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Cheung F, Apps R, Dropulic L, Kotliarov Y, Chen J, Jordan T, Langweiler M, Candia J, Biancotto A, Han KL, Rachmaninoff N, Pietz H, Wang K, Tsang JS, Cohen JI. Sex and prior exposure jointly shape innate immune responses to a live herpesvirus vaccine. eLife 2023; 12:80652. [PMID: 36648132 PMCID: PMC9844983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both sex and prior exposure to pathogens are known to influence responses to immune challenges, but their combined effects are not well established in humans, particularly in early innate responses critical for shaping subsequent outcomes. Methods We employed systems immunology approaches to study responses to a replication-defective, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 vaccine in men and women either naive or previously exposed to HSV. Results Blood transcriptomic and cell population profiling showed substantial changes on day 1 after vaccination, but the responses depended on sex and whether the vaccinee was naive or previously exposed to HSV. The magnitude of early transcriptional responses was greatest in HSV naive women where type I interferon (IFN) signatures were prominent and associated negatively with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers, suggesting that a strong early antiviral response reduced the uptake of this replication-defective virus vaccine. While HSV seronegative vaccine recipients had upregulation of gene sets in type I IFN (IFN-α/β) responses, HSV2 seropositive vaccine recipients tended to have responses focused more on type II IFN (IFN-γ) genes. Conclusions These results together show that prior exposure and sex interact to shape early innate responses that then impact subsequent adaptive immune phenotypes. Funding Intramural Research Program of the NIH, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and other institutes supporting the Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation. The vaccine trial was supported through a clinical trial agreement between the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Sanofi Pasteur. Clinical trial number: NCT01915212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lesia Dropulic
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Tristan Jordan
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Marc Langweiler
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Julian Candia
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Angelique Biancotto
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kyu Lee Han
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Nicholas Rachmaninoff
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Harlan Pietz
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kening Wang
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John S Tsang
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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2
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Narovlyansky AN, Poloskov VV, Ivanova AM, Mezentseva MV, Suetina IA, Russu LI, Chelarskaya ES, Izmest'eva AV, Ospelnikova TP, Zubashev IK, Sarymsakov AA, Ershov FI. [Interferon-regulating activity of the CelAgrip drug and its influence on the formation of reactive oxygen species and expression of innate immunity genes in Burkitt's lymphome cells cultures.]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 65:87-94. [PMID: 32515564 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-87-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interferons (IFN) and IFN inducers are effective in suppressing viral reproduction and correcting of the innate immunity mechanisms. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of the possible involvement of the IFN inducer CelAgrip (CA) as an activator or suppressor of antiviral effects in Burkitt's lymphoma (LB) cell cultures with different ability to produce Epstein-Barr virus antigens (EBV). MATERIAL AND METHODS The kinetic analysis of the dynamics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and determination of gene group expression by real-time PCR in response to CA treatment were done in human cell lines LB P3HR-1 and Namalva, spontaneously producing and not producing EBV antigens. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION When treating CA in Namalva cells, a decrease in the ROS activation index was found; in P3HR-1 cells, an increase was observed. After treatment with CA, there was no reliable activation of the IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-λ genes in Namalva cells, but the expression of the ISG15 and P53(TP53) genes was increased more than 1200 times and 4.5 times, respectively. When processing the CA of P3HR-1 cells, the expression of IFN-α genes increased by more than 200 times, IFN-λ - 100 times, and the ISG15 gene - 2.2 times. The relationship between IFN-inducing action of CA and the activity of ISG15 and ROS in LB cell cultures producing and not producing EBV antigens is supposed. CONCLUSION In Namalva cells that do not produce EBV antigens the treatment of CA results in suppression of ROS generation and activation of the expression of genes ISG15 and P53 (TP53); in P3HR-1 cells producing EBV antigens, the opposite picture is observed - the formation of ROS and the expression of the IFN-α and IFN-λ genes are activated and the activity of the ISG15 and P53 (TP53) genes is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Narovlyansky
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - V V Poloskov
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - A M Ivanova
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - M V Mezentseva
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - I A Suetina
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - L I Russu
