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Erokhina SA, Streltsova MA, Kanevskiy LM, Grechikhina MV, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR-expressing NK cells: Effective killers suspected for antigen presentation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:327-337. [PMID: 32421903 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0420-668rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DR-expressing cells comprise an intriguing group of NK cells, which combine phenotypic characteristics of both NK cells and dendritic cells. These cells can be found in humans and mice; they are present in blood and tissues in healthy conditions and can expand in a spectrum of pathologies. HLA-DR+ NK cells are functionally active: they produce proinflammatory cytokines, degranulate, and easily proliferate in response to stimuli. Additionally, HLA-DR+ NK cells seem able to take in and then present certain antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inducing their activation and proliferation, which puts them closer to professional antigen-presenting cells. It appears that these NK cells should be considerable players of the innate immune system, both due to their functional activity and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, for the first time, we provide a detailed description and analysis of the available data characterizing phenotypic, developmental, and functional features of the HLA-DR+ NK cells in a healthy condition and a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Erokhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Grechikhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Mueller H, Faé KC, Magdorf K, Ganoza CA, Wahn U, Guhlich U, Feiterna-Sperling C, Kaufmann SHE. Granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells as candidate immune marker for tuberculosis during childhood and adolescence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29367. [PMID: 22216262 PMCID: PMC3246496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin produced by cytolytic T cells directly contributes to immune defense against tuberculosis (TB). We investigated granulysin as a candidate immune marker for childhood and adolescent TB. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children and adolescents (1–17 years) with active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection and from uninfected controls were isolated and restimulated in a 7-day restimulation assay. Intracellular staining was then performed to analyze antigen-specific induction of activation markers and cytotoxic proteins, notably, granulysin in CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. Results CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells co-expressing granulysin with specificity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were present in high frequency in TB-experienced children and adolescents. Proliferating memory T cells (CFSElowCD4+CD45RO+) were identified as main source of granulysin and these cells expressed both central and effector memory phenotype. PBMC from study participants after TB drug therapy revealed that granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells are long-lived, and express several activation and cytotoxicity markers with a proportion of cells being interferon-gamma-positive. In addition, granulysin-expressing T cell lines showed cytolytic activity against Mtb-infected target cells. Conclusions Our data suggest granulysin expression by CD4+ memory T cells as candidate immune marker for TB infection, notably, in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kellen C. Faé
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Magdorf
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian A. Ganoza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Saifuddin M, Spear GT, Chang C, Roebuck KA. Expression of MHC class II in T cells is associated with increased HIV-1 expression. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121:324-31. [PMID: 10931149 PMCID: PMC1905707 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates in activated T cells at significantly higher levels than in resting cells. Thus, certain molecules up-regulated during T cell activation appear to be important for HIV-1 replication. In this study, we present evidence suggesting that expression of MHC class II (class II) molecules on CD4+ T cells facilitate HIV-1 replication. T cells that expressed class II supported greater virus replication than T cells lacking class II. The class II+ cells, when either infected with HIV-1 or transfected with an env-minus HIV-1 provirus plasmid, produced 10-20-fold greater virus expression than class II- cells. Anti-class II antibody markedly inhibited virus expression in class II+ cells (but not class II- cells) and also decreased the nuclear binding activity of AP-1, an inducible transcription factor important in T cell activation and HIV-1 expression. Most importantly, the induction of class II expression by transfection of the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) stimulated HIV-1 replication in Jurkat T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that expression of MHC class II molecules and/or CIITA in T cells enhances HIV-1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saifuddin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sandilands GP, Perry M, Wootton M, Hair J, More IA. B-cell antigens within normal and activated human T cells. Immunology 1999; 96:424-33. [PMID: 10233724 PMCID: PMC2326768 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared cell surface staining for human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) CD antigens by flow cytometry, with staining obtained following permeabilization of PBL using the Cytoperm method (Serotec). Six CD antigens (CD20, CD21, CD22, CD32, CD35 and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen) normally found on the surface of B cells, were also found to be expressed within T cells. We also showed, by immunoelectron microscopy, that these inappropriately expressed ('occult') CD antigens are located within cytoplasmic vesicles or within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Following in vitro activation of T cells a distinct increase in expression of all of these cytoplasmic antigens was observed but staining at the cell surface was, by comparison, weak. We therefore propose that up-regulation of various B-cell CD antigens occurs within the cytoplasm of T cells following activation and that these antigens may be synthesized and released into the fluid-phase as soluble immunoregulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sandilands
