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Di Francesco V, Chua AJ, Huang D, D'Souza A, Yang A, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. RNA therapies for CNS diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115283. [PMID: 38494152 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that pose an increasing health burden worldwide. There is a general lack of effective therapies due to multiple reasons, of which a key obstacle is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits drug delivery to the central nervous system, and generally restricts the pool of candidate drugs to small, lipophilic molecules. However, in many cases, these are unable to target key pathways in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. As a group, RNA therapies have shown tremendous promise in treating various conditions because they offer unique opportunities for specific targeting by leveraging Watson-Crick base pairing systems, opening up possibilities to modulate pathological mechanisms that previously could not be addressed by small molecules or antibody-protein interactions. This potential paradigm shift in disease management has been enabled by recent advances in synthesizing, purifying, and delivering RNA. This review explores the use of RNA-based therapies specifically for central nervous system disorders, where we highlight the inherent limitations of RNA therapy and present strategies to augment the effectiveness of RNA therapeutics, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. We then describe translational challenges to the widespread use of RNA therapies and close with a consideration of future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Francesco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andy J Chua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, 110 Sengkang E Way, 544886, Singapore
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anisha D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alicia Yang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sevigny J, Uspenskaya O, Heckman LD, Wong LC, Hatch DA, Tewari A, Vandenberghe R, Irwin DJ, Saracino D, Le Ber I, Ahmed R, Rohrer JD, Boxer AL, Boland S, Sheehan P, Brandes A, Burstein SR, Shykind BM, Kamalakaran S, Daniels CW, David Litwack E, Mahoney E, Velaga J, McNamara I, Sondergaard P, Sajjad SA, Kobayashi YM, Abeliovich A, Hefti F. Progranulin AAV gene therapy for frontotemporal dementia: translational studies and phase 1/2 trial interim results. Nat Med 2024; 30:1406-1415. [PMID: 38745011 PMCID: PMC11108785 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, which eventually leads to frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN). PR006 is an investigational gene therapy delivering the granulin gene (GRN) using an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector. In non-clinical studies, PR006 transduced neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with FTD-GRN, resulted in progranulin expression and improvement of lipofuscin, lysosomal and neuroinflammation pathologies in Grn-knockout mice, and was well tolerated except for minimal, asymptomatic dorsal root ganglionopathy in non-human primates. We initiated a first-in-human phase 1/2 open-label trial. Here we report results of a pre-specified interim analysis triggered with the last treated patient of the low-dose cohort (n = 6) reaching the 12-month follow-up timepoint. We also include preliminary data from the mid-dose cohort (n = 7). Primary endpoints were safety, immunogenicity and change in progranulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Secondary endpoints were Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) rating scale and levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL). One-time administration of PR006 into the cisterna magna was generally safe and well tolerated. All patients developed treatment-emergent anti-AAV9 antibodies in the CSF, but none developed anti-progranulin antibodies. CSF pleocytosis was the most common PR006-related adverse event. Twelve serious adverse events occurred, mostly unrelated to PR006. Deep vein thrombosis developed in three patients. There was one death (unrelated) occurring 18 months after treatment. CSF progranulin increased after PR006 treatment in all patients; blood progranulin increased in most patients but only transiently. NfL levels transiently increased after PR006 treatment, likely reflecting dorsal root ganglia toxicity. Progression rates, based on the CDR scale, were within the broad ranges reported for patients with FTD. These data provide preliminary insights into the safety and bioactivity of PR006. Longer follow-up and additional studies are needed to confirm the safety and potential efficacy of PR006. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04408625 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sevigny
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Olga Uspenskaya
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Dean Heckman
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chin Wong
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Hatch
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rebekah Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Center, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Brandes
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin M Shykind
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - E David Litwack
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Mahoney
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Velaga
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilan McNamara
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sondergaard
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Sajjad
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne M Kobayashi
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
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Finkel Z, Esteban F, Rodriguez B, Clifford T, Joseph A, Alostaz H, Dalmia M, Gutierrez J, Tamasi MJ, Zhang SM, Simone J, Petekci H, Nath S, Escott M, Garg SK, Gormley AJ, Kumar S, Gulati S, Cai L. AAV6 mediated Gsx1 expression in neural stem progenitor cells promotes neurogenesis and restores locomotor function after contusion spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00362. [PMID: 38664194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic screened homeobox 1 (Gsx1 or Gsh1) is a neurogenic transcription factor required for the generation of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons during spinal cord development. In the adult, lentivirus (LV) mediated Gsx1 expression promotes neural regeneration and functional locomotor recovery in a mouse model of lateral hemisection spinal cord injury (SCI). The LV delivery method is clinically unsafe due to insertional mutations to the host DNA. In addition, the most common clinical case of SCI is contusion/compression. In this study, we identify that adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) preferentially infects neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the injured spinal cord. Using a rat model of contusion SCI, we demonstrate that AAV6 mediated Gsx1 expression promotes neurogenesis, increases the number of neuroblasts/immature neurons, restores excitatory/inhibitory neuron balance and serotonergic neuronal activity through the lesion core, and promotes locomotor functional recovery. Our findings support that AAV6 preferentially targets NSPCs for gene delivery and confirmed Gsx1 efficacy in clinically relevant rat model of contusion SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Finkel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fatima Esteban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brianna Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tanner Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Adelina Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hani Alostaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mridul Dalmia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Juan Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J Tamasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Samuel Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jonah Simone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hafize Petekci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Susmita Nath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Miriam Escott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shivam Kumar Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sonia Gulati
- NeuroNovus Therapeutics Inc., 135 E 57th St., New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; NeuroNovus Therapeutics Inc., 135 E 57th St., New York, NY 10022, USA.
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Kerzonkuf M, Verneuil J, Brocard C, Dingu N, Trouplin V, Ramirez Franco JJ, Bartoli M, Brocard F, Bras H. Knockdown of calpain1 in lumbar motoneurons reduces spasticity after spinal cord injury in adult rats. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1096-1109. [PMID: 38291756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Spasticity, affecting ∼75% of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), leads to hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, and cocontractions of antagonist muscles, greatly affecting their quality of life. Spasticity primarily stems from the hyperexcitability of motoneurons below the lesion, driven by an upregulation of the persistent sodium current and a downregulation of chloride extrusion. This imbalance results from the post-SCI activation of calpain1, which cleaves Nav1.6 channels and KCC2 cotransporters. Our study was focused on mitigating spasticity by specifically targeting calpain1 in spinal motoneurons. We successfully transduced lumbar motoneurons in adult rats with SCI using intrathecal administration of adeno-associated virus vector serotype 6, carrying a shRNA sequence against calpain1. This approach significantly reduced calpain1 expression in transduced motoneurons, leading to a noticeable decrease in spasticity symptoms, including hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, and cocontractions in hindlimb muscles, which are particularly evident in the second month post-SCI. In addition, this decrease, which prevented the escalation of spasticity to a severe grade, paralleled the restoration of KCC2 levels in transduced motoneurons, suggesting a reduced proteolytic activity of calpain1. These findings demonstrate that inhibiting calpain1 in motoneurons is a promising strategy for alleviating spasticity in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Kerzonkuf
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy Verneuil
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Nejada Dingu
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Trouplin
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jose Jorge Ramirez Franco
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Aix-Marseille Université and INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Brocard
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Hélène Bras
