1
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Dual usage of a stage-specific fluorescent reporter system based on a helper-dependent adenoviral vector to visualize osteogenic differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9705. [PMID: 31273280 PMCID: PMC6609771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a reporter system that can be used in a dual manner in visualizing mature osteoblast formation. The system is based on a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAdV), in which a fluorescent protein, Venus, is expressed under the control of the 19-kb human osteocalcin (OC) genomic locus. By infecting human and murine primary osteoblast (POB) cultures with this reporter vector, the cells forming bone-like nodules were specifically visualized by the reporter. In addition, the same vector was utilized to efficiently knock-in the reporter into the endogenous OC gene of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), by homologous recombination. Neural crest-like cells (NCLCs) derived from the knock-in reporter iPSCs were differentiated into osteoblasts forming bone-like nodules and could be visualized by the expression of the fluorescent reporter. Living mature osteoblasts were then isolated from the murine mixed POB culture by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and their mRNA expression profile was analyzed. Our study presents unique utility of reporter HDAdVs in stem cell biology and related applications.
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2
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Morró M, Teichenne J, Jimenez V, Kratzer R, Marletta S, Maggioni L, Mallol C, Ruberte J, Kochanek S, Bosch F, Ayuso E. Pancreatic transduction by helper-dependent adenoviral vectors via intraductal delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 25:824-36. [PMID: 25046147 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic gene transfer could be useful to treat several diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatic cancer. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAds) are promising tools for gene therapy because of their large cloning capacity, high levels of transgene expression, and long-term persistence in immunocompetent animals. Nevertheless, the ability of HDAds to transduce the pancreas in vivo has not been investigated yet. Here, we have generated HDAds carrying pancreas-specific expression cassettes, that is, driven either by the elastase or insulin promoter, using a novel and convenient plasmid family and homologous recombination in bacteria. These HDAds were delivered to the pancreas of immunocompetent mice via intrapancreatic duct injection. HDAds, encoding a CMV-GFP reporter cassette, were able to transduce acinar and islet cells, but transgene expression was lost 15 days postinjection in correlation with severe lymphocytic infiltration. When HDAds encoding GFP under the control of the specific elastase promoter were used, expression was detected in acinar cells, but similarly, the expression almost disappeared 30 days postinjection and lymphocytic infiltration was also observed. In contrast, long-term transgene expression (>8 months) was achieved with HDAds carrying the insulin promoter and the secretable alkaline phosphatase as the reporter gene. Notably, transduction of the liver, the preferred target for adenovirus, was minimal by this route of delivery. These data indicate that HDAds could be used for pancreatic gene therapy but that selection of the expression cassette is of critical importance to achieve long-term expression of the transgene in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Morró
- 1 Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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3
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Cicchetti F, Barker RA. The glial response to intracerebrally delivered therapies for neurodegenerative disorders: is this a critical issue? Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:139. [PMID: 25071571 PMCID: PMC4090753 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glial cells in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) is now well established (as is discussed in other reviews in this special issue of Frontiers in Neuropharmacology). What is less clear is whether there are changes in these same cells in terms of their behavior and function in response to invasive experimental therapeutic interventions for these diseases. This has, and will continue to become more of an issue as we enter a new era of novel treatments which require the agent to be directly placed/infused into the CNS such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), cell transplants, gene therapies and growth factor infusions. To date, all of these treatments have produced variable outcomes and the reasons for this have been widely debated but the host astrocytic and/or microglial response induced by such invasively delivered agents has not been discussed in any detail. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the limited published data on this, in particular we discuss the small number of human post-mortem studies reported in this field. By so doing, we hope to provide a better description and understanding of the extent and nature of both the astrocytic and microglial response, which in turn could lead to modifications in the way these therapeutic interventions are delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec Québec, QC, Canada ; Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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4
