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Multiple hepatic arterial injections of recombinant adenovirus p53 and 5-fluorouracil after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot phase II trial. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:389-95. [PMID: 19287305 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32832a2df9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This pilot phase II study was designed to determine the efficacy, toxicities, and biological activity of multiple hepatic arterial injections of recombinant adenovirus p53 (rAd-p53) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) when compared with TACE alone in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Forty-six patients with unresectable HCC were randomized in either group 1 [23 patients, multiple hepatic arterial injections of Ad-p53 (1x10 viral particles) and 5-FU (500-750 mg), after TACE] or group 2 (23 patients, TACE alone). In group 1, the number of Ad-p53/5-FU courses administered was 166 (median 7, range 3-12). In group 2, the number of TACE courses administered was 47 (median 2, range 1-3). Partial response and stable disease were 69.5% in group 1 and 65.2% in group 2. Times to progression were 9.6 months (range 2.1-21.7) in group 1 and 8.3 months (range 2.1-16.8) in group 2. Overall survivals were 12.8 months (range 2.7-26.2) in group 1 and 10.4 months (range 2.7-22.5) in group 2. Toxicities in both groups were generally mild and reversible. The most common Ad-p53-related toxicity was a transient fever. Specific p53 transgene expression was detected using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in biopsied tumor tissues. Distribution studies revealed that the vector was detected in the plasma, but rarely in the gargle and urine. This study shows that multiple hepatic arterial injections of Ad-p53 and 5-FU after TACE can be active and safe as a treatment for patients with unresectable HCC.
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Tumor growth suppression by adenovirus-mediated introduction of a cell-growth-suppressing gene tob in a pancreatic cancer model. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 63:275-86. [PMID: 18657378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TOB (transducer of ErbB-2) is a tumor suppressor that interacts with protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, including ErbB-2. Introduction of the tob gene into NIH3T3 cells results in cell growth suppression. In this study, we evaluated the effect of tob expression in pancreatic cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, SOJ) and discuss the tumor-suppressing effects of adenoviral vector expressing tob cDNA. We first measured the levels of endogenous tob mRNA being expressed in all pancreatic cancer cell lines. Then, we examined the effect of adenoviral vector containing tob cDNA (Ad-tob vector) on cancer cell lines. The viral vector was expanded with transfection in 293 cells. The titer of the vector was 350x10(6) pfu/ml. These cancer cells were able to be transfected with MOI 20 without adenoviral toxicity. The transfection of Ad-tob vector results in growth suppression of SOJ and AsPC-1 cell lines. The magnitude of the expression of the Ad-tob gene in cancer is correlated to tumor suppressive activity. We prepared pancreatic cancer peritonitis models using a peritoneal injection of AsPC-1 cells. In this model, bloody ascites and multiple tumor nodules were seen at the mesentery after 16 days. AdCAtob (50x10(6) pfu/day) was administered from day 5 to day 9 after 4 days of peritoneal injection of 2x10(6) AsPC-1 cells. Tumor growth suppression occurred 10 days after peritoneal injection of AdCAtob compared with the control group. There were no tumor nodules in the abdomen and no bloody ascites. These results suggest that the peritoneal injection of AdCAtob has potential to suppress the formation of pancreatic cancer peritonitis, and can be applied for chemotherapy-resistant cancer peritonitis.