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Bharucha-Goebel DX, Todd JJ, Saade D, Norato G, Jain M, Lehky T, Bailey RM, Chichester JA, Calcedo R, Armao D, Foley AR, Mohassel P, Tesfaye E, Carlin BP, Seremula B, Waite M, Zein WM, Huryn LA, Crawford TO, Sumner CJ, Hoke A, Heiss JD, Charnas L, Hooper JE, Bouldin TW, Kang EM, Rybin D, Gray SJ, Bönnemann CG. Intrathecal Gene Therapy for Giant Axonal Neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1092-1104. [PMID: 38507752 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2307952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant axonal neuropathy is a rare, autosomal recessive, pediatric, polysymptomatic, neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in GAN, the gene encoding gigaxonin. METHODS We conducted an intrathecal dose-escalation study of scAAV9/JeT-GAN (a self-complementary adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy containing the GAN transgene) in children with giant axonal neuropathy. Safety was the primary end point. The key secondary clinical end point was at least a 95% posterior probability of slowing the rate of change (i.e., slope) in the 32-item Motor Function Measure total percent score at 1 year after treatment, as compared with the pretreatment slope. RESULTS One of four intrathecal doses of scAAV9/JeT-GAN was administered to 14 participants - 3.5×1013 total vector genomes (vg) (in 2 participants), 1.2×1014 vg (in 4), 1.8×1014 vg (in 5), and 3.5×1014 vg (in 3). During a median observation period of 68.7 months (range, 8.6 to 90.5), of 48 serious adverse events that had occurred, 1 (fever) was possibly related to treatment; 129 of 682 adverse events were possibly related to treatment. The mean pretreatment slope in the total cohort was -7.17 percentage points per year (95% credible interval, -8.36 to -5.97). At 1 year after treatment, posterior mean changes in slope were -0.54 percentage points (95% credible interval, -7.48 to 6.28) with the 3.5×1013-vg dose, 3.23 percentage points (95% credible interval, -1.27 to 7.65) with the 1.2×1014-vg dose, 5.32 percentage points (95% credible interval, 1.07 to 9.57) with the 1.8×1014-vg dose, and 3.43 percentage points (95% credible interval, -1.89 to 8.82) with the 3.5×1014-vg dose. The corresponding posterior probabilities for slowing the slope were 44% (95% credible interval, 43 to 44); 92% (95% credible interval, 92 to 93); 99% (95% credible interval, 99 to 99), which was above the efficacy threshold; and 90% (95% credible interval, 89 to 90). Between 6 and 24 months after gene transfer, sensory-nerve action potential amplitudes increased, stopped declining, or became recordable after being absent in 6 participants but remained absent in 8. CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal gene transfer with scAAV9/JeT-GAN for giant axonal neuropathy was associated with adverse events and resulted in a possible benefit in motor function scores and other measures at some vector doses over a year. Further studies are warranted to determine the safety and efficacy of intrathecal AAV-mediated gene therapy in this disorder. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02362438.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X Bharucha-Goebel
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Joshua J Todd
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Dimah Saade
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Gina Norato
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Minal Jain
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Tanya Lehky
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Rachel M Bailey
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Jessica A Chichester
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Diane Armao
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - A Reghan Foley
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Payam Mohassel
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Eshetu Tesfaye
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Bradley P Carlin
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Beth Seremula
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Melissa Waite
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Wadih M Zein
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Thomas O Crawford
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - John D Heiss
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Lawrence Charnas
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Jody E Hooper
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Thomas W Bouldin
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Elizabeth M Kang
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Denis Rybin
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Steven J Gray
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- From the Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (D.X.B.-G., J.J.T., D.S., A.R.F., P.M., C.G.B), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (G.N., T.L., J.D.H.), the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center (M.J., M.W.), National Eye Institute (W.M.Z., L.A.H.), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research (E.M.K.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and the Departments of Neurology (C.J.S., A.H., T.O.C.), Neuroscience (C.J.S., A.H.), and Pediatrics (T.O.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore - all in Maryland; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (D.X.B.-G.); the University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.S.); the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.M.B, S.J.G.), and Taysha Gene Therapies (E.T.) - both in Dallas; the Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.A.C.), Cencora PharmaLex, Conshohocken (B.P.C.), and Atorus Research, Newtown Square (B.S.) - all in Pennsylvania; Affinia Therapeutics, Waltham (R.C.), and the Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge (L.C., D.R.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.A., T.W.B.) and Radiology (D.A.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (J.E.H.)
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6
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Veerakumar A, Head JP, Krasnow MA. A brainstem circuit for phonation and volume control in mice. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2122-2130. [PMID: 37996531 PMCID: PMC10689238 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian vocalizations are critical for communication and are produced through the process of phonation, in which expiratory muscles force air through the tensed vocal folds of the larynx, which vibrate to produce sound. Despite the importance of phonation, the motor circuits in the brain that control it remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a subpopulation of ~160 neuropeptide precursor Nts (neurotensin)-expressing neurons in the mouse brainstem nucleus retroambiguus (RAm) that are robustly activated during both neonatal isolation cries and adult social vocalizations. The activity of these neurons is necessary and sufficient for vocalization and bidirectionally controls sound volume. RAm Nts neurons project to all brainstem and spinal cord motor centers involved in phonation and activate laryngeal and expiratory muscles essential for phonation and volume control. Thus, RAm Nts neurons form the core of a brain circuit for making sound and controlling its volume, which are two foundations of vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avin Veerakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Salegio EA, Hancock K, Korszen S. Pre-clinical delivery of gene therapy products to the cerebrospinal fluid: challenges and considerations for clinical translation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1248271. [PMID: 37664241 PMCID: PMC10469667 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1248271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the majority of gene therapy studies in neurological indications have focused on direct gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS), there is growing interest in the delivery of therapeutics using the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a conduit. Historically, direct CNS routes-of-administration (RoAs) have relied on tissue dynamics, displacement of interstitial fluid, and regional specificity to achieve focal delivery into regions of interest, such as the brain. While intraparenchymal delivery minimizes peripheral organ exposure, one perceived drawback is the relative invasiveness of this approach to drug delivery. In this mini review, we examine the CSF as an alternative RoA to target CNS tissue and discuss considerations associated with the safety of performing such procedures, biodistribution of therapeutics following single administration, and translation of findings given differences between small and large animals. These factors will help delineate key considerations for translating data obtained from animal studies into clinical settings that may be useful in the treatment of neurological conditions.
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8
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Chen X, Dong T, Hu Y, De Pace R, Mattera R, Eberhardt K, Ziegler M, Pirovolakis T, Sahin M, Bonifacino JS, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Gray SJ. Intrathecal AAV9/AP4M1 gene therapy for hereditary spastic paraplegia 50 shows safety and efficacy in preclinical studies. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164575. [PMID: 36951961 PMCID: PMC10178841 DOI: 10.1172/jci164575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia 50 (SPG50) is an ultrarare childhood-onset neurological disorder caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in the AP4M1 gene. SPG50 is characterized by progressive spastic paraplegia, global developmental delay, and subsequent intellectual disability, secondary microcephaly, and epilepsy. We preformed preclinical studies evaluating an adeno-associated virus (AAV)/AP4M1 gene therapy for SPG50 and describe in vitro studies that demonstrate transduction of patient-derived fibroblasts with AAV2/AP4M1, resulting in phenotypic rescue. To evaluate efficacy in vivo, Ap4m1-KO mice were intrathecally (i.t.) injected with 5 × 1011, 2.5 × 1011, or 1.25 × 1011 vector genome (vg) doses of AAV9/AP4M1 at P7-P10 or P90. Age- and dose-dependent effects were observed, with early intervention and higher doses achieving the best therapeutic benefits. In parallel, three toxicology studies in WT mice, rats, and nonhuman primates (NHPs) demonstrated that AAV9/AP4M1 had an acceptable safety profile up to a target human dose of 1 × 1015 vg. Of note, similar degrees of minimal-to-mild dorsal root ganglia (DRG) toxicity were observed in both rats and NHPs, supporting the use of rats to monitor DRG toxicity in future i.t. AAV studies. These preclinical results identify an acceptably safe and efficacious dose of i.t.-administered AAV9/AP4M1, supporting an investigational gene transfer clinical trial to treat SPG50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael Mattera
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathrin Eberhardt
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marvin Ziegler
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven J. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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9
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Khare P, Edgecomb SX, Hamadani CM, E L Tanner E, Manickam DS. Lipid nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114861. [PMID: 37150326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have revolutionized the field of drug delivery through their applications in siRNA delivery to the liver (Onpattro) and their use in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. While LNPs have been extensively studied for the delivery of RNA drugs to muscle and liver targets, their potential to deliver drugs to challenging tissue targets such as the brain remains underexplored. Multiple brain disorders currently lack safe and effective therapies and therefore repurposing LNPs could potentially be a game changer for improving drug delivery to cellular targets both at and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we will discuss (1) the rationale and factors involved in optimizing LNPs for brain delivery, (2) ionic liquid-coated LNPs as a potential approach for increasing LNP accumulation in the brain tissue and (3) considerations, open questions and potential opportunities in the development of LNPs for delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Khare
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sara X Edgecomb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, MS
| | | | - Eden E L Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, MS.
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA.
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10
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Khang M, Bindra RS, Mark Saltzman W. Intrathecal delivery and its applications in leptomeningeal disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114338. [PMID: 35561835 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal delivery (IT) of opiates into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for anesthesia and pain relief has been used clinically for decades, but this relatively straightforward approach of bypassing the blood-brain barrier has been underutilized for other indications because of its lack of utility in delivering small lipid-soluble drugs. However, emerging evidence suggests that IT drug delivery be an efficacious strategy for the treatment of cancers in which there is leptomeningeal spread of disease. In this review, we discuss CSF flow dynamics and CSF clearance pathways in the context of intrathecal delivery. We discuss human and animal studies of several new classes of therapeutic agents-cellular, protein, nucleic acid, and nanoparticle-based small molecules-that may benefit from IT delivery. The complexity of the CSF compartment presents several key challenges in predicting biodistribution of IT-delivered drugs. New approaches and strategies are needed that can overcome the high rates of turnover in the CSF to reach specific tissues or cellular targets.
