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Othman HO, Anwer ET, Ali DS, Hassan RO, Mahmood EE, Ahmed RA, Muhammad RF, Smaoui S. Recent advances in carbon quantum dots for gene delivery: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38454776 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a revolutionary technology in healthcare that provides novel therapeutic options and has immense potential in addressing genetic illnesses, malignancies, and viral infections. Nevertheless, other obstacles still need to be addressed regarding safety, ethical implications, and technological enhancement. Nanotechnology and gene therapy fields have shown significant promise in transforming medical treatments by improving accuracy, effectiveness, and personalization. This review assesses the possible uses of gene therapy, its obstacles, and future research areas, specifically emphasizing the creative combination of gene therapy and nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is essential for gene delivery as it allows for the development of nano-scale carriers, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which may effectively transport therapeutic genes into specific cells. CQDs exhibit distinctive physicochemical characteristics such as small size, excellent stability, and minimal toxicity, which render them highly favorable for gene therapy applications. The objective of this study is to review and describe the current advancements in the utilization of CQDs for gene delivery. Additionally, it intends to assess existing research, explore novel applications, and identify future opportunities and obstacles. This study offers a thorough summary of the current state and future possibilities of using CQDs for gene delivery. Combining recent research findings highlights the potential of CQDs to revolutionize gene therapy and its delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazha Omar Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Esra Tariq Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Diyar Salahuddin Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Rebwar Omar Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Radiological Imaging Technology, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Elnaz Ehsan Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Rayan Abubakir Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Corridon PR. Still finding ways to augment the existing management of acute and chronic kidney diseases with targeted gene and cell therapies: Opportunities and hurdles. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1143028. [PMID: 36960337 PMCID: PMC10028138 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1143028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising global incidence of acute and chronic kidney diseases has increased the demand for renal replacement therapy. This issue, compounded with the limited availability of viable kidneys for transplantation, has propelled the search for alternative strategies to address the growing health and economic burdens associated with these conditions. In the search for such alternatives, significant efforts have been devised to augment the current and primarily supportive management of renal injury with novel regenerative strategies. For example, gene- and cell-based approaches that utilize recombinant peptides/proteins, gene, cell, organoid, and RNAi technologies have shown promising outcomes primarily in experimental models. Supporting research has also been conducted to improve our understanding of the critical aspects that facilitate the development of efficient gene- and cell-based techniques that the complex structure of the kidney has traditionally limited. This manuscript is intended to communicate efforts that have driven the development of such therapies by identifying the vectors and delivery routes needed to drive exogenous transgene incorporation that may support the treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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Katz MG, Hadas Y, Bailey RA, Fazal S, Vincek A, Madjarova SJ, Shtraizent N, Vandenberghe LH, Eliyahu E. Efficient cardiac gene transfer and early-onset expression of a synthetic adeno-associated viral vector, Anc80L65, after intramyocardial administration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:e429-e443. [PMID: 34985414 PMCID: PMC8733395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene therapy is a promising approach in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that adeno-associated viral vectors are the most attractive vehicles for gene transfer. However, preexisting immunity, delayed gene expression, and postinfection immune response limit the success of this technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the first synthetic adeno-associated viral lineage clone, Anc80L65, for cardiac gene therapy. METHODS By combining 2 different reporter approaches by fluorescence with green fluorescent protein and bioluminescence (Firefly luciferase), we compared transduction efficiency of Anc80L65 and adeno-associated virus, serotype 9 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes ex vivo and rat hearts in vivo after intramyocardial and intracoronary administration. RESULTS In cardiomyocytes, Anc80L65 provided a green fluorescent protein expression of 28.9% (36.4 ± 3.34 cells/field) at 24 hours and approximately 100% on day 7. In contrast, adeno-associated virus, serotype 9 green fluorescent protein provided minimal green fluorescent protein expression of 5.64% at 24 hours and 11.8% on day 7. After intramyocardial injection, vector expression peaked on day 7 with Anc80L65; however, with adeno-associated virus, serotype 9 the peak expression was during week 6. Administration of Anc80L65 demonstrated significantly more efficient expression of reporter gene than after adeno-associated virus, serotype 9 at 6 weeks (6.81 ± 0.64 log10 gc/100 ng DNA vs 6.49 ± 0.28 log10 gc/100 ng DNA, P < .05). These results were consistent with the amount of genome copy per cell observed in the heart. CONCLUSIONS Anc80L65 vector allows fast and robust gene transduction compared with adeno-associated virus, serotype 9 vector in cardiac gene therapy. Anc80L65 did not adversely affect cardiac function and caused no inflammatory response or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Yoav Hadas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rasheed A Bailey
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shahood Fazal
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adam Vincek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Center of Gene Therapy, Ocular Genomics Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Mass; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Icahn School for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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4
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Liu J, Dean DA. Gene Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Physiol 2022; 12:786255. [PMID: 35111077 PMCID: PMC8801611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.786255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinical syndrome that leads to acute respiratory failure and accounts for over 70,000 deaths per year in the United States alone, even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While its molecular details have been teased apart and its pathophysiology largely established over the past 30 years, relatively few pharmacological advances in treatment have been made based on this knowledge. Indeed, mortality remains very close to what it was 30 years ago. As an alternative to traditional pharmacological approaches, gene therapy offers a highly controlled and targeted strategy to treat the disease at the molecular level. Although there is no single gene or combination of genes responsible for ARDS, there are a number of genes that can be targeted for upregulation or downregulation that could alleviate many of the symptoms and address the underlying mechanisms of this syndrome. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of ARDS and how gene therapy has been used for prevention and treatment. Strategies for gene delivery to the lung, such as barriers encountered during gene transfer, specific classes of genes that have been targeted, and the outcomes of these approaches on ARDS pathogenesis and resolution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David A. Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: David A. Dean,
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5
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Katz MG, Hadas Y, Vincek AS, Shtraizent N, Schadt E, Eliyahu E. Cardiac Targeted Adeno-Associated Virus Injection in Rats. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2573:135-145. [PMID: 36040591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2707-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The vectors available for cardiovascular gene therapy have significantly improved over time. Cardiac tropism is a primary characteristic of an ideal vector along with a long-term expression profile and a minimal risk of cellular immune response. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are one of the most attractive vehicles for gene transfer. AAV has gained great popularity in the last years because of its biological properties and advantages over other viral vector systems. In this chapter we will describe methods for intracardiac delivery of AAV vector in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yoav Hadas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam S Vincek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Surgical Methods for Cardiac Gene Delivery in Large Animals. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2573:189-203. [PMID: 36040596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2707-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes main strategies of surgical gene delivery in large animals. Existing methods of cardiac gene transfer can be classified by the site of injection, interventional approach, and type of cardiac circulation at the time of transfer. Randomized clinical trials have suggested that the therapeutic benefits of gene therapy are not as substantial as expected from animal studies. This discordance in results is largely due to gene delivery methods that may be effective in small animals but are not scalable to larger species and, therefore, cannot transduce a sufficient fraction of myocytes to establish long-term clinical efficacy. Ideally, an optimized gene transfer should incorporate the following: a closed-loop recirculation for extended transgene residence time; vector washout form the vascular system after transfer to prevent collateral expression; use of methods to increase myocardial transcapillary gradient for viral particles for a better transduction, probably retrograde route of gene delivery through the coronary venous system; and myocardial ischemic preconditioning.
