality and acoustic compatibility for two types of transcranial focused ultrasound insonation regimes: low-duty cycle histotripsy procedures and high-duty cycle thermal ablation procedures. METHODS Magnetic resonance guidance imaging was used to monitor thermal ablations of in vitro gel targets using a coupling bath composed of various concentrations of aqueous, suspended, magnetite nanoparticles in a clinical transcranial transducer under stationary and flowing conditions. Thermal deposition was monitored using MR thermometry simultaneous to insonation. Then, using normal degassed water as a coupling bath, various concentrations of aqueous, suspended, magnetite nanoparticles were placed at the center of this same transducer and insonated using high-duty cycle pulsing parameters. Passive cavitation detectors recorded cavitation emissions, which were then used to estimate the relative number of cavitation events per insonation (cavitation duty cycle) and the cavitation dose estimates of each nanoparticle concentration. Finally, the nanoparticle mixtures were exposed to low-duty cycle, histotripsy pulses. Passive cavitation detectors monitored cavitation emissions, which were used to estimate cavitation threshold pressures. RESULTS The nanoparticles reduced the MR signal of the coupling bath by 90% in T2- and T2*-weighted images and also removed almost all imaging artifacts caused by coupling bath motion. The coupling baths caused <5% changes in peak temperature change achieved during sonication, as observed via MR thermometry. At low duty cycle insonations, the nanoparticles decreased the cavitation threshold pressure by about 15 ± 7% in a manner uncorrelated with nanoparticle concentration. At high duty cycle insonations, the 0.5 cavitation duty cycle acoustic power threshold varied linearly with nanoparticle concentration. CONCLUSIONS Dilute aqueous magnetite nanoparticle suspensions effectively reduced MR imaging artifacts caused by the acoustic coupling bath. They also attenuated acoustic power deposition by <5%. For low duty cycle insonation regimes, the nanoparticles decreased the cavitation threshold by 15 ± 7%. However, for high-duty cycle regimes, the nanoparticles decreased the threshold for cavitation in proportion to nanoparticle concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tom Steeves
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Austin Fergusson
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Dave Moore
- The Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richey M Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisialjevich
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Craig H Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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7
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Torkashvand N, Sarlak N. Fabrication of a dual T1 and T2 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging using cellulose nanocrystals/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mohamed MA, Mohamed AEMA, Abd-Elsalam KA. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Plant Protection: Promises and Risks. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019:225-246. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16439-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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9
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Fresnais J, Ma Q, Thai L, Porion P, Levitz P, Rollet AL. NMR relaxivity of coated and non-coated size-sorted maghemite nanoparticles. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1527410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fresnais
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - QianQian Ma
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Linda Thai
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Porion
- CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces, Confinement, Matériaux et Nanostructures (ICMN), Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Pierre Levitz
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rollet
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Vuong QL, Gillis P, Roch A, Gossuin Y. Magnetic resonance relaxation induced by superparamagnetic particles used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging: a theoretical review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9. [PMID: 28398013 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and allow, for example, the detection of tumors or the tracking of stem cells in vivo. By producing magnetic inhomogeneities, they influence the nuclear magnetic relaxation times, which results in a darkening, on the image, of the region containing these particles. A great number of studies have been devoted to their magnetic properties, to their synthesis and to their influence on nuclear magnetic relaxation. The theoretical and fundamental understanding of the behavior of these particles is a necessary step in predicting their efficiency as contrast agents, or to be able to experimentally obtain some of their properties from a nuclear magnetic resonance measurement. Many relaxation models have been published, and choosing one of them is not always easy, many parameters and conditions have to be taken into account. Relaxation induced by superparamagnetic particles is generally attributed to an outersphere relaxation mechanism. Each model can only be used under specific conditions (motional averaging regime, static regime, high magnetic field, etc.) or for a particular sequence (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill, spin echo, free-induction decay, nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profile, etc.). The parameters included in the equations must be carefully interpreted. In some more complex conditions, simulations are necessary to be able to predict the relaxation rates. A good agreement is usually observed between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results, although some data still cannot be fully understood, such as the dependence of the transverse relaxation on the magnetic field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1468. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1468 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Roch