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11
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Viral strategies for targeting spinal neuronal subtypes in adult wild-type rodents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8627. [PMID: 35606530 PMCID: PMC9126985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting specific subtypes of interneurons in the spinal cord is primarily restricted to a small group of genetic model animals. Since the development of new transgenic model animals can be expensive and labor intensive, it is often difficult to generalize these findings and verify them in other model organisms, such as the rat, ferret or monkey, that may be more beneficial in certain experimental investigations. Nevertheless, endogenous enhancers and promoters delivered using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) have been successful in providing expression in specific subtypes of neurons in the forebrain of wildtype animals, and therefore may introduce a shortcut. GABAergic interneurons, for instance, have successfully been targeted using the mDlx promoter, which has recently been developed and is now widely used in wild type animals. Here, we test the specificity and efficiency of the mDlx enhancer for robust targeting of inhibitory interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of wild-type rats using AAV serotype 2 (AAV2). Since this has rarely been done in the spinal cord, we also test the expression and specificity of the CamKIIa and hSynapsin promoters using serotype 9. We found that AAV2-mDlx does in fact target many neurons that contain an enzyme for catalyzing GABA, the GAD-65, with high specificity and a small fraction of neurons containing an isoform, GAD-67. Expression was also seen in some motor neurons although with low correlation. Viral injections using the CamKIIa enhancer via AAV9 infected in some glutamatergic neurons, but also GABAergic neurons, whereas hSynapsin via AAV9 targets almost all the neurons in the lumbar spinal cord.
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12
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Islam A, Tom VJ. The use of viral vectors to promote repair after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114102. [PMID: 35513025 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that can permanently disrupt multiple modalities. Unfortunately, the combination of the inhibitory environment at a central nervous system (CNS) injury site and the diminished intrinsic capacity of adult axons for growth results in the failure for robust axonal regeneration, limiting the ability for repair. Delivering genetic material that can either positively or negatively modulate gene expression has the potential to counter the obstacles that hinder axon growth within the spinal cord after injury. A popular gene therapy method is to deliver the genetic material using viral vectors. There are considerations when deciding on a viral vector approach for a particular application, including the type of vector, as well as serotypes, and promoters. In this review, we will discuss some of the aspects to consider when utilizing a viral vector approach to as a therapy for SCI. Additionally, we will discuss some recent applications of gene therapy to target extrinsic and/or intrinsic barriers to promote axon regeneration after SCI in preclinical models. While still in early stages, this approach has potential to treat those living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Islam
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Chen X, Dong T, Hu Y, Shaffo FC, Belur NR, Mazzulli JR, Gray SJ. AAV9/MFSD8 gene therapy is effective in preclinical models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 7 disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:146286. [PMID: 35025759 PMCID: PMC8884910 DOI: 10.1172/jci146286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 7 (CLN7) disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 (MFSD8) gene, which encodes a membrane-bound lysosomal protein, MFSD8. To test the effectiveness and safety of adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy, an in vitro study demonstrated that AAV2/MFSD8 dose dependently rescued lysosomal function in fibroblasts from a CLN7 patient. An in vivo efficacy study using intrathecal administration of AAV9/MFSD8 to Mfsd8- /- mice at P7-P10 or P120 with high or low dose led to clear age- and dose-dependent effects. A high dose of AAV9/MFSD8 at P7-P10 resulted in widespread MFSD8 mRNA expression, tendency of amelioration of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase accumulation and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity, normalization of impaired behaviors, doubled median life span, and extended normal body weight gain. In vivo safety studies in rodents concluded that intrathecal administration of AAV9/MFSD8 was safe and well tolerated. In summary, these results demonstrated that the AAV9/MFSD8 vector is both effective and safe in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Frances C Shaffo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nandkishore R Belur
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Ling Q, Rioux M, Hu Y, Lee M, Gray SJ. Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9-based gene replacement therapy for SURF1-related Leigh syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:158-168. [PMID: 34703839 PMCID: PMC8517205 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SURF1 (surfeit locus protein 1)-related Leigh syndrome is an early-onset neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by reduction in complex IV activity, resulting in disrupted mitochondrial function. Currently, there are no treatment options available. To test our hypothesis that adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9)/human SURF1 (hSURF1) gene replacement therapy can provide a potentially meaningful and long-term therapeutic benefit, we conducted preclinical efficacy studies using SURF1 knockout mice and safety evaluations with wild-type (WT) mice. Our data indicate that with a single intrathecal (i.t.) administration, our treatment partially and significantly rescued complex IV activity in all tissues tested, including liver, brain, and muscle. Accordingly, complex IV content (examined via MT-CO1 protein expression level) also increased with our treatment. In a separate group of mice, AAV9/hSURF1 mitigated the blood lactic acidosis induced by exhaustive exercise at 9 months post-dosing. A toxicity study in WT mice showed no adverse effects in either the in-life portion or after microscopic examination of major tissues up to a year following the same treatment regimen. Taken together, our data suggest a single dose, i.t. administration of AAV9/hSURF1 is safe and effective in improving biochemical abnormalities induced by SURF1 deficiency with potential applicability for SURF1-related Leigh syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Matthew Rioux
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - MinJae Lee
- Department of Population and Data Science, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Steven J. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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15
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Arora S, Sharma D, Layek B, Singh J. A Review of Brain-Targeted Nonviral Gene-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4237-4255. [PMID: 34705472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are difficult to treat owing to the complexity of the brain and the presence of a natural blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major progressive and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS, which accounts for 60-80% of cases of dementia. The pathophysiology of AD involves the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Additionally, synaptic loss and imbalance of neuronal signaling molecules are characterized as important markers of AD. Existing treatments of AD help in the management of its symptoms and aim toward the maintenance of cognitive functions, behavior, and attenuation of gradual memory loss. Over the past decade, nonviral gene therapy has attracted increasing interest due to its various advantages over its viral counterparts. Moreover, advancements in nonviral gene technology have led to their increasing contributions in clinical trials. However, brain-targeted nonviral gene delivery vectors come across various extracellular and intracellular barriers, limiting their ability to transfer the therapeutic gene into the target cells. Chief barriers to nonviral gene therapy have been discussed briefly in this review. We have also highlighted the rapid advancement of several nonviral gene therapies for AD, which are broadly categorized into physical and chemical methods. These methods aim to modulate Aβ, beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), apolipoprotein E, or neurotrophic factors' expression in the CNS. Overall, this review discusses challenges and recent advancements of nonviral gene therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
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16
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Miyake N, Miyake K, Sakai A, Yamamoto M, Suzuki H, Shimada T. Treatment of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy model mice using intrathecal administration of type 9 AAV vector encoding arylsulfatase A. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20513. [PMID: 34654893 PMCID: PMC8521568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by an arylsulfatase A (ARSA) deficiency and characterized by severe neurological symptoms resulting from demyelination within the central and peripheral nervous systems. We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of intrathecal administration of a type 9 adeno-associated viral vector encoding ARSA (AAV9/ARSA) for the treatment of 6-week-old MLD model mice, which are presymptomatic, and 1-year-old mice, which exhibit neurological abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analysis following AAV9/ARSA administration showed ARSA expression within the brain, with highest activities in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs. In mice treated at 1 year, alcian blue staining and quantitative analysis revealed significant decreases in stored sulfatide. Behaviorally, mice treated at 1 year showed no improvement in their ability to traverse narrow balance beams as compared to untreated mice. By contrast, MLD mice treated at 6 weeks showed significant decreases in stored sulfatide throughout the entire brain and improved ability to traverse narrow balance beams. These findings suggest intrathecal administration of an AAV9/ARSA vector is a promising approach to treating genetic diseases of the central nervous system, including MLD, though it may be essential to begin therapy before the onset of neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Koichi Miyake
- Department of Gene Therapy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Motoko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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17
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Fischell JM, Fishman PS. A Multifaceted Approach to Optimizing AAV Delivery to the Brain for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747726. [PMID: 34630029 PMCID: PMC8497810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advancements in gene therapy technologies, there are no approved gene therapies for diseases which predominantly effect the brain. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as the most effective delivery vector for gene therapy owing to their simplicity, wide spread transduction and low immunogenicity. Unfortunately, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes IV delivery of AAVs, to the brain highly inefficient. At IV doses capable of widespread expression in the brain, there is a significant risk of severe immune-mediated toxicity. Direct intracerebral injection of vectors is being attempted. However, this method is invasive, and only provides localized delivery for diseases known to afflict the brain globally. More advanced methods for AAV delivery will likely be required for safe and effective gene therapy to the brain. Each step in AAV delivery, including delivery route, BBB transduction, cellular tropism and transgene expression provide opportunities for innovative solutions to optimize delivery efficiency. Intra-arterial delivery with mannitol, focused ultrasound, optimized AAV capsid evolution with machine learning algorithms, synthetic promotors are all examples of advanced strategies which have been developed in pre-clinical models, yet none are being investigated in clinical trials. This manuscript seeks to review these technological advancements, and others, to improve AAV delivery to the brain, and to propose novel strategies to build upon this research. Ultimately, it is hoped that the optimization of AAV delivery will allow for the human translation of many gene therapies for neurodegenerative and other neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Fischell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Srivastava V, Singh A, Jain GK, Ahmad FJ, Shukla R, Kesharwani P. Viral vectors as a promising nanotherapeutic approach against neurodegenerative disorders. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Xu J, Xuan A, Liu Z, Li Y, Zhu J, Yao Y, Yu T, Zhu D. An Approach to Maximize Retrograde Transport Based on the Spatial Distribution of Motor Endplates in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:707982. [PMID: 34456685 PMCID: PMC8385196 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.707982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the relationship between muscles and the corresponding motor neurons would allow therapeutic genes to transport into specific spinal cord segments. Retrograde tracing technique by targeting the motor endplate (MEP), a highly specialized structure that offers direct access to the spinal motor neurons, has been used to elucidate the connectivity between skeletal muscles and the innervating motor neuron pools. However, current injection strategies mainly based on blind injection or the local MEP region might lead to an underestimation of the motor neuron number due to the uneven distribution of MEP in skeletal muscles. In this work, we proposed a novel intramuscular injection strategy based on the 3D distribution of the MEPs in skeletal muscles, applied the 3D intramuscular injection to the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior for retrograde tracing of the corresponding motor neurons, and compared this with the existing injection strategy. The intramuscular diffusion of the tracer demonstrated that 3D injection could maximize the retrograde transport by ensuring a greater uptake of the tracer by the MEP region. In combination with optical clearing and imaging, we performed 3D mapping and quantification of the labeled motor neurons and confirmed that 3D injection could label more motor neurons than the current injection method. It is expected that 3D intramuscular injection strategy will help elucidate the connective relationship between muscles and motor neurons faithfully and becomes a promising tool in the development of gene therapy strategies for motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ang Xuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingtan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingtao Yao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Ghahari A, Raissi H, Farzad F. Design of a new drug delivery platform based on surface functionalization 2D covalent organic frameworks. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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Stepankova K, Jendelova P, Machova Urdzikova L. Planet of the AAVs: The Spinal Cord Injury Episode. Biomedicines 2021; 9:613. [PMID: 34071245 PMCID: PMC8228984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical and life-disrupting condition with devastating consequences for the physical, social, and professional welfare of patients, and there is no adequate treatment for it. At the same time, gene therapy has been studied as a promising approach for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders by delivering remedial genes to the central nervous system (CNS), of which the spinal cord is a part. For gene therapy, multiple vectors have been introduced, including integrating lentiviral vectors and non-integrating adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. AAV vectors are a promising system for transgene delivery into the CNS due to their safety profile as well as long-term gene expression. Gene therapy mediated by AAV vectors shows potential for treating SCI by delivering certain genetic information to specific cell types. This review has focused on a potential treatment of SCI by gene therapy using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Massaro G, Geard AF, Liu W, Coombe-Tennant O, Waddington SN, Baruteau J, Gissen P, Rahim AA. Gene Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Ongoing Studies and Clinical Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:611. [PMID: 33924076 PMCID: PMC8074255 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare monogenic disorders such as lysosomal diseases have been at the forefront in the development of novel treatments where therapeutic options are either limited or unavailable. The increasing number of successful pre-clinical and clinical studies in the last decade demonstrates that gene therapy represents a feasible option to address the unmet medical need of these patients. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field, reviewing the most used viral gene delivery vectors in the context of lysosomal storage disorders, a selection of relevant pre-clinical studies and ongoing clinical trials within recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Massaro
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.F.G.); (W.L.); (O.C.-T.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Amy F. Geard
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.F.G.); (W.L.); (O.C.-T.); (A.A.R.)
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Wenfei Liu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.F.G.); (W.L.); (O.C.-T.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Oliver Coombe-Tennant
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.F.G.); (W.L.); (O.C.-T.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Simon N. Waddington
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute of Health Research, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Paul Gissen
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute of Health Research, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Ahad A. Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.F.G.); (W.L.); (O.C.-T.); (A.A.R.)
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23
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Weber-Adrian D, Kofoed RH, Silburt J, Noroozian Z, Shah K, Burgess A, Rideout S, Kügler S, Hynynen K, Aubert I. Systemic AAV6-synapsin-GFP administration results in lower liver biodistribution, compared to AAV1&2 and AAV9, with neuronal expression following ultrasound-mediated brain delivery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1934. [PMID: 33479314 PMCID: PMC7820310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-surgical gene delivery to the brain can be achieved following intravenous injection of viral vectors coupled with transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS) to temporarily and locally permeabilize the blood-brain barrier. Vector and promoter selection can provide neuronal expression in the brain, while limiting biodistribution and expression in peripheral organs. To date, the biodistribution of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) within peripheral organs had not been quantified following intravenous injection and MRIgFUS delivery to the brain. We evaluated the quantity of viral DNA from the serotypes AAV9, AAV6, and a mosaic AAV1&2, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the neuron-specific synapsin promoter (syn). AAVs were administered intravenously during MRIgFUS targeting to the striatum and hippocampus in mice. The syn promoter led to undetectable levels of GFP expression in peripheral organs. In the liver, the biodistribution of AAV9 and AAV1&2 was 12.9- and 4.4-fold higher, respectively, compared to AAV6. The percentage of GFP-positive neurons in the FUS-targeted areas of the brain was comparable for AAV6-syn-GFP and AAV1&2-syn-GFP. In summary, MRIgFUS-mediated gene delivery with AAV6-syn-GFP had lower off-target biodistribution in the liver compared to AAV9 and AAV1&2, while providing neuronal GFP expression in the striatum and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Weber-Adrian
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Present Address: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen′s University, Kingston, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Rikke Hahn Kofoed
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Joseph Silburt
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zeinab Noroozian
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kairavi Shah
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Alison Burgess
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shawna Rideout
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Department of Neurology, Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) at University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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24
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Chen X, Snanoudj-Verber S, Pollard L, Hu Y, Cathey SS, Tikkanen R, Gray SJ. Pre-clinical Gene Therapy with AAV9/AGA in Aspartylglucosaminuria Mice Provides Evidence for Clinical Translation. Mol Ther 2020; 29:989-1000. [PMID: 33186692 PMCID: PMC7934581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by loss of the enzyme aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA), resulting in AGA substrate accumulation. AGU patients have a slow but progressive neurodegenerative disease course, for which there is no approved disease-modifying treatment. In this study, AAV9/AGA was administered to Aga−/− mice intravenously (i.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.), at a range of doses, either before or after disease pathology begins. At either treatment age, AAV9/AGA administration led to (1) dose dependently increased and sustained AGA activity in body fluids and tissues; (2) rapid, sustained, and dose-dependent elimination of AGA substrate in body fluids; (3) significantly rescued locomotor activity; (4) dose-dependent preservation of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum; and (5) significantly reduced gliosis in the brain. Treated mice had no abnormal neurological phenotype and maintained body weight throughout the whole experiment to 18 months old. In summary, these results demonstrate that treatment of Aga−/− mice with AAV9/AGA is effective and safe, providing strong evidence that AAV9/AGA gene therapy should be considered for human translation. Further, we provide a direct comparison of the efficacy of an i.v. versus i.t. approach using AAV9, which should greatly inform the development of similar treatments for other related lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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25
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Morelli KH, Griffin LB, Pyne NK, Wallace LM, Fowler AM, Oprescu SN, Takase R, Wei N, Meyer-Schuman R, Mellacheruvu D, Kitzman JO, Kocen SG, Hines TJ, Spaulding EL, Lupski JR, Nesvizhskii A, Mancias P, Butler IJ, Yang XL, Hou YM, Antonellis A, Harper SQ, Burgess RW. Allele-specific RNA interference prevents neuropathy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D mouse models. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5568-5583. [PMID: 31557132 DOI: 10.1172/jci130600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches are being deployed to treat recessive genetic disorders by restoring the expression of mutated genes. However, the feasibility of these approaches for dominantly inherited diseases - where treatment may require reduction in the expression of a toxic mutant protein resulting from a gain-of-function allele - is unclear. Here we show the efficacy of allele-specific RNAi as a potential therapy for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D), caused by dominant mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS). A de novo mutation in GARS was identified in a patient with a severe peripheral neuropathy, and a mouse model precisely recreating the mutation was produced. These mice developed a neuropathy by 3-4 weeks of age, validating the pathogenicity of the mutation. RNAi sequences targeting mutant GARS mRNA, but not wild-type, were optimized and then packaged into AAV9 for in vivo delivery. This almost completely prevented the neuropathy in mice treated at birth. Delaying treatment until after disease onset showed modest benefit, though this effect decreased the longer treatment was delayed. These outcomes were reproduced in a second mouse model of CMT2D using a vector specifically targeting that allele. The effects were dose dependent, and persisted for at least 1 year. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of AAV9-mediated allele-specific knockdown and provide proof of concept for gene therapy approaches for dominant neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Morelli
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Laurie B Griffin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nettie K Pyne
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsay M Wallace
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Allison M Fowler
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie N Oprescu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryuichi Takase
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Dattatreya Mellacheruvu
- Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Emily L Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexey Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pedro Mancias
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ian J Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ya-Ming Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott Q Harper
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert W Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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26
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DYNLRB1 is essential for dynein mediated transport and neuronal survival. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104816. [PMID: 32088381 PMCID: PMC7273200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein motor complex transports essential signals and organelles from the cell periphery to the perinuclear region, hence is critical for the survival and function of highly polarized cells such as neurons. Dynein Light Chain Roadblock-Type 1 (DYNLRB1) is thought to be an accessory subunit required for specific cargos, but here we show that it is essential for general dynein-mediated transport and sensory neuron survival. Homozygous Dynlrb1 null mice are not viable and die during early embryonic development. Furthermore, heterozygous or adult knockdown animals display reduced neuronal growth, and selective depletion of Dynlrb1 in proprioceptive neurons compromises their survival. Conditional depletion of Dynlrb1 in sensory neurons causes deficits in several signaling pathways, including β-catenin subcellular localization, and a severe impairment in the axonal transport of both lysosomes and retrograde signaling endosomes. Hence, DYNLRB1 is an essential component of the dynein complex, and given dynein's critical functions in neuronal physiology, DYNLRB1 could have a prominent role in the etiology of human neurodegenerative diseases.
