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Binter M, Heider M, Glage S, Fuchs H, Langer F, Schigiel T, Framme C, Tode J. Understanding the Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice Induced by Dexamethasone-21-Acetate - Implications for Glaucoma Research. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39049665 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2380445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of monocular and bilateral injections of Dexamethasone-21-acetate (Dex-21-Ac) into the murine fornix twice a week as a glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension model and investigated potential systemic side effects. METHODS Dex-21-Ac was administered twice weekly in three groups: bilateral injections, monocular injections, and a control group receiving the vehicle solution bilateral. After 21 days, enucleated eyes were examined using immunocytochemistry (ICC), and organ histology was performed. RESULTS All groups receiving Dex-21-Ac injections had a significant increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Monocular injections also resulted in a significant increase in IOP in the fellow eye. The Dex-21-Ac-treated groups showed a bilateral increase in IOP of approximately 8 mmHg, accompanied by elevated expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin in the anterior chamber angle. There were no significant changes in weight progression. Hepatic steatosis was observed in all Dex-21-Ac-treated animals, and some suffered from residual neuromuscular blockade under fentanyl anesthesia. CONCLUSION Bilateral injections of Dex-21-Ac twice a week lead to a significant increase in daytime IOP and fibrotic changes in the trabecular meshwork. Unilateral application has a significant impact on the fellow eye. Local dexamethasone leads to notable systemic effects independent of changes in animal weight. Considering liver damage and associated influence on metabolization, hepatically eliminated injection anesthetics may lead to overdosing and are not recommended. They should be replaced by inhalation anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Binter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Fuchs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fridolin Langer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schigiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Guo J, Yang J, Huang H, Wu K, Wu X, Wang H, He Y, Bi F, Hu C, Gong B, Zhang H. A new mouse-fixation device for IOP measurement in awake mice. Vision Res 2024; 219:108397. [PMID: 38579406 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible blinding eye disease. The mechanisms underlying glaucoma are complex. Up to now, no successful remedy has been found to completely cure the condition. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is an established risk factor for glaucoma and the only known modifiable factor for glaucoma treatment. Mice have been widely used to study glaucoma pathogenesis. IOP measurement is an important tool for monitoring the potential development of glaucomatous phenotypes in glaucoma mouse models. Currently, there are two methods of IOP measurement in mice: invasive and non-invasive. As the invasive method can cause corneal damage and inflammation, and most of the noninvasive method involves the use of anesthetics. In the course of our research, we designed a mouse fixation device to facilitate non-invasive measurements of mouse IOPs. Using this device, mouse IOPs can be accurately measured in awake mice. This device will help researchers to accurately assess mouse IOP without the use of anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Guo
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Haotian Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Haolin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yu He
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fanfeng Bi
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chenyazhuo Hu
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Institute of Chengdu Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Houbin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Nemoto H, Honjo M, Arai S, Miyazaki T, Aihara M. Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages/CD5L enhances phagocytosis in the trabecular meshwork cells and regulates ocular hypertension. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2451-2467. [PMID: 37584382 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) cells of the eye are important for controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) and regulating outflow resistance in the aqueous humor. TM cells can remove particles and cellular debris by phagocytosis, decreasing both outflow resistance and IOP. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages (AIM), which mediates the removal of dead cells and debris in renal tubular epithelial cells, regulates the phagocytic capacity of TM cells. In vitro experiments revealed that CD36, the main receptor for AIM, colocalized with AIM in human TM cells; additionally, phagocytosis was stimulated when AIM was provided. Furthermore, in a mouse model with transient IOP elevation induced by laser iridotomy (LI), removal of accumulated iris pigment epithelial cells or debris in the TM and recovery of IOP to baseline levels were delayed in AIM-/- mice, compared with control mice. However, treatment with AIM eyedrops rescued AIM-/- mice from the elevated IOP after LI. Since AIM is a protein known to inhibit macrophage apoptosis, we additionally verified its involvement in macrophage removal of cellular debris and IOP. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of macrophages between control mice and AIM-/- mice in the TM. Additionally, we confirmed the rescue effect of the rAIM eyedrops after macrophages had been removed by clodronate liposomes. Therefore, AIM plays an important role in regulating the phagocytic capacity of TM cells, thereby affecting outflow resistance. Our results suggest that drugs targeting the phagocytic capacity of TM cells via the AIM-CD36 pathway may be used to treat glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotaka Nemoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute for AIM Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute for AIM Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- LEAP, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ma L, Liu Q, Liu X, Chang H, Jin S, Ma W, Xu F, Liu H. Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Upregulates Intraocular Pressure Via Glutamatergic Neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:43. [PMID: 37773501 PMCID: PMC10547014 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The neuroregulatory center of intraocular pressure (IOP) is located in the hypothalamus. An efferent neural pathway exists between the hypothalamic nuclei and the autonomic nerve endings in the anterior chamber of the eye. This study was designed to investigate whether the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) regulates IOP as the other nuclei do. Methods Optogenetic manipulation of PVH neurons was used in this study. Light stimulation was applied via an optical fiber embedded over the PVH to activate projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of C57BL/6J mice. The same methods were used to inhibit projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-eNpHR3.0-mCherry was injected into the bilateral PVH of C57BL/6J mice. AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of Vglut2-Cre mice to elucidate the effect of glutamatergic neuron-specific activation. IOP was measured before and after light manipulation. Associated nuclei activation was clarified by c-Fos immunohistochemical staining. Only mice with accurate viral expression and fiber embedding were included in the statistical analysis. Results Activation of projection neurons in the right PVH induced significant bilateral IOP elevation (n = 11, P < 0.001); the ipsilateral IOP increased more noticeably (n = 11, P < 0.05); Bilateral inhibition of PVH projection neurons did not significantly influence IOP (n = 5, P > 0.05). Specific activation of glutamatergic neurons among PVH projection neurons also induced IOP elevation in both eyes (n = 5, P < 0.001). The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus responded to light stimulation of PVH in AAV-ChR2 mice. Conclusions The PVH may play a role in IOP upregulation via glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Binter M, Lüdtke P, Langer F, Schigiel T, Framme C, Heider M, Tode J. Changes in Intraocular Pressure following Narcosis With Medetomidine, Midazolam, and Fentanyl in Association With Initial Intraocular Pressure in Mice. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1553-1558. [PMID: 35943353 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes the development of decreased intraocular pressure (IOP) under general anesthesia with medetomidine, midazolam, and fentanyl in mice with normal and elevated IOP. METHODS IOP was measured using the iCare Tonolab rebound tonometer. Twelve 3-4 months-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to a control group with physiological IOP and a high IOP group with experimentally induced ocular hypertension using tarsal injections of dexamethasone-21-acetate. For anesthesia, medetomidine and midazolam were used, subgroups additionally received fentanyl. IOP was measured every 2.5 min for 30 min. RESULTS Control group differed with 14.89 mmHg (SEM: 0.58) significantly (p = 0.0002) from the high IOP group with initial 20.44 mmHg (SEM: 0.75). All groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in IOP under general anesthesia. There was no significant difference in IOP development and decrease between the group additionally receiving fentanyl and the group without fentanyl. The decrease in IOP was highly dependent on the initial value, with the high IOP group showing a greater decrease. After 10 min, no significant difference in IOP could be detected between the high IOP and control group. CONCLUSIONS In mice, general anesthesia with medetomidine and midazolam leads to a declining IOP over time. Adding fentanyl to the anesthesia did not alter these effects. The decline is time-dependent and IOP-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Binter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Lüdtke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fridolin Langer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schigiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Construction of a mouse model of Posner-Schlossman syndrome by anterior chamber infection with cytomegalovirus. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109009. [PMID: 35276185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated clinical evidence has shown that Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) is most likely the result of recurrent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the anterior chamber (AC). Establishing an animal model is necessary to investigate the pathogenesis of PSS. In this study, we constructed a mouse model of (PSS) by injecting murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into the AC of BALB/c mice. Twenty-five BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups. Smith strain MCMV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was passaged with mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF). Right eyes in the 4 experiment groups received AC injection of 1 μL of virus solution with concentrations of 103,104,105,106 pfu/mL respectively, and the control group received only PBS. PSS-like signs (mutton-fat keratic precipitates (KP), pupil dilation, IOP elevation and corneal edema) were recorded 0-28 days post-injection (DPI). Sections of eyeballs from another 9 mice harvested on 0,10 and 28 DPI were examined to locate KP and the fluorescence signal of the virus. Reversible PSS-like signs except KP were observed in 20% and 60% mice of 104 and 105 groups while no PSS-like signs in the control and 103 group; 80% in the 106 group with partially unreversible signs till 28DPI. Much More fluorescent signals of virus in the iris and KP were found on 10DPI than 28 DPI, while no fluorescent signals and KP on 0DPI. The extent of PSS-like signs (pupil dilation, IOP elevation and corneal edema) was virus concentration-dependent (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 0.830, = 0.475, = 0.662, p < 0.0001, <0.05, <0.001, respectively, n = 25). Success rate of PSS model (mice with PSS-like signs) was also virus concentration-dependent (Chi-square trend test, χ2 = 6.828, df = 1, p < 0.01, n = 25). Our results indicate that AC injection of 1 μL MEF passaged MCMV (Smith strain) of 104-106 pfu/mL in BALB/c mice can be used to construct a mouse model of PSS. MCMV can infect iris tissue and replicate in it and then establish latency. This might account for the recurrent and self-limited nature of PSS.
