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Forenzo C, Larsen J. Bridging clinical radiotherapy and space radiation therapeutics through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered delivery. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:88-103. [PMID: 38631648 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the convergence of clinical radiotherapy and space radiation therapeutics, focusing on ionizing radiation (IR)-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). IR, with high-energy particles, induces precise cellular damage, particularly in cancer treatments. The paper discusses parallels between clinical and space IR, highlighting unique characteristics of high-charge and energy particles in space and potential health risks for astronauts. Emphasizing the parallel occurrence of ROS generation in both clinical and space contexts, the review identifies ROS as a crucial factor with dual roles in cellular responses and potential disease initiation. The analysis covers ROS generation mechanisms, variations, and similarities in terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments leading to innovative ROS-responsive delivery systems adaptable for both clinical and space applications. The paper concludes by discussing applications of personalized ROS-triggered therapeutic approaches and discussing the challenges and prospects of implementing these strategies in clinical radiotherapy and extraterrestrial missions. Overall, it underscores the potential of ROS-targeted delivery for advancing therapeutic strategies in terrestrial clinical settings and space exploration, contributing to human health improvement on Earth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Forenzo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Jessica Larsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA.
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2
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Miao LW, Liu TZ, Sun YH, Cai N, Xuan YY, Wei Z, Cui BB, Jing LL, Ma HP, Xian CJ, Wang JF, Gao YH, Chen KM. Simulated microgravity-induced oxidative stress and loss of osteogenic potential of osteoblasts can be prevented by protection of primary cilia. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2692-2709. [PMID: 37796139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered to be closely related to spaceflight-induced bone loss; however, mechanism is elusive and there are no effective countermeasures. Using cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts exposed to microgravity simulated by a random positioning machine, this study addressed the hypotheses that microgravity-induced shortening of primary cilia leads to oxidative stress and that primary cilium protection prevents oxidative stress and osteogenesis loss. Microgravity was found to induce oxidative stress (as represented by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production, and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes), which was perfectly replicated in osteoblasts growing in NG with abrogated primary cilia (created by transfection of an interfering RNA), suggesting the possibility that shortening of primary cilia leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction (represented by increased mitochondrial ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential) and intracellular Ca2+ overload, and the latter was found to be caused by increased activity of Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), as also evidenced by TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A-elicited Ca2+ influx. Supplementation of HC-067047, a specific antagonist of TRPV4, attenuated microgravity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and osteogenesis loss. Although TRPV4 was found localized in primary cilia and expressed at low levels in NG, microgravity-induced shortening of primary cilia led to increased TRPV4 levels and Ca2+ influx. When primary cilia were protected by miR-129-3p overexpression or supplementation with a natural flavonoid moslosooflavone, microgravity-induced increased TRPV4 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and osteogenesis loss were all prevented. Our data revealed a new mechanism that primary cilia function as a controller for TRPV4 expression. Microgravity-induced injury on primary cilia leads to increased expression and overactive channel of TRPV4, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload and oxidative stress, and primary cilium protection could be an effective countermeasure against microgravity-induced oxidative stress and loss of osteogenic potential of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Wei Miao
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Liu
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hong Sun
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xuan
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Wei
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing-Bing Cui
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ping Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ju-Fang Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Gao
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Cahoon DS, Rabin BM, Fisher DR, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of HZE-Particle Exposure Location and Energy on Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Radiat Res 2023; 200:431-443. [PMID: 37758038 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00041.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts on exploratory missions will be exposed to particle radiation of high energy and charge (HZE particles), which have been shown to produce neurochemical and performance deficits in animal models. Exposure to HZE particles can produce both targeted effects, resulting from direct ionization of atoms along the particle track, and non-targeted effects (NTEs) in cells that are distant from the track, extending the range of potential damage beyond the site of irradiation. While recent work suggests that NTEs are primarily responsible for changes in cognitive function after HZE exposures, the relative contributions of targeted and non-targeted effects to neurochemical changes after HZE exposures are unclear. The present experiment was designed to further explore the role of targeted and non-targeted effects on HZE-induced neurochemical changes (inflammation and oxidative stress) by evaluating the effects of exposure location and particle energy/linear energy transfer (LET). Forty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats received head-only or body-only exposures to 56Fe particles [600 MeV/n (75 cGy) or 1,000 MeV/n (100 cGy)] or 48Ti particles [500 MeV/n (50 cGy) or 1,100 MeV/n (75 cGy)] or no irradiation (0 cGy). Twenty-four h after irradiation, rats were euthanized, and the brain was dissected for analysis of HZE-particle-induced neurochemical changes in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results showed that exposure to 56Fe and 48Ti ions produced changes in measurements of brain inflammation [glial fibrillary astrocyte protein (GFAP)], oxidative stress [NADPH-oxidoreductase-2 (NOX2)] and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)]. However, radiation effects varied depending upon the specific measurement, brain region, and exposure location. Although overall exposures of the head produced more detrimental changes in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress than exposures of the body, body-only exposures also produced changes relative to no irradiation, and the effect of particle energy/LET on neurochemical changes was minimal. Results indicate that both targeted and non-targeted effects are important contributors to neurochemical changes after head-only exposure. However, because there were no consistent neurochemical changes as a function of changes in track structure after head-only exposures, the role of direct effects on neuronal function is uncertain. Therefore, these findings, although in an animal model, suggest that NTEs should be considered in the estimation of risk to the central nervous system (CNS) and development of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Cahoon
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
| | - Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Derek R Fisher
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
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Cheung HC, De Louche C, Komorowski M. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Space Medicine. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023; 94:610-622. [PMID: 37501303 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6178.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:During future interplanetary space missions, a number of health conditions may arise, owing to the hostile environment of space and the myriad of stressors experienced by the crew. When managing these conditions, crews will be required to make accurate, timely clinical decisions at a high level of autonomy, as telecommunication delays and increasing distances restrict real-time support from the ground. On Earth, artificial intelligence (AI) has proven successful in healthcare, augmenting expert clinical decision-making or enhancing medical knowledge where it is lacking. Similarly, deploying AI tools in the context of a space mission could improve crew self-reliance and healthcare delivery.METHODS: We conducted a narrative review to discuss existing AI applications that could improve the prevention, recognition, evaluation, and management of the most mission-critical conditions, including psychological and mental health, acute radiation sickness, surgical emergencies, spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, infections, and cardiovascular deconditioning.RESULTS: Some examples of the applications we identified include AI chatbots designed to prevent and mitigate psychological and mental health conditions, automated medical imaging analysis, and closed-loop systems for hemodynamic optimization. We also discuss at length gaps in current technologies, as well as the key challenges and limitations of developing and deploying AI for space medicine to inform future research and innovation. Indeed, shifts in patient cohorts, space-induced physiological changes, limited size and breadth of space biomedical datasets, and changes in disease characteristics may render the models invalid when transferred from ground settings into space.Cheung HC, De Louche C, Komorowski M. Artificial intelligence applications in space medicine. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(8):610-622.