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Liu B, Zhang H, Zhou G, Xie Y, Hao J, Qiu R, Duan X, Zhou Q. Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to heavy-ion radiation. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:140-5. [PMID: 17351803 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adenovirus-mediated p53 transfer could sensitize hepatocellular carcinoma to heavy-ion irradiation. METHODS HepG2 cells were preexposed to a (12)C(6+) beam, and then infected with replication-deficient adenovirus recombinant vectors containing human wild-type p53 (AdCMV-p53) ((12)C(6+) irradiation + AdCMV-p53 infection). The survival fraction was determined by clonogenic assay. The cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and p53 expression were monitored by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS p53 expression in (12)C(6+) irradiation + AdCMV-p53 infection groups was markedly higher than that in (12)C(6+) irradiation only groups (P < 0.05), suggesting that the preexposure to the (12)C(6+) beam promoted the expression of exogenous p53 in HepG2 cells infected with AdCMV-p53 only. The G(1)-phase arrest and cell apoptosis in the (12)C(6+) irradiation + AdCMV-p53 infection groups were significantly more than those in the (12)C(6+) irradiated groups (P < 0.05). The survival fractions of the (12)C(6+) irradiation + AdCMV-p53 infection groups decreased by 30%-49% compared with those of the (12)C(6+) beam-irradiated only groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer can promote G(1)-phase arrest and cell apoptosis, thus sensitizing hepatocellular carcinoma cells to heavy-ion irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PR China
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Collinet P, Vereecque R, Sabban F, Vinatier D, Leblanc E, Narducci F, Querleu D, Quesnel B. In vivo expression and antitumor activity of p53 gene transfer with naked plasmid DNA in an ovarian cancer xenograft model in nude mice. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2006; 32:449-53. [PMID: 16984510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormalities in the p53 and p16 tumor suppressor genes are one of the most common occurrences associated with human neoplasia. Consequently, restoration of wild-type p53 or p16 functions is seen as a particularly promising approach for cancer gene therapy. In vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated that virus-mediated p53 gene transfer can induce active cell death and ovarian tumor regression. AIM To evaluate the efficiency of intratumoral injection of naked DNA in tumor growth inhibition in an ovarian xenograft model. For that purpose, plasmid vectors encoding wild-type p53 (wt-p53) or p16 alone or in combination were used. METHODS Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with the human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line SKOV3. Three weeks after xenograft, tumor-bearing mice were injected twice a week with plasmid vectors carrying WT-p53 and/or WT-p16 cDNA. Empty plasmids and saline buffer were used as control. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate the inhibition potential with p53 and/or p16 restoration. RESULTS When compared to the control, intratumoral repeated injections of naked plasmid DNA encoding wt-p53 were inhibiting tumor growth. This inhibition was not observed with p16 and no synergy could be obtained between p53 and p16. p53 expression was restored in 84% of mice injected with plasmid encoding wt-p53. p16 expression was restored in 63% of mice injected with plasmid encoding p16. CONCLUSIONS In this report we demonstrated that: (i) naked DNA represents an efficient gene transfer in the SKOV3 xenograft model; (ii) restoration of wt-p53 gene allows tumor growth inhibition; and (iii) this inhibition could be correlated with p53 expression as seen in 84% of treated mice after repeated naked DNA injections. These results allow us to envisage naked DNA as a therapeutic adjuvant in ovarian cancer treatment, concomitantly with tumor resection and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Collinet
- Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Clinique de Gynécologie-Obstétrique CHRU Lille, Lille Cedex, France.
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Malaeb BS, Gardner TA, Margulis V, Yang L, Gillenwater JY, Chung LWK, Macik G, Koeneman KS. Elevated activated partial thromboplastin time during administration of first-generation adenoviral vectors for gene therapy for prostate cancer: identification of lupus anticoagulants. Urology 2005; 66:830-4. [PMID: 16230147 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cause and significance of elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in a group of patients who received a first-generation adenoviral vector (Ad-OC-TK) delivering a toxic gene to prostate cancer cells as part of a Phase I clinical trial at the University of Virginia. METHODS Eleven subjects were injected intratumorally to metastatic lesions of prostate cancer in the prostatic fossa, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, or bone (iliac, ischium, or vertebrae). After the initial laboratory evaluation, patients with elevated aPTT underwent a series of additional tests, including mixing studies, coagulation factor, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen, and lupus anticoagulant studies (modified Russell viper venom time) with phospholipid correction, and a Staclot LA assay. RESULTS Of the 11 subjects who were enrolled in the trial, 6 had elevated aPTT values. Of the 6 patients, 3 had aPTT elevation of more than 10 seconds above normal. Two of the subjects with higher values demonstrated an inhibitory pattern with the factor VIII and XI assays, and the lupus anticoagulant studies were positive. No clinical sequelae to the elevated aPTT values were observed. CONCLUSIONS This is, to our knowledge, the first formal report of a first-generation adenoviral vector causing a slight transient elevation of the aPTT through the induction of an antiphospholipid antibody. No clinical sequelae related to elevated aPTT values were observed. The adenoviral protocol was safe; similar protocols should be aware of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa S Malaeb