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Liao Z, Tu L, Li X, Liang XJ, Huo S. Virus-inspired nanosystems for drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18912-18924. [PMID: 34757354 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With over millions of years of evolution, viruses can infect cells efficiently by utilizing their unique structures. Similarly, the drug delivery process is designed to imitate the viral infection stages for maximizing the therapeutic effect. From drug administration to therapeutic effect, nanocarriers must evade the host's immune system, break through multiple barriers, enter the cell, and release their payload by endosomal escape or nuclear targeting. Inspired by the virus infection process, a number of virus-like nanosystems have been designed and constructed for drug delivery. This review aims to present a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the drug delivery process inspired by the viral infection stages. The most recent construction of virus-inspired nanosystems (VINs) for drug delivery is sorted, emphasizing their novelty and design principles, as well as highlighting the mechanism of these nanosystems for overcoming each biological barrier during drug delivery. A perspective on the VINs for therapeutic applications is provided in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Li Tu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xuejian Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Moreno-Gutierrez DS, Zepeda-Cervantes J, Vaca L, Hernandez-Garcia A. An artificial virus-like triblock protein shows low in vivo humoral immune response and high stability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112348. [PMID: 34579876 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of viral vectors for in vivo gene therapy can be severely limited by their immunogenicity. Non-viral vectors may represent an alternative, however, reports analyzing their immunogenicity are still lacking. Here, we studied the humoral immune response in a murine model triggered by artificial virus-like particles (AVLPs) carrying plasmid or antisense DNA. The AVLPs were assembled using a family of modular proteins based on bioinspired collagen-like and silk-like sequences that produce virus-like particles. We compared our AVLPs against an Adeno Associated Virus 1 (AAV), a widely used viral vector for in vivo gene delivery that has been approved by the FDA and EMA for gene therapy. We found that a 1000-fold higher mass of AVLPs than AAV are necessary to obtain similar specific antibody titters. Furthermore, we studied the stability of AVLPs against relevant biological reagents such as heparin and fetal bovine serum to ensure nucleic acid protection in biological media. Our study demonstrates that the AVLPs are stable in physiological conditions and can overcome safety limitations such as immunogenicity. The scarce humoral immunogenicity and high stability found with AVLPs suggest that they have potential to be used as stealth non-viral gene delivery systems for in vivo studies or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Silverio Moreno-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Chemistry, UNAM, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Zepeda-Cervantes
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, UNAM, Mexico; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, UNAM, Mexico; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Armando Hernandez-Garcia
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Chemistry, UNAM, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Cui G, Wu J, Lin J, Liu W, Chen P, Yu M, Zhou D, Yao G. Graphene-based nanomaterials for breast cancer treatment: promising therapeutic strategies. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:211. [PMID: 34266419 PMCID: PMC8281664 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and its incidence increases annually. Traditional therapies have several side effects, leading to the urgent need to explore new smart drug-delivery systems and find new therapeutic strategies. Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) are potential drug carriers due to their target selectivity, easy functionalization, chemosensitization and high drug-loading capacity. Previous studies have revealed that GBNs play an important role in fighting breast cancer. Here, we have summarized the superior properties of GBNs and modifications to shape GBNs for improved function. Then, we focus on the applications of GBNs in breast cancer treatment, including drug delivery, gene therapy, phototherapy, and magnetothermal therapy (MTT), and as a platform to combine multiple therapies. Their advantages in enhancing therapeutic effects, reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) and inhibiting tumor metastasis are highlighted. This review aims to help evaluate GBNs as therapeutic strategies and provide additional novel ideas for their application in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangman Cui
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Lin
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guangyu Yao
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Moradi SZ, Jalili F, Farhadian N, Joshi T, Wang M, Zou L, Cao H, Farzaei MH, Xiao J. Polyphenols and neurodegenerative diseases: focus on neuronal regeneration. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3421-3436. [PMID: 33393375 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1865870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are questions that modern therapeutics can still not answer. Great milestones have been achieved regarding liver, heart, skin, kidney and other types of organ transplantations but the greatest drawback is the adequate supply of these organs. Furthermore, there are still a few options available in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. With great advances in medical science, many health problems faced by humans have been solved, and their quality of life is improving. Moreover, diseases that were incurable in the past have now been fully cured. Still, the area of regenerative medicine, especially concerning neuronal regeneration, is in its infancy. Presently allopathic drugs, surgical procedures, organ transplantation, stem cell therapy forms the core of regenerative therapy. However, many times, the currently used therapies cannot completely cure damaged organs and neurodegenerative diseases. The current review focuses on the concepts of regeneration, hurdles faced in the path of regenerative therapy, neurodegenerative diseases and the idea of using peptides, cytokines, tissue engineering, genetic engineering, advanced stem cell therapy, and polyphenolic phytochemicals to cure damaged tissues and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Faramarz Jalili
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Negin Farhadian
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumaun University (Nainital), Nainital, India
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Abstract
Therapeutic viral gene delivery is an emerging technology which aims to correct genetic mutations by introducing new genetic information to cells either to correct a faulty gene or to initiate cell death in oncolytic treatments. In recent years, significant scientific progress has led to several clinical trials resulting in the approval of gene therapies for human treatment. However, successful therapies remain limited due to a number of challenges such as inefficient cell uptake, low transduction efficiency (TE), limited tropism, liver toxicity and immune response. To adress these issues and increase the number of available therapies, additives from a broad range of materials like polymers, peptides, lipids, nanoparticles, and small molecules have been applied so far. The scope of this review is to highlight these selected delivery systems from a materials perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kaygisiz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Unal O, Akkoc Y, Kocak M, Nalbat E, Dogan-Ekici AI, Yagci Acar H, Gozuacik D. Treatment of breast cancer with autophagy inhibitory microRNAs carried by AGO2-conjugated nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:65. [PMID: 32345308 PMCID: PMC7189576 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle based gene delivery systems holds great promise. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are being heavily investigated due to good biocompatibility and added diagnostic potential, rendering such nanoparticles theranostic. Yet, commonly used cationic coatings for efficient delivery of such anionic cargos, results in significant toxicity limiting translation of the technology to the clinic. Here, we describe a highly biocompatible, small and non-cationic SPION-based theranostic nanoparticles as novel gene therapy agents. We propose for the first-time, the usage of the microRNA machinery RISC complex component Argonaute 2 (AGO2) protein as a microRNA stabilizing agent and a delivery vehicle. In this study, AGO2 protein-conjugated, anti-HER2 antibody-linked and fluorophore-tagged SPION nanoparticles were developed (SP-AH nanoparticles) and used as a carrier for an autophagy inhibitory microRNA, MIR376B. These functionalized nanoparticles selectively delivered an effective amount of the microRNA into HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in a xenograft nude mice model of breast cancer in vivo, and successfully blocked autophagy. Furthermore, combination of the chemotherapy agent cisplatin with MIR376B-loaded SP-AH nanoparticles increased the efficacy of the anti-cancer treatment both in vitro in cells and in vivo in the nude mice. Therefore, we propose that AGO2 protein conjugated SPIONs are a new class of theranostic nanoparticles and can be efficiently used as innovative, non-cationic, non-toxic gene therapy tools for targeted therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Unal
