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Gu S, Khalaj F, Perraud V, Faiola CL. Emerging investigator series: secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of acyclic terpenes in an oxidation flow reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1156-1170. [PMID: 38812434 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One major challenge in predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere is incomplete representation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from plants, particularly those that are emitted as a result of stress - a condition that is becoming more frequent in a rapidly changing climate. One of the most common types of BVOCs emitted by plants in response to environmental stress are acyclic terpenes. In this work, SOA is generated from the photooxidation of acyclic terpenes in an oxidation flow reactor and compared to SOA production from a reference cyclic terpene - α-pinene. The acyclic terpenes used as SOA precursors included β-myrcene, β-ocimene, and linalool. Results showed that oxidation of all acyclic terpenes had lower SOA yields measured after 4 days photochemical age, in comparison to α-pinene. However, there was also evidence that the condensed organic products that formed, while a smaller amount overall, had a higher oligomeric content. In particular, β-ocimene SOA had higher oligomeric content than all the other chemical systems studied. SOA composition data from ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS) was combined with mechanistic modeling using the Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) to explore chemical mechanisms that could lead to this oligomer formation. Calculations based on composition data suggested that β-ocimene SOA was more viscous with a higher glass transition temperature than other SOA generated from acyclic terpene oxidation. This was attributed to a higher oligomeric content compared to other SOA systems studied. These results contribute to novel chemical insights about SOA formation from acyclic terpenes and relevant chemistry processes, highlighting the importance of improving underrepresented biogenic SOA formation in chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Farzaneh Khalaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Veronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Celia L Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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2
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Déméautis T, Bouyssi A, Chapalain A, Guillemot J, Doublet P, Geloen A, George C, Menotti J, Glehen O, Devouassoux G, Bentaher A. Chronic Exposure to Secondary Organic Aerosols Causes Lung Tissue Damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6085-6094. [PMID: 37014236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) emerged as a predominant component of fine particulate matter. However, the pathogenic mechanism(s) of SOAs are still poorly understood. Herein, we show that chronic exposure of mice to SOAs resulted in lung inflammation and tissue destruction. Histological analyses found lung airspace enlargement associated with massive inflammatory cell recruitment predominated by macrophages. Concomitant with such cell influx, our results found changes in the levels of a series of inflammatory mediators in response to SOA. Interestingly, we observed that the expression of the genes encoding for TNF-α and IL-6 increased significantly after one month of exposure to SOAs; mediators that have been largely documented to play a role in chronic pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. Cell culture studies confirmed these in vivo findings. Of importance as well, our study indicates increased matrix metalloproteinase proteolytic activity suggesting its contribution to lung tissue inflammation and degradation. Our work represents the first in vivo study, which reports that chronic exposure to SOAs leads to lung inflammation and tissue injury. Thus, we hope that these data will foster new studies to enhance our understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of SOAs and perhaps help in the design of therapeutic strategies against SOA-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Déméautis
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexandra Bouyssi
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Annelise Chapalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Johann Guillemot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Geloen
- University of Lyon, UMR Ecologie Microbienne Lyon (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Menotti
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, CHU de Lyon HCL - GH Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Gilles Devouassoux
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Abderrazzak Bentaher
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
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3
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Lau YS, Poon HY, Organ B, Chuang HC, Chan MN, Guo H, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of fresh and aged gasoline exhaust particles in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129846. [PMID: 36063712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles are one of the major contributors to aerosol particles observed in urban areas. It is well-known that these tiny particles are associated with air pollution, climate forcing, and adverse health effects. However, their toxicity and bioreactivity after atmospheric ageing are less constrained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and toxicological properties of fresh and aged particulate matter samples derived from gasoline exhaust emissions. Chemical analyses showed that both fresh and aged PM samples were rich in organic carbon, and the dominating chemical species were n-alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparisons between fresh and aged samples revealed that the latter contained larger amounts of oxygenated compounds. In most cases, the bioreactivity induced by the aged PM samples was significantly higher than that induced by the fresh samples. Moderate to weak correlations were identified between chemical species and the levels of biomarkers in the fresh and aged PM samples. The results of the stepwise regression analysis suggested that n-alkane and alkenoic acid were major contributors to the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the fresh samples, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocarboxylic acid were the main factors responsible for such increase in the aged samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik-Sze Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Now at: International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQR), Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Hon-Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bruce Organ
- Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Man-Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Rutkowska M, Zabiegała B. Recent advances on SOA formation in indoor air, fate and strategies for SOA characterization in indoor air - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156948. [PMID: 35753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proves that indoor air chemistry differs in many aspects from atmospheric one. People send up to 90 % of their life indoors being exposed to pollutants present in gas, particle and solid phase. Particle phase indoor is composed of particles emitted from various sources, among which there is an indoor source - secondary chemical reactions leading to formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Lately, researchers' attentions turned towards the ultrafine particles, for there are still a lot of gaps in knowledge concerning this field of study, while there is evidence of negative influence of ultrafine particles on human health. Presented review sums up current knowledge about secondary particle formation in indoor environment and development of analytical techniques applied to study those processes. The biggest concern today is studying ROS, for their lifetime in indoor air is very short due to reactions at the very beginning of terpene oxidation process. Another interesting aspect that is recently discovered is monoterpene autooxidation process that leads to HOMs formation that in turn can influence SOA formation yield. A complex studies covering gas phase and particle phase characterization, but also toxicological studies are crucial to fully understand indoor air chemistry leading to ultrafine particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland.
