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Ruiz-Matus S, Goldstein P. On the universality of viscosity in supersaturated binary aqueous sugar solutions: Cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104886. [PMID: 38555011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the physical nature of supersaturated binary aqueous sugar solutions in the vicinity of the glass transition represents a very important issue due to their biological applications in cryopreservation of cells and tissues, food science and stabilization and storage of nano genetic drugs. We present the construction of the Supplemented Phase Diagram and the non-equilibrium nature of the undersaturated-supersaturated kinetic transition. The description of its thermodynamic nature is achieved through the study of behavior of their viscosity as temperature is lowered and concentration increased. In this work, we find a universal character for the viscosities of several sugar water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Ruiz-Matus
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of México, 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Goldstein
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of México, 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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2
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Vogel AD, Suk R, Haran C, Dickinson PG, Helke KL, Hassid M, Fitzgerald DC, Turek JW, Brockbank KGM, Rajab TK. The impact of heart valve and partial heart transplant models on the development of banking methods for tissues and organs: A concise review. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104880. [PMID: 38437898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreserved human heart valves fill a crucial role in the treatment for congenital cardiac anomalies, since the use of alternative mechanical and xenogeneic tissue valves have historically been limited in babies. Heart valve models have been used since 1998 to better understand the impact of cryopreservation variables on the heart valve tissue components with the ultimate goals of improving cryopreserved tissue outcomes and potentially extrapolating results with tissues to organs. Cryopreservation traditionally relies on conventional freezing, employing cryoprotective agents, and slow cooling to sub-zero centigrade temperatures; but it is plagued by the formation of ice crystals and cell damage upon thawing. Researchers have identified ice-free vitrification procedures and developed a new rapid warming method termed nanowarming. Nanowarming is an emerging method that utilizes targeted application of energy at the nanoscale level to rapidly rewarm vitrified tissues, such as heart valves, uniformly for transplantation. Vitrification and nanowarming methods hold great promise for surgery, enabling the storage and transplantation of tissues for various applications, including tissue repair and replacement. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize complex tissue and organ transplantation, including partial heart transplantation. Banking these grafts addresses organ scarcity by extending preservation duration while preserving biological activity with maintenance of structural fidelity. While ice-free vitrification and nanowarming show remarkable potential, they are still in early development. Further interdisciplinary research must be dedicated to exploring the remaining challenges that include scalability, optimizing cryoprotectant solutions, and ensuring long-term viability upon rewarming in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Suk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Christa Haran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Patrick G Dickinson
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marc Hassid
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University at Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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3
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Wowk B, Phan J, Pagotan R, Galvez E, Fahy GM. 27 MHz constant field dielectric warming of kidneys cryopreserved by vitrification. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104893. [PMID: 38609033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Organs cryopreserved by vitrification are exposed to the lowest possible concentration of cryoprotectants for the least time necessary to successfully avoid ice formation. Faster cooling and warming rates enable lower concentrations and perfusion times, reducing toxicity. Since warming rates necessary to avoid ice formation during recovery from vitrification are typically faster than cooling rates necessary for vitrification, warming speed is a major determining factor for successful vitrification. Dielectric warming uses an oscillating electric field to directly heat water and cryoprotectant molecules inside organs to achieve warming that's faster and more uniform than can be achieved by heat conduction from the organ surface. This work studied 27 MHz dielectric warming of rabbit kidneys perfused with M22 vitrification solution. The 27 MHz frequency was chosen because its long wavelength and penetration depth are suitable for human organs, because it had an anticipated favorable temperature of maximum dielectric absorption in M22, and because it's an allocated frequency for industrial and amateur use with inexpensive amplifiers available. Previously vitrified kidneys were warmed from -100 °C by placement in a 27 MHz electric field formed between parallel capacitor plates in a resonant circuit. Power was varied during warming to maintain constant electric field amplitude between the plates. Maximum power absorption occurred near -70 °C, with a peak warming rate near 150 °C/min in 50 mL total volume with approximately 500 W power. After some optimization, it was possible to warm ∼13 g vitrified kidneys with unprecedentedly little injury from medullary ice formation and a favorable serum creatinine trend after transplant. Distinct behaviors of power absorption and system tuning observed as a function of temperature during warming are promising for non-invasive thermometry and future automated control of the warming process at even faster rates with user-defined temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA.