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27
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Wirth B, Karakaya M, Kye MJ, Mendoza-Ferreira N. Twenty-Five Years of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Research: From Phenotype to Genotype to Therapy, and What Comes Next. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2020; 21:231-261. [PMID: 32004094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-102319-103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the underlying genetic cause for one of the most common and devastating inherited diseases in humans, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), was identified. Homozygous deletions or, rarely, subtle mutations of SMN1 cause SMA, and the copy number of the nearly identical copy gene SMN2 inversely correlates with disease severity. SMA has become a paradigm and a prime example of a monogenic neurological disorder that can be efficiently ameliorated or nearly cured by novel therapeutic strategies, such as antisense oligonucleotide or gene replacement therapy. These therapies enable infants to survive who might otherwise have died before the age of two and allow individuals who have never been able to sit or walk to do both. The major milestones on the road to these therapies were to understand the genetic cause and splice regulation of SMN genes, the disease's phenotype-genotype variability, the function of the protein and the main affected cellular pathways and tissues, the disease's pathophysiology through research on animal models, the windows of opportunity for efficient treatment, and how and when to treat patients most effectively.This review aims to bridge our knowledge from phenotype to genotype to therapy, not only highlighting the significant advances so far but also speculating about the future of SMA screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Min Jeong Kye
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
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28
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Schorling DC, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. Advances in Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy - New Phenotypes, New Challenges, New Implications for Care. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 7:1-13. [PMID: 31707373 PMCID: PMC7029319 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-190424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in SMN1 and results in the loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle weakness. The spectrum of disease severity ranges from early onset with respiratory failure during the first months of life to a mild, adult-onset type with slow rate of progression. Over the past decade, new treatment options such as splicing modulation of SMN2 and SMN1 gene replacement by gene therapy have been developed. First drugs have been approved for treatment of patients with SMA and if initiated early they can significantly modify the natural course of the disease. As a consequence, newborn screening for SMA is explored and implemented in an increasing number of countries. However, available evidence for these new treatments is often limited to a small spectrum of patients concerning age and disease stage. In this review we provide an overview of available and emerging therapies for spinal muscular atrophy and we discuss new phenotypes and associated challenges in clinical care. Collection of real-world data with standardized outcome measures will be essential to improve both the understanding of treatment effects in patients of all SMA subtypes and the basis for clinical decision-making in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Schorling
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Pechmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
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29
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Wu G, Jiang Q, Cui T, Liu X, Gong D, Yin Y, Wang C, Wang T, Lu Y, Zhu D, Han F. The glymphatic system delivery enhances the transduction efficiency of AAV1 to brain endothelial cells in adult mice. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 328:108441. [PMID: 31574288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is increasingly applied in neuroscience research or gene therapy. However, there is no simple and efficient tool for specific transfection of rAAV into cerebrovascular tissues. It has been reported that fluorescent tracers or beta-amyloid protein can enter the brain through perivascular spaces, named as "glymphatic system". The purpose of this study was to explore whether rAAV could transduce the cerebral vasculature through the glymphatic pathway. NEW METHOD An AAV1-GFP vector suspension (15 μL) was injected into the intracisternal space of anesthetized mice (n = 2) and 5 μl was injected into the bulbus medullae (n = 2). As controls, 15 μl of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was injected into the cisterna magna. The endothelial specific transduction was verified by Glut1 or PDGFRβ immunofluorescent staining. Immunofluorescence images for all groups were captured with a laser microscope. RESULTS It was observed that infection with rAAV1 vectors encoding green fluorescence protein resulted in a successful cerebrovascular transduction when injected into cisterna magna, compared to aCSF or intra-parenchymal injection at 30 days post-transduction in adult mice. In addition, GFP was co-localized with Glut1 based on immuno-fluorescence. These results indicate that glymphatic system delivery enhances the transduction efficiency of AAV1 to brain endothelial cells. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The AAV1 vector can simply and efficiently transduce the cerebral endothelial cells through the glymphatic pathway. CONCLUSION The findings of this study reveal that rAAV1-based vectors have high application potential for endothelial-targeted neurologic disease research or gene-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongmei Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixuan Yin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - YingMei Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyan Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, China.