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Almeida VTDS, Garcia CB, Jorge AT, Paulino Júnior D, Martins JG, Pereira PM, Almeida Júnior SD, Dias FGG. Comparison between the rebound (TD - 8000 portable) and applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen AviaTM) managed by different evaluators for intraocular pressure measurements in rabbits. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-73055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to compare values of intraocular pressure (IOP) by different tonometers and evaluators (veterinary ophthalmologist specialist and veterinary not a specialist). For this, 30 rabbits were used, and in all (n = 60 eyes), the IOP was initially measured with a rebound tonometer (model TD - 8000 portable, Apramed Indústria e Comércio de Equipamentos Médicos Ltda) and, subsequently, with an applanation tonometer (portable model Tono-Pen AviaTM®, Reichert Technologies®, USA). With the two devices, the measurements in mmHg were performed in the central region of the corneas, always performed in the same period, by a professional veterinary ophthalmologist (specialist) and a professional veterinary (not a specialist). Data were statistically compared using the simple analysis of variance test. With the rebound tonometer, IOP ranged from 7 to 14 mmHg when measured by both evaluators; while with the applanation tonometer, from 9 to 15 mmHg by the specialist and from 8 to 16 mmHg by the non-specialist. In the right eyes, the IOP measured by the applanation tonometer by the non-experienced evaluator was statistically lower than the specialist's values; yet, the results of the two evaluators were higher in these same eyes when compared with those of the rebound tonometer. In the left eyes, the IOP measured by the applanation tonometer by the non-experienced evaluator was statistically higher than the specialist's values with the rebound tonometer. Thus, it was possible to infer that, regardless of experience in the area, the applanation tonometer indicated higher mean values of IOP in both eyes and, about the evaluators, the means of the measurements performed by the specialist were higher compared to the non-professional specialist.
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Almeida VTDS, Garcia CB, Jorge AT, Paulino Júnior D, Martins JG, Pereira PM, Almeida Júnior SD, Dias FGG. Comparação entre o tonômetro de rebote (TD - 8000 portable) e aplanação (Tono-Pen AviaTM) manuseados por diferentes avaliadores para mensurações da pressão intraocular em coelhos. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-73055p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os valores da pressão intraocular (PIO) por diferentes tonômetros e avaliadores (veterinário oftalmologista especialista e veterinário não especialista). Para isso, foram utilizados 30 coelhos, em todos (n = 60 olhos), a PIO foi medida inicialmente com um tonômetro de rebote (model TD - 8000 portable, Apramed Indústria e Comércio de Equipamentos Médicos Ltda) e, posteriormente, com um tonômetro de aplanação (portable model Tono-Pen AviaTM®, Reichert Technologies®, USA). Com os dois aparelhos, as medidas em mmHg foram realizadas na região central das córneas, sempre no mesmo período, por um profissional oftalmologista veterinário (especialista) e um profissional veterinário (não especialista). Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente por meio do teste de análise de variância simples. Com o tonômetro de rebote, a PIO variou de 7 a 14 mmHg quando medida por ambos os avaliadores; enquanto com o tonômetro de aplanação, de 9 a 15 mmHg pelo especilista e de 8 a 16 mmHg pelo não especialista. Nos olhos direitos, a PIO medida pelo tonômetro de aplanação pelo avaliador não experiente foi estatisticamente inferior aos valores do especialista; ainda, os resultados dos dois avaliadores foram maiores nestes mesmos olhos quando comparados com os do tonômetro de rebote. Nos olhos esquerdos, a PIO medida pelo tonômetro de aplanação pelo avaliador não experiente foi estatisticamente superior aos valores do especialista com o tonômetro de rebote. Assim, foi possível inferir que, independente da experiência na área, o tonômetro de aplanação indicou maiores valores médios de PIO em ambos os olhos e, em relação aos avaliadores, as médias das medidas realizadas pelos especialistas foram maiores em relação ao não especialista.
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Toris CB, Gagrani M, Ghate D. Current methods and new approaches to assess aqueous humor dynamics. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1902308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol B. Toris
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Hu C, Niu L, Li L, Song M, Zhang Y, Lei Y, Chen Y, Sun X. ABCA1 Regulates IOP by Modulating Cav1/eNOS/NO Signaling Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:33. [PMID: 32428234 PMCID: PMC7405707 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the role and pathophysiological mechanism of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in regulating the IOP and aqueous humor outflow. Methods ABCA1 expression was measured in trabecular meshwork samples obtained from patients with POAG and human donor eyes by Western blot. To further evaluate the functional significance of ABCA1, porcine angular aqueous plexus (AAP) cells, which are equivalent to human Schlemm's canal endothelial cells, were either treated with ABCA1 agonist GW3965 or transduced with lentivirus expressing ABCA1-shRNA. Transendothelial electrical resistance, protein expression, and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were measured. GW3965 was administered by intracameral injection. IOP and aqueous humor outflow facility were also measured. Results ABCA1 expression was significantly higher in the trabecular meshwork tissue of patients with POAG compared with controls. ABCA1 upregulation in angular aqueous plexus cells decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance in the angular aqueous plexus monolayers accompanied by a 0.56-fold decrease in caveolin-1 expression and a 2.85-fold and 1.17-fold increase in endothelial NO synthase expression and NO concentration, respectively (n = 3, P < 0.05). Conversely, ABCA1 downregulation increased transendothelial electrical resistance and caveolin-1 expression and decreased endothelial NO synthase expression and NO production (n = 3, P < 0.05). GW3965 decreased IOP and significantly increased conventional outflow facility (P < 0.05). Conclusions Regulation of aqueous humor outflow via the caveolin-1/endothelial NO synthase/NO pathway is a newly defined function of ABCA1 that is different from its traditional role in mediating cholesterol efflux. ABCA1 is a compelling, novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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Faralli JA, Filla MS, McDowell CM, Peters DM. Disruption of fibronectin fibrillogenesis