- Koc University, Graduate School of Material Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoc
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Department of Biotechnology, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kocak
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Department of Biotechnology, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Nalbat
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Department of Biotechnology, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asiye Isin Dogan-Ekici
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine Department of Pathology, Ataşehir, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Koc University, Graduate School of Material Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koc University, Department of Chemistry, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koc University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Department of Biotechnology, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koç University, School of Medicine, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Topkapı, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kumari M, Liu CH, Wu WC. Oligochitosan modified albumin as plasmid DNA delivery vector: Endocytic trafficking, polyplex fate, in vivo compatibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:492-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Potential and Challenges of Aptamers as Specific Carriers of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides for Precision Medicine in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101521. [PMID: 31636244 PMCID: PMC6826972 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the progress made in the area of precision and personalized medicine in the field of cancer therapy, strategies to selectively and specifically identify target molecules causative of the diseases are urgently needed. Efforts are being made by a number of different laboratories, companies, and researchers to develop therapeutic molecules that selectively recognize the tissues and the cells of interest, exhibit few or no off-target and side effects, are non-immunogenic, and have a strong action. Aptamers, artificially selected single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, are promising molecules satisfying many of the requirements needed for diagnosis and precision medicine. Aptamers can also couple to their native mechanism of action the delivery of additional molecules (oligonucleotides, siRNAs, miRNAs) to target cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the aptamer-mediated strategy for the specific delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
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Katz MG, Gubara SM, Hadas Y, Weber T, Kumar A, Eliyahu E, Bridges CR, Fargnoli AS. Effects of genetic transfection on calcium cycling pathways mediated by double-stranded adeno-associated virus in postinfarction remodeling. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 159:1809-1819.e3. [PMID: 31679707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restoring calcium sensor protein (S100A1) activity in failing hearts poses a promising therapeutic strategy. We hypothesize that cardiac overexpression of the S100A1 gene mediated by a double-stranded adeno-associated virus (scAAV) results in better functional and molecular improvements compared with the single-stranded virus (ssAAV). METHODS Heart failure was induced by coronary artery ligation. Then, intramyocardial injections of saline, AAV9 empty capsid, scAAV9.S100A1, and ssAAV9.S100A1 were performed. Ten weeks postinfarction, all rats received cardiac evaluation; serum and tissue were collected for genetic analysis, cytokine profiling, and assessments of mitochondrial function and structure. RESULTS Overexpression of AAV9.S100A1 improved systolic and diastolic function. Compared with control, ejection fraction was greater in treated groups (54.8% vs 32.3%, P < .05). Similarly, end-diastolic volume index was significantly less in the treated group than in control (1.14 vs 1.59 mL/cm2), whereas fractional shortening was greater in treated groups than control (26% vs 38%, P < .05). Interestingly, cardiac mechanics were significantly better when treated with double-stranded virus compared with single-stranded. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated robust transfection of myocardium with the S100A1 gene, with more infection in the self-complimentary group compared with the single-stranded group (5.68 ± 0.44 vs 4.09 ± 0.25 log10 genome copies per 100 ng of DNA; P < .0001). Concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines were elevated in the ssAAV9/S100A1 group compared with the scAAV9/S100A1. Assessment of mitochondrial respiration and morphology demonstrated that injection of self-complementary vector saved both mitochondrial structure and function. CONCLUSIONS Gene therapy of S100A1 can prevent pathologic postmyocardial infarction remodeling and decrease inflammatory response in ischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Sarah M Gubara
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yoav Hadas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Weber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Charles R Bridges
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anthony S Fargnoli
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Cheang TY, Lei YY, Zhang ZQ, Zhou HY, Ye RY, Lin Y, Wang S. Graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites effectively deliver HSV-TK suicide gene to inhibit human breast cancer growth. J Biomater Appl 2019; 33:216-226. [PMID: 30096997 DOI: 10.1177/0885328218788242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK), which is also known as "suicide" gene therapy, is effective in various tumor models. The lack of a safe and efficient gene delivery system has become a major obstacle to "suicide" gene therapy. In this study, the cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite (GO-Hap) were analyzed by MTS and flow cytometry, respectively. A series of assays were performed to evaluate the effects of GO-HAp/p-HRE/ERE-Sur-TK combined with ganciclovir treatment on growth of human breast normal and cancer cells. The results showed that GO-HAp nanocomposites effectively transfected cells with minimum toxicity. GO-HAp/p-HRE/ERE-Sur-TK combined with ganciclovir treatment inhibited the proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, while the cytotoxic effects are tolerable in normal breast cells. We conclude that the GO-HAp nanocomposites have significant potential as a gene delivery vector for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-Yun Cheang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yan Lei
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Yi Ye
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang G, Nie M, Webster TJ, Zhang Q, Fan W. Ectopic chondrogenesis of nude mouse induced by nano gene delivery enhanced tissue engineering technology. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4755-4765. [PMID: 31308656 PMCID: PMC6613371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s199306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many techniques and methods have been used clinically to relieve pain from cartilage repair, but the long-term effect is still unsatisfactory. Purpose: The objective of this study was to form an artificial chondroid tissue gene enhanced tissue engineering system to repair cartilage defects via nanosized liposomes. Methods: Cationic nanosized liposomes were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS). The rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were isolated, cultivated, and induced by SRY (Sex-Determining Region Y)-Box 9 (Sox9) via cationic nanosized liposomes. The induced rMSCs were mixed with a thermo-sensitive chitosan hydrogel and subcutaneously injected into the nude mice. Finally, the newly-formed chondroid tissue obtained in the injection parts, and the transparent parts were detected by HE, collagen II, and safranin O. Results: It was found that the presently prepared cationic nanosized liposomes had the diameter of 85.76±3.48 nm and the zeta potential of 15.76±2.1 mV. The isolated rMSCs proliferation was fibroblast-like, with a cultivated confluence of 90% confluence in 5-8 days, and stained positive for CD29 and CD44 while negative for CD34 and CD45. After transfection with cationic nanosized liposomes, we observed changes of cellular morphology and a higher expression of SOX9 compared with control groups, which indicated that rMSCs could differentiate into chondrocyte in vitro. By mixing transfected rMSCs with the thermo-sensitive hydrogel of chitosan in nude mice, chondroid tissue was successfully obtained, demonstrating that rMSCs can differentiate into chondrogenic cells in vivo. Conclusion: This study explored new ways to improve the quality of tissue engineered cartilage, thus accelerating clinical transformation and reducing patient pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Oryan A, Alemzadeh E, Zarei M. Basic concepts, current evidence, and future potential for gene therapy in managing cutaneous wounds. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:889-898. [PMID: 31256273 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have investigated the role of gene therapy in the healing process. The aim of this review is to explain the gene delivery systems in wound area. RESULTS Ninety-two studies were included and comprehensively overviewed. We described the importance of viral vectors such as adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and retroviruses, and conventional non-viral vectors such as naked DNA injections, liposomes, gene gun, electroporation, and nanoparticles in achieving high-level expression of genes. Application of viral transfection, liposomal vectors, and electroporation were the main gene delivery systems. Genes encoding for growth factors or cytokines have been shown to result in a better wound closure in comparison to application of the synthetic growth factors. In addition, a combination of stem cell and gene therapy has been found an effective approach in regeneration of cutaneous wounds. CONCLUSIONS This article gives an overview of the methods and investigations applied on gene therapy in wound healing. However, clinical investigations need to be undertaken to gain a better understanding of gene delivery technologies and their roles in stimulating wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmat Alemzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Tendulkar G, Ehnert S, Sreekumar V, Chen T, Kaps HP, Golombek S, Wendel HP, Nüssler AK, Avci-Adali M. Exogenous Delivery of Link N mRNA into Chondrocytes and MSCs-The Potential Role in Increasing Anabolic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1716. [PMID: 30959917 PMCID: PMC6479841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration are causes of morbidity, which concomitantly burdens the health and social care systems worldwide, with massive costs. Link N peptide has recently been described as a novel anabolic stimulator for intervertebral disc repair. In this study, we analyzed the influence on anabolic response, by delivering synthetic Link N encoding mRNA into primary human chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells (SCP1 cells), Furthermore, both cell types were seeded on knitted titanium scaffolds, and the influence of Link N peptide mRNA for possible tissue engineering applications was investigated. Synthetic modified Link N mRNA was efficiently delivered into both cell types and cell transfection resulted in an enhanced expression of aggrecan, Sox 9, and type II collagen with a decreased expression of type X collagen. Interestingly, despite increased expression of BMP2 and BMP7, BMP signaling was repressed and TGFβ signaling was boosted by Link N transfection in mesenchymal stromal cells, suggesting possible regulatory mechanisms. Thus, the exogenous delivery of Link N peptide mRNA into cells augmented an anabolic response and thereby increased extracellular matrix synthesis. Considering these findings, we suppose that the cultivation of cells on knitted titanium scaffolds and the exogenous delivery of Link N peptide mRNA into cells could mechanically support the stability of tissue-engineered constructs and improve the synthesis of extracellular matrix by seeded cells. This method can provide a potent strategy for articular cartilage and intervertebral disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Tendulkar
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Vrinda Sreekumar
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Tao Chen
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Kaps
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sonia Golombek
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Wendel
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Sung YK, Kim SW. Recent advances in the development of gene delivery systems. Biomater Res 2019; 23:8. [PMID: 30915230 PMCID: PMC6417261 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene delivery systems are essentially necessary for the gene therapy of human genetic diseases. Gene therapy is the unique way that is able to use the adjustable gene to cure any disease. The gene therapy is one of promising therapies for a number of diseases such as inherited disorders, viral infection and cancers. The useful results of gene delivery systems depend open the adjustable targeting gene delivery systems. Some of successful gene delivery systems have recently reported for the practical application of gene therapy. Main body The recent developments of viral gene delivery systems and non-viral gene delivery systems for gene therapy have briefly reviewed. The viral gene delivery systems have discussed for the viral vectors based on DNA, RNA and oncolytic viral vectors. The non-viral gene delivery systems have also treated for the physicochemical approaches such as physical methods and chemical methods. Several kinds of successful gene delivery systems have briefly discussed on the bases of the gene delivery systems such as cationic polymers, poly(L-lysine), polysaccharides, and poly(ethylenimine)s. Conclusion The goal of the research for gene delivery system is to develop the clinically relevant vectors such as viral and non-viral vectors that use to combat elusive diseases such as AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer, etc. Next step research will focus on advancing DNA and RNA molecular technologies to become the standard treatment options in the clinical area of biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Sung
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,3Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Chung-gu, Seoul 04620 Korea.,4Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, BPRB, Room 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - S W Kim
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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Targeted Gene Delivery through the Respiratory System: Rationale for Intratracheal Gene Transfer. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6010008. [PMID: 30781363 PMCID: PMC6462990 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in DNA- and RNA-based technologies have made gene therapy suitable for many lung diseases, especially those that are hereditary. The main objective of gene therapy is to deliver an adequate amount of gene construct to the intended target cell, achieve stable transduction in target cells, and to produce a clinically therapeutic effect. This review focuses on the cellular organization in the normal lung and how gene therapy targets the specific cell types that are affected by pulmonary disorders caused by genetic mutations. Furthermore, it examines the pulmonary barriers that can compromise the absorption and transduction of viral vectors and genetic agents by the lung. Finally, it discusses the advantages and limitations of direct intra-tracheal gene delivery with different viral vectors in small and large animal models and in clinical trials.
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Muripiti V, Mujahid TY, Boddeda VHV, Tiwari S, Marepally SK, Patri SV, Gopal V. Structure-activity relationship of serotonin derived tocopherol lipids. Int J Pharm 2019; 554:134-148. [PMID: 30389474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherol-based lipids are widely used for nucleic acid delivery. Using tocopherol molecules, we designed and synthesized 5-HT functionalized lipids by tethering 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a small molecule ligand as the head group to a natural amphiphilic molecule namely α-tocopherol (Vitamin E). This is with the aim of delivering nucleic acids specifically into cells expressing the serotonin receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine[5-HT]) which are abundant in the central nervous system. In order to achieve target recognition, we adopted an approach wherein two structurally different lipid molecules having serotonin as the head group was conjugated to tocopherol via different linkers thus generating lipids with either free -NH2 or -OH moiety. The corresponding lipids designated as Lipid A (Tocopheryl carbonate serotonin-NH2) and Lipid B (Tocopheryl 2-hydroxy propyl ammonium serotonin-OH), were formulated with co-lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and evaluated for their ability to deliver plasmid DNA through reporter gene expression assays in vitro. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics and cellular interactions of the formulations were examined using serotonin-receptor enriched cells in order to distinguish the structural and functional attributes of both lipids. Cell-based gene expression studies reveal that in comparison to Lipid A, a formulation of Lipid B prepared with DOPE as the co-lipid, contributes to efficient uptake leading to significant enhancement in transfection. Specific interactions explored by molecular docking studies suggests the role of the hydroxyl moiety and the enantiospecific significance of serotonin- conjugated tocopherol lipids in recognizing these receptors thus signifying a promising lipid-based approach to target the serotonin receptors in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thasneem Yoosuf Mujahid
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | | | - Shrish Tiwari
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Srujan Kumar Marepally
- Center for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore 632002, TN, India
| | | | - Vijaya Gopal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.