- Faculty of Medicine, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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11
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Vishwasrao HM, Master AM, Seo YG, Liu XM, Pothayee N, Zhou Z, Yuan D, Boska MD, Bronich TK, Davis RM, Riffle JS, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone-Targeted Cisplatin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoclusters for Simultaneous MR Imaging and Chemotherapy of Ovarian Cancer. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:3024-3040. [PMID: 37405207 PMCID: PMC10317193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the superior soft tissue contrasts obtained by MRI and the long residence times of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in soft tissues, MNP-based theranostic systems are being developed for simultaneous imaging and treatment. However, development of such theranostic nanoformulations presents significant challenges of balancing the therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities in order to achieve optimum effect from both. Here we developed a simple theranostic nanoformulation based on magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) stabilized by a bisphosphonate-modified poly(glutamic acid)-b-(ethylene glycol) block copolymer and complexed with cisplatin. The MNCs were decorated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) to target LHRH receptors (LHRHr) overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells. The targeted MNCs significantly improved the uptake of the drug in cancer cells and decreased its IC50 compared to the nontargeted formulations. Also, the enhanced LHRHr-mediated uptake of the targeted MNCs resulted in enhancement in the T2-weighted negative contrast in cellular phantom gels. Taken together, the LHRH-conjugated MNCs show good potential as ovarian cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant M. Vishwasrao
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alyssa M. Master
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Youn Gee Seo
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xinming M. Liu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Nikorn Pothayee
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Tatiana K. Bronich
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Richey M. Davis
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Judy S. Riffle
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Recent advances in biosensing using magnetic glyconanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1783-803. [PMID: 26282487 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this critical review we discuss the most recent advances in the field of biosensing applications of magnetic glyconanoparticles. We first give an overview of the main synthetic routes to obtain magnetic-nanoparticle-carbohydrate conjugates and then we highlight their most promising applications for magnetic relaxation switching sensing, cell and pathogen detection, cell targeting and magnetic resonance imaging. We end with a critical perspective of the field, identifying the main challenges to be overcome, but also the areas where the most promising developments are likely to happen in the coming decades.
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Ebert S, Bannwarth MB, Musyanovych A, Landfester K, Münnemann K. How morphology influences relaxivity - comparative study of superparamagnetic iron oxide-polymer hybrid nanostructures. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:456-64. [PMID: 26153149 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) are widely used in MRI as T2 contrast agents, and interest is still growing. Here, the T2 relaxivity of three different SPIO-polymer hybrid morphologies, i.e. homogeneously distributed iron oxide within a polymer matrix, Janus-like nanoparticles and polymer nanocapsules containing iron oxides, is studied. Making use of calculations based on theory for agglomerated systems, the obtained T2 values could be predicted for all different morphologies, except for nanocapsules. Nanocapsules, in contrast to full spheres, allow for water exchange between encapsulated water and bulk water, and thus have two contributions to relaxivity. One originates from the capsules acting as a weakly magnetized cluster and the other stems from the individual SPIOs inside the capsule. Therefore, the relaxivities were also computed using an empirical equation found in the literature, which considers water exchange, resulting in a better T2 forecast for the nanocapsules. The presented study is the first example of a comparison between measured and calculated relaxivities of nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Ebert