affects intraocular pressure (IOP) in BALB/cJ mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237932. [PMID: 32822410 PMCID: PMC7444551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased deposition of fibronectin fibrils containing EDA+fibronectin by TGFβ2 is thought to be involved in the reduction of aqueous humor outflow across the trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye and the elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Using a fibronectin-binding peptide called FUD that can disrupt fibronectin fibrillogenesis, we examined if disrupting fibronectin fibrillogenesis would affect IOP in the TGFβ2 BALB/cJ mouse model of ocular hypertension. BALB/cJ mice that had been intravitreally injected with an adenovirus (Ad5) expressing a bioactive TGFβ2226/228 showed a significant increase in IOP after 2 weeks. When 1μM FUD was injected intracamerally into mice 2 weeks post Ad5-TGFβ2 injection, FUD significantly reduced IOP after 2 days. Neither mutated FUD (mFUD) nor PBS had any effect on IOP. Four days after FUD was injected, IOP returned to pre-FUD injection levels. In the absence of TGFβ2, intracameral injection of FUD had no effect on IOP. Western blotting of mouse anterior segments expressing TGFβ2 showed that FUD decreased fibronectin levels 2 days after intracameral injection (p<0.05) but not 7 days compared to eyes injected with PBS. mFUD injection had no significant effect on fibronectin levels at any time point. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies in human TM (HTM) cells showed that treatment with 2ng/ml TGFβ2 increased the amount of EDA+ and EDB+ fibronectin incorporated into fibrils and 2μM FUD decreased both EDA+ and EDB+ fibronectin in fibrils. An on-cell western assay validated this and showed that FUD caused a 67% reduction in deoxycholate insoluble fibronectin fibrils in the presence of TGFβ2. FUD also caused a 43% reduction in fibronectin fibrillogenesis in the absence of TGFβ2 while mFUD had no effect. These studies suggest that targeting the assembly of fibronectin fibrillogenesis may represent a way to control IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Filla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the validity of and compare applanation and rebound tonometry readings of intraocular pressure in alert normal chicks from ages 3 to 45 days. METHODS Intraocular pressures (IOPs) were measured weekly in awake White Leghorn chicks, from ages 3-45 days (n = 22-30 per age group), with both applanation Tono-Pen and rebound TonoLab tonometers. Three repeated measurements on individual eyes were used to derive variance data for both instruments at each age. Calibration curves were also derived for each instrument and each age, weekly from ages 10-45 days (n = 3-4 per age group), from in situ manometry data collected over IOP settings of 0 to 100 mmHg in 5 mmHg steps in cannulated eyes. RESULTS The TonoLab showed less within measurement variability, but more variability with age, than the Tono-Pen. The coefficient of variation ranged from 3.8-8.3% for the TonoLab, compared to 11.0-19.7% for the Tono-Pen across all ages. For the youngest, 3 day-old chicks, mean IOPs recorded with the Tono-Pen and TonoLab were not significantly different (17.0 ± 5.6 and 15.2 ± 3.7 mmHg, respectively, P = .27). However, with increasing age, IOP readings significantly increased for the TonoLab (P < .001), whereas Tono-Pen readings did not. Compared to manometry settings, the Tono-Pen tended to underestimate IOPs while the TonoLab overestimated IOPs over the range 20-60 mmHg, saturating thereafter; there were also age-dependent differences for the TonoLab. CONCLUSIONS Both the Tono-Pen and TonoLab gave IOP readings that differed from manometry settings in normal young chicks over some or all of the ages tested. These results reinforce the importance of calibrating clinical tonometers in animal studies involving IOP as a key variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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Faralli JA, Filla MS, Peters DM. Effect of αvβ3 Integrin Expression and Activity on Intraocular Pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1776-1788. [PMID: 31022732 PMCID: PMC6485315 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of αvβ3 integrin expression and activation on intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods Cre+/−β3flox/flox mice were treated with topical tamoxifen eye drops for 5 days to activate Cre and excise the β3 integrin gene from the anterior segment. IOP was measured weekly for 11 weeks using rebound tonometry. Mice were then killed and changes in expression of the β3 integrin subunit in Cre+/− β3flox/flox mice were determined using Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. To determine the effect of αvβ3 integrin activation on outflow facility, porcine organ culture anterior segments (POCAS) were perfused with the αvβ3 integrin-activating antibody AP5 or an isotype IgG control for 21 hours. The effect of αvβ3 integrin activation on IOP was measured over 7 days in C57BL/6J mice intracamerally infused with AP5, AP3, IgG, or PBS. Results Deletion of the β3 integrin subunit using the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP system resulted in a decrease in expression of the β3 integrin subunit in the trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle. Morphologically no gross changes in the anterior segment were detected. Deletion of the β3 integrin subunit resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) lower IOP in mice within 2 weeks following the tamoxifen treatment and persisted for 11 weeks. Activating the αvβ3 integrin with the AP5 antibody resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in IOP in C57BL/6J mice and a decrease in outflow facility in 42% of the POCAS. Conclusions These studies demonstrate a role for αvβ3 integrin signaling in the regulation of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mark S Filla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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14