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Ohtani S, Kagawa S, Tango Y, Umeoka T, Tokunaga N, Tsunemitsu Y, Roth JA, Taya Y, Tanaka N, Fujiwara T. Quantitative analysis of p53-targeted gene expression and visualization of p53 transcriptional activity following intratumoral administration of adenoviral p53 in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.93.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To analyze the mechanism of the antitumor effect of an adenoviral vector expressing the p53 tumor suppressor (Ad-p53) in vivo, we quantitatively assessed p53-targeted gene expression and visualized transcriptional activity of p53 in tumors in nude mice treated with Ad-p53. Human lung cancer (H1299) xenografts established in nude mice were treated by intratumoral administration of Ad-p53. The levels of expression of exogenous p53 and p53-targeted genes p21, MDM2, Noxa, and p53AIP1 were quantified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and induction of apoptosis was observed histochemically on days 1–3, 7, and 14 after treatment. Expression of mRNA of exogenous p53 and p53-targeted genes (except p53AIP1) was at its maximum 1 day after Ad-p53 treatment and then decreased rapidly; apoptosis was evident in situ 2–3 days after treatment. We developed a noninvasive and simple method for monitoring the transcriptional activity of exogenous p53 following intratumoral administration of Ad-p53 in nude mice. We established H1299 cells that express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene under the control of p53-responsive p21 promoter (i.e., the p53R-GFP reporter system). Xenografts of these cells in nude mice were treated by intratumoral administration of Ad-p53, and the transcriptional activity of exogenous p53 could be visualized as intratumoral GFP expression in real time by 3-CCD camera. Expression of GFP was maximal 3 days after treatment and decreased remarkably by 7 days after treatment. We demonstrated that Ad-p53 treatment rapidly induced p53-targeted genes and apoptosis in tumors and succeeded in visualizing p53 transcriptional activity in vivo. We also found that Ad-p53 infection induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46 in p53-sensitive H1299 cells in vitro but not in p53-resistant H226Br cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of Ser46 is involved in p53-dependent apoptosis. Our data indicate that quantitative analysis of p53-targeted gene expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and visualization of p53 transcriptional activity in fresh xenografts by using the p53R-GFP reporter system may be useful in assessing the mechanisms of the antitumor effects of Ad-p53 and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ohtani
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
- 2Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Tango
- 3First Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Umeoka
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Tokunaga
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsunemitsu
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jack A. Roth
- 4Section of Thoracic Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Yoichi Taya
- 5Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanaka
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
- 2Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Tralhão JG, Schaefer L, Micegova M, Evaristo C, Schönherr E, Kayal S, Veiga-Fernandes H, Danel C, Iozzo R, Kresse H, Lemarchand P. In vivo selective and distant killing of cancer cells using adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transfer. FASEB J 2003; 17:464-6. [PMID: 12631584 PMCID: PMC5913819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0534fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Decorin is a well-known, ubiquitous proteoglycan that is a normal component of the ECM. Upon transgenic expression of decorin, tumor cells with diverse histogenetic background overexpress p21WAF1, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase activity, become arrested in G1, and fail to generate tumors in immunocompromised animals. Because decorin is a secreted protein, it has been recently suggested that decorin could act as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that adenovirus (Ad)-mediated transfer and expression of human decorin cDNA induced in vivo apoptosis of xenograft tumor cells in nude mice. This oncolytic activity was observed when the Ad vector encoding the decorin cDNA was injected intratumorally (i.t.) or i.v. Importantly, i.t. injection of the decorin Ad vector led to growth inhibition of the injected tumor associated with similar growth inhibition of a distant contralateral tumor, demonstrating a distant decorin antitumoral effect. Immunochemistry against human decorin and decorin quantitation in tumors confirmed that decorin migrated to the tumor distant site. Furthermore, decorin effect was specific to tumor cells, because neither apoptosis nor growth inhibition were observed in nontumoral human cells such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, despite p21 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guilherme Tralhão
- INSERM E0016 - Développement artériel [Paris]
Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - E0016AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades [Paris]12 rue de l'école de médecine 75270 Paris cedex 06.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Department of Internal Medicine [Münster, Germany]
University of Münster - Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Münster.
| | - Miroslava Micegova
- Department of Internal Medicine [Münster, Germany]
University of Münster - Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Münster.
| | - César Evaristo
- INSERM E0016 - Développement artériel [Paris]
Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - E0016AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades [Paris]12 rue de l'école de médecine 75270 Paris cedex 06.
| | - Elke Schönherr
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry [Münster, Germany]
University of Münster - Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Münster.
| | - Samer Kayal
- Physiopathologie moléculaire des infections microbiennes
Institut Pasteur [Paris]INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U411156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex
| | - Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- INEM, Inserm U345 [AP-HP Necker Enfants Malade]
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U345AP-HP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades [Paris] - 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris.
| | - Claire Danel
- INSERM E0016 - Développement artériel [Paris]
Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - E0016AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades [Paris]12 rue de l'école de médecine 75270 Paris cedex 06.
| | - Renato Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA]
Thomas Jefferson University - Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Hans Kresse
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry [Münster, Germany]
University of Münster - Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Münster.
| | - Patricia Lemarchand
- INSERM E0016 - Développement artériel [Paris]
Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - E0016AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades [Paris]12 rue de l'école de médecine 75270 Paris cedex 06.