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus B Bannwarth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Basuki JS, Jacquemin A, Esser L, Li Y, Boyer C, Davis TP. A block copolymer-stabilized co-precipitation approach to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for potential use as MRI contrast agents. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01778h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A library of magnetic nanoparticles was generated usingin situco-precipitation of ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) ions from aqueous solutions in the presence of functional block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan S. Basuki
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandre Jacquemin
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars Esser
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yang Li
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
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15
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Basuki JS, Esser L, Duong HTT, Zhang Q, Wilson P, Whittaker MR, Haddleton DM, Boyer C, Davis TP. Magnetic nanoparticles with diblock glycopolymer shells give lectin concentration-dependent MRI signals and selective cell uptake. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Basuki JS, Duong HTT, Macmillan A, Erlich RB, Esser L, Akerfeldt MC, Whan RM, Kavallaris M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to monitor theranostic nanoparticle uptake and intracellular doxorubicin release. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10175-10189. [PMID: 24131276 DOI: 10.1021/nn404407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with excellent colloidal stability in both water and serum, imparted by carefully designed grafted polymer shells. The polymer shells were built with attached aldehyde functionality to enable the reversible attachment of doxorubicin (DOX) via imine bonds, providing a controlled release mechanism for DOX in acidic environments. The IONPs were shown to be readily taken up by cell lines (MCF-7 breast cancer cells and H1299 lung cancer cells), and intracellular release of DOX was proven using in vitro fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements. Using the fluorescence lifetime difference exhibited by native DOX (~1 ns) compared to conjugated DOX (~4.6 ns), the intracellular release of conjugated DOX was in situ monitored in H1299 and was estimated using phasor plot representation, showing a clear increase of native DOX with time. The results obtained from FLIM were corroborated using confocal microscopy, clearly showing DOX accumulation in the nuclei. The IONPs were also assessed as MRI negative contrast agents. We observed a significant change in the transverse relaxivity properties of the IONPs, going from 220 to 390 mM(-1) s(-1), in the presence or absence of conjugated DOX. This dependence of MRI signal on IONP-DOX/water interactions may be exploited in future theranostic applications. The in vitro studies were then extended to monitor cell uptake of the DOX loaded IONPs (IONP@P(HBA)-b-P(OEGA) + DOX) into two 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCS) grown from two independent cell lines (MCF-7 and H1299) using multiphoton excitation microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan S Basuki
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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17
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Issa B, Obaidat IM, Albiss BA, Haik Y. Magnetic nanoparticles: surface effects and properties related to biomedicine applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21266-305. [PMID: 24232575 PMCID: PMC3856004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to finite size effects, such as the high surface-to-volume ratio and different crystal structures, magnetic nanoparticles are found to exhibit interesting and considerably different magnetic properties than those found in their corresponding bulk materials. These nanoparticles can be synthesized in several ways (e.g., chemical and physical) with controllable sizes enabling their comparison to biological organisms from cells (10–100 μm), viruses, genes, down to proteins (3–50 nm). The optimization of the nanoparticles’ size, size distribution, agglomeration, coating, and shapes along with their unique magnetic properties prompted the application of nanoparticles of this type in diverse fields. Biomedicine is one of these fields where intensive research is currently being conducted. In this review, we will discuss the magnetic properties of nanoparticles which are directly related to their applications in biomedicine. We will focus mainly on surface effects and ferrite nanoparticles, and on one diagnostic application of magnetic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Issa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +971-3-713-6316; Fax: +971-3-713-6944
| | - Ihab M. Obaidat
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE; E-Mail:
| | - Borhan A. Albiss
- Superconductivity & Magnetic Measurements Laboratory, Physics Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; E-Mail:
| | - Yousef Haik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE; E-Mail:
