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Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring of heavy metal ion detection. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are known to cause severe damages to the human body and ecological environment. And considering the current alarming situation, it is crucial to develop a rapid, sensitive, robust, economical and convenient method for their detection. Screen printed electrochemical technology contributes greatly to this task, and has achieved global attention. It enabled the mass transmission rate and demonstrated ability to control the chemical nature of the measure media. Besides, the technique offers advantages like linear output, quick response, high selectivity, sensitivity and stability along with low power requirement and high signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the performance of SPEs has been improved employing the most effective and promising method of the incorporation of different nanomaterials into SPEs. Especially, in electrochemical sensors, the incorporation of nanomaterials has gained extensive attention for HMIs detection as it exhibits outstanding features like broad electrochemical window, large surface area, high conductivity, selectivity and stability. The present review focuses on the recent progress in the field of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for HMIs detection using nanomaterials. Different fabrication methods of SPEs and their utilization for real sample analysis of HMIs using various nanomaterials have been extensively discussed. Additionally, advancement made in this field is also discussed taking help of the recent literature.
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Printing Technologies as an Emerging Approach in Gas Sensors: Survey of Literature. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093473. [PMID: 35591162 PMCID: PMC9102873 DOI: 10.3390/s22093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we review printing technologies which are commonly approbated at recent time in the course of fabricating gas sensors and multisensor arrays, mainly of chemiresistive type. The most important characteristics of the receptor materials, which need to be addressed in order to achieve a high efficiency of chemisensor devices, are considered. The printing technologies are comparatively analyzed with regard to, (i) the rheological properties of the employed inks representing both reagent solutions or organometallic precursors and disperse systems, (ii) the printing speed and resolution, and (iii) the thickness of the formed coatings to highlight benefits and drawbacks of the methods. Particular attention is given to protocols suitable for manufacturing single miniature devices with unique characteristics under a large-scale production of gas sensors where the receptor materials could be rather quickly tuned to modify their geometry and morphology. We address the most convenient approaches to the rapid printing single-crystal multisensor arrays at lab-on-chip paradigm with sufficiently high resolution, employing receptor layers with various chemical composition which could replace in nearest future the single-sensor units for advancing a selectivity.
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Ahmed I, Shuai Y, Rafique M, Mahar MA, Larik AS. Tailoring spintronic and opto-electronic characteristics of bilayer AlN through MnO x clusters intercalation; an ab initio study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15167-15176. [PMID: 35424022 PMCID: PMC8698386 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adopting ab initio density functional theory (DFT) technique, the spintronic and opto-electronic characteristics of MnO x (i.e., Mn, MnO, MnO2, MnO3 and MnO4) clusters intercalated bilayer AlN (BL/AlN) systems are investigated in this paper. In terms of electron transfer, charge transfer occurs from BL/AlN to the MnO x clusters. MnO x clusters intercalation induces magnetic behavior in the non-magnetic AlN system. The splitting of electronic bands occurs, thus producing spintronic trends in the electronic structure of BL/AlN system. Further, MnO x intercalation converts insulating BL/AlN to a half metal/semiconductor material during spin up/down bands depending upon the type of impurity cluster present in its lattice. For instance, Mn, MnO and MnO2 intercalation in BL/AlN produces a half metallic BL/AlN system as surface states are available at the Fermi Energy (E F) level for spin up and down band channels, accordingly. Whereas, MnO3 and MnO4 intercalation produces a conducting BL/AlN system having a 0.5 eV and 0.6 eV band gap during the spin down band channel, respectively. During spin up band channels these systems behave as semiconductors with band gaps of 1.4 eV and 1.2 eV, respectively. In terms of optical characteristics (i.e., absorption coefficient, reflectivity and energy loss spectrum (ELS)), it was found that MnO x intercalation improves the absorption spectrum in the low electron energy range and absorption peaks are observed in the 0-3 eV energy range, which are not present in the absorption spectrum of pure BL/AlN. The static reflectivity parameter of BL/AlN is increased after MnO x intercalation and the ELS parameter obtains significant peak intensities in the 0-2 eV energy range, whereas for pure BL/AlN, ELS contains negligible value in this energy range. Outcomes of this study indicate that, MnO x clusters intercalation in BL/AlN is a suitable technique to tailor its spintronic and opto-electronic trends. Thus, experimental investigation can be carried out on the systems discussed in this work, so as to fabricate practical layered AlN systems that are functional in the field of nano-technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmed
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs' Pakistan
| | - Yong Shuai
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 PR China
| | - Muhammad Rafique
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs' Pakistan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 PR China
| | - Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs' Pakistan
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar Larik
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs' Pakistan
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan
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Al-Mohaimeed AM, A. Al-Onazi W, El-Tohamy MF. Utility of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Catalytic Activity in the Electrochemical Determination of Minocycline Hydrochloride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2505. [PMID: 33126425 PMCID: PMC7694109 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work described the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and their electrocatalytic activity in the determination of minocycline hydrochloride (MCL). The unique features of metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide encourage the researchers to investigate the activity of metal oxide nanoparticles as remarkable semiconductor materials active in the electrochemical sensing determination. Herein, the suggested study displayed a comparative determination of minocycline hydrochloride using two conventional and modified ZnONPs-coated wire sensors. The recorded results showed the linear behavior of the enriched ZnONPs sensor over the 1.0 × 10-10-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 with respect to 1.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 for the conventional sensor. The two sensors are working in the pH range of 3-5 with regression equations EmV = (53.2 ± 0.5) log [MCL] + 448.8 and EmV = (58.7 ± 0.2) log [MCL] + 617.76 for conventional and enriched ZnONPs, respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.9995 and 0.9998 for the previously mentioned sensors, respectively. The validity of the suggested analytical method was evaluated according to the recommended guidelines for methodology and drug analysis. The developed sensors were also used in the quantification of MCL in commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.A.-O.); (M.F.E.-T.)
