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Mantooth SM, Abdou Y, Saez-Ibañez AR, Upadhaya S, Zaharoff DA. Intratumoral delivery of immunotherapy to treat breast cancer: current development in clinical and preclinical studies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385484. [PMID: 38803496 PMCID: PMC11128577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer poses one of the largest threats to women's health. Treatment continues to improve for all the subtypes of breast cancer, but some subtypes, such as triple negative breast cancer, still present a significant treatment challenge. Additionally, metastasis and local recurrence are two prevalent problems in breast cancer treatment. A newer type of therapy, immunotherapy, may offer alternatives to traditional treatments for difficult-to-treat subtypes. Immunotherapy engages the host's immune system to eradicate disease, with the potential to induce long-lasting, durable responses. However, systemic immunotherapy is only approved in a limited number of indications, and it benefits only a minority of patients. Furthermore, immune related toxicities following systemic administration of potent immunomodulators limit dosing and, consequently, efficacy. To address these safety considerations and improve treatment efficacy, interest in local delivery at the site of the tumor has increased. Numerous intratumorally delivered immunotherapeutics have been and are being explored clinically and preclinically, including monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, viruses, nucleic acids, cytokines, innate immune agonists, and bacteria. This review summarizes the current and past intratumoral immunotherapy clinical landscape in breast cancer as well as current progress that has been made in preclinical studies, with a focus on delivery parameters and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena M. Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yara Abdou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Induction of Antitumor Response by In Vivo Allogeneic Major Histocompatibility Complex Gene Transfer Using Electroporation. J Surg Res 2009; 154:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schüle JM, Bergkvist L, Håkansson L, Gustafsson B, Håkansson A. CD28 expression in sentinel node biopsies from breast cancer patients in comparison with CD3-zeta chain expression. J Transl Med 2004; 2:45. [PMID: 15613231 PMCID: PMC545070 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppression is documented in several malignant diseases, including breast cancer. Subsequently, future therapeutic concepts might include immunological approaches. However, detailed knowledge about tumor immunogenicity and host immunoreactivity, and how to assess these adequately, is still limited. We studied CD28 and CD3-ζ expression in sentinel node biopsies (SNB) from breast cancer patients to analyze tumor-related changes in T cell activity. Method 25 women underwent surgery for primary breast cancer, including SNB. Frozen sections from 21 sentinel nodes could be analyzed with a double-staining technique. CD28 expression was studied in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets and compared with CD3-ζ expression in three specified nodal regions. Results The degree of CD28 expression varied between the different lymph node areas. The lowest degree of CD28 expression was observed in CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the paracortex and germinal centers. Here, a good agreement with CD3-ζ expression was found. A higher CD28 expression was noted in CD4+ T-cells in the primary follicles, where concordance with CD3-ζ expression was weaker. The CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset displayed generally a higher degree of CD28 expression than the CD4+ subset. Conclusion Sentinel lymph nodes from breast cancer patients displayed local immunosuppression of varying extent. In the areas with the lowest degree of CD28 expression an accordingly low CD3-ζ expression was found. The SNB might prove an important diagnostic tool for the evaluation of interactions between tumor and the host immune system, helping to select patients who might benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Schüle
- Department of Surgery, Central Hospital, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research of Uppsala University, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Leif Bergkvist
- Department of Surgery, Central Hospital, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research of Uppsala University, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Leif Håkansson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bertil Gustafsson
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annika Håkansson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Shin-Ya M, Mazda O, Tsuchihara C, Hirai H, Imanishi J, Takeuchi M. Interleukin-2 Abolishes Myeloid Cell Accumulation Induced by Lewis Lung Carcinoma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:631-8. [PMID: 14651777 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322558764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune aberration in cancer patients can be at least partly ascribed to an accumulation of immature myeloid cells and monocytes/macrophages with immunosuppressive functions. Mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma 2 (LL/2) cells show marked splenomegaly as the tumors progress, and this condition is accompanied by impaired T cell activities. We characterized the cells that accumulated in the spleens of LL/2 tumor-bearing mice and attempted to restore the normal cell population by employing interleukin-2 (IL-2). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the cells expressing Mac1, B7, NK-K1, Gra-1, and MHC class II antigens on their surfaces drastically decreased in number when LL/2 had been engineered to produce IL-2. IL-2 also restored the concanavalin A (ConA)-mediated proliferative response and IL-2 production of the spleen cells. The in vivo growth of IL-2-producing tumors was significantly slower than that of parental LL/2 cells. Therefore, local IL-2 production may reverse systemic immune abnormality by stopping myeloid cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kitaku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.