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Kim MG, Jo SD, Jeong JH, Kim SH. Nanoscale polyelectrolyte complexes encapsulating mRNA and long-chained siRNA for combinatorial cancer gene therapy. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sun E, Han R, Lu B. Gene therapy of renal cancer using recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding human endostatin. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2789-2796. [PMID: 30127864 PMCID: PMC6096181 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by robust angiogenesis during tumor development. Various therapies are not able completely eradicated tumor relapse. The present study targeted angiogenesis and developed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector containing human endostatin gene for human kidney cancer gene therapy. Prophylactic and therapeutic RCC models were established in nude mice by subcutaneous inoculation of RCC cells and intra-muscular or intra-tumor injection of rAAV-Endostatin. The growth of xenograft tumors was evaluated by tumor volume and weight. The microvessel density (MVD) was used to measure the anti-angiogenesis effect of rAAV-Endostatin. The toxic effect of rAAV-Endostatin was also examined. In the therapeutic model, tumor-bearing mice with rAAV-Endostatin intra-tumor injection demonstrated slow tumor growth (32.63±9.75) compared with control groups with intratumoral rAAV-enhanced yellow florescent protein (EYFP) injections (21.50±11.42) and the RPMI-1640 group (21.75±10.48 days, for tumors to reach ~300 mm3). MVD of the xenografts treated with rAAV-Endostatin was 8.30±3.14/0.739 mm2 whereas that of control groups was 13.87±4.09/0.739 mm2 (rAVV-EYFP) and 13.76±3.50/0.739 mm2 (RPMI-1640). No significant side effects associated with rAAV-endostatin use were identified in the vital organs. rAAV-Endostatin demonstrated significant anti-angiogenesis and antitumor activities. It may serve as an effective agent for renal cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urology Basic Science, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Ruifa Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urology Basic Science, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Lu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital (Tianjin Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine), Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
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Nam JP, Kim S, Kim SW. Design of PEI-conjugated bio-reducible polymer for efficient gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:295-305. [PMID: 29698820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The poly(cystaminebis(acrylamide)-diaminohexane) (poly(CBA-DAH)) was designed previously as a bio-reducible efficient gene delivery carrier. However, the high weight ratio required to form the polyplexes between poly(CBA-DAH) with pDNA is still a problem that needs to be addressed. To solve this problem and increase the transfection efficiency, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI, 1.8 kDa) was conjugated to poly(CBA-DAH) via disulfide bond. The PEI conjugated poly(CBA-DAH) (PCDP) can bind with pDNA at a very low weight ratio of 0.5 and above, like PEI 25 kDa, and form the polyplexes with nano-size (102-128 nm) and positive surface charge (27-34 mV). PCDP and PCDP polyplexes had negligible cytotoxicity and indicated similar or better cellular uptake than the comparison groups such as PEI 25 kDa and Lipofectamine® polyplexes. To confirm the transfection efficiency, the plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoded with the luciferase reporter gene (gWiz-Luc) and green fluorescent protein reporter gene (GFP) were used and treated with PCDP into the A549, Huh-7, and Mia PaCa-2 cells. PCDP/pDNA polyplexes showed highest transfection efficiency in all tested cell lines. In the luciferase assay, PCDP polyplexes showed 10.2 times higher gene transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine® polyplexes in mimic in vivo conditions (30% FBS, A549 cells). The VEGF siRNA expressing plasmid (pshVEGF), which is constructed as a therapeutic gene by our previous work, was delivered by PCDP into the cancer cells. The VEGF gene expression of PCDP/pshVEGF polyplexes was dramatically lower than control and the VEGF gene silencing efficiencies of PCDP/pshVEGF (w/w; 10/1) polyplexes were 54% (A549 cells), 77% (Huh-7 cells), and 66% (Mia PaCa-2 cells). In addition, PCDP/pshVEGF had reduced cell viability rates of about 31% (A549 cells), 39% (Huh-7 cells), and 42% (Mia PaCa-2 cells) and showed better results than all comparison groups. In the transfection efficiency and VEGF silencing assay, PCDP polyplexes showed better results than poly(CBA-DAH) at 4-fold lower weight ratio. The data of all experiments demonstrate that the synthesized PCDP could be used for efficient gene delivery and could be widely applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Pyo Nam
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Pasipoularides A. Implementing genome-driven personalized cardiology in clinical practice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 115:142-157. [PMID: 29343412 PMCID: PMC5820118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomics designates the coordinated investigation of a large number of genes in the context of a biological process or disease. It may be long before we attain comprehensive understanding of the genomics of common complex cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as inherited cardiomyopathies, valvular diseases, primary arrhythmogenic conditions, congenital heart syndromes, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertensive syndromes, and heart failure with preserved/reduced ejection fraction. Nonetheless, as genomics is evolving rapidly, it is constructive to survey now pertinent concepts and breakthroughs. Today, clinical multimodal electronic medical/health records (EMRs/EHRs) incorporating genomic information establish a continuously-learning, vast knowledge-network with seamless cycling between clinical application and research. It can inform insights into specific pathogenetic pathways, guide biomarker-assisted precise diagnoses and individualized treatments, and stratify prognoses. Complex CVDs blend multiple interacting genomic variants, epigenetics, and environmental risk-factors, engendering progressions of multifaceted disease-manifestations, including clinical symptoms and signs. There is no straight-line linkage between genetic cause(s) or causal gene-variant(s) and disease phenotype(s). Because of interactions involving modifier-gene influences, (micro)-environmental, and epigenetic effects, the same variant may actually produce dissimilar abnormalities in different individuals. Implementing genome-driven personalized cardiology in clinical practice reveals that the study of CVDs at the level of molecules and cells can yield crucial clinical benefits. Complementing evidence-based medicine guidelines from large ("one-size fits all") randomized controlled trials, genomics-based personalized or precision cardiology is a most-creditable paradigm: It provides customizable approaches to prevent, diagnose, and manage CVDs with treatments directly/precisely aimed at causal defects identified by high-throughput genomic technologies. They encompass stem cell and gene therapies exploiting CRISPR-Cas9-gene-editing, and metabolomic-pharmacogenomic therapeutic modalities, precisely fine-tuned for the individual patient. Following the Human Genome Project, many expected genomics technology to provide imminent solutions to intractable medical problems, including CVDs. This eagerness has reaped some disappointment that advances have not yet materialized to the degree anticipated. Undoubtedly, personalized genetic/genomics testing is an emergent technology that should not be applied without supplementary phenotypic/clinical information: Genotype≠Phenotype. However, forthcoming advances in genomics will naturally build on prior attainments and, combined with insights into relevant epigenetics and environmental factors, can plausibly eradicate intractable CVDs, improving human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ares Pasipoularides
- Consulting Professor of Surgery, Emeritus Faculty of Surgery and of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University School of Medicine and Graduate School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Liu L, Yang J, Men K, He Z, Luo M, Qian Z, Wei X, Wei Y. Current Status of Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy in China. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:110-120. [PMID: 29320893 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ke Men
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory for Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
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28
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Liu C, Zhang L, Liu H, Cheng K. Delivery strategies of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system for therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2017; 266:17-26. [PMID: 28911805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system is a part of the adaptive immune system in archaea and bacteria to defend against invasive nucleic acids from phages and plasmids. The single guide RNA (sgRNA) of the system recognizes its target sequence in the genome, and the Cas9 nuclease of the system acts as a pair of scissors to cleave the double strands of DNA. Since its discovery, CRISPR-Cas9 has become the most robust platform for genome engineering in eukaryotic cells. Recently, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has triggered enormous interest in therapeutic applications. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied to correct disease-causing gene mutations or engineer T cells for cancer immunotherapy. The first clinical trial using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology was conducted in 2016. Despite the great promise of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, several challenges remain to be tackled before its successful applications for human patients. The greatest challenge is the safe and efficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system to target cells in human body. In this review, we will introduce the molecular mechanism and different strategies to edit genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We will then highlight the current systems that have been developed to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 in vitro and in vivo for various therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States.