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30
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Sellers DL, Tan JKY, Pineda JMB, Peeler DJ, Porubsky VL, Olden BR, Salipante SJ, Pun SH. Targeting Ligands Deliver Model Drug Cargo into the Central Nervous System along Autonomic Neurons. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10961-10971. [PMID: 31589023 PMCID: PMC7651855 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While biologic drugs such as proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids have shown promise in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely limits drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) after systemic administration. Consequently, drug delivery challenges preclude biological drug candidates from the clinical armamentarium. In order to target drug delivery and uptake into to the CNS, we used an in vivo phage display screen to identify peptides able to target drug-uptake by the vast array of neurons of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Using next-generation sequencing, we identified 21 candidate targeted ANS-to-CNS uptake ligands (TACL) that enriched bacteriophage accumulation and delivered protein-cargo into the CNS after intraperitoneal (IP) administration. The series of TACL peptides were synthesized and tested for their ability to deliver a model enzyme (NeutrAvidin-horseradish peroxidase fusion) to the brain and spinal cord. Three TACL-peptides facilitated significant active enzyme delivery into the CNS, with limited accumulation in off-target organs. Peptide structure and serum stability is increased when internal cysteine residues are cyclized by perfluoroarylation with decafluorobiphenyl, which increased delivery to the CNS further. TACL-peptide was demonstrated to localize in parasympathetic ganglia neurons in addition to neuronal structures in the hindbrain and spinal cord. By targeting uptake into ANS neurons, we demonstrate the potential for TACL-peptides to bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver a model drug into the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew L. Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - James-Kevin Y. Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Julio Marco B. Pineda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - David J. Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Veronica L. Porubsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Brynn R. Olden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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31
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Hoshino Y, Nishide K, Nagoshi N, Shibata S, Moritoki N, Kojima K, Tsuji O, Matsumoto M, Kohyama J, Nakamura M, Okano H. The adeno-associated virus rh10 vector is an effective gene transfer system for chronic spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9844. [PMID: 31285460 PMCID: PMC6614469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) remain limited due to unfavourable changes in the microenvironment. Gene therapy can overcome these barriers through continuous delivery of therapeutic gene products to the target tissue. In particular, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are potential candidates for use in chronic SCI, considering their safety and stable gene expression in vivo. Given that different AAV serotypes display different cellular tropisms, it is extremely important to select an optimal serotype for establishing a gene transfer system during the chronic phase of SCI. Therefore, we generated multiple AAV serotypes expressing ffLuc-cp156, a fusion protein of firefly luciferase and Venus, a variant of yellow fluorescent protein with fast and efficient maturation, as a reporter, and we performed intraparenchymal injection in a chronic SCI mouse model. Among the various serotypes tested, AAVrh10 displayed the highest photon count on bioluminescence imaging. Immunohistological analysis revealed that AAVrh10 showed favourable tropism for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, with AAVrh10, the area expressing Venus was larger in the injury epicentre and extended to the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity was significantly higher with AAVrh10 than with the other vectors. These results indicate that AAVrh10 may be an appropriate serotype for gene delivery to the chronically injured spinal cord. This promising tool may be applied for research and development related to the treatment of chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hoshino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishide
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Electron microscope laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuko Moritoki
- Electron microscope laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Kojima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Electron microscope laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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32
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Evans TA, Barkauskas DS, Silver J. Intravital imaging of immune cells and their interactions with other cell types in the spinal cord: Experiments with multicolored moving cells. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112972. [PMID: 31234058 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging of the immune system is a powerful technique for studying biology of the immune response in the spinal cord using a variety of disease models ranging from traumatic injury to autoimmune disorders. Here, we will discuss specific technical aspects as well as many intriguing biological phenomena that have been revealed with the use of intravital imaging for investigation of the immune system in the spinal cord. We will discuss surgical techniques for exposing and stabilizing the spine that are critical for obtaining images, visualizing immune and CNS cells with genetically expressed fluorescent proteins, fluorescent labeling techniques and briefly discuss some of the challenges of image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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33
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Anderson HE, Schaller KL, Caldwell JH, Weir RFF. Intravascular injections of adenoassociated viral vector serotypes rh10 and PHP.B transduce murine sciatic nerve axons. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:51-55. [PMID: 31078676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenoassociated viral vectors provide a safe and robust method for expression of transgenes in nondividing cells such as neurons. Intravenous injections of these vectors provide a means of transducing motoneurons of peripheral nerves. Previous research has demonstrated that serotypes 1, rh10 and PHP.B can transduce motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord, but has not quantified expression in the peripheral nerve axon. Axonal labeling is crucial for optogenetic stimulation and detection of action potentials in peripheral nerve. Therefore, in this study, serotypes 1, PHP.B, and rh10 were tested for their ability to label axons of the murine sciatic and tibial nerve following intravenous injection. Serotype rh10 elicits expression in 10% of acetylcholine transferase positive axons of the sciatic nerve in immunohistochemically-stained sections. Serotype rh10 transduces a variety of axon diameters from <1-12 μm, while PHP.B transduces larger axons of diameter (4-16 μm). Expression was not seen with serotype 1. These results show the potential of serotypes PHP.B and rh10 delivery of transgenic products to axons of the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kristin L Schaller
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John H Caldwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard F Ff Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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34
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Dai JL, Lin Y, Yuan YJ, Xing ST, Xu Y, Zhang QH, Min JK. Regulatory effect of neuroglobin in the recovery of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2019; 42:371-377. [PMID: 29141514 PMCID: PMC6522911 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2017.1397874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of neuroglobin in the recovery of spinal cord injury. METHODS The male albino Wistar strain rats were used as an experimental model, and adeno associated virus (AAV) was administered in the T12 section of spinal cord ten days prior to the injury. Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale was used to determine the recovery of the hind limb during four weeks post-operation. Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the spinal cord tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was carried out to determine the presence of apoptotic cells. Immunofluorescence analysis was carried out to determine the neuroglobin expression. Western blot analysis was carried out to determine the protein expressions of caspase-3, cytochrome c, bax and bcl-2 in the spinal cord tissues. RESULTS Experimental results showed that rats were recovered from the spinal cord injury due to increased neuroglobin expression. Lipid peroxidation was reduced, whereas catalase and SOD activity were increased in the spinal cord tissues. Apoptosis and lesions were significantly reduced in the spinal cord tissues. Caspase-3, cytochrome c and bax levels were significantly reduced, whereas bcl-2 expression was reduced in the spinal cord tissues. CONCLUSION Taking all these data together, it is suggested that the increased neuroglobin expression could improve the locomotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Editor, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Yong-Jian Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China
| | - Shi-Tong Xing
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China
| | - Qiang-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China
| | - Ji-Kang Min
- Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou City313000, China,Correspondence to: Ji-Kang Min, Department of Orthopaedic, Huzhou First People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No 158 Square posterior Road, Huzhou City 313000, China. Tel 0086-572-2039275,
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35
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Gong Y, Berenson A, Laheji F, Gao G, Wang D, Ng C, Volak A, Kok R, Kreouzis V, Dijkstra IM, Kemp S, Maguire CA, Eichler F. Intrathecal Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery for Adrenomyeloneuropathy. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:544-555. [PMID: 30358470 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) cause elevations in very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and the neurodegenerative disease adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In most adults, this manifests as the spinal cord axonopathy adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). A challenge in virus-based gene therapy in AMN is how to achieve functional gene correction to the entire spinal cord while minimizing leakage into the systemic circulation, which could contribute to toxicity. In the present study, we used an osmotic pump to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector into the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid space in mice. We report that slow intrathecal delivery of recombinant AAV serotype 9 (rAAV9) achieves efficient gene transfer across the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia as demonstrated with two different transgenes, GFP and ABCD1. In the Abcd1-/- mouse, gene correction after continuous rAAV9-CBA-hABCD1 delivery led to a 20% decrease in VLCFA levels in spinal cord compared with controls. The major cell types transduced were astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons. Importantly, rAAV9 delivered intrathecally by osmotic pump, in contrast to bolus injection, reduced systemic leakage into peripheral organs, particularly liver and heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Berenson
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fiza Laheji
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- 2 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Wang
- 2 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Carrie Ng
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienn Volak
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rene Kok
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vasileios Kreouzis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inge M Dijkstra
- 3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- 3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Casey A Maguire
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian Eichler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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36
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Park J, Decker JT, Smith DR, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Reducing inflammation through delivery of lentivirus encoding for anti-inflammatory cytokines attenuates neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2018; 290:88-101. [PMID: 30296461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many clinical trials have challenged the efficacy of current therapeutics for neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) due to their life-threatening side-effects including addictions. Growing evidence suggests that persistent inflammatory responses after primary SCI lead to an imbalance between anti-inflammation and pro-inflammation, resulting in pathogenesis and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Conversely, a variety of data suggest that inflammation contributes to regeneration. Herein, we investigated long-term local immunomodulation using anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 or IL-4-encoding lentivirus delivered from multichannel bridges. Multichannel bridges provide guidance for axonal outgrowth and act as delivery vehicles. Anti-inflammatory cytokines were hypothesized to modulate the pro-nociceptive inflammatory niche and promote axonal regeneration, leading to neuropathic pain attenuation. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that IL-10 and IL-4 decreased pro-nociceptive genes expression versus control. Moreover, these factors resulted in an increased number of pro-regenerative macrophages and restoration of normal nociceptors expression pattern. Furthermore, the combination of bridges with anti-inflammatory cytokines significantly alleviated both mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity relative to control and promoted axonal regeneration. Collectively, these studies highlight that immunomodulatory strategies target multiple barriers to decrease secondary inflammation and attenuate neuropathic pain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph T Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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37
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Anderson HE, Caldwell JH, Weir RF. An automated method for the quantification of transgene expression in motor axons of the peripheral nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:346-353. [PMID: 30194042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of transgene expression in motor axons of peripheral nerves is important in evaluating the effectiveness of viral transduction. Currently only manual and semi-automatic methods of quantification have been employed for quantification in immunolabeled nerve sections, but automatic methods exist for axon counting only in brightfield sections. Manual and semi-automatic methods can suffer from inter- and intraobserver bias, sampling bias and can be time consuming to implement. NEW METHOD A fully automated method using ImageJ and the Nucleus Counter plugin was developed to quantify the fraction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled acetylcholine transferase positive axons in triple immunolabeled peripheral nerve sections. This method utilizes the Nucleus Counter to generate axonal regions of interest which are quantified for colocalization with GFP expression and nonoverlap with Laminin. Thresholding using histograms generated from control animals is used to remove noise. RESULTS The automated method is able to successfully distinguish transgenic GFP expressing mice from wild type. Using computer generated peripheral nerve sections, the automated method has less than 5% error at signal-to-noise ratios greater than 10% of baseline. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHODS This method has comparable performance in false positive rates (<1%) and a 95% predictive interval that closely matches existing fully automated methods for quantification in brightfield sections. It outperforms the intra- and interobserver differences of manual and semi-automated methods for quantification. CONCLUSIONS This automated quantification method provides a fast and robust means of determining the fraction of labeled axons in peripheral nerve sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA.