| | - John Phan
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Roberto Pagotan
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Erika Galvez
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Gregory M Fahy
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
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4
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Joshi P, Rabin Y. Thermomechanical stress analyses of nanowarming-assisted recovery from cryopreservation by vitrification in human heart and rat heart models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290063. [PMID: 37585446 PMCID: PMC10431620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates thermomechanical stress in cryopreservation by vitrification of the heart, while exploring the effects of nanowarming-assisted recovery from cryogenic storage. This study expands upon a recently published study, combining experimental investigation and thermal analysis of cryopreservation on a rat heart model. Specifically, this study focuses on scenarios with variable concentrations of silica-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs), while accounting for loading limitations associated with the heart physiology, as well as the properties of cryoprotective agent (CPA) solution and the geometry of the container. Results of this study suggest that variable sIONP concentration based on the heart physiology will elevate mechanical stresses when compared with the mathematically simplified, uniform distribution case. The most dangerous part of rewarming is below glass transition and at the onset of nanowarming past the glass transition temperature on the way for organ recovery from cryogenic storage. Throughout rewarming, regions that rewarm faster, such as the chambers of the heart (higher sIONP concentration), undergo compressive stresses, while the slower rewarming regions, such as the heart myocardium (low sIONP concentration), undergo tension. Being a brittle material, the vitrified organ is expected to fail under tension in lower stresses than in compression. Unfortunately, the location and magnitude of the maximum stress in the investigated cases varied, while general rules were not identified. This investigation demonstrates the need to tailor the thermal protocol of heart cryopreservation on a case-by-case basis, since the location, orientation, magnitude, and instant at which the maximum mechanical stress is found cannot be predicted a priori. While thermomechanical stress poses a significant risk to organ integrity, careful design of the thermal protocol can be instrumental in reducing the likelihood of structural damage, while taking full advantage of the benefits of nanowarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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5
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Chen P, Wang S, Chen Z, Ren P, Hepfer RG, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Helke KL, Nie X, Jensen JH, Hill C, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation of large sized, intact porcine articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 36828843 PMCID: PMC9958003 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful organ or tissue long-term preservation would revolutionize biomedicine. Cartilage cryopreservation enables prolonged shelf life of articular cartilage, posing the prospect to broaden the implementation of promising osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for cartilage repair. However, cryopreserved large sized cartilage cannot be successfully warmed with the conventional convection warming approach due to its limited warming rate, blocking its clinical potential. Here, we develope a nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation method for large sized, intact articular cartilage preservation. Our method achieves a heating rate of 76.8 °C min-1, over one order of magnitude higher than convection warming (4.8 °C min-1). Using systematic cell and tissue level tests, we demonstrate the superior performance of our method in preserving large cartilage. A depth-dependent preservation manner is also observed and recapitulated through magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling. Finally, we show that the delivery of nanoparticles to the OCA bone side could be a feasible direction for further optimization of our method. This study pioneers the application of nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation for large articular cartilage and provides valuable insights for future technique development, paving the way for clinical applications of cryopreserved cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pengling Ren
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lia H Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingju Nie
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Gangwar L, Phatak SS, Etheridge M, Bischof JC. Perspective: A Guide to Successful ml to L Scale Vitrification and Rewarming. CRYOLETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.54680/fr22610110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation by vitrification to achieve an "ice free" glassy state is an effective technique for preserving biomaterials including cells, tissues, and potentially even whole organs. The major challenges in cooling to and rewarming from a vitrified state remain ice crystallization