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism to inhibit the expression of gene products in a highly specific manner. In recent years, RNAi has become the cornerstone of gene function studies, shortening the otherwise long process of target identification and validation. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) therapies are being developed for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. Despite its huge potential for gene silencing, a hurdle to safe and effective RNAi is the activation of innate immune responses. Induction of innate immunity is dose- and sequence-dependent, and is also influenced by target tissue and delivery vehicle. Research on the molecular mechanisms mediating this response is helping to improve the design of the RNAi molecules. Nevertheless, appropriate testing for the presence of this undesired effect is needed prior to making conclusions on the outcome of the silencing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Morral
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Diabetes Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors are devoid of all viral coding sequences, possess a large cloning capacity, and can efficiently transduce a wide variety of cell types from various species independent of the cell cycle to mediate long-term transgene expression without chronic toxicity. These non-integrating vectors hold tremendous potential for a variety of gene transfer and gene therapy applications. Here, we review the production technologies, applications, obstacles to clinical translation and their potential resolutions, and the future challenges and unanswered questions regarding this promising gene transfer technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
| | - Francesco Vetrini
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
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6
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Vetrini F, Ng P. Gene therapy with helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: current advances and future perspectives. Viruses 2010; 2:1886-1917. [PMID: 21994713 PMCID: PMC3186006 DOI: 10.3390/v2091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adenoviral vectors represent one of the best gene transfer platforms due to their ability to efficiently transduce a wide range of quiescent and proliferating cell types from various tissues and species. The activation of an adaptive immune response against the transduced cells is one of the major drawbacks of first generation Adenovirus vectors and has been overcome by the latest generation of recombinant Adenovirus, the Helper-Dependent Adenoviral (HDAd) vectors. HDAds have innovative features including the complete absence of viral coding sequences and the ability to mediate high level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review summarizes the many aspects of HDAd biology and structure with a major focus on in vivo gene therapy application and with an emphasis on the unsolved issues that these vectors still presents toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Ng
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +1 7137984158; E-Mail:
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7
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Abstract
Ocular neovascularization, the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, is a factor shared by the most common blinding diseases in developed countries. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent antiangiogenic and neuroprotective protein that is normally produced in the eye. When delivered via an adenovector, PEDF can block the growth of new blood vessels and trigger the selective regression of abnormal vessels in animal models of ocular disease. Because of the absence of adenoviral genes, high-capacity (HC) adenovectors offer the potential for persistent transgene expression and enhanced tolerability. We have assessed the durability of PEDF expression and the induction of ocular inflammation following delivery of a PEDF-expressing HC adenovector compared to earlier generation vectors. The HC vector mediated prolonged PEDF expression in tissue-cultured pigmented epithelial cells and when delivered by intravitreal injection into the mouse eye. Delivery of first-generation adenovectors resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cytokine/chemokine gene expression, which correlated with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the eye. In comparison, the levels of inflammatory gene expression and the intraocular infiltrate were substantially reduced following delivery of the HC vector. These results support the development of the HC adenovector gene delivery system for ocular disease.
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8
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Huang B, Schiefer J, Sass C, Landwehrmeyer GB, Kosinski CM, Kochanek S. High-Capacity Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Reduction of Huntingtin Aggregate Load In Vitro and In Vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:303-11. [PMID: 17472569 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin (htt) gene. Emergence and progression of HD depend on continuous expression of mutant Huntingtin protein (Htt). Therefore, blocking expression of mutant Htt might be a promising therapeutic strategy. We generated a high-capacity adenoviral (HC-Ad) vector expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to exon 1 of the htt gene. In vitro, this vector efficiently inhibited Htt expression in neuronal and nonneuronal cell lines. In addition, the number of Htt-immunoreactive (IR) aggregates, a hallmark of HD pathology, was significantly reduced after gene transfer with this vector. Importantly, the attenuation of aggregate formation by shRNA was observed in vivo after stereotaxic injection into the striatum of mouse models of HD. The vector was tested in two models: the R6/2 transgenic mouse model and a mouse model based on the local injection of an adenoviral vector expressing a truncated version of mutant Htt. In both models an efficient reduction in mutant Htt aggregate load measured by decreased Htt-IR aggregate formation was observed. Our results support the further development of shRNA for HD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Division of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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9