- Institut du thorax [Nantes]
Université de Nantes - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U1087Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UMR6291Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes - 8 quai Moncousu - BP 70721 - 44007 Nantes Cedex 1
- * Correspondence should be addressed to Patricia Lemarchand
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Buller RE, Runnebaum IB, Karlan BY, Horowitz JA, Shahin M, Buekers T, Petrauskas S, Kreienberg R, Slamon D, Pegram M. A phase I/II trial of rAd/p53 (SCH 58500) gene replacement in recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:553-66. [PMID: 12082455 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the safety, gene transfer, host immune response, and pharmacokinetics of a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding human, recombinant, wild-type p53 (SCH 58500) delivered into the peritoneal cavity (i.p.) alone and sequentially in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, of patients with recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer containing aberrant or mutant p53. METHODS SCH 58500 was administered i.p. to three groups of patients with heavily pretreated recurrent disease. Group 1 (n=17) received a single dose of SCH 58500 escalated from 7.5 x 10(10) to 7.5 x 10(12) particles. Group 2 (n=9) received two or three doses of SCH 58500 given alone for one cycle, and then with chemotherapy for two cycles. The SCH 58500 dose was further escalated to 2.5 x 10(13) particles/dose in group 2. A third group (n=15) received a 5-day regimen of SCH 58500 given at 7.5 x 10(13) particles/dose per day i.p. alone for cycle 1 and then with intravenous carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy for cycles 2 and 3. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicity resulted from the delivery of 236/287 (82.2%) planned doses of SCH 58500. Fever, hypotension abdominal complaints, nausea, and vomiting were the most common adverse events. Vector-specific transgene expression in tumor was documented by RT-PCR in cells from both ascitic fluid and tissue biopsies. Despite marked increases in serum adenoviral antibody titers, transgene expression was measurable in 17 of 20 samples obtained after two or three cycles of SCH 58500. Vector was detectable in peritoneal fluid by 24 hours and persisted for as long as 7 days whereas none was detected in urine or stool. There was poor correlation between CT scans and CA125 responses. CA125 responses, defined as a greater than 50% decrement in serum CA125 from baseline, were documented in 8 of 16 women who completed three cycles of the multidose regimen. CONCLUSION CT scans are not a valid measure of response to i.p. SCH 58500 due to extensive adenoviral-induced inflammatory changes. Intraperitoneal SCH 58500 is safe, well tolerated, and combined with platinum-based chemotherapy can be associated with a significant reduction of serum CA125 in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Buller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1009, USA.
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Morrissey RE, Horvath C, Snyder EA, Patrick J, Collins N, Evans E, MacDonald JS. Porcine toxicology studies of SCH 58500, an adenoviral vector for the p53 gene. Toxicol Sci 2002; 65:256-65. [PMID: 11812930 PMCID: PMC7529057 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/65.2.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are being actively investigated for their potential utility in gene therapy. SCH 58500, a replication-deficient adenoviral vector, carries the normal p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is frequently mutated or absent in several human cancers. To assess the potential toxicity associated with adenoviral use, Yorkshire pigs were dosed by intravenous, intrahepatic, or local routes (subcutaneous and intradermal) to support a variety of potential clinical indications. Porcine cells were shown to support replication of wild-type human adenovirus. The nonlethal and asymptomatic dose in pigs following dosing via the intrahepatic route was greater than 3 x 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu)/kg (2.2 x 10(11) particles/kg), but less than 2.1 x 10(9) pfu/kg (1.5 x 10(12) particles/kg). By the intravenous route it was 1 x 10(8) pfu/kg, and by the ip route it was greater than or equal to 3 x 10(8) pfu/kg. In a multicycle intraperitoneal study in pigs, the high dose of 3 x 10(8) pfu/kg caused an increased antibody and/or an inflammatory response. By the intravenous route, plaque-forming units were present in most pigs at 5 min postdose, but only in a few at 10 min postdose. No expression was found in gonadal tissue approximately 3 weeks after a single intravenous injection of 3 x 10(8) pfu/kg. At high intrahepatic doses (about 1.5 x 10(12) particles/kg), acute cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects were found, which in subsequent studies were also present at high doses by intravenous administration. Based on these findings, careful evaluation of hemodynamic parameters in patients receiving systemic doses of SCH 58500 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Morrissey
- Drug Safety, Schering-Plough Research Institute, P.O. Box 32, Lafayette, New Jersey 07848-0032, USA.