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - E S Chelarskaya
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - A V Izmest'eva
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - T P Ospelnikova
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - I K Zubashev
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - A A Sarymsakov
- Institute of Polymer Chemystry and Physics, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - F I Ershov
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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3
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Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, de Vries E, Knobeloch KP, Volkov A, Borst J. IFN-Stimulated Gene 15 Is an Alarmin that Boosts the CTL Response via an Innate, NK Cell-Dependent Route. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2110-2121. [PMID: 32169846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN is produced upon infection and tissue damage and induces the expression of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode host-protective proteins. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like molecule that can be conjugated to proteins but is also released from cells in a free form. Free, extracellular ISG15 is suggested to have an immune-regulatory role, based on disease phenotypes of ISG15-deficient humans and mice. However, the underlying mechanisms by which free ISG15 would act as a "cytokine" are unclear and much debated. We, in this study, demonstrate in a clinically relevant mouse model of therapeutic vaccination that free ISG15 is an alarmin that induces tissue alert, characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling, myeloid cell infiltration, and inflammation. Moreover, free ISG15 is a potent adjuvant for the CTL response. ISG15 produced at the vaccination site promoted the vaccine-specific CTL response by enhancing expansion, short-lived effector and effector/memory differentiation of CD8+ T cells. The function of free ISG15 as an extracellular ligand was demonstrated, because the equivalents in murine ISG15 of 2 aa recently implicated in binding of human ISG15 to LFA-1 in vitro were required for its adjuvant effect in vivo. Moreover, in further agreement with the in vitro findings on human cells, free ISG15 boosted the CTL response in vivo via NK cells in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Thus, free ISG15 is part of a newly recognized innate route to promote the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andriy Volkov
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
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4
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Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) restricts Zika virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:551-559. [PMID: 30905842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important human pathogen causing ocular complications. There have been reports of the shedding of ZIKV in human as well as animal tears. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of ZIKV in corneal epithelial cells and their antiviral immune response. METHODS Primary human corneal epithelial cells (Pr. HCECs) and an immortalized cell line (HUCL) were infected with two different strains of ZIKV (PRVABC59 & BeH823339) or dengue virus (DENV, serotypes 1-4). Viral infectivity was assessed by immunostaining of viral antigen and plaque assay. qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were used to assess the expression of innate inflammatory and antiviral genes. Supplementation of recombinant ISG15 (rISG15) and gene silencing approaches were used to elucidate the role of ISG15 in corneal antiviral defense. RESULTS Pr. HCECs, but not the HUCL cells, were permissive to both ZIKV strains and specifically to DENV3 infection. ZIKV induced the expression of viral recognition receptors (TLR3, RIG-I, &MDA5), and genes involved in inflammatory (CXCL10 & CCL5) and antiviral (IFNs, MX1, OAS2, ISG15) responses in Pr. HCECs. Furthermore, ZIKV infection caused Pr. HCECs cell death, as evidenced by TUNEL staining. Silencing of ISG15 increased ZIKV infectivity while supplementation with rISG15 reduced ZIKV infection by direct inactivation of ZIKV and inhibiting its entry. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time, that ZIKV can readily infect and replicate in Pr. HCECs. Therefore, ZIKV may persist in the cornea and pose the potential risk of transmission via corneal transplantation.
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5
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Fenner BJ, Liu YC, Koh SK, Gao Y, Deng L, Beuerman RW, Zhou L, Theng JTS, Mehta JS. Mediators of Corneal Haze Following Implantation of Presbyopic Corneal Inlays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:868-876. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beau J. Fenner
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Neuroscience Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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6