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Olde Engberink RHG, van Oosten PJ, Weber T, Tabury K, Baatout S, Siew K, Walsh SB, Valenti G, Chouker A, Boutouyrie P, Heer M, Jordan J, Goswami N. The kidney, volume homeostasis and osmoregulation in space: current perspective and knowledge gaps. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 37005397 PMCID: PMC10067832 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years crucial questions regarding kidney physiology, volume regulation and osmoregulation remain unanswered. The complex interactions between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, osmoregulatory responses, glomerular function, tubular function, and environmental factors such as sodium and water intake, motion sickness and ambient temperature make it difficult to establish the exact effect of microgravity and the subsequent fluid shifts and muscle mass loss on these parameters. Unfortunately, not all responses to actual microgravity can be reproduced with head-down tilt bed rest studies, which complicates research on Earth. Better understanding of the effects of microgravity on kidney function, volume regulation and osmoregulation are needed with the advent of long-term deep space missions and planetary surface explorations during which orthostatic intolerance complaints or kidney stone formation can be life-threatening for astronauts. Galactic cosmic radiation may be a new threat to kidney function. In this review, we summarise and highlight the current understandings of the effects of microgravity on kidney function, volume regulation and osmoregulation and discuss knowledge gaps that future studies should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik H G Olde Engberink
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paula J van Oosten
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Weber
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre (EAC), Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Keith Siew
- London Tubular Centre, UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- London Tubular Centre, UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexander Chouker
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Service de Pharmacologie, DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, FR-75015, Paris, France
| | - Martina Heer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Löwi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Joint Cartilage in Long-Duration Spaceflight. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061356. [PMID: 35740378 PMCID: PMC9220015 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current literature available on joint cartilage alterations in long-duration spaceflight. Evidence from spaceflight participants is currently limited to serum biomarker data in only a few astronauts. Findings from analogue model research, such as bed rest studies, as well as data from animal and cell research in real microgravity indicate that unloading and radiation exposure are associated with joint degeneration in terms of cartilage thinning and changes in cartilage composition. It is currently unknown how much the individual cartilage regions in the different joints of the human body will be affected on long-term missions beyond the Low Earth Orbit. Given the fact that, apart from total joint replacement or joint resurfacing, currently no treatment exists for late-stage osteoarthritis, countermeasures might be needed to avoid cartilage damage during long-duration missions. To plan countermeasures, it is important to know if and how joint cartilage and the adjacent structures, such as the subchondral bone, are affected by long-term unloading, reloading, and radiation. The use of countermeasures that put either load and shear, or other stimuli on the joints, shields them from radiation or helps by supporting cartilage physiology, or by removing oxidative stress possibly help to avoid OA in later life following long-duration space missions. There is a high demand for research on the efficacy of such countermeasures to judge their suitability for their implementation in long-duration missions.
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Effects of Concurrent Exposure to Chronic Restraint-Induced Stress and Total-Body Iron Ion Radiation on Induction of Kidney Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094866. [PMID: 35563256 PMCID: PMC9099542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and psychological stress (PS) may affect the development of adverse health consequences in scenarios such as space missions, radiotherapy and nuclear accidents. IR can induce DNA damage and cell apoptosis in the kidneys, thus potentially leading to renal fibrosis, which is the ultimate outcome of various chronic progressive nephropathies and the morphological manifestation of a continuous coordinated response after renal injury. However, little is known regarding the effects of concurrent IR exposure and PS on renal damage, particularly renal fibrosis. In this study, using a chronic restraint-induced PS (CRIPS) model, we exposed Trp53-heterozygous mice to total body irradiation with 0.1 or 2 Gy 56Fe ions on the eighth day of 28 consecutive days of a restraint regimen. At the end of the restraint period, the kidneys were collected. The histopathological changes and the degree of kidney fibrosis were assessed with H&E and Masson staining, respectively. Fibronectin (FN) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), biomarkers of fibrosis, were detected by immunohistochemistry. Analysis of 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was performed with immunofluorescence, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assays were used to detect apoptotic cells. Histopathological observations did not indicate significant structural damage induced by IR or CRIPS + IR. Western blotting revealed that the expression of α-SMA was much higher in the CRIPS + IR groups than the CRIPS groups. However, no differences in the average optical density per area were observed for FN, α-SMA and 8-OHdG between the IR and CRIPS + IR groups. No difference in the induction of apoptosis was observed between the IR and CRIPS + IR groups. These results suggested that exposure to IR (0.1 and 2 Gy 56Fe ions), 28 consecutive days of CRIPS or both did not cause renal fibrosis. Thus, CRIPS did not alter the IR-induced effects on renal damage in Trp53-heterozygous mice in our experimental setup.