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5
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Diurnal Variations of Isoprene, Monoterpenes, and Toluene Oxidation Products in Aerosols at a Rural Site of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics and formation mechanism of summertime isoprene, monoterpene, and toluene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) were investigated in a rural area of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. The variations in key indicators of primary sources indicated a significant influence of biomass burning on PM2.5 during the observation period. The concentrations of total measured SOA tracers from isoprene, monoterpene, and toluene were 40.85 ± 17.31, 24.27 ± 7.50, and 10.61 ± 0.33 ng/m3, respectively. The average ratio of cis-pinonic and pinic acids to 3-Methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA)(P/M) were 0.45 and 0.85 by day and by night, respectively. The low ratio in the daytime was mainly due to the stronger photo-degradation and particle-to-gas distribution of semi-volatile cis-pinonic and pinic acids. The monoterpene SOA tracers were significantly correlated with levoglucosan at night (R2 = 0.51, p < 0.01), as were toluene SOA tracers and levoglucosan (R2 > 0.67, p < 0.01), indicating the significant contribution of biomass combustion to these SOAs. The mass concentration of isoprene-, monoterpenes-, and toluene-derived SOC was estimated by using the tracer yield method. The total calculated SOCs by day and by night were 0.25–0.71 (average: 0.46) and 0.26–0.78 (average: 0.42) µgC/m3, accounting for 3.35–10.58% and 3.87–13.51% of OC by day and by night, respectively.
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Mahrt F, Huang Y, Zaks J, Devi A, Peng L, Ohno PE, Qin YM, Martin ST, Ammann M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior of Internal Mixtures of Hydrocarbon-like Primary Organic Aerosol and Secondary Aerosol Based on Their Differences in Oxygen-to-Carbon Ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3960-3973. [PMID: 35294833 PMCID: PMC8988305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior, the number and type of phases, in atmospheric particles containing mixtures of hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is important for predicting their impacts on air pollution, human health, and climate. Using a solvatochromic dye and fluorescence microscopy, we determined the phase behavior of 11 HOA proxies (O/C = 0-0.29) each mixed with 7 different SOA materials generated in environmental chambers (O/C 0.4-1.08), where O/C represents the average oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio. Out of the 77 different HOA + SOA mixtures studied, we observed two phases in 88% of the cases. The phase behavior was independent of relative humidity over the range between 90% and <5%. A clear trend was observed between the number of phases and the difference between the average O/C ratios of the HOA and SOA components (ΔO/C). Using a threshold ΔO/C of 0.265, we were able to predict the phase behavior of 92% of the HOA + SOA mixtures studied here, with one-phase particles predicted for ΔO/C < 0.265 and two-phase particles predicted for ΔO/C ≥ 0.265. The threshold ΔO/C value provides a relatively simple and computationally inexpensive framework for predicting the number of phases in internal SOA and HOA mixtures in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yuanzhou Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Julia Zaks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Annesha Devi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Long Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
- Institute
for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Paul E. Ohno
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Center
for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yi Ming Qin
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
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7
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Pye HOT, Ward-Caviness CK, Murphy BN, Appel KW, Seltzer KM. Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7215. [PMID: 34916495 PMCID: PMC8677800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particle pollution, PM2.5, is associated with increased risk of death from cardiorespiratory diseases. A multidecadal shift in the United States (U.S.) PM2.5 composition towards organic aerosol as well as advances in predictive algorithms for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) allows for novel examinations of the role of PM2.5 components on mortality. Here we show SOA is strongly associated with county-level cardiorespiratory death rates in the U.S. independent of the total PM2.5 mass association with the largest associations located in the southeastern U.S. Compared to PM2.5, county-level variability in SOA across the U.S. is associated with 3.5× greater per capita county-level cardiorespiratory mortality. On a per mass basis, SOA is associated with a 6.5× higher rate of mortality than PM2.5, and biogenic and anthropogenic carbon sources both play a role in the overall SOA association with mortality. Our results suggest reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 requires consideration of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ben N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - K Wyat Appel
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Karl M Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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8
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Moussa SG, Staebler RM, You Y, Leithead A, Yousif MA, Brickell P, Beck J, Jiang Z, Liggio J, Li SM, Wren SN, Brook JR, Darlington A, Cober SG. Fugitive Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Tailings Pond in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12831-12840. [PMID: 34524801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailings ponds in the oil sands (OS) region in Alberta, Canada, have been associated with fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants to the atmosphere. However, the contribution of tailings ponds to the total fugitive emissions of VOCs from OS operations remains uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, a field study was conducted in the summer of 2017 at Suncor's Pond 2/3 to estimate emissions of a suite of pollutants including 68 VOCs using a combination of micrometeorological methods and measurements from a flux tower. The results indicate that in 2017, Pond 2/3 was an emission source of 3322 ± 727 tons of VOCs including alkanes, aromatics, and oxygenated and sulfur-containing organics. While the total VOC emissions were approximately a factor of 2 higher than those reported by Suncor, the individual VOC species emissions varied by up to a factor of 12. A chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model was used to estimate the contribution of the tailings pond to VOC pollution events in a nearby First Nations and Metis community in Fort McKay. CMB results indicate that Suncor Pond 2/3 contributed up to 57% to the total mass of VOCs measured at Fort McKay, reinforcing the importance of accurate VOC emission estimation methods for tailings ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar G Moussa
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ralf M Staebler
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Yuan You
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amy Leithead
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Meguel A Yousif
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Peter Brickell
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - James Beck
- Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta T2P 3Y7, Canada
| | - Zhimei Jiang
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sumi N Wren
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R4, Canada
| | - Andrea Darlington
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Stewart G Cober
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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9
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Mahrt F, Newman E, Huang Y, Ammann M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon-like Primary Organic Aerosol and Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxies Based on Their Elemental Oxygen-to-Carbon Ratio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12202-12214. [PMID: 34473474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of atmospheric aerosols can be characterized as primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Knowledge of the phase behavior, that is, the number and type of phases within internal POA + SOA mixtures, is crucial to predict their effect on climate and air quality. For example, if POA and SOA form a single phase, POA will enhance the formation of SOA by providing organic mass to absorb SOA precursors. Using microscopy, we studied the phase behavior of mixtures of SOA proxies and hydrocarbon-like POA proxies at relative humidity (RH) values of 90%, 45%, and below 5%. Internal mixtures of POA and SOA almost always formed two phases if the elemental oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) of the POA was less than 0.11, which encompasses a large fraction of atmospheric hydrocarbon-like POA from fossil fuel combustion. SOA proxies mixed with POA proxies having 0.11 ≤ O/C ≤ 0.29 mostly resulted in particles with one liquid phase. However, two liquid phases were also observed, depending on the type of SOA and POA surrogates, and an increase in phase-separated particles was observed when increasing the RH in this O/C range. The results have implications for predicting atmospheric SOA formation and policy strategies to reduce SOA in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elli Newman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Yuanzhou Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
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10
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Chen J, Møller KH, Wennberg PO, Kjaergaard HG. Unimolecular Reactions Following Indoor and Outdoor Limonene Ozonolysis. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:669-680. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian H. Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
Activated carbon is the most known material used to adsorb ozone. Activating carbonaceous materials by ozonation is commonly used to produce activated carbon, however, requiring sophisticated skills and professional equipment. This paper presents a reversed idea: to adsorb ozone using an unactivated carbonaceous material, coffee. Three powder adsorbents are presented: fresh coffee (unactivated), spent coffee grounds (unactivated), and activated carbon (commercially available). The test is conducted by measuring and comparing the ozone concentration in an ozone-supplied chamber with or without the ozone adsorbent. The results show that, at the specific conditions, the peak ozone concentration is lowered by 38% to 56% when the chamber has the activated carbon. At the same conditions, the peak ozone concentration is lowered by 25% to 43% when the chamber has the coffee powders (either fresh or spent). The elemental analysis demonstrates that the oxygen content after the ozone adsorption increases by 20%, 14.4%, and 34.5% for the fresh coffee, the spent coffee grounds, and the activated carbon, respectively. The characteristic analysis (the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the thermogravimetric, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) suggests that the unactivated coffee is not porous, however, contains various organic compounds that could react with and consume ozone.
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12
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Spranger T, Pinxteren DV, Reemtsma T, Lechtenfeld OJ, Herrmann H. 2D Liquid Chromatographic Fractionation with Ultra-high Resolution MS Analysis Resolves a Vast Molecular Diversity of Tropospheric Particle Organics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11353-11363. [PMID: 31478645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2D-liquid chromatographic fractionation method was combined with direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to better resolve the high complexity of the organic material in atmospheric particles. The number of assigned molecular formulas increased by a factor of 2.3 for the fractionated sample (18 144) compared to a bulk sample analysis without fractionation (7819), while simultaneously allowing the identification of 71 240 isomeric compounds. Accounting for these isomers has an impact on the means and distributions of different descriptive sample parameters. More than 15 000 compounds were exclusively identified in the fractionated sample providing insights regarding the formation of organosulfates, reduced N-containing compounds, and polyaromatic compounds. Further, a new method for assigning organonitrates and poly-organonitrates based on Kendrick mass defect analysis is presented. The current study implicates that analytical separation leads to much more detailed insights into particle organics composition, while more commonly applied direct infusion MS studies can strongly underestimate composition complexity and lead to biased assignments of bulk organic properties. Overall, the particle organics composition is far more complex than previously shown, while separation through better chromatographic techniques helps to understand formation processes of atmospheric particle constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spranger
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
| | | | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
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Abstract
Environmental chambers have proven to be essential for atmospheric photochemistry research. This historical perspective summarizes chamber research characterizing smog. Experiments with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-nitrogen oxides (NOx) have characterized O3 and aerosol chemistry. These led to the creation and evaluation of complex reaction mechanisms adopted for various applications. Gas-phase photochemistry was initiated and developed using chamber studies. Post-1950s study of photochemical aerosols began using smog chambers. Much of the knowledge about the chemistry of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derives from chamber studies complemented with specially designed atmospheric studies. Two major findings emerge from post-1990s SOA experiments: (1) photochemical SOAs hypothetically involve hydrocarbons and oxygenates with carbon numbers of 2, and (2) SOA evolves via more than one generation of reactions as condensed material exchanges with the vapor phase during “aging”. These elements combine with multiphase chemistry to yield mechanisms for aerosols. Smog chambers, like all simulators, are limited representations of the atmosphere. Translation to the atmosphere is complicated by constraints in reaction times, container interactions, influence of precursor injections, and background species. Interpretation of kinetics requires integration into atmospheric models addressing the combined effects of precursor emissions, surface exchange, hydrometeor interactions, air motion and sunlight.