and cracking/fracture. Ice crystallization can be inhibited by the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), though the inhibition further depends upon the rates achieved during cooling and rewarming. The minimal rate required to prevent any ice crystallization or recrystallization/devitrification
in a given CPA is called the critical cooling rate (CCR) or critical warming rate (CWR), respectively. On the other hand, physical cracking is mainly related to thermomechanical stresses, which can be avoided by maintaining temperature differences below a critical threshold. In this simplified
analysis, we calculate ΔT as the largest temperature difference occurring in a system during cooling or rewarming in the brittle/glassy phase. This ΔT is then used in a simple "thermal shock equation" to estimate thermal stress within the material to decide if the material is above
the yield strength and to evaluate the potential for fracture failure. In this review we aimed to understand the limits of success and failure at different length scales for cryopreservation by vitrification, due to both ice crystallization and cracking. Here we use thermal modeling to help
us understand the magnitude and trajectory of these challenges as we scale the biomaterial volume for a given CPA from the milliliter to liter scale. First, we solved the governing heat transfer equations in a cylindrical geometry for three common vitrification cocktails (i. e., VS55, DP6,
and M22) to estimate the cooling and warming rates during convective cooling and warming and nanowarming (volumetric heating). Second, we estimated the temperature difference (ΔT) an d compared it to a tolerable threshold ( ΔTmax) based on a simplified "thermal shock" equation
for the same cooling and rewarming conditions . We found, not surprisingly, that M22 achieves vitrification more easily during convective cooling and rewarming for all volumes compared to VS55 or DP6 due to its considerably lower CCR and CWR. Further, convective rewarming (boundary rewarming)
leads to larger temperature differences and smaller rates compared to nanowarming (volumetric rewarming) for all CPAs with increasing failure at larger volumes. We conclude that as more and larger systems are vitrified and rewarmed with standard CPA cocktails, this work can serve as a practical
guide to successful implementation based on the characteristic length (volume/surface area) of the system and the specific conditions of cooling and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Shaunak S. Phatak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
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7
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Brockbank KGM, Bischof JC, Chen Z, Greene ED, Gao Z, Campbell LH. Ice Control during Cryopreservation of Heart Valves and Maintenance of Post-Warming Cell Viability. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121856. [PMID: 35740986 PMCID: PMC9220912 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valve cryopreservation was employed as a model for the development of complex tissue preservation methods based upon vitrification and nanowarming. Porcine heart valves were loaded with cryoprotectant formulations step wise and vitrified in 1−30 mL cryoprotectant formulations ± Fe nanoparticles ± 0.6 M disaccharides, cooled to −100 °C, and stored at −135 °C. Nanowarming was performed in a single ~100 s step by inductive heating within a magnetic field. Controls consisted of fresh and convection-warmed vitrified heart valves without nanoparticles. After washing, cell viability was assessed by metabolic assay. The nanowarmed leaflets were well preserved, with a viability similar to untreated fresh leaflets over several days post warming. The convection-warmed leaflet viability was not significantly different than that of the nanowarmed leaflets immediately after rewarming; however, a significantly higher nanowarmed leaflet viability (p < 0.05) was observed over time in vitro. In contrast, the associated artery and fibrous cardiac muscle were at best 75% viable, and viability decreased over time in vitro. Supplementation of lower concentration cryoprotectant formulations with disaccharides promoted viability. Thicker tissues benefited from longer-duration cryoprotectant loading steps. The best outcomes included a post-warming incubation step with α-tocopherol and an apoptosis inhibitor, Q-VD-OPH. This work demonstrates progress in the control of ice formation and cytotoxicity hurdles for the preservation of complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G. M. Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, 2231 Technical Parkway, Suite A, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA; (Z.C.); (E.D.G.); (L.H.C.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-514-6164
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.C.B.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, 2231 Technical Parkway, Suite A, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA; (Z.C.); (E.D.G.); (L.H.C.)
| | - Elizabeth D. Greene
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, 2231 Technical Parkway, Suite A, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA; (Z.C.); (E.D.G.); (L.H.C.)