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Sato N, Shimamura M, Takeuchi D, Kurinami H, Ogihara T, Morishita R. Gene therapy for ischemic brain disease with special reference to vascular dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2007.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Osten P, Grinevich V, Cetin A. Viral vectors: a wide range of choices and high levels of service. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:177-202. [PMID: 17203656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35109-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites with simple DNA or RNA genomes. Virus life revolves around three steps: infection of a host cell, replication of its genome within the host cell environment, and formation of new virions; this process is often but not always associated with pathogenic effects against the host organism. Since the mid-1980s, the main goal of viral vectorology has been to develop recombinant viral vectors for long-term gene delivery to mammalian cells, with minimal associated toxicity. Today, several viral vector systems are close to achieving this aim, providing stable transgenic expression in many different cell types and tissues. Here we review application characteristics of four vector systems, derived from adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses and herpes simplex virus-1, for in vivo gene delivery. We discuss the transfer capacity of the expression vectors, the stability of their transgenic expression, the tropism of the recombinant viruses, the likelihood of induction of immunotoxicity, and the ease (or difficulty) of the virus production. In the end, we discuss applications of these vectors for delivery of three molecular systems for conditional mutagenesis, two for inducible transcriptional control of transgenic expression (the tet and the dimerizer systems), and the third one for inducible control of endogenous gene expression based on RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Osten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Ayuso E, Chillón M, García F, Agudo J, Andaluz A, Carretero A, Monfar M, Moya M, Montané J, Otaegui PJ, Bosch F. In vivo Gene Transfer to Healthy and Diabetic Canine Pancreas. Mol Ther 2006; 13:747-55. [PMID: 16330257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy may provide new treatments for severe pancreatic disorders. However, gene transfer to the pancreas is difficult because of its anatomic location and structure, and pancreatitis is a serious concern. Like the human pancreas, the canine pancreas is compact, with similar vascularization and lobular structure. It is therefore a suitable model in which to assess gene transfer strategies. Here we examined the ability of adenoviral vectors to transfer genes into the pancreas of dogs in which pancreatic circulation had been clamped. Adenoviruses carrying the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal vein and the clamp was released 10 min later. These dogs showed beta-gal-positive cells throughout the pancreas, with no evidence of pancreatic damage. beta-Gal was expressed mainly in acinar cells, but also in ducts and islets. Moreover, transduction was prominent in connective tissue of the lobe septa. beta-Gal expression in the exocrine pancreas of a diabetic dog was also found to be similar to that observed in healthy dogs. Thus, efficient gene transfer to canine pancreas in vivo may be achieved by adenovirus injection after clamping pancreatic circulation. This technique may be used to assay new gene therapy approaches for diabetes mellitus and other pancreatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ayuso
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Gene therapy. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Harui A, Roth MD, Kiertscher SM, Mitani K, Basak SK. Vaccination with helper-dependent adenovirus enhances the generation of transgene-specific CTL. Gene Ther 2005; 11:1617-26. [PMID: 15295617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviral vectors (AdV) have been used experimentally as vaccines to present antigenic transgenes in vivo. However, administration of first-generation vectors (FG-AdV) is often limited by their induction of antiviral immunity. To address this limitation, helper-dependent vectors (HD-AdV) were developed that lack viral coding regions. While the administration of HD-AdV results in long-term gene expression in vivo, their utility as immunogens has never been examined. Direct vaccination with 10(8) blue-forming units (BFU) of HD-AdV injected into C57BL/6 mice lead to superior transgene-specific CTL and antibody responses when compared to the same amount of a FG-AdV. The antibody responses to viral antigens were high in response to both the vectors. As a mechanism to reduce viral exposure, dendritic cells (DC) were transduced with HD-AdV in vitro and then used as a cell-based vaccine. DC transduced with HD-AdV expressed higher levels of transgene-specific mRNA and up to 1200-fold higher levels of transgene protein than did DC transduced with a FG-AdV. In addition, HD-AdV-transduced DC stimulated superior transgene-specific CTL responses when administered in vivo, an effect that was further enhanced by maturing the DC with LPS prior to administration. In contrast to direct immunization with HD-AdV, vaccination with HD-AdV-transduced DC was associated with limited antibody responses against the AdV. We conclude that HD-AdV stimulates superior transgene-specific immune responses when compared to a FG-AdV, and that immunization with a DC-based vaccine maintains this efficacy while limiting antiviral reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harui