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Jasien JV, Girkin CA, Downs JC. Effect of Anesthesia on Intraocular Pressure Measured With Continuous Wireless Telemetry in Nonhuman Primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3830-3834. [PMID: 31529079 PMCID: PMC6750888 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effects of both injectable anesthesia (ketamine/dexmedetomidine versus ketamine/xylazine) and inhalant anesthesia (isoflurane) on IOP using continuous, bilateral IOP telemetry in nonhuman primates (NHP). Methods Bilateral IOP was recorded continuously using a proven implantable telemetry system in five different sessions at least 2 weeks apart in four male rhesus macaques under two conditions: ketamine (3 mg/kg) with dexmedetomidine (50 μg/kg) or ketamine with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) for induction, both followed by isoflurane for maintenance. IOP transducers were calibrated via anterior chamber manometry. Bilateral IOP was averaged over 2 minutes after injectable anesthetic induction and again after isoflurane inhalant had stabilized the anesthetic plane, then compared to baseline IOP measurements acquired immediately prior to anesthesia (both before and after initial human contact). Results When compared to pre-contact baseline measurements, ketamine/dexmedetomidine injectable anesthesia lowers IOP by 1.5 mm Hg on average (P < 0.05), but IOP did not change with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. IOP returned to baseline levels shortly after isoflurane gas anesthesia was initiated. However, injectable anesthesia lowered IOP by an average of 5.4 mm Hg when compared to that measured after initial human contact (P < 0.01). Conclusions Anesthetic effects on IOP are generally small when compared to precontact baseline but much larger when compared to IOP measures taken after human contact, indicating that IOP is temporarily elevated due to acute stress (similar to a "white coat effect") and then decreased with anesthetic relaxation. Anesthetic induction with ketamine/xylazine and maintenance with isoflurane gas should be used when IOP is measured postanesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica V. Jasien
- Vision Science Graduate Program, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christopher A. Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - J. Crawford Downs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Liu HH, Zhang L, Shi M, Chen L, Flanagan JG. Comparison of laser and circumlimbal suture induced elevation of intraocular pressure in albino CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189094. [PMID: 29190824 PMCID: PMC5708743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of ocular hypertension are important tools for glaucoma studies. Both acute transient models and chronic models of ocular hypertension may be useful to investigate specific aspects of neurodegeneration. In this study, we compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) and inner retinal changes induced by 1) laser photocoagulation of both episcleral veins and limbal vessels and 2) circumlimbal suture in CD-1 mice. The suture group is divided into 3 subgroups depending on the level of the immediate IOP spike (acute > 55 mmHg or chronic < 55 mmHg) and time period of monitoring (7 or 28 days). The laser group is followed for 7 days. IOP data show that it peaks at 5 hours and returns to normal level within 7 days in the laser group. In all suture groups, IOP spikes initially and decreases gradually, but it remains significantly elevated at 7 days. In 7 days, the acute suture model generates rapid loss of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) when compared to the gradual loss by the chronic suture model, possibly due to retinal ischemia and reperfusion within the first few hours after treatment. The laser model falls between the acute suture and chronic suture models resulting in less RNFL and RGC loss than the acute suture model but significantly more loss than the chronic suture model. These results suggest that when using suture models of IOP elevation, it is critical to take the initial IOP spike into consideration and to choose between the acute and chronic models depending on respective research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Liu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liwei Zhang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Meng Shi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John G. Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Gandhi JK, Roy Chowdhury U, Manzar Z, Buck J, Levin LR, Fautsch MP, Marmorstein AD. Differential Intraocular Pressure Measurements by Tonometry and Direct Cannulation After Treatment with Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:574-581. [PMID: 28686538 PMCID: PMC5649413 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) inhibitors and determine reasons behind variation in IOP measurements performed by tonometry. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were administered DMSO solubilized sAC inhibitors (KH7 or LRE-1) by intraperitoneal injection. Two hours post-treatment, mice were anesthetized with avertin or ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (KXA). IOP was measured by a rebound tonometer or direct cannulation of the anterior chamber. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure anterior chamber depth and corneal thickness in live mice. Outflow facility was measured in perfused, enucleated mouse eyes. RESULTS Compared with DMSO controls, KH7 treatment caused an increased IOP in avertin- and KXA-anesthetized mice when measured by direct cannulation [avertin: 14.4 ± 2.1 mmHg vs. 11.1 ± 1.0 mmHg (P = 0.003); KXA: 14.4 ± 1.0 mmHg vs. 11.3 ± 0.8 mmHg (P < 0.001)] and tonometry [avertin: 10.8 ± 1.4 mmHg vs. 7.4 ± 0.6 mmHg (P < 0.001); KXA: 11.9 ± 0.9 mmHg vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 mmHg (P = 0.283)]. However, treatment with KH7 in nonanesthetized mice showed a significant decrease in IOP measured by tonometry and compared with DMSO-treated animals [13.1 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 15.6 ± 0.5 mmHg (P = 0.003)]. Both KH7- and DMSO-treated groups anesthetized with avertin showed increased corneal thickness, whereas KH7-treated mice anesthetized with KXA exhibited a shallower anterior chamber compared with untreated mice. KH7 decreased outflow facility by 85.1% in nonanesthetized, enucleated eyes (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Systemically administered DMSO and anesthesia have significant effects on anterior chamber characteristics, resulting in altered IOP readings measured by tonometry. In the presence of DMSO and anesthesia, tonometry IOP readings should be confirmed with direct cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarel K. Gandhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Zahid Manzar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Toris CB, Fan S, Johnson TV, Camras LJ, Hays CL, Liu H, Ishimoto BM. Aqueous Flow Measured by Fluorophotometry in the Mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3844-52. [PMID: 27447085 PMCID: PMC4968429 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A fluorophotometer designed to measure aqueous flow in murine eyes was tested with artificial fluorescein chambers and in live mice with different anesthesia regimens, aqueous flow suppressants, and an anterior chamber cannulation method. METHODS Two hours following topical fluorescein application, one group of CD-1 mice was anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine, 2,2,2-tribromoethanol, or ketamine alone. Cornea and anterior chamber fluorescein concentrations were measured periodically for 60 to 90 minutes by fluorophotometric scans to