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.C.B.); (Z.G.)
| | - Lia H. Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, 2231 Technical Parkway, Suite A, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA; (Z.C.); (E.D.G.); (L.H.C.)
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8
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Development of a Vitrification Preservation Process for Bioengineered Epithelial Constructs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071115. [PMID: 35406679 PMCID: PMC8998050 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for human bioengineered tissue constructs is growing in response to the worldwide movement away from the use of animals for testing of new chemicals, drug screening and household products. Presently, constructs are manufactured and delivered just in time, resulting in delays and high costs of manufacturing. Cryopreservation and banking would speed up delivery times and permit cost reduction due to larger scale manufacturing. Our objective in these studies was development of ice-free vitrification formulations and protocols using human bioengineered epithelial constructs that could be scaled up from individual constructs to 24-well plates. Initial experiments using single EpiDerm constructs in vials demonstrated viability >80% of untreated control, significantly higher than our best freezing strategy. Further studies focused on optimization and evaluation of ice-free vitrification strategies. Vitrification experiments with 55% (VS55) and 70% (VS70) cryoprotectant (CPA) formulations produced constructs with good viability shortly after rewarming, but viability decreased in the next days, post-rewarming in vitro. Protocol changes contributed to improved outcomes over time in vitro. We then transitioned from using glass vials with 1 construct to deep-well plates holding up to 24 individual constructs. Construct viability was maintained at >80% post-warming viability and >70% viability on days 1−3 in vitro. Similar viability was demonstrated for other related tissue constructs. Furthermore, we demonstrated maintenance of viability after 2−7 months of storage below −135 °C.
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Joshi P, Ehrlich LE, Gao Z, Bischof JC, Rabin Y. Thermal Analyses of Nanowarming-Assisted Recovery of the Heart From Cryopreservation by Vitrification. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:031202. [PMID: 35833152 PMCID: PMC8823202 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores thermal design aspects of nanowarming-assisted recovery of the heart from indefinite cryogenic storage, where nanowarming is the volumetric heating effect of ferromagnetic nanoparticles excited by a radio frequency electromagnet field. This study uses computational means while focusing on the human heart and the rat heart models. The underlying nanoparticle loading characteristics are adapted from a recent, proof-of-concept experimental study. While uniformly distributed nanoparticles can lead to uniform rewarming, and thereby minimize adverse effects associated with ice crystallization and thermomechanical stress, the combined effects of heart anatomy and nanoparticle loading limitations present practical challenges which this study comes to address. Results of this study demonstrate that under such combined effects, nonuniform nanoparticles warming may lead to a subcritical rewarming rate in some parts of the domain, excessive heating in others, and increased exposure potential to cryoprotective agents (CPAs) toxicity. Nonetheless, the results of this study also demonstrate that computerized planning of the cryopreservation protocol and container design can help mitigate the associated adverse effects, with examples relating to adjusting the CPA and/or nanoparticle concentration, and selecting heart container geometry, and size. In conclusion, nanowarming may provide superior conditions for organ recovery from cryogenic storage under carefully selected conditions, which comes with an elevated complexity of protocol planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15237
| | - Lili E. Ehrlich
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15237
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Corresponding author. e-mail:
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10
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Sharma A, Rao JS, Han Z, Gangwar L, Namsrai B, Gao Z, Ring HL, Magnuson E, Etheridge M, Wowk B, Fahy GM, Garwood M, Finger EB, Bischof JC. Vitrification and Nanowarming of Kidneys. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101691. [PMID: 34382371 PMCID: PMC8498880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitrification can dramatically increase the storage of viable biomaterials in the cryogenic state for years. Unfortunately, vitrified systems ≥3 mL like large tissues and organs, cannot currently be rewarmed sufficiently rapidly or uniformly by convective approaches to avoid ice crystallization or cracking failures. A new volumetric rewarming technology entitled "nanowarming" addresses this problem by using radiofrequency excited iron oxide nanoparticles to rewarm vitrified systems rapidly and uniformly. Here, for the first time, successful recovery of a rat kidney from the vitrified state using nanowarming, is shown. First, kidneys are perfused via the renal artery with a