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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14
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Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors possess a number of characteristics that make them attractive gene therapy vectors. These vectors are completely devoid of viral coding sequences and are able to mediate high-efficiency transduction in vivo to direct sustain high-level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review focuses on advances in helper-dependent adenoviral vector technology, selected examples of in vivo studies of particular interest, and the issue of vector-mediated acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Lin T, Gu J, Zhang L, Davis JJ, Huang X, Cabbini G, Ji L, Fang B. Enhancing adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo by addition of protamine and hydrocortisone. J Gene Med 2004; 5:868-875. [PMID: 14533195 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion of positively charged polymers such as protamine in adenovector formulations has been reported to improve the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, corticosteroids are known to inhibit inflammation and thus might be useful in minimizing vector-related toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the combined effect of protamine sulfate and hydrocortisone on the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Protamine and hydrocortisone at different concentrations were added to adenovector formulations. In vitro transgene expression with or without inclusion of protamine and hydrocortisone was evaluated in the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 and the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. In vivo transgene expression in the mouse lung was determined after aerosolized vector delivery. RESULTS The combination of 2 micro g/ml protamine and 125 ng/ml hydrocortisone significantly increased transgene expression in vitro in all the cell lines tested. Protamine is only effective when it is added to cells before or together with adenovectors, whereas hydrocortisone is effective when it is added to cells before, together with, or after adenovectors. Inclusion of protamine and hydrocortisone also augmented apoptosis induction caused by adenovectors expressing proapoptotic genes in cancer cells. Moreover, protamine and hydrocortisone dramatically enhanced transgene expression in the mouse lung after aerosolized vector delivery. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of protamine and hydrocortisone in adenovector formulations can improve adenovector-mediated gene expression and may be useful for clinical applications of current adenovirus-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Lin
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John J Davis
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Program in Virology and Gene Therapy, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giovanni Cabbini
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Program in Virology and Gene Therapy, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Davies CA, Gollins H, Stevens N, Fotheringham AP, Davies I. The glial cell response to a viral vector in the aged brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 30:30-8. [PMID: 14720174 DOI: 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The normal aged brain undergoes pro-inflammatory changes. We investigated the effect of injecting a potential inflammatory stimulus, an adenoviral vector, on the response of microglia and astroglia in the aged brain. Groups of young (4 months) and old (31 months) male C57BL/Icrfat mice received a unilateral injection into the striatum of adenoviral vector encoding the LacZ gene. After 48 h, the mice were killed and the brains analysed for numbers of activated microglia and macrophages using the biotinylated lectin Griffonia simplicifolia as a marker; astroglia were identified by immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The cell counts were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (anova). Transgene expression was assessed by beta-galactosidase histochemistry. The numbers of activated microglia in the striatum increased in response to the adenovirus in both young [contralateral 19.5 (3.7), ipsilateral 36 (3.0)] and old [contralateral 23.1 (9.6), ipsilateral 40.8 (6.9)] mice (two-way anova; P < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the two age groups. There was a significant age-related increase in the number of GFAP-positive astroglia in the uninjected, contralateral striatum [4 months, 2.5 (1.4); 31 months, 29.7 (9.3)] (two-way anova; P < 0.0001). However, there was no difference in response to the adenovirus in both young [contralateral 2.5 (1.4), ipsilateral 3.2 (1.2)] and old [contralateral 29.7 (9.3), ipsilateral 28.9 (8.2)] mice. We conclude that even though it has been argued that the aged brain is in a pro-inflammatory state, under the experimental conditions used in this study, there was no difference in the nature of the immune response between young and old mice of this strain to an adenoviral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Davies