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Tesei D, Jewczynko A, Lynch AM, Urbaniak C. Understanding the Complexities and Changes of the Astronaut Microbiome for Successful Long-Duration Space Missions. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040495. [PMID: 35454986 PMCID: PMC9031868 DOI: 10.3390/life12040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During space missions, astronauts are faced with a variety of challenges that are unique to spaceflight and that have been known to cause physiological changes in humans over a period of time. Several of these changes occur at the microbiome level, a complex ensemble of microbial communities residing in various anatomic sites of the human body, with a pivotal role in regulating the health and behavior of the host. The microbiome is essential for day-to-day physiological activities, and alterations in microbiome composition and function have been linked to various human diseases. For these reasons, understanding the impact of spaceflight and space conditions on the microbiome of astronauts is important to assess significant health risks that can emerge during long-term missions and to develop countermeasures. Here, we review various conditions that are caused by long-term space exploration and discuss the role of the microbiome in promoting or ameliorating these conditions, as well as space-related factors that impact microbiome composition. The topics explored pertain to microgravity, radiation, immunity, bone health, cognitive function, gender differences and pharmacomicrobiomics. Connections are made between the trifecta of spaceflight, the host and the microbiome, and the significance of these interactions for successful long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Tesei
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Anna Jewczynko
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Anne M. Lynch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Camilla Urbaniak
- ZIN Technologies Inc., Middleburg Heights, OH 44130, USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mitigation of Iron Irradiation-Induced Genotoxicity and Genomic Instability by Postexposure Dietary Restriction in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2888393. [PMID: 34926683 PMCID: PMC8677402 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2888393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose. Postexposure onset of dietary restriction (DR) is expected to provide therapeutic nutritional approaches to reduce health risk from exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) due to such as manned space exploration, radiotherapy, or nuclear accidents as IR could alleviate radiocarcinogenesis in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study is aimed at investigating the effect from postexposure onset of DR on genotoxicity and genomic instability (GI) induced by total body irradiation (TBI) in mice. Materials and Methods. Mice were exposed to 2.0 Gy of accelerated iron particles with an initial energy of 500 MeV/nucleon and a linear energy transfer (LET) value of about 200 keV/μm. After TBI, mice were either allowed to free access to a standard laboratory chow or treated under DR (25% cut in diet). Using micronucleus frequency (MNF) in bone marrow erythrocytes, induction of acute genotoxicity and GI in the hematopoietic system was, respectively, determined 1 and 2 months after TBI. Results and Conclusions. TBI alone caused a significant increase in MNF while DR alone did not markedly influence the MNF. DR induced a significant decrease in MNF compared to the treatment by TBI alone. Results demonstrated that postexposure onset of DR could relieve the elevated MNF induced by TBI with high-LET iron particles. These findings indicated that reduction in acute genotoxicity and late GI may be at least a part of the mechanisms underlying decreased radiocarcinogenesis by DR.
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Stati G, Passaretta F, Gindraux F, Centurione L, Di Pietro R. The Role of the CREB Protein Family Members and the Related Transcription Factors in Radioresistance Mechanisms. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121437. [PMID: 34947968 PMCID: PMC8706059 DOI: 10.3390/life11121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the framework of space flight, the risk of radiation carcinogenesis is considered a "red" risk due to the high likelihood of occurrence as well as the high potential impact on the quality of life in terms of disease-free survival after space missions. The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is overexpressed both in haematological malignancies and solid tumours and its expression and function are modulated following irradiation. The CREB protein is a transcription factor and member of the CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) family. As such, it has an essential role in a wide range of cell processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the CREB-related nuclear transcription factors, NF-κB and p53 have a relevant role in cell response to ionising radiation. Their expression and function can decide the fate of the cell by choosing between death or survival. The aim of this review was to define the role of the CREB/ATF family members and the related transcription factors in the response to ionising radiation of human haematological malignancies and solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Stati
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (L.C.); (R.D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08713554567
| | - Francesca Passaretta
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (L.C.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Florelle Gindraux
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Imagerie, Thérapeutique EA 4662, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France;
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Traumatologique et Plastique, CHU, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Lucia Centurione
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (L.C.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (L.C.); (R.D.P.)
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Beheshti A, McDonald JT, Hada M, Takahashi A, Mason CE, Mognato M. Genomic Changes Driven by Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Microgravity in Human Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910507. [PMID: 34638848 PMCID: PMC8508777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The space environment consists of a complex mixture of different types of ionizing radiation and altered gravity that represents a threat to humans during space missions. In particular, individual radiation sensitivity is strictly related to the risk of space radiation carcinogenesis. Therefore, in view of future missions to the Moon and Mars, there is an urgent need to estimate as accurately as possible the individual risk from space exposure to improve the safety of space exploration. In this review, we survey the combined effects from the two main physical components of the space environment, ionizing radiation and microgravity, to alter the genetics and epigenetics of human cells, considering both real and simulated space conditions. Data collected from studies on human cells are discussed for their potential use to estimate individual radiation carcinogenesis risk from space exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Correspondence: or (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - J. Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA;
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- The World Quant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maddalena Mognato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: or (A.B.); (M.M.)