cryoprotective cocktail (CPA) and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs). After cooling at -40 °C min-1 in a controlled rate freezer, microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging is used to verify the distribution of the sIONPs and the vitrified state of the kidneys. By applying a radiofrequency field to excite the distributed sIONPs, the vitrified kidneys are nanowarmed at a mean rate of 63.7 °C min-1 . Experiments and modeling show the avoidance of both ice crystallization and cracking during these processes. Histology and confocal imaging show that nanowarmed kidneys are dramatically better than convective rewarming controls. This work suggests that kidney nanowarming holds tremendous promise for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | | | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | | | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Hattie L. Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Elliott Magnuson
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine IncFontanaCA92336USA
| | | | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
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11
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Joshi P, Rabin Y. Analysis of crystallization during rewarming in suboptimal vitrification conditions: a semi-empirical approach. Cryobiology 2021; 103:70-80. [PMID: 34543621 PMCID: PMC9248894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Circumventing ice formation is critical to successful cryopreservation by vitrification of large organs. While ice formation during the cooling part of the cryogenic protocol is dictated by the evolving thermal conditions, ice formation during the rewarming part of the cryogenic protocol is also dependent on the history of cooling and storage conditions. Furthermore, while the exothermic effect of ice crystallization during cooling tends to adversely slow down the desired high cooling rates to ensure ice-free preservation, the same effect under some conditions tends to assist acceleration of rewarming during recovery of the specimen from cryogenic storage when limited crystallization does occur. The current study proposes a computational framework to study the thermal effects of crystallization during recovery from cryogenic storage, using a semi-empirical approach to account for the relationship between latent heat effects and the rewarming rate. This study adds another layer of computational capabilities to a recent study investigating similar effects during cooling. Results of this study demonstrate that the thermal effects of crystallization on the local cooling and rewarming rates cannot be neglected. It further explains how crystallization during rewarming helps in increasing the rewarming rate and, thereby, affects rewarming-phase crystallization. Counterintuitively, this study suggests that the fastest possible rewarming rate at the outer surface of the domain in an inwards rewarming problem is not always advantageous, while the proposed computational tool is essential to find an intermediate optimal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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12
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Sampaio-Pinto V, Janssen J, Chirico N, Serra M, Alves PM, Doevendans PA, Voets IK, Sluijter JPG, van Laake LW, van Mil A. A Roadmap to Cardiac Tissue-Engineered Construct Preservation: Insights from Cells, Tissues, and Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008517. [PMID: 34048090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 26 million patients suffer from heart failure (HF). One strategy aspiring to prevent or even to reverse HF is based on the transplantation of cardiac tissue-engineered (cTE) constructs. These patient-specific constructs aim to closely resemble the native myocardium and, upon implantation on the diseased tissue, support and restore cardiac function, thereby preventing the development of HF. However, cTE constructs off-the-shelf availability in the clinical arena critically depends on the development of efficient preservation methodologies. Short- and long-term preservation of cTE constructs would enable transportation and direct availability. Herein, currently available methods, from normothermic- to hypothermic- to cryopreservation, for the preservation of cardiomyocytes, whole-heart, and regenerative materials are reviewed. A theoretical foundation and recommendations for future research on developing cTE construct specific preservation methods are provided. Current research suggests that vitrification can be a promising procedure to ensure long-term cryopreservation of cTE constructs, despite the need of high doses of cytotoxic cryoprotective agents. Instead, short-term cTE construct preservation can be achieved at normothermic or hypothermic temperatures by administration of protective additives. With further tuning of these promising methods, it is anticipated that cTE construct therapy can be brought one step closer to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Sampaio-Pinto
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Janssen
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Nino Chirico
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Serra