- University of Manchester, School of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Academic Group and University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Xing L, Tikoo SK. Characterization of cis-acting sequences involved in packaging porcine adenovirus type 311Published as VIDO Journal article no. 340. Virology 2003; 314:650-61. [PMID: 14554092 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Encapsidation of adenovirus DNA involves specific interactions between cis-acting genomic DNA sequences and trans-acting proteins. The cis-acting packaging domain located near the left inverted terminal repeat is composed of a series of redundant but not functionally equivalent motifs. Such motifs are made up of the consensus sequence 5'-TTTGN(8)CG-3' and 5'-TTTG/A-3' in human adenovirus 5 (HAV-5) and canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), respectively. To gain comparative insight into adenovirus encapsidation, we examined the packaging domain of porcine adenovirus-3 (PAV-3). Using deletion mutants, we localized the PAV-3 packaging domain to 319 bp (nt 212 to 531), which contains six cis-acting elements. However, this domain does not contain the consensus motifs identified in HAV-5. In addition, consensus motif found in CAV-2 is present only once in PAV-3. Instead, PAV-3 packaging domain appears to contain AT/GC-rich sequences. The packaging motifs of PAV-3, which are functionally redundant but not equivalent, are located at the left end of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
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18
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Arnhold S, Kreppel F, Kandirali S, Lenartz D, Klinz FJ, Sturm V, Kochanek S, Andressen C, Addicks K. Intracerebral transplantation and successful integration of astrocytes following genetic modification with a high-capacity adenoviral vector. Cell Transplant 2003; 11:663-70. [PMID: 12518893 DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the ability of genetically modified astrocytes to integrate into adult rat brain, two spontaneously immortalized cell lines and the allogenic nontumorigenic glioma cell line F98 were transduced with a high-capacity adenoviral vector (HC-Adv) expressing the EGFP gene from the hCMV promoter. In organotypic slice cultures the transduced astrocytes were shown to integrate into the brain tissue. Following transplantation of the transduced astrocytes into the striatum of adult rats, the transplanted cells survived at least for 6 weeks, continuously expressed the EGFP transgene, in close neighborhood with cells of the recipient tissue executing their differentiation capacity along the glial lineage. Thus, HC-Adv transduced astrocytes are promising vehicles to locally deliver therapeutic proteins for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/transplantation
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed/cytology
- Cell Line, Transformed/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed/transplantation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Size/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transplantation/methods
- Cell Transplantation/trends
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/cytology
- Corpus Striatum/growth & development
- Corpus Striatum/transplantation
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnhold
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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19
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Castro MG, Cowen R, Williamson IK, David A, Jimenez-Dalmaroni MJ, Yuan X, Bigliari A, Williams JC, Hu J, Lowenstein PR. Current and future strategies for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 98:71-108. [PMID: 12667889 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common subtype of primary brain tumor in adults. These tumors are highly invasive, very aggressive, and often infiltrate critical neurological areas within the brain. The mean survival time after diagnosis of GB has remained unchanged during the last few decades, in spite of advances in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and also chemotherapy; patients' survival ranges from 9 to 12 months after initial diagnosis. In the same time frame, with our increasing understanding and knowledge of the physiopathology of several cancers, meaningful advances have been made in the treatment and control of several cancers, such as breast, prostate, and hematopoietic malignancies. Although a number of the genetic lesions present in GB have been elucidated and our understanding of the progressions of this cancer has increased dramatically over the last few years, it has not yet been possible to harness this information towards developing effective cures. In this review, we will focus on the classical ways in which GB is currently being treated, and will introduce a novel therapeutic modality, i.e., gene therapy, which we believe will be used in combination with classical treatment strategies to prolong the life-span of patients and to ultimately be able to control and/or cure these brain tumors. We will discuss the use of several vector systems that are needed to introduce the therapeutic genes within either the tumor mass, if these are not resectable, or the tumor bed, after successful tumor resection. We also discuss different therapeutic modalities that could be exploited using gene therapy, i.e., conditional cytotoxic approach, direct cytotoxicity, immunotherapy, inhibition of angiogenesis, and the use of pro-apoptotic genes. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the current vector systems available to transfer genes into the CNS are also discussed. With the advances in molecular techniques, both towards the elucidation of the physiopathology of GB and the development of novel, more efficient and less toxic vectors to deliver putative therapeutic genes into the CNS, it should be possible to develop new rationale and effective therapeutic approaches to treat this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Research Pavilion, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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20