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12
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Gao Y, Zheng Y, Sanche L. Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7879. [PMID: 34360644 PMCID: PMC8345953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0-30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Léon Sanche
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie et Centre de Recherche Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
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13
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Majima T, Mizutani S, Mizunami Y, Kitajima K, Tsuchida H, Saito M. Fast-ion-induced secondary ion emission from submicron droplet surfaces studied using a new coincidence technique with forward-scattered projectiles. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Majima
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - S. Mizutani
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Y. Mizunami
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - K. Kitajima
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - H. Tsuchida
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - M. Saito
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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14
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Patel ZS, Brunstetter TJ, Tarver WJ, Whitmire AM, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Huff JL. Red risks for a journey to the red planet: The highest priority human health risks for a mission to Mars. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:33. [PMID: 33298950 PMCID: PMC7645687 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay-boots back on the lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to destinations further away in our solar system, including journeys to the red planet Mars. To ensure success of these missions, health and performance risks associated with the unique hazards of spaceflight must be adequately controlled. These hazards-space radiation, altered gravity fields, isolation and confinement, closed environments, and distance from Earth-are linked with over 30 human health risks as documented by NASA's Human Research Program. The programmatic goal is to develop the tools and technologies to adequately mitigate, control, or accept these risks. The risks ranked as "red" have the highest priority based on both the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact on human health, performance in mission, and long-term quality of life. These include: (1) space radiation health effects of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decrements (2) Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (3) behavioral health and performance decrements, and (4) inadequate food and nutrition. Evaluation of the hazards and risks in terms of the space exposome-the total sum of spaceflight and lifetime exposures and how they relate to genetics and determine the whole-body outcome-will provide a comprehensive picture of risk profiles for individual astronauts. In this review, we provide a primer on these "red" risks for the research community. The aim is to inform the development of studies and projects with high potential for generating both new knowledge and technologies to assist with mitigating multisystem risks to crew health during exploratory missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarana S Patel
- KBR, Houston, TX, USA.
- NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Sara R Zwart
- NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Cahoon DS, Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski DF, Hawkins EM, Cacioppo AM, Rabin BM. Effects of partial- or whole-body exposures to 56Fe particles on brain function and cognitive performance in rats. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:56-63. [PMID: 34756230 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
On exploratory class missions, such as a mission to Mars, astronauts will be exposed to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles). Exposure to HZE particles produces changes in neuronal function and can disrupt cognitive performance. Cells throughout the entire body, not just the brain, will be impacted by these particles. To determine the possible effects that irradiation of the body might have on neuronal function and cognitive performance, rats were given head-only, body-only or whole-body exposures to 56Fe particles. Cognitive performance (novel object recognition, operant responding) was tested in one set of animals; changes in brain function (oxidative stress, neuroinflammation) was tested in a second set of rats. The results indicated that there were no consistent differences in either behavioral or neurochemical endpoints as a function of the location of the irradiation. These results suggest that radiation to the body can impact the brain, therefore it may be necessary to re-evaluate the estimates of the risk of HZE particle-induced changes in neuronal function and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Cahoon
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Donna F Bielinski
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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16
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Giovanetti A, Tortolici F, Rufini S. Why Do the Cosmic Rays Induce Aging? Front Physiol 2020; 11:955. [PMID: 32903447 PMCID: PMC7434975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing duration of space missions involves a progressively higher exposure of astronauts to cosmic rays, whose most hazardous component is made up of High-Atomic number and High-Energy (HZE) ions. HZE ions interact along their tracks with biological molecules inducing changes on living material qualitatively different from that observed after irradiation for therapeutic purposes or following nuclear accidents. HZE ions trigger in cells different responses initialized by DNA damage and mitochondria dysregulation, which cause a prolonged state of sterile inflammation in the tissues. These cellular phenomena may explain why spending time in space was found to cause the onset of a series of diseases normally related to aging. These changes that mimic aging but take place more quickly make space flights also an opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying aging. In this short review, we describe the biological mechanisms underlying cell senescence and aging; the peculiar characteristics of HZE ions, their interaction with living matter and the effects on the organism; the key role of mitochondria in HZE ion-induced health effects and aging-related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giovanetti
- ENEA, Department of Energy and Sustainable Economic, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Tortolici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rufini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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17
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Kumar S, Suman S, Fornace AJ, Datta K. Intestinal stem cells acquire premature senescence and senescence associated secretory phenotype concurrent with persistent DNA damage after heavy ion radiation in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4145-4158. [PMID: 31239406 PMCID: PMC6629005 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heavy ion radiation, prevalent in outer space and relevant for radiotherapy, is densely ionizing and poses risk to stem cells that are key to intestinal homeostasis. Currently, the molecular spectrum of heavy ion radiation-induced perturbations in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), that could trigger intestinal pathologies, remains largely unexplored. The Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT mice were exposed to 50 cGy of iron radiation. Mice were euthanized 60 d after exposure and ISCs were sorted using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide were measured using fluorescent probes. Since DNA damage is linked to senescence and senescent cells acquire senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), we stained ISCs for both senescence markers p16, p21, and p19 as well as SASP markers IL6, IL8, and VEGF. Due to potential positive effects of SASP on proliferation, we also stained for PCNA. Data show increased ROS and ongoing DNA damage, by staining for γH2AX, and 53BP1, along with accumulation of senescence markers. Results also showed increased SASP markers in senescent cells. Collectively, our data suggest that heavy-ion-induced chronic stress and ongoing DNA damage is promoting SASP in a fraction of the ISCs, which has implications for gastrointestinal function, inflammation, and carcinogenesis in astronauts and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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18
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Yushkova E. Genetic mechanisms of formation of radiation-induced instability of the genome and its transgenerational effects in the descendants of chronically irradiated individuals of Drosophila melanogaster. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:221-236. [PMID: 32076810 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the role of intracellular mechanisms in the formation of radiation-induced genetic instability and its transgenerational effect in cells of different tissues of the descendants of Drosophila melanogaster mutant strains whose parents were exposed to chronic radiation (0.42 and 3.5 mGy/h). The level of DNA damage (alkali-labile sites (ALS), single-strand (SSB) and double-strand (DSB) breaks) in cells of somatic (nerve ganglia, imaginal discs) and generative (testis) tissues from directly irradiated animals and their unirradiated offspring was evaluated. Confident transgenerational instability (on the level of ALSs and SSBs), observed only in somatic tissues and only at the higher dose rate, is characteristic for mus209 mutant strains defective in excision repair and, less often, for mus205 and mus210 mutant strains. The greatest manifestation of radiation-induced genetic instability was found in evaluating the DSBs. Dysfunction of the genes mus205, mus304, mei-9 and mei-41, which are responsible for postreplicative repair, excision repair, recombination and control of the cell cycle, affects transgenerational changes in the somatic tissues of the offspring of parents irradiated in both low and high dose rates. In germ cells, the key role in maintaining genetic stability under chronic irradiation is played by the non-recombination postreplication repair mus101 gene. We revealed the tissue specificity of the radiation-induced effects, transgenerational transmission and accumulation of DNA damage to descendants of chronically irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yushkova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Syktyvkar, Russia.