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29
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Status of Therapeutic Gene Transfer to Treat Cardiovascular Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017. [PMID: 28647114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a procedure resulting in the transfer of a gene into an individual's cells to treat a disease. One goal of gene transfer is to express a functional gene when the endogenous gene is inactive. However, because heart failure is a complex disease characterized by multiple abnormalities at the cellular level, an alternate gene delivery approach is to alter myocardial protein levels to improve function. This article discusses background information on gene delivery, including packaging, administration, and a brief discussion of some of the candidate transgenes likely to alter the progression of naturally occurring heart disease in dogs and cats.
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30
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Maunder HE, Wright J, Kolli BR, Vieira CR, Mkandawire TT, Tatoris S, Kennedy V, Iqball S, Devarajan G, Ellis S, Lad Y, Clarkson NG, Mitrophanous KA, Farley DC. Enhancing titres of therapeutic viral vectors using the transgene repression in vector production (TRiP) system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14834. [PMID: 28345582 PMCID: PMC5378976 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the field of therapeutic viral vector/vaccine manufacturing is maximizing production. For most vector platforms, the ‘benchmark' vector titres are achieved with inert reporter genes. However, expression of therapeutic transgenes can often adversely affect vector titres due to biological effects on cell metabolism and/or on the vector virion itself. Here, we exemplify the novel ‘Transgene Repression In vector Production' (TRiP) system for the production of both RNA- and DNA-based viral vectors. The TRiP system utilizes a translational block of one or more transgenes by employing the bacterial tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP), which binds its target RNA sequence close to the transgene initiation codon. We report enhancement of titres of lentiviral vectors expressing Cyclo-oxygenase-2 by 600-fold, and adenoviral vectors expressing the pro-apoptotic gene Bax by >150,000-fold. The TRiP system is transgene-independent and will be a particularly useful platform in the clinical development of viral vectors expressing problematic transgenes. The maximum titre of therapeutic viral vectors can be adversely affected by the encoded transgene. Here the authors repress transgene expression in producing cells by employing the tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation protein and show that it improves titre of RNA- and DNA-based viral vectors expressing toxic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Maunder
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - J Wright
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - B R Kolli
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - C R Vieira
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - T T Mkandawire
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Tatoris
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - V Kennedy
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Iqball
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - G Devarajan
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Ellis
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Y Lad
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - N G Clarkson
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - K A Mitrophanous
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - D C Farley
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
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31
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Destination Brain: the Past, Present, and Future of Therapeutic Gene Delivery. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:51-83. [PMID: 28160121 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases and disorders (NDDs) present a significant societal burden and currently available drug- and biological-based therapeutic strategies have proven inadequate to alleviate it. Gene therapy is a suitable alternative to treat NDDs compared to conventional systems since it can be tailored to specifically alter select gene expression, reverse disease phenotype and restore normal function. The scope of gene therapy has broadened over the years with the advent of RNA interference and genome editing technologies. Consequently, encouraging results from central nervous system (CNS)-targeted gene delivery studies have led to their transition from preclinical to clinical trials. As we shift to an exciting gene therapy era, a retrospective of available literature on CNS-associated gene delivery is in order. This review is timely in this regard, since it analyzes key challenges and major findings from the last two decades and evaluates future prospects of brain gene delivery. We emphasize major areas consisting of physiological and pharmacological challenges in gene therapy, function-based selection of a ideal cellular target(s), available therapy modalities, and diversity of viral vectors and nanoparticles as vehicle systems. Further, we present plausible answers to key questions such as strategies to circumvent low blood-brain barrier permeability and most suitable CNS cell types for targeting. We compare and contrast pros and cons of the tested viral vectors in the context of delivery systems used in past and current clinical trials. Gene vector design challenges are also evaluated in the context of cell-specific promoters. Key challenges and findings reported for recent gene therapy clinical trials, assessing viral vectors and nanoparticles are discussed from the perspective of bench to bedside gene therapy translation. We conclude this review by tying together gene delivery challenges, available vehicle systems and comprehensive analyses of neuropathogenesis to outline future prospects of CNS-targeted gene therapies.