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nanobioscience 203, Eberhart Building University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Basuki JS, Esser L, Zetterlund PB, Whittaker MR, Boyer C, Davis TP. Grafting of P(OEGA) Onto Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Cu(0) Mediated Polymerization: Comparing Grafting “from” and “to” Approaches in the Search for the Optimal Material Design of Nanoparticle MRI Contrast Agents. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401250f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Esser
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Michael R. Whittaker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Thomas P. Davis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Nardi T, Sangermano M, Leterrier Y, Allia P, Tiberto P, Månson JAE. UV-cured transparent magnetic polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Issa B, Obaidat IM, Hejasee RH, Qadri S, Haik Y. NMR relaxation in systems with magnetic nanoparticles: a temperature study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 39:648-55. [PMID: 23720101 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure and model nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation enhancement due to the presence of gadolinium (Gd)-substituted Zn-Mn ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) at different temperatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relaxation rates were measured at 1.5 T using fast spin echo (FSE) sequences in samples of agarose gel doped with uncoated and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated Mn0.5 Zn0.5 Gd0.02 Fe1.98 O4 nanoparticles over the temperature range 8-58°C. Physical characterization of the MNPs synthesized using chemical coprecipitation included scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and magnetometry. RESULTS Relaxivity (in s(-1) mM(-1) Fe) for the uncoated and coated particles, respectively, increased as follows: from 2.5 to 3.2 and 0.4 to 0.7 for T1, while for T2 it increased from 162.3 to 253.7 and 59.7 to 82.2 over the temperature range 8-58°C. T2 data were fitted to the echo limited motional regime using one fitting parameter that reflects the degree of agglomeration of particles into a cluster. This parameter was found to increase linearly with temperature and was larger for the PEG-coated particles than the uncoated ones. CONCLUSION The increase of 1/T2 with temperature is modeled successfully using echo limited motional regime where both diffusion of the protons and nanoparticle cluster size increase with temperature. Both transverse and longitudinal relaxation efficiencies are reduced by PEG coating at all temperatures. If prediction of relaxation rates under different particle concentrations and operating temperatures is possible then the use of MNP in temperature monitoring and hyperthermia applications may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Issa
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE; Centre of Research Excellence in Nanobioscience 203, University of North Carolina, Greensboro North Carolina, USA
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Hurley KR, Lin YS, Zhang J, Egger SM, Haynes CL. Effects of Mesoporous Silica Coating and Post-Synthetic Treatment on the Transverse Relaxivity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013; 25:1968-1978. [PMID: 23814377 PMCID: PMC3694606 DOI: 10.1021/cm400711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles have the capacity to load and deliver therapeutic cargo and incorporate imaging modalities, making them prominent candidates for theranostic devices. One of the most widespread imaging agents utilized in this and other theranostic platforms is nanoscale superparamagnetic iron oxide. Although several core-shell magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles presented in the literature have provided high T2 contrast in vitro and in vivo, there is ambiguity surrounding which parameters lead to enhanced contrast. Additionally, there is a need to understand the behavior of these imaging agents over time in biologically relevant environments. Herein, we present a systematic analysis of how the transverse relaxivity (r2) of magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles is influenced by nanoparticle diameter, iron oxide nanoparticle core synthesis, and the use of a hydrothermal treatment. This work demonstrates that samples which did not undergo a hydrothermal treatment experienced a drop in r2 (75% of original r2 within 8 days of water storage), while samples with hydrothermal treatment maintained roughly the same r2 for over 30 days in water. Our results suggest that iron oxide oxidation is the cause of the r2 loss, and this oxidation can be prevented both during synthesis and storage by the use of deoxygenated conditions during nanoparticle synthesis. The hydrothermal treatment also provides colloidal stability, even in acidic and highly salted solutions, and a resistance against acid degradation of the iron oxide nanoparticle core. The results of this study show the promise of multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles but will also likely inspire further investigation into multiples types of theranostic devices, taking into consideration their behavior over time and in relevant biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hurley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yu-Shen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 Sixth Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sam M. Egger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Corresponding Author: ; Website: http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/haynes/; Fax: +1 612-626- 7541; Tel: +1 612-626-1096