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Lovett C, Baasiri M, Atwi K, Sowlat MH, Shirmohammadi F, Shihadeh AL, Sioutas C. Comparison of the oxidative potential of primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols derived from α-pinene and gasoline engine exhaust precursors. F1000Res 2018; 7:1031. [PMID: 30828421 PMCID: PMC6392154 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15445.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols, deriving from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources, represent a major fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) and play an important role in the etiology of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, largely through systemic inflammation and cellular oxidative stress. The relative contributions of these species to the inhalation burden, however, are rather poorly characterized. In this study, we measured the in vitro oxidative stress response of alveolar macrophages exposed to primary and secondary PM derived from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Methods: POA and SOA were generated within an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) fed by pure, aerosolized α-pinene or gasoline engine exhaust, as representative emissions of biogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The OFR utilized an ultraviolet (UV) lamp to achieve an equivalent atmospheric aging process of several days. Results: Anthropogenic SOA produced the greatest oxidative response (1900 ± 255 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM), followed by biogenic (α-pinene) SOA (1321 ± 542 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM), while anthropogenic POA produced the smallest response (51.4 ± 64.3 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling anthropogenic emissions in the urban atmosphere, while also taking into consideration spatial and seasonal differences in SOA composition. Local concentrations of biogenic and anthropogenic species contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM may vary widely, depending on the given region and time of year, due to factors such as surrounding vegetation, proximity to urban areas, and hours of daylight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lovett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mohamad Baasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad H. Sowlat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Farimah Shirmohammadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Alan L. Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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15
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Lovett C, Baasiri M, Atwi K, Sowlat MH, Shirmohammadi F, Shihadeh AL, Sioutas C. Comparison of the oxidative potential of primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols derived from α-pinene and gasoline engine exhaust precursors. F1000Res 2018; 7:1031. [PMID: 30828421 PMCID: PMC6392154 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15445.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols, deriving from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources, represent a major fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) and play an important role in the etiology of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, largely through systemic inflammation and cellular oxidative stress. The relative contributions of these species to the inhalation burden, however, are rather poorly characterized. In this study, we measured the in vitro oxidative stress response of alveolar macrophages exposed to primary and secondary PM derived from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Methods: POA and SOA were generated within an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) fed by pure, aerosolized α-pinene or gasoline engine exhaust, as representative emissions of biogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The OFR utilized an ultraviolet (UV) lamp to achieve an equivalent atmospheric aging process of several days. Results: Anthropogenic SOA produced the greatest oxidative response (1900 ± 255 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM), followed by biogenic (α-pinene) SOA (1321 ± 542 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM), while anthropogenic POA produced the smallest response (51.4 ± 64.3 µg-Zymosan/mg-PM). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling anthropogenic emissions in the urban atmosphere, while also taking into consideration spatial and seasonal differences in SOA composition. Local concentrations of biogenic and anthropogenic species contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM may vary widely, depending on the given region and time of year, due to factors such as surrounding vegetation, proximity to urban areas, and hours of daylight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lovett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mohamad Baasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad H. Sowlat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Farimah Shirmohammadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Alan L. Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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16
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Ding X, Lu HX, Yao DW, Xu C. Observation of SOA tracers at a mountainous site in Hong Kong: Chemical characteristics, origins and implication on particle growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:180-189. [PMID: 28667845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of airborne fine particles. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters≤2.5μm) samples were collected at a mountainous site in Hong Kong in autumn of 2010, and analyzed for SOA tracers. Results indicated that the concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers (54.7±22.7ng/m3) and aromatics SOA tracers (2.1±1.6ng/m3) were on relatively high levels in Hong Kong. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatics was estimated with the SOA tracer based approach, which constituted 0.35±0.15μg/m3 (40.6±5.7%), 0.20±0.03μg/m3 (30.4±5.5%), 0.05±0.02μg/m3 (5.6±1.7%) and 0.26±0.20μg/m3 (21.3±8.2%) of the total estimated SOC. Biogenic SOC (0.60±0.18μg/m3) dominated over anthropogenic SOC (0.26±0.20μg/m3) at this site. In addition to the total estimated SOC (17.8±4.6% of organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5), primary organic carbon (POC) emitted from biomass burning also accounted for a considerable proportion of OC (11.6±3.2%). Insight into the OC origins found that regional transport significantly (p<0.05) elevated SOC from 0.37±0.17 to 1.04±0.39μg/m3. Besides, SOC load could also increase significantly if there was influence from local ship emission. Biomass burning related POC in regional air masses (0.81±0.24μg/m3) was also higher (p<0.05) than that in samples affected by local air (0.29±0.35μg/m3). Evidences indicated that SOA formation was closely related to new particle formation and the growth of nucleation mode particles, while biomass burning was responsible for some particle burst events in Hong Kong. This is the first SOA study in afforested areas of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - X M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H X Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - D W Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - C Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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17
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Chemical and cellular oxidant production induced by naphthalene secondary organic aerosol (SOA): effect of redox-active metals and photochemical aging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15157. [PMID: 29123138 PMCID: PMC5680346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution is a leading global health risk. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitute a large portion of ambient particulate matter (PM). In this study, the water-soluble oxidative potential (OP) determined by dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production was measured for SOA generated from the photooxidation of naphthalene in the presence of iron sulfate and ammonium sulfate seed particles. The measured intrinsic OP varied for aerosol formed using different initial naphthalene concentrations, however, no trends were observed between OP and bulk aerosol composition or seed type. For all experiments, aerosol generated in the presence of iron-containing seed induced higher ROS/RNS production compared to that formed in the presence of inorganic seed. This effect was primarily attributed to differences in aerosol carbon oxidation state \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$\end{document}(OS¯c). In the presence of iron, radical concentrations are elevated via iron redox cycling, resulting in more oxidized species. An exponential trend was also observed between ROS/RNS and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$\end{document}(OS¯c) for all naphthalene SOA, regardless of seed type or aerosol formation condition. This may have important implications as aerosol have an atmospheric lifetime of a week, over which \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$\end{document}(OS¯c) increases due to continued photochemical aging, potentially resulting in more toxic aerosol.
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18
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Spranger T, van Pinxteren D, Herrmann H. Two-Dimensional Offline Chromatographic Fractionation for the Characterization of Humic-Like Substances in Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5061-5070. [PMID: 28333457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon in atmospheric particles comprises a large fraction of chromatographically unresolved compounds, often referred to as humic-like substances (HULIS), which influence particle properties and impact climate, human health, and ecosystems. To better understand its composition, a two-dimensional (2D) offline method combining size-exclusion (SEC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a new spiked gradient profile is presented. It separates HULIS into 55 fractions of different size and polarity, with estimated ranges of molecular weight and octanol/water partitioning coefficient (log P) from 160-900 g/mol and 0.2-3.3, respectively. The distribution of HULIS within the 2D size versus polarity space is illustrated with heat maps of ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. It is found to strongly differ in a small example set of samples from a background site near Leipzig, Germany. In winter, the most intense signals were obtained for the largest molecules (>520 g/mol) with low polarity (log P ∼ 1.9), whereas in summer, smaller (225-330 g/mol) and more polar (log P ∼ 0.55) molecules dominate. The method reveals such differences in HULIS composition in a more detailed manner than previously possible and can therefore help to better elucidate the sources of HULIS in different seasons or at different sites. Analyzing Suwannee river fulvic acid as a common HULIS surrogate shows a similar polarity range, but the sizes are clearly larger than those of atmospheric HULIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spranger
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Enrichment of 13C in diacids and related compounds during photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols: New proxy for organic aerosols aging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36467. [PMID: 27811980 PMCID: PMC5095555 DOI: 10.1038/srep36467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the applicability of compound specific stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of organics in assessment of their photochemical aging in the atmosphere, batch UV irradiation experiments were conducted on two ambient (anthropogenic and biogenic) aerosol samples in aqueous phase for 0.5–120 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for δ13C of diacids, glyoxylic acid (ωC2) and glyoxal. δ13C of diacids and related compounds became larger with irradiation time (i.e., aging), except for few cases. In general, δ13C of C2-C4 diacids showed an increasing trend with decreasing chain length. Based on δ13C of diacids and related compounds and their relations to their concentrations, we found that C2 and C3 are enriched with 13C during the photochemical decomposition and production from their higher homologues and oxoacids. Photochemical breakdown of higher (≥C3) to lower diacids is also important in the enrichment of 13C in C3-C9 diacids whereas their production from primary precursors causes depletion of 13C. In case of ωC2 and glyoxal, their photochemical production and further oxidation to highly oxygenated compounds both cause the enrichment of 13C. This study reveals that δ13C of diacids and related compounds can be used as a proxy to trace the aging of organic aerosols during long-range atmospheric transport.