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Winters AA, Bou-Ghannam S, Thorp H, Hawayek JA, Atkinson DL, Bartlett CE, Silva FJ, Hsu EW, Moreno AP, Grainger DA, Patel AN. Evaluation of Multiple Biological Therapies for Ischemic Cardiac Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1591-1607. [DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Bou-Ghannam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hallie Thorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jose A. Hawayek
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Edward W. Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alonso P. Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Nora Eccles Cardiovascular and Training Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David A. Grainger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amit N. Patel
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Katz MG, Fargnoli AS, Kendle AP, Hajjar RJ, Bridges CR. Gene Therapy in Cardiac Surgery: Clinical Trials, Challenges, and Perspectives. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:2407-16. [PMID: 26801060 PMCID: PMC4987708 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of gene therapy was introduced in the 1970s after the development of recombinant DNA technology. Despite the initial great expectations, this field experienced early setbacks. Recent years have seen a revival of clinical programs of gene therapy in different fields of medicine. There are many promising targets for genetic therapy as an adjunct to cardiac surgery. The first positive long-term results were published for adenoviral administration of vascular endothelial growth factor with coronary artery bypass grafting. In this review we analyze the past, present, and future of gene therapy in cardiac surgery. The articles discussed were collected through PubMed and from author experience. The clinical trials referenced were found through the Wiley clinical trial database (http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/genmed/clinical/) as well as the National Institutes of Health clinical trial database (Clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anthony S Fargnoli
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew P Kendle
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina
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34
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Matkar PN, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Cardiac gene therapy: are we there yet? Gene Ther 2016; 23:635-48. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Xue P, Bao J, Zhang L, Xu Z, Xu C, Zhang Y, Kang Y. Functional magnetic Prussian blue nanoparticles for enhanced gene transfection and photothermal ablation of tumor cells. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4717-4725. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic Prussian blue nanoparticles as a gene carrier and photothermal agent for multi-modal cancer treatment under magnetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Southwest University
- Beibei
- China
| | - Jingnan Bao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Southwest University
- Beibei
- China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Yuejun Kang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Southwest University
- Beibei
- China
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36
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Papadopoulos K, Wattanaarsakit P, Prasongchean W, Narain R. Gene therapies in clinical trials. POLYMERS AND NANOMATERIALS FOR GENE THERAPY 2016. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100520-0.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Efficacy and safety of myocardial gene transfer of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and lentivirus vectors in the mouse heart. Gene Ther 2015; 23:296-305. [PMID: 26704723 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising new treatment option for cardiac diseases. For finding the most suitable and safe vector for cardiac gene transfer, we delivered adenovirus (AdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV) and lentivirus (LeV) vectors into the mouse heart with sophisticated closed-chest echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection method for comparing them with regards to transduction efficiency, myocardial damage, effects on the left ventricular function and electrocardiography (ECG). AdV had the highest transduction efficiency in cardiomyocytes followed by AAV2 and AAV9, and the lowest efficiency was seen with LeV. The local myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV) was proportional to transduction efficiency. AdV caused LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Neither of the locally injected AAV serotypes impaired the LV systolic function, but AAV9 caused diastolic dysfunction to some extent. LeV did not affect the cardiac function. We also studied systemic delivery of AAV9, which led to transduction of cardiomyocytes throughout the myocardium. However, also diffuse fibrosis was present leading to significantly impaired LV systolic and diastolic function and pathological ECG changes. Compared with widely used AdV vector, AAV2, AAV9 and LeV were less effective in transducing cardiomyocytes but also less harmful. Local administration of AAV9 was safer and more efficient compared with systemic administration.
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38
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Fargnoli AS, Katz MG, Williams RD, Kendle AP, Steuerwald N, Bridges CR. Liquid jet delivery method featuring S100A1 gene therapy in the rodent model following acute myocardial infarction. Gene Ther 2015; 23:151-7. [PMID: 26461176 PMCID: PMC4742412 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The S100A1 gene is a promising target enhancing contractility and survival post myocardial infarction (MI). Achieving sufficient gene delivery within safety limits is a major translational problem. This proof of concept study evaluates viral-mediated S100A1 overexpression featuring a novel liquid jet delivery (LJ) method. 24 rats after successful MI were divided into 3 groups (n=8 ea.): saline control (SA), ssAAV9.S100A1 (SS) delivery, and scAAV9.S100A1 (SC) delivery (both 1.2×1011 viral particles). For each post MI rat, the LJ device fired three separate 100 μL injections into the myocardium. Following 10 weeks, all rats were evaluated with echocardiography, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and overall S100A1 and CD38 immune protein. At 10 weeks all groups demonstrated a functional decline from baseline, but the S100A1 therapy groups displayed preserved LV function with significantly higher ejection fraction %; SS group [60±3] and SC group [57±4] versus saline [46±3], p<0.05. Heart qPCR testing showed robust S100A1 in the SS [10,147±3993] and SC [35,155±5808] copies per 100 ng DNA, while off target liver detection was lower in both SS [40±40], SC [34,841±3164] respectively. Cardiac S100A1 protein expression was [4.3±0.2] and [6.1±0.3] fold higher than controls in the SS and SC groups respectively, p<0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Fargnoli
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - M G Katz
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - R D Williams
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - A P Kendle
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - N Steuerwald
- Molecular Biology Core, Department of Therapeutic Research and Development, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - C R Bridges
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Lucas AT, Madden AJ, Zamboni WC. Formulation and physiologic factors affecting the pharmacology of carrier-mediated anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1419-33. [PMID: 26173794 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1057496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major advances in carrier-mediated agents (CMAs), which include nanoparticles and conjugates, have revolutionized drug delivery capabilities over the past decade. While providing numerous advantages such as increased exposure duration, greater solubility and delivery to tumor sites over their small molecule counterparts, there is substantial variability in how individual CMA formulations affect the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (efficacy and toxicity) of these agents. AREAS COVERED CMA formulations are complex in nature compared to their small molecule counterparts and consist of multiple components and variables that can affect the pharmacological profile. This review provides an overview of factors that affect the pharmacologic profiles observed in CMA-formulated chemotherapy, primarily in liposomal formulations, that are currently in preclinical or early clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Despite the numerous advantages that CMA formulations provide, their clinical use is still in its infancy. It is critical that we understand the mechanisms and effects of CMAs in navigating biological barriers and how these factors affect their biodistribution and delivery to tumors. Future studies are warranted to better understand the complex pharmacology and interaction between CMA carriers and biological systems, such as the mononuclear phagocyte system and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- a 1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics , 120 Mason Farm Road, suite 1022B, CB 7361, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7361, USA
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40