calculate aqueous flow. Later, a subgroup of mice underwent aqueous flow measurement by anterior chamber cannulation. A third group was treated with timolol, dorzolamide, and vehicle in a crossover manner 1 hour prior to fluorophotometric scans. RESULTS Aqueous flow with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia (0.09 ± 0.05 μL/min, mean ± SD, n = 24) was slower than with tribromoethanol or ketamine alone (P < 0.001). Timolol reduced aqueous flow from 0.20 ± 0.07 μL/min to 0.07 ± 0.03 μL/min (P = 0.001) under tribromoethanol anesthesia and from 0.14 ± 0.03 μL/min to 0.10 ± 0.02 μL/min (P = 0.004) under ketamine anesthesia but not under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Dorzolamide reduced aqueous flow from 0.09 ± 0.03 to 0.06 ± 0.03 μL/min (P = 0.04) under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Aqueous flow by anterior chamber cannulation (0.20 ± 0.13 μL/min) was greater (P = 0.05) than by fluorophotometry (0.09 ± 0.07 μL/min). CONCLUSIONS A new noninvasive fluorophotometric method detected effects of general anesthesia and known aqueous suppressants on aqueous flow in mice. Aqueous flow measured by fluorophotometry was slower than by cannulation, and was technically easier with less variability. The mouse fluorophotometer is useful for repeated measurements of aqueous flow in the murine eye making crossover and longitudinal studies possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States 2Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Thomas V Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States 3Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucinda J Camras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Cassandra L Hays
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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Falcão MSA, Monteiro RV, Carvalho CM, Andrade HHD, Galera PD. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.
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Rajaei SM, Mood MA, Paryani MR, Williams DL. Effects of diurnal variation and anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:85-89. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Şimşek T, Altınışık U, Erşan İ, Şahin H, Altınışık B, Erbaş M, Pala Ç. Prevention of intraocular pressure elevation with oleuropein rich diet in rabbits, during the general anaesthesia. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:952. [PMID: 27386396 PMCID: PMC4929104 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Oleuropein is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. An important aim of anesthetic management in ocular surgery is to keep the intraocular pressure under control. Studies have researched a variety of prophylactic materials used to prevent increases in intraocular pressure. We aimed to research the effects of oleuropein on intraocular pressure (IOP) during general anaesthesia. Methods Fourteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into two groups of seven. The rabbits in Group O were given olive leaf extract (OLE) equivalent to a daily dose of 20 mg/kg oleuropein for 15 days. HPLC method used for oleuropein standardization. For anaesthesia induction 1 mg/kg rocuronium was given and after muscle relaxation all animals had a V-gel Rabbit inserted. Anesthetic maintenance was provided by 1 MAC isoflurane. Twenty minutes after rabbits were given 10 mg/kg ketamine, basal IOP values were measured. After the V-gel rabbit was inserted, in the 5th, 10th, 20th, 25th and 30th minutes measurements were repeated. Results IOP data variation of OLE group was compared with control group and the measured levels were lower in Group O during the anaesthesia. IOP was 33.8 ± 4 mmHg in Group C and 24.1 ± 8 mmHg in Group O in 25th minute and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant at this time. Conclusion We observed that consumption of prophylactic OLE had a reducing effect on IOP in the period before waking in anaesthesia. We believe it is necessary to investigate the effects of OLE on IOP in broad participation patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuncer Şimşek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Uğur Altınışık
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - İsmail Erşan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hasan Şahin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Betül Altınışık
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mesut Erbaş
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Pala
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Vieira RP, Ossig A, Perez JM, Grassi VG, Petzhold CL, Peres AC, Costa JM, Lona LMF. Styrene ATRP using the new initiator 2,2,2-tribromoethanol: Experimental and simulation approach. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roniérik P. Vieira
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Federal Institute of South of Minas Gerais; 1730 Aeroporto Av. 37550-000 Pouso Alegre MG Brazil
| | - Andréia Ossig
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 9500 Bento Gonçalves Av.; 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Janaína M. Perez
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 9500 Bento Gonçalves Av.; 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Vinícius G. Grassi
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 9500 Bento Gonçalves Av.; 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Cesar L. Petzhold
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 9500 Bento Gonçalves Av.; 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Augusto C. Peres
- Center for Research and Development; PETROBRAS 950 Horácio Macedo Av.; 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - João M. Costa
- Center for Research and Development; PETROBRAS 950 Horácio Macedo Av.; 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Liliane M. F. Lona
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas 500 Albert Einstein Av.; 13083-852 Campinas SP Brazil