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20
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the functional content of organic aerosols: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 191:232-249. [PMID: 24861958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge deficit of organic aerosol (OA) composition has been identified as the most important factor limiting our understanding of the atmospheric fate and implications of aerosol. The efforts to chemically characterize OA include the increasing utilization of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Since 1998, the functional composition of different types, sizes and fractions of OA has been studied with one-dimensional, two-dimensional and solid state proton and carbon-13 NMR. This led to the use of functional group ratios to reconcile the most important sources of OA, including secondary organic aerosol and initial source apportionment using positive matrix factorization. Future research efforts may be directed towards the optimization of experimental parameters, detailed NMR experiments and analysis by pattern recognition methods to identify the chemical components, determination of the NMR fingerprints of OA sources and solid state NMR to study the content of OA as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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23
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Li J, Zhang Y, Herjavić G, Wine PH, Klasinc L. Bibliometric analysis of research on secondary organic aerosols: Update. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was conceived to evaluate the global scientific output of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) research and to assess the characteristics of the research patterns, tendencies, and methods in the papers. Data were based on the online version of Science Citation Index Expanded from 1990 to 2013. Publications referring to SOA were assessed by distribution of the number of publications and times cited, source journals, h-index, and the most cited publications in these years. By synthetic analysis of author keywords, KeyWords Plus, titles, and abstracts, it was concluded that modeling is currently and will at least over the next decade continue to be the predominant research method to validate state-of-the-art knowledge of SOA, and that the foci of SOA research will be the key precursors terpenes, isoprene, and dicarbonyls; the mechanisms of oxidation and aqueous-phase reactions; emission inventories; and chemical composition. Recent years show growing interest for research on health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- 2College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Paul H. Wine
- 4School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Lund AK, Doyle-Eisele M, Lin YH, Arashiro M, Surratt JD, Holmes T, Schilling KA, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM, McDonald JD. The effects of α-pinene versus toluene-derived secondary organic aerosol exposure on the expression of markers associated with vascular disease. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:309-24. [PMID: 23742109 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.782080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the toxicological effects of biogenic- versus anthropogenic-source secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on the cardiovascular system, the Secondary Particulate Health Effects Research program irradiation chamber was used to expose atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E null (Apo E-/-) mice to SOA from the oxidation of either α-pinene or toluene for 7 days. SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 250-300 μg/m(3) of particulate matter and ratios of 10:1:1 α-pinene:nitrogen oxide (NOx):ammonia (NH3); 10:1:1:1 α-pinene:NOx:NH3:sulfur dioxide (SO2) or 10:1:1 toluene:NOx:NH3; and 10:1:1:1 toluene:NOx:NH3:SO2. Resulting effects on the cardiovascular system were assessed by measurement of vascular lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)), as well as quantification of heme-oxygenase (HO)-1, endothelin (ET)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression for comparison to previous program exposure results. Consistent with similar previous studies, vascular TBARS were not increased significantly with any acute SOA exposure. However, vascular HO-1, MMP-9, and ET-1 observed in Apo E-/- mice exposed to α-pinene + NOx + NH3 + SO2 increased statistically, while α-pinene + NOx + NH3 exposure to either toluene + NOx + NH3 or toluene +NOx + NH3 + SO2 resulted in a decreased expression of these vascular factors. Such findings suggest that the specific chemistry created by the presence or absence of acidic components may be important in SOA-mediated toxicity in the cardiovascular system and/or progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie K Lund
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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25
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Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Gillen DL, Schauer JJ, Shafer MM. Airway inflammation and oxidative potential of air pollutant particles in a pediatric asthma panel. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:466-73. [PMID: 23673461 PMCID: PMC4181605 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) components from fossil fuel combustion can induce oxidative stress initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reported associations between worsening asthma and PM2.5 mass could be related to PM oxidative potential to induce airway oxidative stress and inflammation (hallmarks of asthma pathology). We followed 45 schoolchildren with persistent asthma in their southern California homes daily over 10 days with offline fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), a biomarker of airway inflammation. Ambient exposures included daily average PM2.5, PM2.5 elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC), NO2, O3, and endotoxin. We assessed PM2.5 oxidative potential using both an abiotic and an in vitro bioassay on aqueous extracts of daily particle filters: (1) dithiothreitol (DTT) assay (abiotic), representing chemically produced ROS; and (2) ROS generated intracellularly in a rat alveolar macrophage model using the fluorescent probe 2'7'-dicholorohidroflourescin diacetate. We analyzed relations of FENO to air pollutants in mixed linear regression models. FENO was significantly positively associated with lag 1-day and 2-day averages of traffic-related markers (EC, OC, and NO2), DTT and macrophage ROS, but not PM2.5 mass. DTT associations were nearly twice as strong as other exposures per interquartile range: median FENO increased 8.7-9.9% per 0.43 nmole/min/m(3) DTT. Findings suggest that future research in oxidative stress-related illnesses such as asthma and PM exposure would benefit from assessments of PM oxidative potential and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J Delfino
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617-7555, USA
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Bibliometric analysis of research on secondary organic aerosols: A Science Citation Index Expanded-based analysis (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-12-08-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conceived to evaluate the global scientific output of secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) research over the past 20 years and to assess the
characteristics of the research patterns, tendencies, and methods in the papers.
Data were based on the online version of Science Citation Index Expanded from
1992 to 2011. Publications referring to SOAs were assessed by distribution of
the number of publications and times cited, source categories, source journals,
author keywords, KeyWords Plus, and the most cited publications in these years.
By synthetic analysis of author keywords, KeyWords Plus, titles, and abstracts,
it was concluded that modeling is currently and will at least over the next
decade continue to be the predominant research method to validate
state-of-the-art knowledge of SOAs, and that the foci of SOA research will be
the key precursors terpenes and isoprene, the mechanisms of oxidation and
gas-phase reactions, and emission inventories.