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19
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Rabin BM, Miller MG, Larsen A, Spadafora C, Zolnerowich NN, Dell'Acqua LA, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of exposure to 12C and 4He particles on cognitive performance of intact and ovariectomized female rats. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:47-54. [PMID: 31421848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the types of radiation encountered outside the magnetic field of the earth can disrupt cognitive performance. Exploratory class missions to other planets will include both male and female astronauts. Because estrogen can function as a neuroprotectant, it is possible that female astronauts may be less affected by exposure to space radiation than male astronauts. To evaluate the effectiveness of estrogen to protect against the disruption of cognitive performance by exposure to space radiation intact and ovariectomized female rats with estradiol or vehicle implants were tested on novel object performance and operant responding on an ascending fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule following exposure to 12C (290 MeV/n) or 4He (300 MeV/n) particles. The results indicated that exposure to carbon or helium particles did not disrupt cognitive performance in the intact rats. Estradiol implants in the ovariectomized subjects exacerbated the disruptive effects of space radiation on operant performance. Although estrogen does not appear to function as a neuroprotectant following exposure to space radiation, the present data suggest that intact females may be less responsive to the deleterious effects of exposure to space radiation on cognitive performance, possibly due to the effects of estrogen on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Marshall G Miller
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Alison Larsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Christina Spadafora
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Nicholas N Zolnerowich
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Lorraine A Dell'Acqua
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
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20
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Azzam EI. What does radiation biology tell us about potential health effects at low dose and low dose rates? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:S28-S39. [PMID: 31216522 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab2b09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The health risks to humans exposed to low dose and low dose rate ionising radiation remain ambiguous and are the subject of debate. The need to establish risk assessment standards based on the mechanisms underlying low dose/low fluence radiation exposures has been recognised by scholarly and regulatory bodies as critical for reducing the uncertainty in predicting adverse health risks of human exposure to low doses of radiation. Here, a brief review of laboratory-based evidence of molecular and biochemical changes induced by low doses and low dose rates of radiation is presented. In particular, two phenomena, namely bystander effects and adaptive responses that may impact low-level radiation health risks, are discussed together with the need for further studies. The expansion of this knowledge by considering the important variables that affect the radiation response (e.g. genetic susceptibility, time after exposure), and using the latest advances in experimental models and bioinformatics tools, may guide epidemiological studies towards reducing the uncertainty in predicting the potential health hazards of exposure to low-dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard I Azzam
- Departments of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States of America
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21
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Pavlakou P, Dounousi E, Roumeliotis S, Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V. Oxidative Stress and the Kidney in the Space Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103176. [PMID: 30326648 PMCID: PMC6214023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In space, the special conditions of hypogravity and exposure to cosmic radiation have substantial differences compared to terrestrial circumstances, and a multidimensional impact on the human body and human organ functions. Cosmic radiation provokes cellular and gene damage, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a dysregulation in the oxidants–antioxidants balance, and to the inflammatory response. Other practical factors contributing to these dysregulations in space environment include increased bone resorption, impaired anabolic response, and even difficulties in detecting oxidative stress in blood and urine samples. Enhanced oxidative stress affects mitochondrial and endothelial functions, contributes to reduced natriuresis and the development of hypertension, and may play an additive role in the formation of kidney stones. Finally, the composition of urine protein excretion is significantly altered, depicting possible tubular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Pavlakou
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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22
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Beheshti A, Miller J, Kidane Y, Berrios D, Gebre SG, Costes SV. NASA GeneLab Project: Bridging Space Radiation Omics with Ground Studies. Radiat Res 2018; 189:553-559. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15062.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Beheshti
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Jack Miller
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Daniel Berrios
- USRA, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calfornia 94035
| | - Samrawit G. Gebre
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, California 94035
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23
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Baljinnyam E, Venkatesh S, Gordan R, Mareedu S, Zhang J, Xie LH, Azzam EI, Suzuki CK, Fraidenraich D. Effect of densely ionizing radiation on cardiomyocyte differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13308. [PMID: 28801517 PMCID: PMC5555881 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of human cardiac development can be faithfully recapitulated in a culture dish with human pluripotent stem cells, where the impact of environmental stressors can be evaluated. The consequences of ionizing radiation exposure on human cardiac differentiation are largely unknown. In this study, human-induced pluripotent stem cell cultures (hiPSCs) were subjected to an external beam of 3.7 MeV α-particles at low mean absorbed doses of 0.5, 3, and 10 cGy. Subsequently, the hiPSCs were differentiated into beating cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Pluripotent and cardiac markers and morphology did not reveal differences between the irradiated and nonirradiated groups. While cell number was not affected during CM differentiation, cell number of differentiated CMs was severely reduced by ionizing radiation in a dose-responsive manner. β-adrenergic stimulation causes calcium (Ca2+) overload and oxidative stress. Although no significant increase in Ca2+ transient amplitude was observed in any group after treatment with 1 μmol/L isoproterenol, the incidence of spontaneous Ca2+ waves/releases was more frequent in hiPSC-CMs of the irradiated groups, indicating arrhythmogenic activities at the single cell level. Increased transcript expression of mitochondrial biomarkers (LONP1, TFAM) and mtDNA-encoded genes (MT-CYB, MT-RNR1) was detected upon differentiation of hiPSC-CMs suggesting increased organelle biogenesis. Exposure of hiPSC-CM cultures to 10 cGy significantly upregulated MT-CYB and MT-RNR1 expression, which may reflect an adaptive response to ionizing radiation. Our results indicate that important aspects of differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiac myocytes may be affected by low fluences of densely ionizing radiations such as α-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdene Baljinnyam