| | - John H Caldwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
| | - Richard F Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
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38
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Bedbrook CN, Deverman BE, Gradinaru V. Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:323-348. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among the most commonly used viruses for neuroscience research. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package most cargo composed of desired genes within the capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements and intersectional strategies have been validated in rAAVs to enable cell type–specific expression. rAAVs can be delivered to specific neuronal populations or globally throughout the animal. The AAV capsids have natural cell type or tissue tropism and trafficking that can be modified for increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered AAV capsids and associated cargo that have extended the utility of AAVs in targeting molecularly defined neurons throughout the nervous system, which will further facilitate neuronal circuit interrogation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N. Bedbrook
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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39
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Park J, Decker JT, Margul DJ, Smith DR, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Local Immunomodulation with Anti-inflammatory Cytokine-Encoding Lentivirus Enhances Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1756-1770. [PMID: 29778523 PMCID: PMC6037204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the spinal cord and associated secondary inflammation can lead to permanent loss of sensory and motor function below the injury level, with the resulting environment serving as a barrier that limits regeneration. In this study, we investigate the localized expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 via lentiviral transduction in multichannel bridges. Porous multichannel bridges provide physical guidance for axonal outgrowth with the cytokines hypothesized to modulate the neuroinflammatory microenvironment and enhance axonal regeneration. Gene expression analyses indicated that induced IL-10 and IL-4 expression decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes and increased pro-regenerative genes relative to control. Moreover, these factors led to increased numbers of axons and myelination, with approximately 45% of axons myelinated and the number of oligodendrocyte myelinated axons significantly increased by 3- to 4-fold. Furthermore, the combination of a bridge with IL-10 and IL-4 expression improved locomotor function after injury to an average score of 6 relative to an average score of 3 for injury alone. Collectively, these studies highlight the potential for localized immunomodulation to decrease secondary inflammation and enhance regeneration that may have numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Joseph T Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Daniel J Margul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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40
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Abdallah K, Nadeau F, Bergeron F, Blouin S, Blais V, Bradbury KM, Lavoie CL, Parent JL, Gendron L. Adeno-associated virus 2/9 delivery of Cre recombinase in mouse primary afferents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7321. [PMID: 29743652 PMCID: PMC5943452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically-modified animal models have significantly increased our understanding of the complex central nervous system circuits. Among these models, inducible transgenic mice whose specific gene expression can be modulated through a Cre recombinase/LoxP system are useful to study the role of specific peptides and proteins in a given population of cells. In the present study, we describe an efficient approach to selectively deliver a Cre-GFP to dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. First, mice of different ages were injected in both hindpaws with a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV2/9-CBA-Cre-GFP). Using this route of injection in mice at 5 days of age, we report that approximately 20% of all DRG neurons express GFP, 6 to 8 weeks after the infection. The level of infection was reduced by 50% when the virus was administered at 2 weeks of age. Additionally, the virus-mediated delivery of the Cre-GFP was also investigated via the intrathecal route. When injected intrathecally, the rAAV2/9-CBA-Cre-GFP virus infected a much higher proportion of DRG neurons than the intraplantar injection, with up to 51.6% of infected lumbar DRG neurons. Noteworthy, both routes of injection predominantly transduced DRG neurons over spinal and brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdallah
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Nadeau
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Bergeron
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Blouin
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Kelly M Bradbury
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine L Lavoie
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Département d'anesthésiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Quebec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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41
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Wang D, Li J, Tran K, Burt DR, Zhong L, Gao G. Slow Infusion of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses into the Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid Space. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 29:75-85. [PMID: 29596011 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are the leading in vivo gene delivery platform, and have been extensively studied in gene therapy targeting various tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). A single-bolus rAAV injection to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space has been widely used to target the CNS, but it suffers from several drawbacks, such as leakage to peripheral tissues. Here, a protocol is described using an osmotic pump to infuse rAAV slowly into the mouse CSF space. Compared to the single-bolus injection technique, pump infusion can lead to higher CNS transduction and lower transduction in the peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jia Li
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Tran
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel R Burt
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Li Zhong
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,4 Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,5 West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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42
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Hardcastle N, Boulis NM, Federici T. AAV gene delivery to the spinal cord: serotypes, methods, candidate diseases, and clinical trials. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:293-307. [PMID: 29249183 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1416089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene delivery to the spinal cord has finally entered the pathway towards regulatory approval. Phase 1 clinical trials using AAV gene therapy for pediatric disorders - spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) - are now underway. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the latest progress in the field of AAV gene delivery to the spinal cord, particularly focusing on the most prominent AAV serotypes and delivery methodologies to the spinal cord. Candidate diseases and scaling up experiments in large animals are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Intravenous (IV) and intrathecal (IT) deliveries seem to undoubtedly be the preferred routes of administration for diffuse spinal cord delivery of therapeutic AAV vectors that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and correct inherited genetic disorders. Conversely, intraparenchymal delivery is still an undervalued but very viable approach for segmental therapy in afflictions such as ALS or Pompe Disease as a means to prevent respiratory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hardcastle
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Thais Federici
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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43
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Adeno-associated virus serotype rh10 is a useful gene transfer vector for sensory nerves that innervate bone in immunodeficient mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17428. [PMID: 29233995 PMCID: PMC5727257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is frequently used to manipulate gene expression in the sensory nervous system for the study of pain mechanisms. Although some serotypes of AAV are known to have nerve tropism, whether AAV can distribute to sensory nerves that innervate the bone or skeletal tissue has not been shown. This information is crucial, since bone pain, including cancer-induced bone pain, is an area of high importance in pain biology. In this study, we found that AAVrh10 transduces neurons in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of immunodeficient mice with higher efficacy than AAV2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 when injected intrathecally. Additionally, AAVrh10 has tropism towards sensory neurons in skeletal tissue, such as bone marrow and periosteum, while it occasionally reaches the sensory nerve fibers in the mouse footpad. Moreover, AAVrh10 has higher tropic affinity to large myelinated and small peptidergic sensory neurons that innervate bone, compared to small non-peptidergic sensory neurons that rarely innervate bone. Taken together, these results suggest that AAVrh10 is a useful gene delivery vector to target the sensory nerves innervating bone. This finding may lead to a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chronic bone pain and cancer-induced bone pain.