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Millar JC, Pang IH. Non-continuous measurement of intraocular pressure in laboratory animals. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:74-90. [PMID: 25933714 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, which is treatable but currently incurable. Numerous animal models therefore have both been and continue to be utilized in the study of numerous aspects of this condition. One important facet associated with the use of such models is the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure (by cannulation) or estimate (by tonometry) intraocular pressure (IOP). At this juncture there are several different approaches to IOP measurement in different experimental animal species, and the list continues to grow. We feel therefore that a review of this subject matter is timely and should prove useful to others who wish to perform similar measurements. The general principles underlying various types of tonometric and non-tonometric techniques for non-continuous determination of IOP are considered. There follows discussion of specific details as to how these techniques are applied to experimental animal species involved in the research of this disease. Specific comments regarding anesthesia, circadian rhythm, and animal handling are also included, especially in the case of rodents. Brief consideration is also given to possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Johnson EC, Cepurna WO, Choi D, Choe TE, Morrison JC. Radiation pretreatment does not protect the rat optic nerve from elevated intraocular pressure-induced injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 56:412-9. [PMID: 25525172 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Optic nerve injury has been found to be dramatically reduced in a genetic mouse glaucoma model following exposure to sublethal, head-only irradiation. In this study, the same radiation treatment was used prior to experimental induction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to determine if radiation is neuroprotective in another glaucoma model. METHODS Episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline was used to elevate IOP unilaterally in two groups of rats: (1) otherwise untreated and (2) radiation pretreated, n > 25/group. Intraocular pressure histories were collected for 5 weeks, when optic nerves were prepared and graded for injury. Statistical analyses were used to compare IOP history and nerve injury. The density of microglia and macrophages in two nerve head regions was determined by Iba1 immunolabeling. RESULTS Mean and peak IOP elevations were not different between the two glaucoma model groups. Mean optic nerve injury grades were not different in glaucoma model optic nerves and were equivalent to approximately 35% of axons degenerating. Nerves selected for lower mean or peak IOP elevations did not differ in optic nerve injury. Similarly, nerves selected for lower injury grade did not differ in IOP exposure. By multiple regression modeling, nerve injury grade was most significantly associated with mean IOP (P < 0.002). There was no significant effect of radiation treatment. Iba1+ cell density was not altered by radiation treatment. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous observations in a mouse genetic glaucoma model, head-only irradiation offers the adult rat optic nerve no protection from optic nerve degeneration due to chronic, experimentally induced IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Johnson
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O Cepurna
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Dongseok Choi
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Tiffany E Choe
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C Morrison
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Jang M, Park S, Son WG, Jo SM, Hwang H, Seo K, Lee I. Effect of tiletamine-zolazepam on the intraocular pressure of the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:481-4. [PMID: 25440910 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) on canine intraocular pressure (IOP). ANIMALS STUDIED Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were used in this study. PROCEDURES The study was carried out as a crossover experimental trial with a 7-day interval between treatments. TZ combination was administered intravenously (IV) at a dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20, respectively). Following preanesthetic baseline readings of IOP, each dog received IV TZ and then the IOP values were measured every 10 min for 40 min in all treatments. RESULTS The baseline IOP values (mean ± standard deviation) for TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20 were 12.7 ± 0.8, 14.4 ± 1.2, and 15.3 ± 1.7 mmHg, and each IOP changed to 11.1 ± 1.1, 13.1 ± 1.4 and 13.5 ± 1.7 mmHg after intravenous administration of each TZ treatment, respectively. However, there were no statistical differences between baseline and post-treatment values. CONCLUSIONS The TZ combination had no clinically significant effect on IOP of the dog. This could be an option for induction or surgical procedures in dogs with ophthalmic problems when an increase in IOP is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Son
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyeshin Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Overby DR, Bertrand J, Tektas OY, Boussommier-Calleja A, Schicht M, Ethier CR, Woodward DF, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E. Ultrastructural changes associated with dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4922-33. [PMID: 25028360 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether dexamethasone (DEX)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in mice mimics the hallmarks of steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) in humans, including reduced conventional outflow facility (C), increased extracellular matrix (ECM), and myofibroblasts within the outflow pathway. METHODS Osmotic mini-pumps were implanted subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice for systemic delivery of DEX (3-4 mg/kg/d, n = 31 mice) or vehicle (n = 28). IOP was measured weekly by rebound tonometry. After 3 to 4 weeks, mice were euthanized and eyes enucleated for ex vivo perfusion to measure C, for electron microscopy to examine the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), or for immunohistochemistry to examine type IV collagen and α-smooth muscle actin. The length of basement membrane material (BMM) was measured along the anterior-posterior extent of SC by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes in BMM of DEX-treated mice were compared against archived human SIG specimens. RESULTS Dexamethasone increased IOP by 2.6 ± 1.6 mm Hg (mean ± SD) over 3 to 4 weeks and decreased C by 52% ± 17% versus controls. Intraocular pressure elevation correlated with decreased C. Dexamethasone treatment led to increased fibrillar material in the TM, plaque-like sheath material surrounding elastic fibers, and myofibroblasts along SC outer wall. The length of BMM underlying SC was significantly increased in mice with DEX and in humans with SIG, and in mice decreased C correlated with increased BMM. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone-induced OHT in mice mimics hallmarks of human SIG within 4 weeks of DEX treatment. The correlation between reduced C and newly formed ECM motivates further study using DEX-treated mice to investigate the pathogenesis of conventional outflow obstruction in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan-Yüksel Tektas
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schicht