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11
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Sasaki R, Shirakawa T, Zhang ZJ, Tamekane A, Matsumoto A, Sugimura K, Matsuo M, Kamidono S, Gotoh A. Additional gene therapy with Ad5CMV-p53 enhanced the efficacy of radiotherapy in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:1336-45. [PMID: 11728695 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy of ionizing radiation (IR) and adenoviral p53 gene therapy and to evaluate its molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC-3 cells, containing different types of p53 gene mutations, were investigated. The recombinant adenovirus vector containing the wild-type p53 gene (Ad5CMV-p53) was used for this study. Cells were irradiated (in 0, 2, 4, and 6 Gy, 300 cGy/min) and after 12 h of irradiation, the cells were infected with various doses of Ad5CMV-p53 (0-40 multiplicity of infection [MOI]). Cytotoxicity was determined by clonogenic assay. The molecular mechanisms were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), apoptotic cell detection, and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS The cell growth inhibition in DU145 (p53-mutated) cells by IR was strongly enhanced by additional Ad5CMV-p53 infection in a viral dose-dependent manner. In DU145 cells, IR alone induced minimal p53 mRNA expression. However, IR combined with Ad5CMV-p53 infection stimulated significant increase in p53 mRNA expression supplemented with Bax and p21 mRNA expressions. In PC-3 (p53-null), IR induced Bax and p21 mRNA expression, while the combination effects were observed in p53, Bax, and p21 mRNA expression. Apoptotic cell deaths were rarely observed after IR alone (DU145: 3%, PC-3: 5%). However, after combination therapy, the proportion of apoptotic cells greatly increased (sevenfold in DU145 cells, and twice in PC-3 cells). G1 cell cycle arrest was observed after Ad5CMV-p53 infection and the combination in both cell lines. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of IR and Ad5CMV-p53 gene therapy resulted in remarkable synergistic effects in human prostate cancer cells. This combination therapy could be one of the optimal treatment strategies for radioresistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Hyogo, Kobe City, Japan
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Prost S, Sheahan S, Rannie D, Harrison DJ. Adenovirus-mediated Cre deletion of floxed sequences in primary mouse cells is an efficient alternative for studies of gene deletion. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:E80. [PMID: 11504888 PMCID: PMC55864 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.16.e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the utility of Cre-expressing adenovirus for deletion of floxed genes in primary cells using primary murine hepatocytes. Adenovirus infection was very efficient, even at very low MOI (>95% infection at a MOI of 6) and did not reduce viability. High level LacZ expression was cytotoxic to hepatocytes but Cre expression had no effect on viability. Cre-mediated recombination was completed within a timespan that permits experimentation during primary culture (>95% recombination after 24 h), independently of the number of floxed alleles per cell. Recombination did not induce p53 or produce cytological nuclear abnormalities (even in polyploid cells). Contrary to expectation, deletion of DNA ligase 1 did not alter cell cycle progression, although Cre expression hastens entry to S phase from G(1), independently of the presence of floxed sequences. We conclude that adenovirus-mediated deletion of floxed alleles in primary cells is a straightforward and highly efficient tool for conducting preliminary studies of conditional gene targeting. Primary cells have advantages of differentiation, relative purity and ease of experimentation within controlled conditions, while avoiding confounding problems encountered in vivo (i.e. target cell specificity, kinetics and level of recombination, and elicitation of inflammatory and immune responses). This system could help identify important phenotypic effects and design and interpret in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prost
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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Schuler M, Herrmann R, De Greve JL, Stewart AK, Gatzemeier U, Stewart DJ, Laufman L, Gralla R, Kuball J, Buhl R, Heussel CP, Kommoss F, Perruchoud AP, Shepherd FA, Fritz MA, Horowitz JA, Huber C, Rochlitz C. Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:1750-8. [PMID: 11251006 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.6.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the additional benefit from adenoviral p53 gene therapy in patients undergoing first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with nonresectable NSCLC were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter phase II study of three cycles of regimen A, carboplatin (area under the curve, 6; day 1) plus paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2), day 1), or regimen B, cisplatin (100 mg/m(2), day 1) plus vinorelbine (25 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, 15, and 22) in combination with intratumoral injection of 7.5 x 10(12) particles of SCH 58500 (rAd/p53, day 1). Responses of individual tumor lesions were assessed after each cycle, and gene transfer was examined in posttreatment tumor biopsies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS There was no difference between the response rate of lesions treated with p53 gene therapy in addition to chemotherapy (52% objective responses) and lesions treated with chemotherapy alone (48% objective responses). Subgroup analysis according to the chemotherapy regimens revealed evidence for increased mean local tumor regressions in response to additional p53 gene therapy in patients receiving regimen B, but not in patients receiving regimen A. There was no survival difference between the two chemotherapy regimens, and the median survival of the cohort was 10.5 months (1-year survival, 44%). Transgene expression was confirmed in tumor samples from 68% of patients, and toxicities attributable to gene therapy were mild to moderate. CONCLUSION Intratumoral adenoviral p53 gene therapy appears to provide no additional benefit in patients receiving an effective first-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuler