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Saville SL, Woodward RC, House MJ, Tokarev A, Hammers J, Qi B, Shaw J, Saunders M, Varsani RR, St Pierre TG, Mefford OT. The effect of magnetically induced linear aggregates on proton transverse relaxation rates of aqueous suspensions of polymer coated magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2152-63. [PMID: 23389324 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr32979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently reported that for some suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles the transverse proton relaxation rate, R(2), is dependent on the time that the sample is exposed to an applied magnetic field. This time dependence has been linked to the formation of linear aggregates or chains in an applied magnetic field via numerical modeling. It is widely known that chain formation occurs in more concentrated ferrofluids systems and that this has an affect on the ferrofluid properties. In this work we examine the relationships between colloidal stability, the formation of these linear structures, and changes observed in the proton transverse relaxation rate of aqueous suspensions of magnetic particles. A series of iron oxide nanoparticles with varying stabilizing ligand brush lengths were synthesized. These systems were characterized with dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, dark-field optical microscopy, and proton transverse relaxation rate measurements. The dark field optical microscopy and R(2) measurements were made in similar magnetic fields over the same time scale so as to correlate the reduction of the transverse relaxivity with the formation of linear aggregates. Our results indicate that varying the ligand length has a direct effect on the colloidal arrangement of the system in a magnetic field, producing differences in the rate and size of chain formation, and hence systematic changes in transverse relaxation rates over time. With increasing ligand brush length, attractive inter-particle interactions are reduced, which results in slower aggregate formation and shorter linear aggregate length. These results have implications for the stabilization, characterization and potentially the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticle systems used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Saville
- Clemson University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, 91 Technology Dr., Anderson, SC 29625, USA
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Ragheb RRT, Kim D, Bandyopadhyay A, Chahboune H, Bulutoglu B, Ezaldein H, Criscione JM, Fahmy TM. Induced clustered nanoconfinement of superparamagnetic iron oxide in biodegradable nanoparticles enhances transverse relaxivity for targeted theranostics. Magn Reson Med 2013; 70:1748-60. [PMID: 23401099 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combined therapeutic and diagnostic agents, "theranostics" are emerging valuable tools for noninvasive imaging and drug delivery. Here, we report on a solid biodegradable multifunctional nanoparticle that combines both features. METHODS Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles were engineered to confine superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast for magnetic resonance imaging while enabling controlled drug delivery and targeting to specific cells. To achieve this dual modality, fatty acids were used as anchors for surface ligands and for encapsulated iron oxide in the polymer matrix. RESULTS We demonstrate that fatty acid modified iron oxide prolonged retention of the contrast agent in the polymer matrix during degradative release of drug. Antibody-fatty acid surface modification facilitated cellular targeting and subsequent internalization in cells while inducing clustering of encapsulated fatty-acid modified superparamagnetic iron oxide during particle formulation. This induced clustered confinement led to an aggregation within the nanoparticle and, hence, higher transverse relaxivity, r2 , (294 mM(-1) s(-1) ) compared with nanoparticles without fatty-acid ligands (160 mM(-1) s(-1) ) and higher than commercially available superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (89 mM(-1) s(-1) ). CONCLUSION Clustering of superparamagnetic iron oxide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) did not affect the controlled release of encapsulated drugs such as methotrexate or clodronate and their subsequent pharmacological activity, thus highlighting the full theranostic capability of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragy R T Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Pothayee N, Balasubramaniam S, Pothayee N, Jain N, Hu N, Lin Y, Davis RM, Sriranganathan N, Koretsky AP, Riffle JS. Magnetic Nanoclusters with Hydrophilic Spacing for Dual Drug Delivery and Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1142-1149. [PMID: 25328679 PMCID: PMC4199085 DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Block Ionomer Clusters (MBIClusters) with hydrophilic ionic cores and nonionic coronas have been prepared that have ultrahigh transverse NMR relaxivities together with capacities for incorporating high concentrations of polar antibiotic payloads. Magnetite-polymer nanoparticles were assembled by adsorbing the polyacrylate block of an aminofunctional poly(ethylene oxide-b-acrylate) (H2N-PEO-b-PAA) copolymer onto magnetite nanoparticles. The