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Wang L, Zhang W, Samavat S, Deganello D, Teng KS. Vertically Aligned Graphene Prepared by Photonic Annealing for Ultrasensitive Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35328-35336. [PMID: 32657575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene exhibits excellent physical, electronic, and chemical properties that are highly desirable for biosensing applications. However, most graphene biosensors are based on graphene lying flat on a substrate and therefore do not utilize its maximum specific surface area for ultrasensitive detection. Herein, we report the novel use of photonic annealing on a flexographically printed graphene-ethyl cellulose composite to produce vertically aligned graphene (VAG) biosensors for ultrasensitive detection of algal toxins in drinking water. These VAG structures, which maximized the specific surface area of graphene, were formed by partial removal of the polymeric binder upon applying intense pulsed light on the printed graphene. A label-free and low-cost VAG biosensor based on a non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was fabricated. The biosensor exhibited a limit of detection of 1.2 ng/L for microcystin-LR in local tap water. Such an ultrasensitive VAG biosensor is suitable for low-cost mass production using an integrated roll-to-roll flexographic printing with rapid photonic annealing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Wang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Siamak Samavat
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Davide Deganello
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Kar Seng Teng
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
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Abstract
Solution-based printing approaches permit digital designs to be converted into physical objects by depositing materials in a layer-by-layer additive fashion from microscale to nanoscale resolution. The extraordinary adaptability of this technology to different inks and substrates has received substantial interest in the recent literature. In such a context, this review specifically focuses on the realization of inks for the deposition of ZnO, a well-known wide bandgap semiconductor inorganic material showing an impressive number of applications in electronic, optoelectronic, and piezoelectric devices. Herein, we present an updated review of the latest advancements on the ink formulations and printing techniques for ZnO-based nanocrystalline inks, as well as of the major applications which have been demonstrated. The most relevant ink-processing conditions so far explored will be correlated with the resulting film morphologies, showing the possibility to tune the ZnO ink composition to achieve facile, versatile, and scalable fabrication of devices of different natures.
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Nomura KI, Horii Y, Kanazawa S, Kusaka Y, Ushijima H. Fabrication of a Textile-Based Wearable Blood Leakage Sensor Using Screen-Offset Printing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E240. [PMID: 29342966 PMCID: PMC5795519 DOI: 10.3390/s18010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We fabricate a wearable blood leakage sensor on a cotton textile by combining two newly developed techniques. First, we employ a screen-offset printing technique that avoids blurring, short circuiting between adjacent conductive patterns, and electrode fracturing to form an interdigitated electrode structure for the sensor on a textile. Furthermore, we develop a scheme to distinguish blood from other substances by utilizing the specific dielectric dispersion of blood observed in the sub-megahertz frequency range. The sensor can detect blood volumes as low as 15 μL, which is significantly lower than those of commercially available products (which can detect approximately 1 mL of blood) and comparable to a recently reported value of approximately 10 μL. In this study, we merge two technologies to develop a more practical skin-friendly sensor that can be applied for safe, stress-free blood leakage monitoring during hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Horii
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Shusuke Kanazawa
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kusaka
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Hirobumi Ushijima
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
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Israr-Qadir M, Jamil-Rana S, Nur O, Willander M. Zinc Oxide-Based Self-Powered Potentiometric Chemical Sensors for Biomolecules and Metal Ions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1645. [PMID: 28753916 PMCID: PMC5539625 DOI: 10.3390/s17071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the miniaturization and portability of the chemical sensing devices have always been hindered by the external power supply problem, which has focused new interest in the fabrication of self-powered sensing devices for disease diagnosis and the monitoring of analytes. This review describes the fabrication of ZnO nanomaterial-based sensors synthesized on different conducting substrates for extracellular detection, and the use of a sharp borosilicate glass capillary (diameter, d = 700 nm) to grow ZnO nanostructures for intracellular detection purposes in individual human and frog cells. The electrocatalytic activity and fast electron transfer properties of the ZnO materials provide the necessary energy to operate as well as a quick sensing device output response, where the role of the nanomorphology utilized for the fabrication of the sensor is crucial for the production of the operational energy. Simplicity, design, cost, sensitivity, selectivity and a quick and stable response are the most important features of a reliable sensor for routine applications. The review details the extra- and intra-cellular applications of the biosensors for the detection and monitoring of different metallic ions present in biological matrices, along with the biomolecules glucose and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Israr-Qadir
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Sadaf Jamil-Rana
- Department of Physics, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan.