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Richard Gordan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Satvik Mareedu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Diego Fraidenraich
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
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24
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Kleiman NJ, Stewart FA, Hall EJ. Modifiers of radiation effects in the eye. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 15:43-54. [PMID: 29198313 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
World events, including the threat of radiological terrorism and the fear of nuclear accidents, have highlighted an urgent need to develop medical countermeasures to prevent or reduce radiation injury. Similarly, plans for manned spaceflight to a near-Earth asteroid or journey to Mars raise serious concerns about long-term effects of space radiation on human health and the availability of suitable therapeutic interventions. At the same time, the need to protect normal tissue from the deleterious effects of radiotherapy has driven considerable research into the design of effective radioprotectors. For more than 70 years, animal models of radiation cataract have been utilized to test the short and long-term efficacy of various radiation countermeasures. While some compounds, most notably the Walter Reed (WR) class of radioprotectors, have reported limited effectiveness when given before exposure to low-LET radiation, the human toxicity of these molecules at effective doses limits their usefulness. Furthermore, while there has been considerable testing of eye responses to X- and gamma irradiation, there is limited information about using such models to limit the injurious effects of heavy ions and neutrons on eye tissue. A new class of radioprotector molecules, including the sulfhydryl compound PrC-210, are reported to be effective at much lower doses and with far less side effects. Their ability to modify ocular radiation damage has not yet been examined. The ability to non-invasively measure sensitive, radiation-induced ocular changes over long periods of time makes eye models an attractive option to test the radioprotective and radiation mitigating abilities of new novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Eye Radiation and Environmental Research Laboratory, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th St., 11th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Hall
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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25
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Autsavapromporn N, Liu C, Konishi T. Impact of Co-Culturing with Fractionated Carbon-Ion-Irradiated Cancer Cells on Bystander Normal Cells and Their Progeny. Radiat Res 2017; 188:335-341. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14773.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narongchai Autsavapromporn
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Cuihua Liu
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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26
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Effect of Oxidative Stress on Cardiovascular System in Response to Gravity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071426. [PMID: 28677649 PMCID: PMC5535917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term habitation in space leads to physiological alterations such as bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. Two predominant factors—namely space radiation and microgravity—have a crucial impact on oxidative stress in living organisms. Oxidative stress is also involved in the aging process, and plays important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Here, we discuss the effects of space radiation, microgravity, and a combination of these two factors on oxidative stress. Future research may facilitate safer living in space by reducing the adverse effects of oxidative stress.
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de Toledo SM, Buonanno M, Harris AL, Azzam EI. Genomic instability induced in distant progeny of bystander cells depends on the connexins expressed in the irradiated cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1182-1194. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1334980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. de Toledo
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew L. Harris
- Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
- Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
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28
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Zhang J, Shim G, de Toledo SM, Azzam EI. The Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein and the Cellular Response to Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 64:227-253. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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29
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Zhao L, Gao Y, Mi D, Sun Y. Mining potential biomarkers associated with space flight in Caenorhabditis elegans experienced Shenzhou-8 mission with multiple feature selection techniques. Mutat Res 2016; 791-792:27-34. [PMID: 27573923 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify the potential biomarkers associated with space flight, a combined algorithm, which integrates the feature selection techniques, was used to deal with the microarray datasets of Caenorhabditis elegans obtained in the Shenzhou-8 mission. Compared with the ground control treatment, a total of 86 differentially expressed (DE) genes in responses to space synthetic environment or space radiation environment were identified by two filter methods. And then the top 30 ranking genes were selected by the random forest algorithm. Gene Ontology annotation and functional enrichment analyses showed that these genes were mainly associated with metabolism process. Furthermore, clustering analysis showed that 17 genes among these are positive, including 9 for space synthetic environment and 8 for space radiation environment only. These genes could be used as the biomarkers to reflect the space environment stresses. In addition, we also found that microgravity is the main stress factor to change the expression patterns of biomarkers for the short-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shushanhu Road 350, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Mi
- Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People's Republic of China.