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Albert M, Bécares M, Falqui M, Fernández-Lozano C, Guerra S. ISG15, a Small Molecule with Huge Implications: Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110629. [PMID: 30428561 PMCID: PMC6265978 DOI: 10.3390/v10110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for the majority of infectious diseases, from the common cold to HIV/AIDS or hemorrhagic fevers, the latter with devastating effects on the human population. Accordingly, the development of efficient antiviral therapies is a major goal and a challenge for the scientific community, as we are still far from understanding the molecular mechanisms that operate after virus infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays an important antiviral role during viral infection. ISG15 catalyzes a ubiquitin-like post-translational modification termed ISGylation, involving the conjugation of ISG15 molecules to de novo synthesized viral or cellular proteins, which regulates their stability and function. Numerous biomedically relevant viruses are targets of ISG15, as well as proteins involved in antiviral immunity. Beyond their role as cellular powerhouses, mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that act as signaling hubs in antiviral responses. In this review, we give an overview of the biological consequences of ISGylation for virus infection and host defense. We also compare several published proteomic studies to identify and classify potential mitochondrial ISGylation targets. Finally, based on our recent observations, we discuss the essential functions of mitochondria in the antiviral response and examine the role of ISG15 in the regulation of mitochondrial processes, specifically OXPHOS and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Bécares
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández-Lozano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Villarroya-Beltri C, Guerra S, Sánchez-Madrid F. ISGylation - a key to lock the cell gates for preventing the spread of threats. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2961-2969. [PMID: 28842471 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is an ubiquitin-like protein whose expression and conjugation to targets (ISGylation) is induced by infection, interferon (IFN)-α and -β, ischemia, DNA damage and aging. Attention has historically focused on the antiviral effects of ISGylation, which blocks the entry, replication or release of different intracellular pathogens. However, recently, new functions of ISGylation have emerged that implicate it in multiple cellular processes, such as DNA repair, autophagy, protein translation and exosome secretion. In this Review, we discuss the induction and conjugation of ISG15, as well as the functions of ISGylation in the prevention of infections and in cancer progression. We also offer a novel perspective with regard to the latest findings on this pathway, with special attention to the role of ISGylation in the inhibition of exosome secretion, which is mediated by fusion of multivesicular bodies with lysosomes. Finally, we propose that under conditions of stress or infection, ISGylation acts as a defense mechanism to inhibit normal protein translation by modifying protein kinase R (PKR, also known as EIF2AK2), while any newly synthesized proteins are being tagged and thus marked as potentially dangerous. Then, the endosomal system is re-directed towards protein degradation at the lysosome, to effectively 'lock' the cell gates and thus prevent the spread of pathogens, prions and deleterious aggregates through exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villarroya-Beltri
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Preventive Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain .,Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Bhalla N, Sun C, Metthew Lam LK, Gardner CL, Ryman KD, Klimstra WB. Host translation shutoff mediated by non-structural protein 2 is a critical factor in the antiviral state resistance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Virology 2016; 496:147-165. [PMID: 27318152 PMCID: PMC5821108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Most previous studies of interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-α/β) response antagonism by alphaviruses have focused upon interruption of IFN-α/β induction and/or receptor signaling cascades. Infection of mice with Venezuelan equine encephalitis alphavirus (VEEV) or Sindbis virus (SINV) induces serum IFN-α/β, that elicits a systemic antiviral state in uninfected cells successfully controlling SINV but not VEEV replication. Furthermore, VEEV replication is more resistant than that of SINV to a pre-existing antiviral state in vitro. While host macromolecular shutoff is proposed as a major antagonist of IFN-α/β induction, the underlying mechanisms of alphavirus resistance to a pre-existing antiviral state are not fully defined, nor is the mechanism for the greater resistance of VEEV. Here, we have separated viral transcription and translation shutoff with multiple alphaviruses, identified the viral proteins that induce each activity, and demonstrated that VEEV nonstructural protein 2-induced translation shutoff is likely a critical factor in enhanced antiviral state resistance of this alphavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishank Bhalla
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chengqun Sun
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - L K Metthew Lam
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kate D Ryman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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9
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Tripathi MK, Chaudhuri G. Down-regulation of UCRP and UBE2L6 in BRCA2 knocked-down human breast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:43-8. [PMID: 15670748 PMCID: PMC3085986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To understand the effects of the transient ablation of BRCA2 gene expression in dividing human breast cells, we transiently knocked down BRCA2 mRNA in HMEC and other cells. Microarray analysis of mRNAs revealed the down-regulation of the mRNAs of ubiquitin cross-reacting protein (UCRP) and the E2 enzyme that help conjugating UCRP to its target proteins, namely UBE2L6 (UbcH8), in BRCA2 ablated cells. UCRP is an interferon regulated protein, involved in cell growth and cell cycle events by participating in the degradation/modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins. Quantitative-PCR and Northern analysis confirmed down-regulation of UCRP and UBE2L6 with BRCA2 knockdown, respectively. Since UCRP and UCRPylation have critical roles in the innate immunity against viral infection and during pregnancy, our observation may indicate new roles of the BRCA2 protein.