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Renbaum-Wolff L, Grayson JW, Bateman AP, Kuwata M, Sellier M, Murray BJ, Shilling JE, Martin ST, Bertram AK. Viscosity of α-pinene secondary organic material and implications for particle growth and reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8014-9. [PMID: 23620520 PMCID: PMC3657821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219548110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Particles composed of secondary organic material (SOM) are abundant in the lower troposphere. The viscosity of these particles is a fundamental property that is presently poorly quantified yet required for accurate modeling of their formation, growth, evaporation, and environmental impacts. Using two unique techniques, namely a "bead-mobility" technique and a "poke-flow" technique, in conjunction with simulations of fluid flow, the viscosity of the water-soluble component of SOM produced by α-pinene ozonolysis is quantified for 20- to 50-μm particles at 293-295 K. The viscosity is comparable to that of honey at 90% relative humidity (RH), similar to that of peanut butter at 70% RH, and at least as viscous as bitumen at ≤30% RH, implying that the studied SOM ranges from liquid to semisolid or solid across the range of atmospheric RH. These data combined with simple calculations or previous modeling studies are used to show the following: (i) the growth of SOM by the exchange of organic molecules between gas and particle may be confined to the surface region of the particles for RH ≤ 30%; (ii) at ≤30% RH, the particle-mass concentrations of semivolatile and low-volatility organic compounds may be overpredicted by an order of magnitude if instantaneous equilibrium partitioning is assumed in the bulk of SOM particles; and (iii) the diffusivity of semireactive atmospheric oxidants such as ozone may decrease by two to five orders of magnitude for a drop in RH from 90% to 30%. These findings have possible consequences for predictions of air quality, visibility, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Renbaum-Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - James W. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Adam P. Bateman
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Mathieu Sellier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352; and
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Agarwal AK, Gupta T, Dixit N, Shukla PC. Assessment of toxic potential of primary and secondary particulates/aerosols from biodiesel vis-à-vis mineral diesel fuelled engine. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:325-32. [PMID: 23631768 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.782515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of engine out emissions from primary and secondary aerosols has been a major cause of concern for human health and environmental impact. This study aims to evaluate comparative toxicity of nanoparticles emitted from a modern common rail direct injection engine (CRDI) fuelled with biodiesel blend (B20) vis-à-vis mineral diesel. The toxicity and potential health hazards of exhaust particles were assessed using various parameters such as nanoparticle size and number distribution, surface area distribution, elemental and organic carbon content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed onto the particle surfaces, followed by toxic equivalent factor assessment. It was found that biodiesel particulate toxicity was considerably lower in comparison to mineral diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar Agarwal
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India.
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McDonald JD, Doyle-Eisele M, Kracko D, Lund A, Surratt JD, Hersey SP, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM. Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of secondary organic aerosol derived from gas-phase oxidation of toluene. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:689-97. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.712164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lichtveld KM, Ebersviller SM, Sexton KG, Vizuete W, Jaspers I, Jeffries HE. In vitro exposures in diesel exhaust atmospheres: resuspension of PM from filters versus direct deposition of PM from air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9062-70. [PMID: 22834915 PMCID: PMC3424394 DOI: 10.1021/es301431s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely used in vitro particulate matter (PM) exposures methods is the collection of PM on filters, followed by resuspension in a liquid medium, with subsequent addition onto a cell culture. To avoid disruption of equilibria between gases and PM, we have developed a direct in vitro sampling and exposure method (DSEM) capable of PM-only exposures. We hypothesize that the separation of phases and post-treatment of filter-collected PM significantly modifies the toxicity of the PM compared to direct deposition, resulting in a distorted view of the potential PM health effects. Controlled test environments were created in a chamber that combined diesel exhaust with an urban-like mixture. The complex mixture was analyzed using both the DSEM and concurrently collected filter samples. The DSEM showed that PM from test atmospheres produced significant inflammatory response, while the resuspension exposures at the same exposure concentration did not. Increasing the concentration of resuspended PM sixteen times was required to yield measurable IL-8 expression. Chemical analysis of the resuspended PM indicated a total absence of carbonyl compounds compared to the test atmosphere during the direct-exposures. Therefore, collection and resuspension of PM into liquid modifies its toxicity and likely leads to underestimating toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Lichtveld
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Seth M. Ebersviller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Harvey E. Jeffries
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Address correspondence to Dr. Harvey Jeffries, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Dept. Environmental Science and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, |Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA.
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Shiraiwa M, Selzle K, Pöschl U. Hazardous components and health effects of atmospheric aerosol particles: reactive oxygen species, soot, polycyclic aromatic compounds and allergenic proteins. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:927-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.663084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kowalewski K, Gierczak T. Multistep derivatization method for the determination of multifunctional oxidation products from the reaction of α-pinene with ozone. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7264-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pavuluri CM, Kawamura K, Swaminathan T, Tachibana E. Stable carbon isotopic compositions of total carbon, dicarboxylic acids and glyoxylic acid in the tropical Indian aerosols: Implications for sources and photochemical processing of organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morino Y, Takahashi K, Fushimi A, Tanabe K, Ohara T, Hasegawa S, Uchida M, Takami A, Yokouchi Y, Kobayashi S. Contrasting diurnal variations in fossil and nonfossil secondary organic aerosol in urban outflow, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8581-8586. [PMID: 20886860 DOI: 10.1021/es102392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal variations of fossil secondary organic carbon (SOC) and nonfossil SOC were determined for the first time using a combination of several carbonaceous aerosol measurement techniques, including radiocarbon (¹⁴C) determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry, and a receptor model (chemical mass balance, CMB) at a site downwind of Tokyo during the summer of 2007. Fossil SOC showed distinct diurnal variation with a maximum during daytime, whereas diurnal variation of nonfossil SOC was relatively small. This behavior was reproduced by a chemical transport model (CTM). However, the CTM underestimated the concentration of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (ASOA) by a factor of 4-7, suggesting that ASOA enhancement during daytime is not explained by production from volatile organic compounds that are traditionally considered major ASOA precursors. This result suggests that unidentified semivolatile organic compounds or multiphase chemistry may contribute largely to ASOA production. As our knowledge of production pathways of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is still limited, diurnal variations of fossil and nonfossil SOC in our estimate give an important experimental constraint for future development of SOA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan.