PEO blocks extended into aqueous media to keep the nanoparticles dispersed. Amines at the tips of the H2N-PEO corona were then linked through reaction with a PEO diacrylate oligomer to yield MBIClusters where the metal oxide in the precursor nanoparticles were distinctly separated by the hydrophilic polymer. The intensity average spacing between the magnetite nanoparticles within the clusters was estimated to be ~50 nm. These MBIClusters with hydrophilic intra-cluster space had transverse relaxivities (r2's) that increased from 190 to 604 s-1 mM Fe-1 measured at 1.4 T and 37 °C as their average sizes increased. The clusters were loaded with up to ~38 wt% of the multi-cationic drug gentamicin. MRI scans focused on the livers of mice demonstrated that these MBIClusters are sensitive contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipon Pothayee
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Nikorn Pothayee
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neeta Jain
- VA-MD School of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Nan Hu
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Yinnian Lin
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Richey M. Davis
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Alan P. Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - J. S. Riffle
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Taylor RM, Sillerud LO. Paclitaxel-loaded iron platinum stealth immunomicelles are potent MRI imaging agents that prevent prostate cancer growth in a PSMA-dependent manner. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4341-52. [PMID: 22915856 PMCID: PMC3419513 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and methods: Problems with the clinical management of prostate cancer include the lack of both specific detection and efficient therapeutic intervention. We report the encapsulation of superparamagnetic iron platinum nanoparticles (SIPPs) and paclitaxel in a mixture of polyethyleneglycolated, fluorescent, and biotin-functionalized phospholipids to create multifunctional SIPP-PTX micelles (SPMs) that were conjugated to an antibody against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) for the specific targeting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and treatment of human prostate cancer xenografts in mice. Results: SPMs were 45.4 ± 24.9 nm in diameter and composed of 160.7 ± 22.9 μg/mL iron, 247.0 ± 33.4 μg/mL platinum, and 702.6 ± 206.0 μg/mL paclitaxel. Drug release measurements showed that, at 37°C, half of the paclitaxel was released in 30.2 hours in serum and two times faster in saline. Binding assays suggested that PSMA-targeted SPMs specifically bound to C4-2 human prostate cancer cells in vitro and released paclitaxel into the cells. In vitro, paclitaxel was 2.2 and 1.6 times more cytotoxic than SPMs to C4-2 cells at 24 and 48 hours of incubation, respectively. After 72 hours of incubation, paclitaxel and SPMs were equally cytotoxic. SPMs had MRI transverse relaxivities of 389 ± 15.5 Hz/mM iron, and SIPP micelles with and without drug caused MRI contrast enhancement in vivo. Conclusion: Only PSMA-targeted SPMs and paclitaxel significantly prevented growth of C4-2 prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, mice injected with PSMA-targeted SPMs showed significantly more paclitaxel and platinum in tumors, compared with nontargeted SPM-injected and paclitaxel-injected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Wiogo HTR, Lim M, Bulmus V, Gutiérrez L, Woodward RC, Amal R. Insight into serum protein interactions with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in biological media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4346-4356. [PMID: 22313424 DOI: 10.1021/la204740t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification with linear polymethacrylic acid (20 kDa), linear and branched polyethylenimine (25 kDa), and branched oligoethylenimine (800 Da) is commonly used to improve the function of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in many biomedical applications. These polymers were shown herein to have different adsorption capacity and anticipated conformations on the surface of MNPs due to differences in their functional groups, architectures, and molecular weight. This in turn affects the interaction of MNPs surfaces with biological serum proteins (fetal bovine serum). MNPs coated with 25 kDa branched polyethylenimine were found to attract the highest amount of serum protein while MNPs coated with 20 kDa linear polymethacrylic acid adsorbed the least. The type and amount of protein adsorbed, and the surface conformation of the polymer was shown to affect the size stability of the MNPs in a model biological media (RPMI-1640). A moderate reduction in r(2) relaxivity was also observed for MNPs suspended in RPMI-1640 containing serum protein compared to the same particles suspended in water. However, the relaxivities following protein adsorption are still relatively high making the use of these polymer-coated MNPs as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents feasible. This work shows that through judicious selection of functionalization polymers and elucidation of the factors governing the stabilization mechanism, the design of nanoparticles for applications in biologically relevant conditions can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda T R Wiogo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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