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44
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Valdor M, Wagner A, Röhrs V, Berg J, Fechner H, Schröder W, Tzschentke TM, Bahrenberg G, Christoph T, Kurreck J. RNA interference-based functional knockdown of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv7.2 in dorsal root ganglion neurons after in vitro and in vivo gene transfer by adeno-associated virus vectors. Mol Pain 2017; 14:1744806917749669. [PMID: 29212407 PMCID: PMC5805000 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917749669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the neuronal potassium channel Kv7.2 encoded by the KCNQ2 gene has recently been shown to be an attractive mechanism to inhibit nociceptive transmission. However, potent, selective, and clinically proven activators of Kv7.2/Kv7.3 currents with analgesic properties are still lacking. An important prerequisite for the development of new drugs is a model to test the selectivity of novel agonists by abrogating Kv7.2/Kv7.3 function. Since constitutive knockout mice are not viable, we developed a model based on RNA interference-mediated silencing of KCNQ2. By delivery of a KCNQ2-specific short hairpin RNA with adeno-associated virus vectors, we completely abolished the activity of the specific Kv7.2/Kv7.3-opener ICA-27243 in rat sensory neurons. Results obtained in the silencing experiments were consistent between freshly prepared and cryopreserved dorsal root ganglion neurons, as well as in dorsal root ganglion neurons dissociated and cultured after in vivo administration of the silencing vector by intrathecal injections into rats. Interestingly, the tested associated virus serotypes substantially differed with respect to their transduction capability in cultured neuronal cell lines and primary dorsal root ganglion neurons and the in vivo transfer of transgenes by intrathecal injection of associated virus vectors. However, our study provides the proof-of-concept that RNA interference-mediated silencing of KCNQ2 is a suitable approach to create an ex vivo model for testing the specificity of novel Kv7.2/Kv7.3 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Valdor
- 1 14938 Grünenthal GmbH , Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Wagner
- 2 Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Röhrs
- 2 Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Berg
- 2 Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- 2 Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schröder
- 1 14938 Grünenthal GmbH , Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Tzschentke
- 1 14938 Grünenthal GmbH , Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Christoph
- 1 14938 Grünenthal GmbH , Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- 2 Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Li D, Liu C, Yang C, Wang D, Wu D, Qi Y, Su Q, Gao G, Xu Z, Guo Y. Slow Intrathecal Injection of rAAVrh10 Enhances its Transduction of Spinal Cord and Therapeutic Efficacy in a Mutant SOD1 Model of ALS. Neuroscience 2017; 365:192-205. [PMID: 29024785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutant SOD1 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by a dominant gain of toxicity. Previous studies have demonstrated therapeutic potential of mutant SOD1-RNAi delivered by intrathecal (IT) injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). However, optimization of delivery is needed to overcome the high degree of variation in the transduction efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. Here, on the basis of our previously defined, efficient IT injection method, we investigated the influence of injection speed on transduction efficiency in the central nervous system (CNS). We demonstrate that slow IT injection results in higher transduction of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) while fast IT injection leads to higher transduction of brain and peripheral organs. To test how these effects influence the outcome of RNAi therapy, we used slow and fast IT injection to deliver rAAVrh10-GFP-amiR-SOD1, a rAAV vector that expresses GFP and an artificial miRNA targeting SOD1, in SOD1-G93A mice. Both slow and fast IT injection produced therapeutic efficacy but the slow injection trended slightly toward a better outcome than the fast injection. These results demonstrate that IT injection speed influences the predominance of gene delivery at different CNS sites and should be taken into consideration in future therapeutic trials involving IT injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Chunxing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dongxia Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yinkuang Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Qin Su
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Yansu Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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46
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Banerjee V, Oren O, Ben-Zeev E, Taube R, Engel S, Papo N. A computational combinatorial approach identifies a protein inhibitor of superoxide dismutase 1 misfolding, aggregation, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15777-15788. [PMID: 28768772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular agents that specifically bind and neutralize misfolded and toxic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant proteins may find application in attenuating the disease progression of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, high structural similarities between the wild-type and mutant SOD1 proteins limit the utility of this approach. Here we addressed this challenge by converting a promiscuous natural human IgG-binding domain, the hyperthermophilic variant of protein G (HTB1), into a highly specific aggregation inhibitor (designated HTB1M) of two familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 mutants, SOD1G93A and SOD1G85R We utilized a computational algorithm for mapping protein surfaces predisposed to HTB1 intermolecular interactions to construct a focused HTB1 library, complemented with an experimental platform based on yeast surface display for affinity and specificity screening. HTB1M displayed high binding specificity toward SOD1 mutants, inhibited their amyloid aggregation in vitro, prevented the accumulation of misfolded proteins in living cells, and reduced the cytotoxicity of SOD1G93A expressed in motor neuron-like cells. Competition assays and molecular docking simulations suggested that HTB1M binds to SOD1 via both its α-helical and β-sheet domains at the native dimer interface that becomes exposed upon mutated SOD1 misfolding and monomerization. Our results demonstrate the utility of computational mapping of the protein-protein interaction potential for designing focused protein libraries to be used in directed evolution. They also provide new insight into the mechanism of conversion of broad-spectrum immunoglobulin-binding proteins, such as HTB1, into target-specific proteins, thereby paving the way for the development of new selective drugs targeting the amyloidogenic proteins implicated in a variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Banerjee
- From the Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ofek Oren
- From the Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.,the Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
| | - Efrat Ben-Zeev
- the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- the Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
| | - Stanislav Engel
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- From the Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel,
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47
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Choudhury SR, Hudry E, Maguire CA, Sena-Esteves M, Breakefield XO, Grandi P. Viral vectors for therapy of neurologic diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 120:63-80. [PMID: 26905292 PMCID: PMC5929167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders - disorders of the brain, spine and associated nerves - are a leading contributor to global disease burden with a shockingly large associated economic cost. Various treatment approaches - pharmaceutical medication, device-based therapy, physiotherapy, surgical intervention, among others - have been explored to alleviate the resulting extent of human suffering. In recent years, gene therapy using viral vectors - encoding a therapeutic gene or inhibitory RNA into a "gutted" viral capsid and supplying it to the nervous system - has emerged as a clinically viable option for therapy of brain disorders. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state and advances in the field of viral vector-mediated gene therapy for neurological disorders. Vector tools and delivery methods have evolved considerably over recent years, with the goal of providing greater and safer genetic access to the central nervous system. Better etiological understanding of brain disorders has concurrently led to identification of improved therapeutic targets. We focus on the vector technology, as well as preclinical and clinical progress made thus far for brain cancer and various neurodegenerative and neurometabolic disorders, and point out the challenges and limitations that accompany this new medical modality. Finally, we explore the directions that neurological gene therapy is likely to evolve towards in the future. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Beyond small molecules for neurological disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav R Choudhury
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Paola Grandi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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48
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Improved gene delivery to adult mouse spinal cord through the use of engineered hybrid adeno-associated viral serotypes. Gene Ther 2017; 24:361-369. [PMID: 28440798 PMCID: PMC5472488 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are often used in gene therapy for neurological disorders because of its safety profile and promising results in clinical trials. One challenge to AAV gene therapy is effective transduction of large numbers of the appropriate cell type, which can be overcome by modulating the viral capsid through DNA shuffling. Our previous study demonstrates that Rec2, among a family of novel engineered hybrid capsid serotypes (Rec1~4) transduces adipose tissue with far superior efficiency than naturally occurring AAV serotypes. Here we assessed the transduction of adult spinal cord at two different doses of AAV vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (2 × 109 or 4 × 108 viral particles) via intraparenchymal injection at the thoracic vertebral level T9. In comparison to an equal dose of the currently preferable AAV9 serotype, Rec3 serotype transduced a broader region of spinal cord up to approximately 1.5 cm longitudinally, and displayed higher transgene expression and increased maximal transduction rates of astrocytes at either dose and neurons at the lower dose. These novel engineered hybrid vectors could provide powerful tools at lower production costs to manipulate gene expression in spinal cord for mechanistic studies, or provide potent vehicles for gene therapy delivery, such as neurotrophins, to spinal cord.
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49
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Bey K, Ciron C, Dubreil L, Deniaud J, Ledevin M, Cristini J, Blouin V, Aubourg P, Colle MA. Efficient CNS targeting in adult mice by intrathecal infusion of single-stranded AAV9-GFP for gene therapy of neurological disorders. Gene Ther 2017; 24:325-332. [PMID: 28425480 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy constitutes a powerful tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. While AAVs are generally administered systemically to newborns in preclinical studies of neurological disorders, in adults the maturity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) must be considered when selecting the route of administration. Delivery of AAVs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represents an attractive approach to target the central nervous system (CNS) and bypass the BBB. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of intra-CSF delivery of a single-stranded (ss) AAV9-CAG-GFP vector in adult mice via intracisternal (iCist) or intralumbar (it-Lumb) administration. It-Lumb ssAAV9 delivery resulted in greater diffusion throughout the entire spinal cord and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression mainly in the cerebellum, cortex and olfactory bulb. By contrast, iCist delivery led to strong GFP expression throughout the entire brain. Comparison of the transduction efficiency of ssAAV9-CAG-GFP versus ssAAV9-SYN1-GFP following it-Lumb administration revealed widespread and specific GFP expression in neurons and motoneurons of the spinal cord and brain when the neuron-specific synapsin 1 (SYN1) promoter was used. Our findings demonstrate that it-Lumb ssAAV9 delivery is a safe and highly efficient means of targeting the CNS in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bey
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
| | - C Ciron
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
| | - L Dubreil
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
| | - J Deniaud
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
| | - M Ledevin
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
| | - J Cristini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - V Blouin
- INSERM UMR 1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France
| | - P Aubourg
- INSERM U1169, Thérapie Génique, Génétique, Epigénétique en Neurologie, Endocrinologie et Développement de l'Enfant, Université Paris Sud, CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - M-A Colle
- INRA/ONIRIS UMR U703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Nantes, France.,Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, CS 40706, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Bretagne Loire University (UBL), Nantes, France
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50
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Wang W, Duan W, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu Y, Li Z, Hu H, Cui H, Cui C, Lin H, Li C. Intrathecal Delivery of ssAAV9-DAO Extends Survival in SOD1 G93A ALS Mice. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:986-996. [PMID: 28025800 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset, irreversible neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive paralysis and inevitable death 3-5 years after diagnosis. The mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown, but new evidence indicates that accumulating levels of D-serine result from the downregulation of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and that this is a novel mechanism that leads to motoneuronal death in ALS via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated cell toxicity. Here, we explored a new therapeutic approach to ALS by overexpressing DAO in the lumbar region of the mouse spinal cord using a single stranded adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (ssAAV9) vector. A single intrathecal injection of ssAAV9-DAO was made in SOD1G93A mice, a well-established mouse model of ALS. Treatment resulted in moderate expression of exogenous DAO in motorneurons in the lumbar spinal cord, reduced immunoreactivity of D-serine, alleviated motoneuronal loss and glial activation, and extended survival. The potential mechanisms underlying these effects were associated with the down-regulation of NF-κB and the restoration of the phosphorylation of Akt. In conclusion, administering ssAAV9-DAO may be an effective complementary approach to gene therapy to extend lifespans in symptomatic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisong Duan
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, West Heping Road 215, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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