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Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ. Changes in the distribution and function of leukocytes after whole-body iron ion irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:477-491. [PMID: 27380804 PMCID: PMC5045078 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-energy particle radiation could have a considerable impact on health during space missions. This study evaluated C57BL/6 mice on Day 40 after total-body 56Fe26+ irradiation at 0, 1, 2 and 3 gray (Gy). Radiation consistently increased thymus mass (one-way ANOVA: P < 0.005); spleen, liver and lung masses were similar among all groups. In the blood, there was no radiation effect on the white blood cell (WBC) count or major leukocyte types. However, the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and the CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cell count and percentage all decreased, while both the CD4:CD8 (Th:Tc) cell ratio and spontaneous blastogenesis increased, in one or more irradiated groups compared with unirradiated controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). In contrast, splenic WBC, lymphocyte, B cell and T helper (Th) counts, %B cells and the CD4:CD8 ratio were all significantly elevated, while Tc percentages decreased, in one or more of the irradiated groups compared with controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Although there were trends for minor, radiation-induced increases in %CD11b+ granulocytes in the spleen, cells double-labeled with adhesion markers (CD11b+CD54+, CD11b+CD62E+) were normal. Splenocyte spontaneous blastogenesis and that induced by mitogens (PHA, ConA, LPS) was equivalent to normal. In bone marrow, the percentage of cells expressing stem cell markers, Sca-1 and CD34/Sca-1, were low in one or more of the irradiated groups (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Collectively, the data indicate that significant immunological abnormalities still exist more than a month after 56Fe irradiation and that there are differences dependent upon body compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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31
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Blattnig SR, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Kidane Y, Kronenberg A, Naidu MD, Peterson LE, Plante I, Ponomarev AL, Saha J, Snijders AM, Srinivasan K, Tang J, Werner E, Pluth JM. Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:19-47. [PMID: 27345199 PMCID: PMC5613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust predictive models are essential to manage the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to cosmic rays in the context of the complex deep space environment may place astronauts at high cancer risk. To estimate this risk, it is critical to understand how radiation-induced cellular stress impacts cell fate decisions and how this in turn alters the risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to the heavy ion component of cosmic rays triggers a multitude of cellular changes, depending on the rate of exposure, the type of damage incurred and individual susceptibility. Heterogeneity in dose, dose rate, radiation quality, energy and particle flux contribute to the complexity of risk assessment. To unravel the impact of each of these factors, it is critical to identify sensitive biomarkers that can serve as inputs for robust modeling of individual risk of cancer or other long-term health consequences of exposure. Limitations in sensitivity of biomarkers to dose and dose rate, and the complexity of longitudinal monitoring, are some of the factors that increase uncertainties in the output from risk prediction models. Here, we critically evaluate candidate early and late biomarkers of radiation exposure and discuss their usefulness in predicting cell fate decisions. Some of the biomarkers we have reviewed include complex clustered DNA damage, persistent DNA repair foci, reactive oxygen species, chromosome aberrations and inflammation. Other biomarkers discussed, often assayed for at longer points post exposure, include mutations, chromosome aberrations, reactive oxygen species and telomere length changes. We discuss the relationship of biomarkers to different potential cell fates, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and loss of stemness, which can propagate genomic instability and alter tissue composition and the underlying mRNA signatures that contribute to cell fate decisions. Our goal is to highlight factors that are important in choosing biomarkers and to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk. Because cellular stress response pathways to space radiation and environmental carcinogens share common nodes, biomarker-driven risk models may be broadly applicable for estimating risks for other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve R Blattnig
- Langley Research Center, Langley Research Center (LaRC), VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mamta D Naidu
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ianik Plante
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Artem L Ponomarev
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janapriya Saha
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan Tang
- Exogen Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Janice M Pluth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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Chang H, Sheng JJ, Zhang L, Yue ZJ, Jiao B, Li JS, Yu ZB. ROS-Induced Nuclear Translocation of Calpain-2 Facilitates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Tail-Suspended Rats. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2258-69. [PMID: 25820554 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoproterenol (ISO) induced nuclear translocation of calpain-2 which further increased susceptibility of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in tail-suspended rats. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, the results showed that ISO (10 nM) significantly elevated NADPH oxidases (NOXs) activity and NOXs-derived ROS productions which induced nuclear translocation of calpain-2 in cardiomyocytes of tail-suspended rats. In contrast, the inhibition of NADPH oxidase or cleavage of ROS not only reduced ROS productions, but also resisted nuclear translocation of calpain-2 and decreased ISO-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocyte in tail-suspended rats. ISO also increased the constitutive binding between calpain-2 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δB (CaMK II δB) in nuclei, concomitant with the promotion of CaMK II δB degradation and subsequent down-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA expression and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax protein in tail-suspended rat cardiomyocytes. These effects of ISO on cardiomyocytes were abolished by a calpain inhibitor PD150606. Inhibition of calpain significantly reduced ISO-induced loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, as well as the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In summary, the above results suggest that ISO increased NOXs-derived ROS which activated nuclear translocation of calpain-2, subsequently nuclear calpain-2 degraded CaMK II δB which reduced the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, and finally the mitochondria apoptosis pathway was triggered in tail-suspended rat cardiomyocytes. Therefore, calpain-2 may represent a potentially therapeutic target for prevention of oxidative stress-associated cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032,, China
| | - Juan-Juan Sheng
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032,, China
| | | | - Zhi-Jie Yue
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032,, China
| | | | - Jin-Sheng Li
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032,, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032,, China
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33