- Department of Medicine III, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Eastham JA, Grafton W, Martin CM, Williams BJ. Suppression of primary tumor growth and the progression to metastasis with p53 adenovirus in human prostate cancer. J Urol 2000; 164:814-9. [PMID: 10953161 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200009010-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous advances have been made in gene therapy approaches for the treatment of solid tumors, including prostate cancer. While treatment of the primary tumor has been well investigated, little information is available regarding gene therapy techniques which might impact on the progression to metastatic disease. We investigate the ability of p53 adenovirus to suppress not only primary tumor growth, but also the progression to metastatic disease. Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been associated with the progression of prostate cancer. In this study, we utilized a metastatic model for human prostate cancer to determine if introduction of the wild-type p53 gene using an adenoviral vector (rAd-p53) impacted on primary tumor growth as well as the progression to metastatic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS For our studies, we used the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, which has a homozygous loss of p53 expression. Expression of exogenous p53 as well as p21 induction at various time points after infection with rAd-p53 was determined in vitro. In vivo studies were performed in nude mice following orthotopic (intraprostatic) injection of PC-3 cells. Primary tumor growth as well as the progression to metastatic disease was assessed following rAd-p53 treatment. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated high levels of p53 gene expression as well as the induction of p21 gene expression. Infection of PC-3 cells with rAd-p53 resulted in marked growth inhibition, as well as wide-spread fragmentation of nuclei and secretion of nuclear matrix proteins into the culture medium consistent with the process of apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that a single injection of rAd-p53 into an established orthotopic prostate tumor resulted not only in primary tumor growth suppression (treated = 97.5 +/- 25.3 mm.3 versus control = 393.4 +/- 67.2 mm.3; p = 0.0002) but also reduced the frequency of progression to metastatic disease (treated = 8 of 19 versus control = 18 of 19; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION These experiments demonstrate that a single injection of rAd-p53 into an established orthotopic prostate tumor results not only in suppression of primary tumor growth, but also in a reduction of the frequency of progression to metastatic disease. These results suggest that a rAd-p53 gene therapy strategy may be useful in the treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Eastham
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932, USA
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SUPPRESSION OF PRIMARY TUMOR GROWTH AND THE PROGRESSION TO METASTASIS WITH p53 ADENOVIRUS IN HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Pützer BM, Stiewe T, Crespo F, Esche H. Improved safety through tamoxifen-regulated induction of cytotoxic genes delivered by Ad vectors for cancer gene therapy. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1317-25. [PMID: 10918503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of pro-apoptotic genes to tumors is one of the most promising strategies for anticancer gene therapy. However, the use of potentially toxic genes, such as tumor suppressor genes or apoptotic genes, needs controllable transgene activation. To achieve regulation of the transgene at a desired time, we developed an adenovirus (Ad) vector, in which the apoptotic activity of the target gene has been made 4-OHT-dependent by fusion to the ligand binding-domain of the estrogen receptor (ER). For evaluation of the system in human tumor cells, we used the E2F1 gene which encodes a transcription factor that triggers massive apoptosis in several human cancers. AdER-E2F1 expressed high levels of transgene over at least 1 week. Upon activation of E2F1 by the ligand 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT) the ER-E2F1 fusion protein correctly translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, transactivated E2F-dependent promoters, and rapidly induced substantial E2F1-related toxicity. Finally, experiments in nude mice showed tightly regulated tumor growth suppression in vivo. Taken together, our system represents a powerful approach for tight regulation and rapid induction of cytotoxicity as the major criteria for safe gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Pützer
- Institute of Molecular Biology (Cancer Research), University of Essen, Medical School, Germany
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17
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Gómez-Navarro J, Arafat W, Xiang J. Gene therapy for carcinoma of the breast: Pro-apoptotic gene therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2:32-44. [PMID: 11250691 PMCID: PMC521212 DOI: 10.1186/bcr27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/1999] [Revised: 11/23/1999] [Accepted: 11/24/1999] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of apoptosis contributes in a variety of ways to the malignant phenotype. It is increasingly recognized that the alteration of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules determines not only escape from mechanisms that control cell cycle and DNA damage, but also endows the cancer cells with the capacity to survive in the presence of a metabolically adverse milieu, to resist the attack of the immune system, to locally invade and survive despite a lack of tissue anchorage, and to evade the otherwise lethal insults induced by drugs and radiotherapy. A multitude of apoptosis mediators has been identified in the past decade, and the roles of several of them in breast cancer have been delineated by studying the clinical correlates of pathologically documented abnormalities. Using this information, attempts are being made to correct the fundamental anomalies at the genetic level. Fundamental to this end are the design of more efficient and selective gene transfer systems, and the employment of complex interventions that are tailored to breast cancer and that are aimed concomitantly towards different components of the redundant regulatory pathways. The combination of such genetic modifications is most likely to be effective when combined with conventional treatments, thus robustly activating several pro-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gómez-Navarro
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 602 Lurleen B. Wallace Tumor Institute, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA.