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2781-901, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2781-901, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, P.O. Box 19258, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W van Laake
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Alain van Mil
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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13
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Jeong YH, Kim U, Lee SG, Ryu B, Kim J, Igor A, Kim JS, Jung CR, Park JH, Kim CY. Vitrification for cryopreservation of 2D and 3D stem cells culture using high concentration of cryoprotective agents. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:45. [PMID: 32843026 PMCID: PMC7449025 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitrification is the most promising technology for successful cryopreservation of living organisms without ice crystal formation. However, high concentrations (up to ~ 6-8 M) of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) used in stem cell induce osmotic and metabolic injuries. Moreover, the application of conventional slow-freezing methods to cultures of 3-D organoids of stem cells in various studies, is limited by their size. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated the effect of high concentrations of CPAs including cytotoxicity and characterized human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) at single cell level. The cell viability, cellular damage, and apoptotic mechanisms as well as the proliferation capacity and multipotency of cells subjected to vitrification were similar to those in the slow-freezing group. Furthermore, we identified the possibility of vitrification of size-controlled 3-D spheroids for cryopreservation of organoid with high survivability. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate successful vitrification of both single cell and spheroid using high concentration of CPAs in vitro without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea. .,Kriorus, Klimentovsky Per, 115184, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Gao Z, Ring HL, Sharma A, Namsrai B, Tran N, Finger EB, Garwood M, Haynes CL, Bischof JC. Preparation of Scalable Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanowarming. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901624. [PMID: 32099753 PMCID: PMC7029634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation technology allows long-term banking of biological systems. However, a major challenge to cryopreserving organs remains in the rewarming of large volumes (>3 mL), where mechanical stress and ice formation during convective warming cause severe damage. Nanowarming technology presents a promising solution to rewarm organs rapidly and uniformly via inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) preloaded by perfusion into the organ vasculature. This use requires the IONPs to be produced at scale, heat quickly, be nontoxic, remain stable in cryoprotective agents (CPAs), and be washed out easily after nanowarming. Nanowarming of cells and blood vessels using a mesoporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (msIONP) in VS55, a common CPA, has been previously demonstrated. However, production of msIONPs is a lengthy, multistep process and provides only mg Fe per batch. Here, a new microporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (sIONP) that can be produced in as little as 1 d while scaling up to 1.4 g Fe per batch is presented. sIONP high heating, biocompatibility, and stability in VS55 is also verified, and the ability to perfusion load and washout sIONPs from a rat kidney as evidenced by advanced imaging and ICP-OES is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Hattie L. Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Minnesota2021 6th Street S.E.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Baterdene Namsrai
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Minnesota420 Delaware Street SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Nam Tran
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Minnesota420 Delaware Street SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Minnesota2021 6th Street S.E.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
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15
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Mutsenko V, Knaack S, Lauterboeck L, Tarusin D, Sydykov B, Cabiscol R, Ivnev D, Belikan J, Beck A, Dipresa D, Lode A, El Khassawna T, Kampschulte M, Scharf R, Petrenko AY, Korossis S, Wolkers WF, Gelinsky M, Glasmacher B, Gryshkov O. Effect of 'in air' freezing on post-thaw recovery of Callithrix jacchus mesenchymal stromal cells and properties of 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Cryobiology 2020; 92:215-230. [PMID: 31972153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through enabling an efficient supply of cells and tissues in the health sector on demand, cryopreservation is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream technologies in rapid translation and commercialization of regenerative medicine research. Cryopreservation of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) is an emerging trend that requires the development of practically competitive biobanking technologies. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that conventional slow-freezing using dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) does not provide sufficient protection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) frozen in 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. After simple modifications to a cryopreservation protocol, we report on significantly improved cryopreservation of TECs. Porous 3D scaffolds were fabricated using freeze-drying of a mineralized collagen suspension and following chemical crosslinking. Amnion-derived MSCs from common marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus were seeded onto scaffolds in static conditions. Cell-seeded scaffolds were subjected to 24 h pre-treatment with 100 mM sucrose and slow freezing in 10% Me2SO/20% FBS alone or supplemented with 300 mM sucrose. Scaffolds were frozen 'in air' and thawed using a two-step procedure. Diverse analytical methods were used for the interpretation of cryopreservation outcome for both cell-seeded and cell-free scaffolds. In both groups, cells exhibited their typical shape and well-preserved cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts after thawing. Moreover, viability test 24 h post-thaw demonstrated that application of sucrose in the cryoprotective solution preserves a significantly greater portion of sucrose-pretreated cells (more than 80%) in comparison to Me2SO alone (60%). No differences in overall protein structure and porosity of frozen scaffolds were revealed whereas their compressive stress was lower than in the control group. In conclusion, this approach holds promise for the cryopreservation of 'ready-to-use' TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Mutsenko
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sven Knaack
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lothar Lauterboeck
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, USA
| | - Dmytro Tarusin
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Bulat Sydykov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramon Cabiscol
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dmitrii Ivnev
- Institute of Power Plant Engineering and Heat Transfer, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Belikan
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Giessen Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Beck
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniele Dipresa
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Giessen Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roland Scharf
- Institute of Power Plant Engineering and Heat Transfer, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Yu Petrenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Sotirios Korossis
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School for Mechanical Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Loughborough, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Willem F Wolkers
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Khosla K, Zhan L, Bhati A, Carley-Clopton A, Hagedorn M, Bischof J. Characterization of Laser Gold Nanowarming: A Platform for Millimeter-Scale Cryopreservation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7364-7375. [PMID: 30299961 PMCID: PMC6536355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Preventing ice formation during cryopreservation by vitrification has led to the successful storage and banking of numerous cellular- and tissue-based biomaterials. In their breakthrough work, Peter Mazur's group achieved over 90% survival by using a laser warming technique for 100 μm mice oocytes that were cooled in 0.1 μL droplets with 2.3 M CPA and extracellularly loaded India ink (laser absorber). Laser warming can provide rapid and uniform warming rates to "outrun" damaging ice crystal growth. Here we generalize Mazur's technique for microliter-sized droplets using laser nanowarming to rewarm millimeter-scale biomaterials when loaded extracellularly and/or intracellularly with biocompatible 1064 nm resonant gold nanoparticles. First, we show that droplets containing low-concentration cryoprotectants (such as 2 M propylene glycol ± 1 M trehalose) can be rapidly cooled at rates up to 90 000 °C/min by plunging into liquid nitrogen to achieve either a visually transparent state (i.e., vitrified) or a cloudy with ice (i.e., nonvitrified) state. Both modeling and experiments were then used to characterize the laser nanowarming process for different laser energy (2-6 J), pulse length (1-20 ms), droplet volume (0.2-1.8 μL), cryoprotectant (2-3 M), and gold concentration (0.77 × 1017-4.8 × 1017 nps/m3) values to assess physical and biological success. Physical success was achieved by finding conditions that minimize cloudiness and white spots within the droplets during cooling and warming as signs of damaging ice formation and ice crystallization, respectively. Biological success was achieved using human dermal fibroblasts to find conditions that achieve ≥90% cell viability normalized to controls postwarming. Thus, physical and biological success can be achieved using this platform cryopreservation approach of rapid cooling and laser gold nanowarming in millimeter-scale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanav Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Aditya Bhati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Aiden Carley-Clopton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744
| | - John Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55408
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