- University Department of Pathology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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Nuti S, Rosa D, Valiante NM, Saletti G, Caratozzolo M, Dellabona P, Barnaba V, Abrignani S. Dynamics of intra-hepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C: enrichment for Valpha24+ T cells and rapid elimination of effector cells by apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:3448-55. [PMID: 9842887 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3448::aid-immu3448>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis is characterized by a dramatic lymphocyte infiltrate in the liver. Although it is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases in humans, little information is available on the functional state of these intra-hepatic lymphocytes (IHL). To address this issue, we have optimized cytofluorimetric techniques to assess directly ex vivo the functions, dynamics and repertoires of IHL isolated from biopsies of patients with chronic hepatitis C. We estimate that 1% of the total body lymphocytes infiltrate the inflamed liver and find that, at variance with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from the same patients, most IHL display an activated phenotype and produce Th1 type lymphokines when stimulated in vitro. Virtually all IHL are found in the G0/G1 state of the cell cycle, while a sizeable percentage of them is undergoing programmed cell death in vivo, as detected by the TUNEL assay performed on freshly isolated cells. In contrast again to PBL from the same patients, IHL show a preferential compartmentalization of NK and TCRgamma/delta+ cells, and a remarkable (up to 20-fold) enrichment for Valpha24+ T cells. Together our data suggest that in a liver injured by chronic hepatitis C, most IHL are pro-inflammatory activated cells which are highly enriched for effectors of innate resistance. These IHL do not undergo clonal expansion in the liver but rather display effector function and die in situ at a high rate, suggesting that maintenance of the IHL pool is dependent on continuous migration from extra-hepatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nuti
- IRIS Research Center, Chiron S.p.A., Siena, Italy
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Saifuddin M, Crnich C, Long T, Saarloos MN, Spear GT. Transfer of host T-cell membrane HLA-DR and CD25 to target cells by human retroviruses. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 17:196-202. [PMID: 9495217 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199803010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses incorporate host membrane proteins, some of which remain functionally active and significantly affect viral phenotype. We investigated whether human retroviruses can transfer host membrane proteins to target cells. Following incubation with HTLV-I, HLA-DR and CD25 were detected on up to 70% of HPB-ALL cells. Similarly, HLA-DR and CD25 were also detected on cells following incubation with HIV-1. Cyclohexamide or azidothymidine (AZT) had no effect on detection, indicating that binding of virus or infection did not induce expression of these proteins. Detection of host proteins on target cells depended on binding as well as fusion of virus to the cell membrane, indicating that these proteins were inserted into target cell membranes. Virions also transferred host proteins to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This aberrant transfer of T-cell activation proteins by HIV or HTLV may alter the state of activation or proliferation of target cells and contribute to the immunodeficiencies associated with infection by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saifuddin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Singh N, Agrawal S, Rastogi AK. Infectious diseases and immunity: special reference to major histocompatibility complex. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:41-9. [PMID: 9126443 PMCID: PMC2627588 DOI: 10.3201/eid0301.970105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are an inherent system of alloantigens, which are the products of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These genes span a region of approximately 4 centimorgans on the short arm of human chromosome 6 at band p 21.3 and encode the HLA class I and class II antigens, which play a central role in cell-to-cell interaction in the immune system. These antigens interact with the antigen-specific cell surface receptors of T lymphocytes (TCR) thus causing activation of the lymphocytes and the resulting immune response. Class I antigens restrict cytotoxic T-cell (CD8+) function thus killing viral infected targets, while class II antigens are involved in presentation of exogenous antigens to T-helper cells (CD4+) by antigen presenting cells (APC). The APC processes the antigens, and the immunogenic peptide is then presented at the cell surface along with the MHC molecule for recognition by the TCR. Since the MHC molecules play a central role in regulating the immune response, they may have an important role in controlling resistance and susceptibility to diseases. In this review we have highlighted studies conducted to look for an association between HLA and infectious diseases; such studies have had a variable degree of success because the pathogenesis of different diseases varies widely, and most diseases have a polygenic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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Just JJ. Genetic predisposition to HIV-1 infection and acquired immune deficiency virus syndrome: a review of the literature examining associations with HLA [corrected]. Hum Immunol 1995; 44:156-69. [PMID: 8666552 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have been studying the relationship between host HLA type and the immune response to HIV-1 since early in the AIDS epidemic. Although the literature is replete with suggestions of an association, the exact locus and nature is unclear. This article reviews the current HLA-HIV/AIDS literature, providing a complete summary of all significant associations reported in journal articles (N = 30) between 1982 and 1993. Consistent associations with alleles comprising the haplotype DQ2-DR3-B8-Cw7-A1 and AIDS progression support a genetic component in AIDS progression. DQ1-DR1-B35-Cw4-A11 and DR5 also show consistent associations with HIV/AIDS outcomes, although it is unclear whether they are measuring susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, AIDS progression, or both. The question of whether HLA influences susceptibility to HIV-1 infection remains unanswered, as well-designed studies addressing this topic are lacking. Similarly, further studies are needed to clarify if HLA type is associated with KS. Several issues that complicate across-study comparisons are discussed including heterogeneity of both HLA and AIDS, potential confounding by race or risk group, and other biases which may influence results. In addition, several proposed biologic mechanisms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Just
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Abstract
The plethora of disease syndromes (dystrophy of various organ systems, malignancies and opportunistic infections) caused by HIV are all potentiated by the profound virus-induced immunosuppression that accompanies this infection. The mechanism of this severe immunosuppression is poorly understood and the subject is currently being pursued in studies of HIV-infected patients and in animals infected with other immunodeficiency-inducing retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Joag
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Marion Merrell Dow Foundation, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7424
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