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Zhang Y, Kuraitis D, Burgon PG, Crowe S, Vulesevic B, Beanlands RS, deKemp RA, DaSilva JN, Ruel M, Suuronen EJ. Development of reporter gene imaging techniques for long-term assessment of human circulating angiogenic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:034104. [PMID: 25782444 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials and tracking the long-term fate of the transplanted cells is expected to help improve the clinical translation of cell therapies for cardiac regeneration. To this end, reporter gene strategies are promising for monitoring the fate of cells transplanted with or without a delivery biomaterial; however, their application with primary adult progenitor cells (such as human circulating angiogenic cells (CACs)) has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, human CACs were transduced with reporter genes via one of two lentiviral (LV) vectors: LV-GFP-iresTK or LV-Fluc-RFP-tTK. The mean transduction efficiency was 15% (LV-GFP-iresTK) and 13% (LV-Fluc-RFP-tTK) at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 10 and 50, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed HSV1-tk protein expression in transduced CACs. There was no significant difference in viability between the transduced CACs and the untreated controls at a MOI of 50 or below. However, a reduction was observed in cell viability of CACs transduced with LV-Fluc-RFP-tTK at an MOI of 100. Cell migration and angiogenic potential were not affected by transduction protocol. After 4 weeks, 80.3 ± 8.4% of the labeled cells continued to express the reporters and could be visualized when embedded within a collagen matrix scaffold. Therefore, quiescent human CACs can be stably transduced to express reporter genes without affecting their function. This reporter gene technique is a promising approach to be further tested for tracking transplanted CACs (±delivery matrix) non-invasively and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7, Canada. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada. Division of Cardiology (Department of Medicine), Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, People's Republic of China
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41
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Jebali A, Kalantar SM, Hekmatimoghaddam S, Saffarzadeh N, Sheikha MH, Ghasemi N. Surface modification of tri-calcium phosphate nanoparticles by DOPE and/or anti-E6 antibody to enhance uptake of antisense of E6 mRNA. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:297-302. [PMID: 25601794 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the uptake of E6 mRNA antisense into cervical cancer cells, induced by human papilloma virus (HPV). In this study, the carrier of the antisense was tri-calcium phosphate nanoparticles (TCP NPs) conjugated with dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) and/or anti-E6 antibody. At first, TCP NPs were synthesized, coated with carboxy-polyethylene glycol, and then conjugated with anti-E6 antibody and/or DOPE by carbodiimide cross-linker. Then, a single stranded DNA, which was complementary (antisense) of E6 mRNA, was attached to each one. Finally, the uptake of conjugated and unconjugated TCP NPs into HelaS3 cells was separately evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and fluorescent microscopy. Also, the cytotoxicity of these carriers was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Overall, 4 types of TCP NPs were used in this study, including 1) TCP NPs conjugated with DOPE (TCP NPs/DOPE), 2) TCP NPs conjugated with DOPE and antibody (TCP NPs/DOPE/Anti-E6 Ab), 3) TCP NPs conjugated with antibody (TCP NPs/Anti-E6 Ab), and 4) TCP NPs which not conjugated with DOPE and antibody (unconjugated TCP NPs). Uptake tests showed that although all types of TCP NPs could transfer antisense of E6 mRNA into HelaS3 cells, TCP NPs/DOPE and TCP NPs/DOPE/Anti-E6 Ab had more uptake than TCP NPs/Anti-E6 Ab and unconjugated TCP NPs. Moreover, MTT assay showed that TCP NPs/DOPE was more toxic than TCP NPs/DOPE/Anti-E6 Ab, TCP NPs/Anti-E6 Ab, and unconjugated TCP NPs. It can be concluded that TCP NPs/DOPE/Anti-E6 Ab is a good choice for oligonucleotide delivery, because of higher uptake and less toxicity, compared with other formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jebali
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Research and Clinical Centre for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Negin Saffarzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Nasrin Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Notch signaling regulates myogenic regenerative capacity of murine and human mesoangioblasts. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1448. [PMID: 25299773 PMCID: PMC4237240 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells hold attractive potential for the treatment of muscular dystrophies (MDs). Mesoangioblasts (MABs) constitute a myogenic subset of muscle pericytes and have been shown to efficiently regenerate dystrophic muscles in mice and dogs. In addition, HLA-matched MABs are currently being tested in a phase 1 clinical study on Duchenne MD patients (EudraCT #2011-000176-33). Many reports indicate that the Notch pathway regulates muscle regeneration and satellite cell commitment. However, little is known about Notch-mediated effects on other resident myogenic cells. To possibly potentiate MAB-driven regeneration in vivo, we asked whether Notch signaling played a pivotal role in regulating MAB myogenic capacity. Through different approaches of loss- and gain-of-function in murine and human MABs, we determined that the interplay between Delta-like ligand 1 (Dll1)-activated Notch1 and Mef2C supports MAB commitment in vitro and ameliorates engraftment and functional outcome after intra-arterial delivery in dystrophic mice. Furthermore, using a transgenic mouse model of conditional Dll1 deletion, we demonstrated that Dll1 ablation, either on the injected cells, or on the receiving muscle fibers, impairs MAB regenerative potential. Our data corroborate the perspective of advanced combinations of cell therapy and signaling tuning to enhance therapeutic efficaciousness of somatic stem cells.
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Liu C, Miao L, Sun W, Wu X, Yan F, Sun H, Zheng C. Assessment of transfection of AdCMV-EGFP to rat submandibular gland cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:147-53. [PMID: 25108736 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficiency of transfecting adenoviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (AdCMV-EGFP) into rat submandibular gland cells and the effects of gene transfer on cell proliferation and secretory function. Isolated submandibular gland cells were transfected with different titers (or multiplicity of infection, MOI) of AdCMV-EGFP. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by quantifying EGFP-positive cells by inverted fluorescence microscopy, cell proliferation by MTT assay, and cell secretory activity by measuring α-amylase in culture medium. A transfection efficiency of up to 70.8% was achieved in submandibular gland cells. MTT assay showed that increased viral titers resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, which occurs on day 5 post-transfection. Simultaneously, the amylase levels started to reduce with a significant decrease on day 7 after transfection. The results show that AdCMV-EGFP transfection of submandibular gland cells at higher MOI results in cytotoxicity, decreased cell proliferation, and secretory function. However, the lower adenoviral titers (e.g., 200 particles/cell) could be an efficient and safe labeling tool for gene transfer to submandibular gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Institue and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Fargnoli AS, Mu A, Katz MG, Williams RD, Margulies KB, Weiner DB, Yang S, Bridges CR. Anti-inflammatory loaded poly-lactic glycolic acid nanoparticle formulations to enhance myocardial gene transfer: an in-vitro assessment of a drug/gene combination therapeutic approach for direct injection. J Transl Med 2014; 12:171. [PMID: 24934216 PMCID: PMC4068839 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac gene therapy for heart disease is a major translational research area with potential, yet problems with safe and efficient gene transfer into cardiac muscle remain unresolved. Existing methodology to increase vector uptake include modifying the viral vector, non-viral particle encapsulation and or delivery with device systems. These advanced methods have made improvements, however fail to address the key problem of inflammation in the myocardium, which is known to reduce vector uptake and contribute to immunogenic adverse events. Here we propose an alternative method to co-deliver anti-inflammatory drugs in a controlled release polymer with gene product to improve therapeutic effects. Methods A robust, double emulsion production process was developed to encapsulate drugs into nanoparticles. Briefly in this proof of concept study, aspirin and prednisolone anti-inflammatory drugs were encapsulated in various poly-lactic glycolic acid polymer (PLGA) formulations. The resultant particle systems were characterized, co-delivered with GFP plasmid, and evaluated in harvested myocytes in culture for uptake. Results High quality nanoparticles were harvested from multiple production runs, with an average 64 ± 10 mg yield. Four distinct particle drug system combinations were characterized and evaluated in vitro: PLGA(50:50) Aspirin, PLGA(65:35) Prednisolone, PLGA(65:35) Aspirin and PLGA(50:50) Prednisolone Particles consisted of spherical shape with a narrow size distribution 265 ± 104 nm as found in scanning electron microscopy imaging. Prednisolone particles regardless of PLGA type were found on average ≈ 100 nm smaller than the aspirin types. All four groups demonstrated high zeta potential stability and re-constitution testing prior to in vitro. In vitro results demonstrated co uptake of GFP plasmid (green) and drug loaded particles (red) in culture with no incidence of toxicity. Conclusions Nano formulated anti-inflammatories in combination with standalone gene product therapy may offer a clinical solution to maximize cardiac gene therapy product effects while minimizing the risk of the host response in the inflammatory myocardial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Fargnoli
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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