| | - Omer Nur
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Willander
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
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Barnett CJ, Castaing A, Jones DR, Lewis AR, Jenkins LJ, Cobley RJ, Maffeis TGG. XPS investigation of titanium contact formation to ZnO nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:085301. [PMID: 28045379 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ti is often used to form an initial Ohmic interface between ZnO and Au due to its low work function, and the TiO2/ZnO heterojunction is also of great importance for many practical applications of nanoparticles. Here, Ti has been controllably deposited onto hydrothermally grown ZnO nanowires and the formation of metal-semiconductor contact has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. XPS results showed that that the Ti initially reacts with surface oxygen species to form TiO2, and further deposition results in the formation of oxides with oxidation state numbers lower than four, and eventually metallic Ti on top of the TiO2. The formation of TiC was also observed. XPS showed that the onset of metallic Ti coincided with a Zn 3p core level shift to lower binding energy, indicating upwards band bending and the formation of a rectifying contact. Annealing caused a near-complete conversion of the metallic Ti to TiO2 and caused the Zn 3p to shift back to its original higher binding energy, resulting in downwards band bending and a more Ohmic contact. PL measurements showed that the optical properties of the nanowires are not affected by the contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Barnett
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Assaifan AK, Lloyd JS, Samavat S, Deganello D, Stanton RJ, Teng KS. Nanotextured Surface on Flexographic Printed ZnO Thin Films for Low-Cost Non-Faradaic Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33802-33810. [PMID: 27960397 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the formation of a nanotextured surface is reported on flexographic printed zinc oxide thin films which provide an excellent platform for low-cost, highly sensitive biosensing applications. The ability to produce nanotextured surfaces using a high-throughput, roll-to-roll production method directly from precursor ink without any complicated processes is commercially attractive for biosensors that are suitable for large-scale screening of diseases at low cost. The zinc oxide thin film was formed by printing a zinc acetate precursor ink solution and annealing at 300 °C. An intricate nanotexturing of the film surface was achieved through 150 °C drying process between multiple prints. These surface nanostructures were found to be in the range of 100 to 700 nm in length with a width of 58 ± 18 nm and a height of between 20 and 60 nm. Such structures significantly increase the surface area to volume ratio of the biosensing material, which is essential to high sensitivity detection of diseases. Nonfaradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to detect the pp65-antigen of the human cytomegalovirus using the printed device, which has a low limit of detection of 5 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Stanton
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Tomašegović T, Poljaček SM, Leskovac M. UVA and UVC modification of photo polymeric surface and application for flexographic deposition of thin coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tomašegović
- Department for Graphic Materials and Printing Plates; University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts; Getaldićeva 2 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
| | - Sanja Mahović Poljaček
- Department for Graphic Materials and Printing Plates; University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts; Getaldićeva 2 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
| | - Mirela Leskovac
- Department of Surface Engineering of Polymer Materials; University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Trg Marka Marulića 19 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
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Lloyd JS, Fung CM, Alvim EJ, Deganello D, Teng KS. UV photodecomposition of zinc acetate for the growth of ZnO nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:265303. [PMID: 26062896 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/26/265303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The thermal annealing of zinc precursors to form suitable seed layers for the growth of ZnO nanowires is common. However, the process is relatively long and involves high temperatures which limit substrate choice. In this study the use of a low temperature, ultra-violet (UV) exposure is demonstrated for photodecomposition of zinc acetate precursors to form suitable seed layers. Comparisons are made between ZnO nanowire growth performed on seed layers produced through thermal annealing and exposure to UV. The dependence of growth density and nanowire diameter on UV exposure time is investigated. Growth quality is confirmed with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and x-ray diffraction analyses. The chemical composition of the exposed layers is investigated with EDX and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is utilized to investigate morphological changes with respect to UV exposure. The diameter and density of the resultant growth was found to be strongly dependent on the UV exposure time. UV exposure times of only 25-30 s led to maximum density of growth and minimum diameter, significantly faster than thermal annealing. EDX, XPS and AFM analyses of the seed layers confirmed decomposition of the zinc precursor and morphological changes which influenced the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lloyd
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Tricot F, Vocanson F, Chaussy D, Beneventi D, Party M, Destouches N. Flexible photochromic Ag:TiO2 thin films fabricated by ink-jet and flexography printing processes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Printing techniques compatible with industrial production are successfully used to fabricate photochromic Ag:TiO2 thin films on a plastic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Tricot
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - F. Vocanson
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - D. Chaussy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - D. Beneventi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - M. Party
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - N. Destouches
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
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