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18
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Grace MJ, Xie L, Musco ML, Cui S, Gurnani M, DiGiacomo R, Chang A, Indelicato S, Syed J, Johnson R, Nielsen LL. The use of laser scanning cytometry to assess depth of penetration of adenovirus p53 gene therapy in human xenograft biopsies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1869-78. [PMID: 10595917 PMCID: PMC1866932 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SCH58500 is an agent for gene therapy of cancer, consisting of a replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) expressing the human p53 tumor suppressor gene (Ad5/p53). An important question about the use of Ad5/p53 gene therapy is how to achieve the therapeutically effective delivery of an Ad5/p53 vector to the tumor. We wanted to determine the effective depth of penetration of an Ad5/p53 vector by dosing the vector in an experimental human xenograft/SCID model. To assess depth of penetration, we developed a novel methodology for scanning tissue sections by laser scanning cytometry (LSC). SCID mice were given intraperitoneal injections of either p53(null) SK-OV-3 human ovarian tumor cells or p53(mut) DU-145 human prostate tumor cells to establish xenograft solid tumors. Mice were then dosed once or twice at 24-hour intervals by intraperitoneal injection with SCH58500 (Ad5/p53), an adenovirus construct expressing beta-galactosidase (Ad5/beta-gal), or a buffer control. Additional groups of mice received a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg/kg paclitaxel either alone or coadministered with Ad5/p53. Twenty-four hours after each last dose, the human solid tumor xenograft and relevant mouse tissue were removed from each mouse for the analysis of Ad5/p53 penetration. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for beta-galactosidase protein revealed a depth of penetration of between 1 and 10 cells from the tumor surface. In some mice, hepatocytes in the periportal regions of liver lobules were also positive, indicating systemic absorption of adenovirus from the peritoneal cavity. IHC staining for p53 and p21 proteins in SK-OV-3 solid tumor xenografts revealed similar Ad/p53 penetration. LSC was used to map and quantitate apoptosis in both tumor and liver tissue biopsies, with over 450,000 nuclei from liver tissue and 150,000 nuclei from tumor tissue being evaluated. LSC analysis demonstrated a high level of apoptosis in the tumors that had been removed from Ad5/p53-dosed mice (12.7-19.7%). This level of apoptosis was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than was observed for liver tissues taken from Ad5/p53-dosed mice (2.7-8.0%) or tumor tissues taken from either Ad5/beta-gal-dosed mice (3.0-6.4%) or buffer control-dosed mice (3.0-5.3%). Scan bit maps from the extensive LSC analyses confirmed that apoptosis was present to about the same depth (1-10 cells) as had been identified by IHC for beta-galactosidase, p53, and p21 proteins. Paclitaxel coadministered with Ad5/p53 had no effect on Ad5 penetration into solid tumors in vivo as measured by IHC for p53 or p21 protein. However, the combination therapy did cause an elevation in the number of tumor cells undergoing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Grace
- Department of Biotechnology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Union, New Jersey 07083, USA.