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975, the poly-ubiquitylation pathway has earned a prominent place in biomedical research as the "garbage disposal" system of the cell. Modification with poly-ubiquitin chains plays an important role in normal protein turnover and also in removing damaged or misfolded proteins. More recently, the elucidation of mono-ubiquitylation of protein substrates has shown additional important roles for ubiquitylation in processes, such as transcriptional regulation, viral budding, and receptor internalization. Intriguingly, this voyage of discovery is now repeating itself with a new generation of ubiquitin-like (ubl) modifiers, such as SUMO and NEDD8. The functional consequences of SUMO and NEDD8 modification are thus beginning to be revealed. A less known member of this ubiquitin-like family is ISG 15, a modifier encoded by an interferon-stimulated gene. Recent publications have ascribed important functions for this molecule in various biological pathways from pregnancy to innate immune responses. Furthermore, ISG 15 has been found to modify several important molecules and affect type I interferon signal transduction. Here, we review ISG 15-related work and highlight important biological questions which need to be posed in order to further elucidate the biological consequences of ISG15 and ISG15 modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Ritchie
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM-L51, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Lesinski GB, Badgwell B, Zimmerer J, Crespin T, Hu Y, Abood G, Carson WE. IL-12 pretreatments enhance IFN-alpha-induced Janus kinase-STAT signaling and potentiate the antitumor effects of IFN-alpha in a murine model of malignant melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7368-76. [PMID: 15187113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-alpha 2b (IFN-alpha) has been used to treat patients with metastatic malignant melanoma and patients rendered disease-free via surgery but at high risk for recurrence. We hypothesized that IL-12 pretreatments would result in endogenous IFN-gamma production, and that this, in turn, would up-regulate levels of Janus kinase-STAT signaling intermediates and lead to increased expression of genes regulated by IFN-alpha. Treatment of PBMCs with IL-12 stimulated a significant and dose-dependent production of IFN-gamma. Pretreatment of PBMCs and tumor cells with IFN-gamma-containing supernatants from IL-12-stimulated PBMCs led to up-regulation of STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and potentiated IFN-alpha-induced STAT signaling within PBMCs and tumor cells. These effects were abrogated by neutralization of IFN-gamma in the PBMC supernatants with an anti-IFN-gamma Ab. Pretreatment of HT144 melanoma cells and PBMCs with IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma-containing supernatants enhanced the actions of IFN-alpha at the transcriptional level, as measured by real-time RT PCR analysis of the IFN-stimulated gene 15. Experiments in wild-type C57BL/6 and IFN-gamma receptor knockout (B6.129S7-Ifngr(tm1Agt)) mice demonstrated that a regimen of IL-12 pretreatment, followed by IFN-alpha, could cure mice of i.p. B16F1 melanoma tumors (p < 0.007), whereas mice treated with either agent alone or PBS succumbed to fatal tumor burden. However, this treatment regimen did not significantly prolong the survival of IFN-gamma-deficient (B6.129S7-Ifng(tm1Ts)) mice compared with mice treated with IFN-alpha alone. These results suggest that the response to IFN-alpha immunotherapy can be significantly enhanced by IL-12 pretreatment, and this effect is dependent upon endogenous IFN-gamma production and its actions on melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Human Cancer Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Taylor JL, Little SD, O'Brien WJ. The comparative anti-herpes simplex virus effects of human interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:159-65. [PMID: 9555977 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism(s) of anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity of interferons (IFNs) have not been clearly identified. We have tested natural and recombinant human IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma preparations for their relative anti-HSV activity in human corneal and Vero monkey kidney cells. The relative anti-HSV activities in corneal cells were IFN-beta > rIFN-gamma > IFN-alpha (lymphoblastoid) > rIFN-beta2a = rIFN-alphaA/D. IFN-beta at 100 IU/ml reduced virus yield by 59+/-24%. The relative anti-HSV activity in Vero cells was rIFN-gamma > IFN-beta = IFN-alpha (lymphoblastoid) > rIFN-alphaA/D > rIFN-alpha2a. IFN-gamma at 100 IU/ml reduced virus yields by 90+/-4%. Reducing the multiplicity of infection significantly increased the apparent antiviral activity of all IFNs. The antiviral activity of IFNs could be detected by 4 h after treatment of Vero cells but not until 8 h in corneal cells. Western blot analysis showed that none of the IFNs detectably reduced the levels of immediate-early HSV protein, ICP4, but some reduced ICP0 levels early during infection, the extent and duration of the reduction varying with both IFN and cell type. The greatest effects on viral protein levels were detected in IFN-y-treated Vero cells. These data indicated that the targets of the anti-HSV activities of IFNs can vary with both IFN and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
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