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McDonald JD, Doyle-Eisele M, Campen MJ, Seagrave J, Holmes T, Lund A, Surratt JD, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM. Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:253-65. [PMID: 20148748 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903148114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An irradiation chamber designed for reproducible generation of inhalation test atmospheres of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was used to evaluate cardiopulmonary responses in rodents exposed to SOA derived from the oxidation of alpha-pinene. SOA atmospheres were produced with 10:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and 10:1:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides:sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 200 microg m(-3) of particulate matter (PM). Exposures were conducted downstream of honeycomb denuders employed to remove the gas-phase precursors and reaction products. Nose-only exposures were conducted with both rats (pulmonary effects) and mice (pulmonary and cardiovascular effects). Composition of the atmospheres was optimized to ensure that the SOA generated resembled SOA observed in previous irradiation studies, and contained specific SOA compounds of interest (e.g., organosulfates) identified in ambient air. Pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity were measured in two different rodent species. In situ chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances (TBARS) were used to evaluate oxidative reactions in the F344 rats. ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed for 7 days and measurements of TBARS and gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were made in aorta. Pulmonary inflammatory responses in both species were measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts. No pulmonary inflammation was observed in either species. A mild response was observed in mouse aorta for the upregulation of HO-1 and MMP-9, but was not seen for ET-1. Overall, alpha-pinene-derived SOA, including SOA that included organosulfate compounds, revealed limited biological response after short-term inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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Gaschen A, Lang D, Kalberer M, Savi M, Geiser T, Gazdhar A, Lehr CM, Bur M, Dommen J, Baltensperger U, Geiser M. Cellular responses after exposure of lung cell cultures to secondary organic aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1424-1430. [PMID: 20092303 DOI: 10.1021/es902261m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this work was to examine in vitro responses of lung cells to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, under realistic ambient air and physiological conditions occurring when particles are inhaled by mammals, using a novel particle deposition chamber. The cell cultures included cell types that are representative for the inner surface of airways and alveoli and are the target cells for inhaled particles. The results demonstrate that an exposure to SOA at ambient-air concentrations of about 10(4) particles/cm(3) for 2 h leads to only moderate cellular responses. There is evidence for (i) cell type specific effects and for (ii) different effects of SOA originating from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, i.e. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) and alpha-pinene, respectively. There was no indication for cytotoxic effects but for subtle changes in cellular functions that are essential for lung homeostasis. Decreased phagocytic activity was found in human macrophages exposed to SOA from alpha-pinene. Alveolar epithelial wound repair was affected by TMB-SOA exposure, mainly because of altered cell spreading and migration at the edge of the wound. In addition, cellular responses were found to correlate with particle number concentration, as interleukin-8 production was increased in pig explants exposed to TMB-SOA with high particle numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Gaschen
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Yi O, Hong YC, Kim H. Seasonal effect of PM(10) concentrations on mortality and morbidity in Seoul, Korea: a temperature-matched case-crossover analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:89-95. [PMID: 19819431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explorations of interactions between air pollution and seasonal changes have represented one approach in examining the consequences of global warming. However, only a few studies have focused on evaluating the effects of seasonal air pollution using data on both morbidity and mortality in Asia. METHOD We examined the associations between PM(10) concentrations and mortality and hospital admissions in Seoul, Korea for the periods 2000-2006 and 2001-2006. We employed a temperature-matched case-crossover design, where reference periods matched case days in regard to temperature (same rounded to degrees celsius ( degrees C)), month, and year. RESULTS A total of 238,826 deaths were identified, along with 98,570 and 93,553 inpatient admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, respectively. We found that the association with PM(10) and mortality/morbidity increased during the summer. During the study period, 10microg/m(3) increase in PM(10) was associated with the increase in mortality by 0.28% (95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.44), 0.51% (0.19, 0.83), and 0.59% (-0.08, 1.26) for non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory causes. 10microg/m(3) increase in PM(10) was also associated with increase in hospitalization from cardiovascular and respiratory causes by 0.77% (0.53, 1.01) and 1.19% (0.94, 1.44). In the summer, the increase in mortality and hospitalization was 0.57% (0.20, 0.93), 0.64% (-0.10, 1.38), 0.50% (-1.02, 2.05), 1.52% (0.89, 2.16), and 1.55% (0.87, 2.22). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the effect of PM(10) on mortality and morbidity varies with season and increases during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Yi
- Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public health and the Institute of Environment and Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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