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Azzam EI, Colangelo NW, Domogauer JD, Sharma N, de Toledo SM. Is Ionizing Radiation Harmful at any Exposure? An Echo That Continues to Vibrate. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 110:249-51. [PMID: 26808874 PMCID: PMC4729313 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The health risks to humans and non-human biota exposed to low dose ionizing radiation remain ambiguous and are the subject of intense debate. The need to establish risk assessment standards based on the mechanisms underlying low-level radiation exposure has been recognized by regulatory agencies as critical to adequately protect people and to make the most effective use of national resources. Here, the authors briefly review evidence showing that the molecular and biochemical changes induced by low doses of radiation differ from those induced by high doses. In particular, an array of redundant and inter-related mechanisms act in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to restore DNA integrity following exposures to relatively low doses of sparsely ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the radiation-induced protective mechanisms often overcompensate and minimize the mutagenic potential of the byproducts of normal oxidative metabolism. In contrast to adaptive protection observed at low doses of sparsely ionizing radiation, there is evidence that even a single nuclear traversal by a densely ionizing particle track can trigger harmful effects that spread beyond the traversed cell and induce damaging effects in the nearby bystander cells. In vivo studies examining whether exposure to low dose radiation at younger age modulates the latency of expression of age-related diseases such as cancer, together with studies on the role of genetic susceptibility, will further illuminate the magnitude of risk of exposure to low dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard I Azzam
- *Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
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34
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Buonanno M, De Toledo SM, Howell RW, Azzam EI. Low-dose energetic protons induce adaptive and bystander effects that protect human cells against DNA damage caused by a subsequent exposure to energetic iron ions. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:502-8. [PMID: 25805407 PMCID: PMC4426929 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During interplanetary missions, astronauts are exposed to mixed types of ionizing radiation. The low 'flux' of the high atomic number and high energy (HZE) radiations relative to the higher 'flux' of low linear energy transfer (LET) protons makes it highly probable that for any given cell in the body, proton events will precede any HZE event. Whereas progress has been made in our understanding of the biological effects of low-LET protons and high-LET HZE particles, the interplay between the biochemical processes modulated by these radiations is unclear. Here we show that exposure of normal human fibroblasts to a low mean absorbed dose of 20 cGy of 0.05 or 1-GeV protons (LET ∼ 1.25 or 0.2 keV/μm, respectively) protects the irradiated cells (P < 0.0001) against chromosomal damage induced by a subsequent exposure to a mean absorbed dose of 50 cGy from 1 GeV/u iron ions (LET ∼ 151 keV/μm). Surprisingly, unirradiated (i.e. bystander) cells with which the proton-irradiated cells were co-cultured were also significantly protected from the DNA-damaging effects of the challenge dose. The mitigating effect persisted for at least 24 h. These results highlight the interactions of biological effects due to direct cellular traversal by radiation with those due to bystander effects in cell populations exposed to mixed radiation fields. They show that protective adaptive responses can spread from cells targeted by low-LET space radiation to bystander cells in their vicinity. The findings are relevant to understanding the health hazards of space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA Present address: Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonia M De Toledo
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Roger W Howell
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Saeed Y, Xie B, Xu J, Rehman A, Hong M, Hong Q, Deng Y. Glial U87 cells protect neuronal SH-SY5Y cells from indirect effect of radiation by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:250-7. [PMID: 25724352 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the role of indirect effect of radiation in neurodegeneration. However, the role of glial cells in neuroprotection against indirect effect of radiation is still not clear, although they are known to protect neurons under stress conditions in central nervous system. Our study showed that indirect effect of radiation increased the oxidative stress that further enhances the expression of key apoptotic proteins and leads to neuronal cell death. We also investigated the indirect effect of radiation on neuronal cells in the presence of glial cells in a transwell co-culture system, while our analysis was focused on neuronal cells. Irradiated cell-conditioned medium (ICCM) was used as source of indirect radiation and neuroprotective effect was analyzed by various endpoints. It was observed that ICCM-induced reactive oxidative species level was significantly reduced in SH-SY5Y cells co-cultured with glial U87 cells, which might help to maintain the integrity of mitochondrial membrane potential. Increased levels of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and antioxidant glutathione were observed in SH-SY5Y cells co-cultured with glial U87 cells. Moreover, it was also observed that co-culture with glial cells inhibits the expression of ICCM-induced apoptotic proteins, i.e. Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 in SH-SY5Y cells. Hence, it can be speculated that in co-culture system glial cells may protect the neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by reducing the ICCM-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Bingjie Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Abdur Rehman
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Ma Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Qing Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Ding L, Lee JR, Weinberger PM, Dynan WS. Synergistic effect of high charge and energy particle radiation and chronological age on biomarkers of oxidative stress and tissue degeneration: a ground-based study using the vertebrate laboratory model organism Oryzias latipes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111362. [PMID: 25375139 PMCID: PMC4222877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High charge and energy (HZE) particles are a main hazard of the space radiation environment. Uncertainty regarding their health effects is a limiting factor in the design of human exploration-class space missions, that is, missions beyond low earth orbit. Previous work has shown that HZE exposure increases cancer risk and elicits other aging-like phenomena in animal models. Here, we investigate how a single exposure to HZE particle radiation, early in life, influences the subsequent age-dependent evolution of oxidative stress and appearance of degenerative tissue changes. Embryos of the laboratory model organism, Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka fish), were exposed to HZE particle radiation at doses overlapping the range of anticipated human exposure. A separate cohort was exposed to reference γ-radiation. Survival was monitored for 750 days, well beyond the median lifespan. The population was also sampled at intervals and liver tissue was subjected to histological and molecular analysis. HZE particle radiation dose and aging contributed synergistically to accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, which are a marker of chronic oxidative stress. This was mirrored by a decline in PPARGC1A mRNA, which encodes a transcriptional co-activator required for expression of oxidative stress defense genes and for mitochondrial maintenance. Consistent with chronic oxidative stress, mitochondria had an elongated and enlarged ultrastructure. Livers also had distinctive, cystic lesions. Depending on the endpoint, effects of γ-rays in the same dose range were either lesser or not detected. Results provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for understanding relative contributions of HZE particle radiation exposure and aging to chronic oxidative stress and tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lingling Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jeffrey R. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Weinberger
- Department of Otolaryngology and Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William S. Dynan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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