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19
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Von Gruenigen VE, O'Boyle JD, Coleman RL, Wilson D, Miller DS, Mathis JM. Efficacy of intraperitoneal adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy in ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9:365-372. [PMID: 11240795 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of adenovirus-based p53 gene therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer using an intraperitoneal microscopic tumor animal model system. Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene was introduced into the NIH:OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. In order to study microscopic intraperitoneal tumor, athymic nude mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 x 107 OVCAR-3 cells and observed for tumor growth. Three days after inoculation with OVCAR-3 cells, the mice were divided into 3 treatment groups. One group received three daily i.p. injections of 1 x 108 pfu Ad-CMV-p53, a second group received three daily i.p. injection of 1 x 108 pfu of the control adenovirus construct expressing beta galactosidase (Ad-CMV-betagal) and a third group received three daily i.p. injections of normal saline. Adenovirus-mediated introduction of the wild-type p53 gene in the ovarian cancer cell line resulted in transient high levels of p53 protein for 24-48 h. Cell cycle analysis revealed G1 arrest, as well as the appearance of apoptosis. In vitro cell growth assays showed growth inhibition of cancer cells infected with Ad-CMV-p53 compared to cells infected with Ad-CMV-betagal or normal saline. There was a significant increase in survival in the Ad-CMV-p53 adenovirus treated animals compared to the PBS treated animals (P = 0.004). Likewise, the survival in Ad-CMV-p53 treated mice was also significantly greater than mice treated with Ad-CMV-betagal (P < 0.0001). These results demonstrated that Ad-CMV-p53 treatment is effective in inhibiting tumor growth and prolonging survival in this microscopic cancer xenograft model. The results of this study constitute a step in translating promising in vitro and in vivo data from an adenovirus-based gene therapeutic model system into practical and scientifically based human cancer therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. E. Von Gruenigen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biochemistry, Hammon Center for Therapeutic Oncologic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, and Introgen Therapeutics, Inc., Houston, Texas USA
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20
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Brand K, Klocke R, Possling A, Paul D, Strauss M. Induction of apoptosis and G2/M arrest by infection with replication-deficient adenovirus at high multiplicity of infection. Gene Ther 1999; 6:1054-63. [PMID: 10455408 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenoviruses are among the most widely used vectors in gene therapy and are also becoming increasingly popular as analytical tools in basic research. However, significant toxicity of these vectors in vivo has been reported. Here, we show that in an in vitro setting, first generation adenoviruses lead to growth retardation, prolongation of the G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis if applied at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI). These findings were obtained in p53-deficient hepatocytes, derived from knock-out mice (A2 cells) and in several tumor cell lines containing wild-type (wt) or mutant p53. Apoptosis induction was correlated with increased levels of p53 and bax proteins and it was stronger in cells containing wt p53 as compared with cells lacking functional p53. Apoptosis was highly dependent on the MOI used with marked effects starting at an MOI twice as high as needed for 100% gene transfer. Expression of the adenoviral E4 ORF6 gene as well as adenoviral replication were detected in all cell lines infected with first generation adenovirus. Apoptosis could be considerably reduced but not abrogated by UV inactivation of adenovirus, which indicates proapoptotic effects caused by the infection event as well as by residual adenoviral gene expression or adenoviral replication. First generation adenoviruses apparently display proapoptotic activity if used at higher MOIs, which may be of relevance when these vectors are used as analytical or gene therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brand
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hogaboam CM, Simpson KJ, Chensue SW, Steinhauser ML, Lukacs NW, Gauldie J, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene therapy attenuates adenovirus- and acetaminophen-mediated hepatic injury. Gene Ther 1999; 6:573-84. [PMID: 10476217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Profound hepatocellular injury is often a consequence of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy or acetaminophen ingestion. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of a CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), in the hepatotoxic response by mice infected with adenovirus and challenged with acetaminophen. CD1 mice that received a replication-defective human type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad70-3) intravenously exhibited hepatic injury that peaked at 24 h after infection. In contrast, mice that received a similar adenovirus vector containing a rodent MIP-2 cDNA insert had no hepatic injury at any time after infection. The combination of Ad70-3 infection and an intraperitoneal challenge with 400 mg/kg of acetaminophen was fatal in 50% of the mice, but only 10% of the AdMIP-2 group receiving acetaminophen were similarly affected. Furthermore, AdMIP-2 mice had significantly lower hepatic injury and serum aminotransaminases compared with the Ad70-3 group. However, AdMIP-2 infection in mice lacking the CXC chemokine receptor that binds MIP-2, CXCR2, did not attenuate any of the markers of liver injury after adenovirus and acetaminophen challenge. AdMIP-2 treatment of CD1 mice was also associated with significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration into the liver and an earlier increase in hepatic 3H-thymidine incorporation compared with the control group. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MIP-2 has a protective role in both adenovirus- and acetaminophen-mediated hepatotoxicity, and suggest that MIP-2 may promote rapid hepatic regeneration following acute hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA
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22
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Abstract
Gene therapy for breast cancer is still in the very early stages of development. Many of the molecular strategies that have been proposed are also being developed for other cancers. Their application to breast cancer, however, needs to address several issues specific to this disease such as the widespread nature of metastases, the indolent growth of the tumor cells, and the production by the tumor of immunosuppressive agents. Nonetheless, these approaches appear promising, particularly those that employ a combination of strategies. Gene therapies that affect the biology of breast cancer cells or regulate host immune mechanisms have been most successful and may be paired with existing therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Boxhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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