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Zou L, Yuan X, Long Y, Shine HD, Yang K. Improvement of spatial learning and memory after adenovirus-mediated transfer of the nerve growth factor gene to aged rat brain. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:2173-84. [PMID: 12542848 DOI: 10.1089/104303402320987860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the nerve growth factor gene promotes significant recovery of age-related cholinergic neuronal deficits in aged rats, but the effects of such treatment on cognitive dysfunction remain unclear. Herein we report a beneficial effect of first-generation adenovirus-mediated nerve growth factor gene transfer (AdNGF) on the spatial learning and memory of aged rats. The NGF protein was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cerebrospinal fluid as early as 3 days after gene transfer and was expressed for at least 30 days. Escape latency in the Morris water maze hidden-platform test was significantly improved on day 8 postinoculation in memory-impaired rats treated with AdNGF as well as at later testing intervals. Ultimately, the escape latency values for the AdNGF group become indistinguishable from those for aged rats with normal learning capacity. Immunohistochemical analysis of septal cholinergic neurons for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) showed significant increases in both the number and somal distribution of ChAT-positive cells after inoculation of memory-impaired rats with AdNGF. Improvement in memory performance was positively correlated with increases in both NGF concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.73, p = 0.005) and the number of ChAT-staining cells (r = 0.77, p = 0.0022). We conclude that AdNGF can improve cognitive function in memory-impaired aged rats and, with refinements in vector-driven expression of the transgene, may prove suitable for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Zhou HS, Zhao T, Rao XM, Beaudet AL. Production of helper-dependent adenovirus vector relies on helper virus structure and complementing. J Gene Med 2002; 4:498-509. [PMID: 12221643 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The helper-dependent (HD) adenoviral (Ad) vector relies on a helper virus to provide viral proteins for vector amplification. HD-Ad vectors can significantly increase therapeutic gene expression and improve safety. However, the yield of an HD-Ad vector is generally lower than that of an E1-deleted first-generation vector, likely due to the alterations in viral E3 or packaging regions of a helper virus that attenuate its replication and complementing for an HD-Ad vector. METHODS To study this question and improve HD-Ad vector production, we have generated four different helper viruses with a wild-type or deleted E3 region, and with a relocated loxP. We have also constructed a first-generation vector with a wild-type E3 region and without the loxP site. We compared the replication of these viruses in Cre-positive and -negative cells and studied their complementing for HD-Ad vector production. RESULTS Viruses with deleted E3 formed smaller plaques and produced lower titer compared with viruses containing the E3 region. The site where a loxP is inserted can also affect virus replication. Higher yield of HD-Ad vector was obtained when a helper virus with wild-type E3 was used. We also showed that deletion of the packaging signal in a helper virus through loxP/Cre interaction decreased the viral DNA complementing ability. CONCLUSIONS Although the E3 region is not essential for adenovirus replication in vivo, deletion of this region attenuates virus replication. Production of HD-Ad vector can be further improved by modifications in helper virus structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Sam Zhou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Zou L, Yotnda P, Zhao T, Yuan X, Long Y, Zhou H, Yang K. Reduced inflammatory reactions to the inoculation of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors in traumatically injured rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:959-70. [PMID: 12172381 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200208000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes delayed neuronal deficits that in principle could be prevented by timely intervention with therapeutic genes. However, appropriate vectors for gene transfer to the brain with TBI remain to be developed. First-generation adenoviruses (fgAd) are usually associated with inflammatory and toxic effects when inoculated into brains, despite their high efficiency of gene transfer to these tissues. In this study the authors attempted to determine whether a less immunogenic gene-transfer protocol can be established in the traumatically injured rat brain using helper-dependent adenoviruses (hdAd), a novel adenoviral construct with full deletion of viral coding sequences. Their results show that transgene expression from intrahippocampally inoculated hdAd is maintained for at least 2 months after TBI, in contrast to the much shorter duration of fgAd-mediated gene expression. There was only minimal secretion of proinflammatory IL-1beta and TNF-alpha after inoculation of hdAd. Furthermore, the hdAd-mediated gene expression was associated with less microglial proliferation, astrocytic activation, and macrophage infiltration than observed in fgAd-inoculated brains. There was no additional tissue loss after hdAd inoculation compared with PBS injection. Although both anti-adenoviral and neutralizing antibodies were found in serum after brain inoculation of hdAd, they did not appear to affect transgene expression. The results suggest that hdAd are less immunogenic vectors than conventional adenoviral vectors, and offer improved vehicles for long-term therapeutic transgene transfer to traumatically injured brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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23