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Braciak TA, Pedersen B, Chin J, Hsiao C, Ward ES, Maricic I, Jahng A, Graham FL, Gauldie J, Sercarz EE, Kumar V. Protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis generated by a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the V beta 8.2 TCR is disrupted by coadministration with vectors expressing either IL-4 or -10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:765-74. [PMID: 12517939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are increasingly being used for genetic vaccination and may prove highly suitable for intervention in different pathological conditions due to their capacity to generate high level, transient gene expression. In this study, we report the use of a recombinant adenovirus vector to induce regulatory responses for the prevention of autoimmune diseases through transient expression of a TCR beta-chain. Immunization of B10.PL mice with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the TCR Vbeta8.2 chain (Ad5E1 mVbeta8.2), resulted in induction of regulatory type 1 CD4 T cells, directed against the framework region 3 determinant within the B5 peptide (aa 76-101) of the Vbeta8.2 chain. This determinant is readily processed and displayed in an I-A(u) context, on ambient APC. Transient genetic delivery of the TCR Vbeta8.2 chain protected mice from Ag-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, when the Ad5E1 mVbeta8.2 vector was coadministered with either an IL-4- or IL-10-expressing vector, regulation was disrupted and disease was exacerbated. These results highlight the importance of the Th1-like cytokine requirement necessary for the generation and activity of effective regulatory T cells in this model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/toxicity
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Braciak
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Kavanaugh CJ, Desai KV, Calvo A, Brown PH, Couldrey C, Lubet R, Green JE. Pre-clinical applications of transgenic mouse mammary cancer models. Transgenic Res 2002; 11:617-33. [PMID: 12509137 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021159705363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Given that the majority of human breast cancers appear to be due to non-genetic factors, identifying agents and mechanisms of prevention is key to lowering the incidence of cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary cancer have been important in elucidating molecular pathways and signaling events associated with the initiation, promotion, and the progression of cancer. Since several transgenic mammary models of human breast cancer progress through well-defined cancer stages, they are useful pre-clinical systems to test the efficacy of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This review outlines several oncogenic pathways through which mammary cancer can be induced in transgenic models and describes several types of preventive and therapeutic agents that have been tested in transgenic models of mammary cancer. The effectiveness of farnesyl inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, differentiating agents, polyamine inhibitors, anti-angiogenic inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic compounds including vaccines have been evaluated in reducing mammary cancer and tumor progression in transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kavanaugh
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Pützer BM, Rödicker F, Hitt MM, Stiewe T, Esche H. Improved treatment of pancreatic cancer by IL-12 and B7.1 costimulation: antitumor efficacy and immunoregulation in a nonimmunogenic tumor model. Mol Ther 2002; 5:405-12. [PMID: 11945067 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the commonest and most lethal cancers in the Western world. Unfortunately, recent advances in diagnostics, staging, and therapy in pancreatic carcinoma have not resulted in significant improvements in long-term survival. We have previously shown that adenovirus (Ad)-mediated coexpression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and the costimulatory molecule B7.1 is extremely efficient in inducing regression of highly immunogenic transplanted and nontransplanted tumors. Here, we examined the antitumor efficacy of IL-12- and B7.1-based immunotherapy against a nonimmunogenic murine model of ductal pancreatic cancer. Compared with AdIL-12 treatment alone, single intratumoral injection of AdIL-12/B7.1 led to a prolonged immune response and mediated complete regression in 80% of treated animals. After rechallenge with parental tumor cells, 70% of cured mice remained tumor-free, suggesting that protective immunity had been induced. The antitumoral response was associated with upregulation of H-2K(b) and Abcb2 expression, whereas other components of the proteasome (Abcb3, Psmb9, and Psmb8) were not affected. These data indicate that upregulation of the antigen presentation machinery by AdIL-12/B7.1 may be a therapeutic rationale for nonimmunogenic, therapy-resistant pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M Pützer
- Center for Cancer Research and Cancer Therapy, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen, 45122, Germany.
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McLaughlin PM, Kroesen BJ, Harmsen MC, de Leij LF. Cancer immunotherapy: insights from transgenic animal models. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 40:53-76. [PMID: 11578916 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of strategies in cancer immunotherapy has been developed in the last decade, some of which are currently being used in clinical settings. The development of these immunotherapeutical strategies has been facilitated by the generation of relevant transgenic animal models. Since the different strategies in experimental immunotherapy of cancer each aim to activate different immune system components, a variety of transgenic animals have been generated either expressing tumor associated, HLA, oncogenic or immune effector cell molecule proteins. This review aims to discuss the existing transgenic mouse models generated to study and develop cancer immunotherapy strategies and the variable results obtained. The potential of the various transgenic animal models regarding the development of anti-cancer immunotherapeutical strategies is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Biology, Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hodge JW, Schlom J. Costimulatory molecules in vaccine design. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2000:23-52. [PMID: 10943315 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04183-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Hodge
- National Cancer Institute, Tumor Immunology and Biology Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20879, USA
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Abstract
T-cell activation has now been shown to require at least two signals. The first signal is antigen-specific, is delivered through the T-cell receptor (TCR) via the peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and causes the T cell to enter the cell cycle. The second, or co-stimulatory, signal is required for cytokine production and proliferation, and is mediated through ligand interaction on the surface of the T cell. This chapter deals with: 1) comparative studies on the use of a dual-gene construct of a recombinant vaccinia (rV) vector containing a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) gene and a co-stimulatory molecule gene vs the use of admixtures of rV-TAA and rV containing the co-stimulatory molecule to induce anti-tumor immunity; 2) the use of an admixture of vaccinia viruses containing a TAA gene and the B7-1 co-stimulatory molecule gene to induce a therapeutic response in a lung metastasis tumor model; 3) the antitumor efficacy of whole-tumor-cell vaccines in which the B7-1 co-stimulatory molecule is expressed in a tumor-cell vaccine via a vaccinia vs a retroviral vector; 4) the use of recombinant poxviruses containing the genes for the co-stimulatory molecules ICAM-1 or LFA-3 to induce antitumor immunity; and 5) the use of poxvirus vectors containing a triad of co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) that synergize to enhance both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to a new threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892-1750, USA.
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