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Ng P, Evelegh C, Cummings D, Graham FL. Cre levels limit packaging signal excision efficiency in the Cre/loxP helper-dependent adenoviral vector system. J Virol 2002; 76:4181-9. [PMID: 11932383 PMCID: PMC155107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.9.4181-4189.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent (HD) adenovirus vectors devoid of all viral coding sequences have a large cloning capacity and provide long-term transgene expression in vivo with negligible toxicity, making them attractive vectors for gene therapy. Currently, the most efficient means of producing HD vectors involves coinfecting 293 cells expressing Cre with the HD vector and a helper virus bearing a packaging signal flanked by loxP sites. Cre-mediated packaging signal excision renders the helper virus genome unpackageable but still able to replicate and provide helper functions for HD vector propagation. Typically, helper virus contamination is < or =1% pre- and < or =0.1% postpurification by CsCl banding. While these contamination levels are low, further reduction is desirable. However, this objective has not been realized since the Cre/loxP system was first developed. This lack of progress is due, at least in part, to our lack of understanding of the origins of the contaminating helper virus, thus rendering its reduction or elimination difficult to achieve. This study was designed to investigate the possible sources of contaminating helper virus persisting during HD vector amplification. The results revealed that Cre is limiting in helper virus-infected Cre-expressing 293 cells, thereby permitting helper viruses to escape packaging signal excision and propagate. The results of this study should provide a foundation for developing rational strategies to further reduce or possibly eliminate the contaminating helper virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ng
- Departments of Biology. Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Nanobashvili J, Polterauer P, Prager M, Huk I. Gutless Adenoviral Vectors - Promising Tools for Gene Therapy. Eur Surg 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1563-2563.2002.02033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang W, Low JA, Christensen JB, Imperiale MJ. Role for the adenovirus IVa2 protein in packaging of viral DNA. J Virol 2001; 75:10446-54. [PMID: 11581412 PMCID: PMC114618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10446-10454.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that the adenovirus IVa2 protein binds to the packaging domains on the viral chromosome and interacts with the viral L1 52/55-kDa protein, which is required for viral DNA packaging, there has been no direct evidence demonstrating that the IVa2 protein is involved in DNA packaging. To understand in greater detail the DNA packaging mechanisms of adenovirus, we have asked whether DNA packaging is serotype or subgroup specific. We found that Ad7 (subgroup B), Ad12 (subgroup A), and Ad17 (subgroup D) cannot complement the defect of an Ad5 (subgroup C) mutant, pm8001, which does not package its DNA due to a mutation in the L1 52/55-kDa gene. This indicates that the DNA packaging systems of different serotypes cannot interact productively with Ad5 DNA. Based on this, a chimeric virus containing the Ad7 genome except for the inverted terminal repeats and packaging sequence from Ad5 was constructed. This chimeric virus replicates its DNA and synthesizes Ad7 proteins, but it cannot package its DNA in 293 cells or 293 cells expressing the Ad5 L1 52/55-kDa protein. However, this chimeric virus packages its DNA in 293 cells expressing the Ad5 IVa2 protein. These results indicate that the IVa2 protein plays a role in viral DNA packaging and that its function is serotype specific. Since this chimeric virus cannot package its own DNA, but produces all the components for packaging Ad7 DNA, it may be a more suitable helper virus for the growth of Ad7 gutted vectors for gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gene Therapy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0942, USA
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Zhou H, Zhao T, Pastore L, Nageh M, Zheng W, Rao XM, Beaudet AL. A Cre-expressing cell line and an E1/E2a double-deleted virus for preparation of helper-dependent adenovirus vector. Mol Ther 2001; 3:613-22. [PMID: 11319924 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are attractive for the delivery of transgenes into mammalian cells because of their efficient transduction, high titer, and stability. The major concerns with using E1-deleted adenoviral vectors in gene therapy are the pathogenic potential of the virus backbone and the leaky viral protein synthesis that leads to host immune responses and a short duration of transgene expression. Helper-dependent (HD) adenoviral vectors that are devoid of all viral protein-coding sequences have significantly increased the safety and reduced the immunogenicity of these vectors. Currently available HD vectors depend on an E1-deleted adenovirus as a helper to provide viral proteins in trans. As a consequence, contamination with helper virus cannot be avoided in the HD vector preparation though it can be decreased to 0.01% using a Cre/loxP mechanism. Since the presence of E1-deleted helper virus may have substantial unwanted effects, we have developed a new Cre-expressing cell line based on an E1- and E2a-complementing cell. This new cell line can efficiently cleave the packaging region in the helper virus genome. We have also developed an E1 and E2a double-deleted helper virus. By using the CreE cell with the helper virus deleted in both the E1 and the E2a genes it may be possible to further improve the safety of the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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