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - David F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Qiu Y, Yang H, Lei B. Effects of Three Commonly Used Anesthetics on Intraocular Pressure in Mouse. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:365-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.845224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gilger BC. The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122657 DOI: 10.1007/7653_2013_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocular toxicology pertains to toxicologic effects of drugs administered topically, intraocularly, or systemically. It should also include evaluation of adverse effects of ophthalmic devices such as contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and glaucoma implants. The ophthalmic examination is able to provide detailed in-life information and is used in combination with clinical observations, clinical pathology, and histopathology to assess potential toxicologic effects. The ophthalmologist must be familiar with the wide range of species used in the field of toxicology, be familiar with the anatomic variations associated with these species, be able to determine what is an inherited or a breed-related finding from a study-related effect, be competent with the required ophthalmic equipment, and be capable of examining this wide range of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina USA
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Tam ALC, Gupta N, Zhang Z, Yücel YH. Latanoprost Stimulates Ocular Lymphatic Drainage: An In Vivo Nanotracer Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2013; 2:3. [PMID: 24049723 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.2.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular lymphatics have been recently shown to contribute to aqueous humor outflow. It is not yet known whether lymphatic outflow can be stimulated by pharmacological agents. Here we determine whether latanoprost, a prostaglandin F2 alpha analog commonly used to lower IOP to treat glaucoma, increases lymphatic drainage from the eye. METHODS Lymphatic drainage in mice was assessed in vivo, in 11 latanoprost-treated and 11 control animals using hyperspectral imaging at multiple times following quantum dot (QD) injection into the eye. QD signal intensity was also measured in tissue sections using hyperspectral imaging. RESULTS In the latanoprost-treated group, lymphatic drainage rate into the submandibular lymph node was increased compared with controls (1.23 ± 1.06 hours-1 vs. 0.30 ± 0.17 hours-1, mean ± SD, P < 0.02). Total QD signal intensity in the submandibular lymph node was greater in the latanoprost-treated group compared with controls (10.55 ± 1.12 vs. 9.48 ± 1.24, log scale, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence that latanoprost increases lymphatic drainage from the eye. The pharmacological manipulation of this newly identified lymphatic outflow pathway may be relevant to treatments aimed at lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE This is the first evidence that a prostaglandin drug widely prescribed for glaucoma, enhances lymphatic drainage from the eye. The pharmacological stimulation of this newly identified outflow pathway may be highly relevant to treatments aimed at lowering IOP to prevent blindness from glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L C Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chu ER, Kim EK, Gonzalez JM, Ko MH, Liew EC, Tan JCH. Intraocular pressure measurement in acepromazine-sedated mice. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:395-7. [PMID: 23777364 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Chu
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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30
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Selleri P, Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, D'Anna N. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) by means of rebound tonometry. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1807-12. [PMID: 23106468 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). ANIMALS 26 outdoor-housed Hermann's tortoises (13 males and 13 females); body weight ranged from 255 to 2,310 g, and age ranged from 4 to > 50 years. PROCEDURES After a preliminary ophthalmic evaluation was performed, IOP was measured by means of a rebound tonometer in both eyes of each tortoise. Three measurements were obtained for each eye; successive measurements were obtained from alternate eyes. Each measurement was based on the mean of 6 values automatically provided by the rebound tonometer. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate correlations between variables and to identify sex- or size-related IOP variations, and changes in IOP over multiple measurements. RESULTS Mean ± SEM IOP of the 52 eyes was 15.74 ± 0.20 mm Hg (range, 9 to 22 mm Hg). Results for t tests did not reveal significant differences in IOP between the right and left eyes or between males and females. A significant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.41; r(2) = 0.169) between IOP and body weight was detected. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant increase in IOP over multiple measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rebound tonometry was a practical and rapid means of determining IOP in small- to medium-sized tortoises that required minimal manual restraint of the animals. Establishing IOP values in healthy Hermann's tortoises will provide a reference frame for use during complete ophthalmic examinations, thus allowing clinicians to diagnose a broader spectrum of ocular pathological conditions in tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici, Centro Veterinario Specialistico, Via Sandro Giovannini 53,00137 Rome, Italy
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31
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Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, Selleri P. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious ferrets (Mustela putorius furo
) by means of rebound tonometry and comparison with applanation tonometry. Vet Rec 2013; 172:396. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Di Girolamo
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
| | - V. Andreani
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - A. Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - P. Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
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Wang X, Dong J, Wu Q. Twenty-four-hour measurement of IOP in rabbits using rebound tonometer. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 16:423-8. [PMID: 23279703 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology; Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology; The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Cone FE, Steinhart MR, Oglesby EN, Kalesnykas G, Pease ME, Quigley HA. The effects of anesthesia, mouse strain and age on intraocular pressure and an improved murine model of experimental glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2012; 99:27-35. [PMID: 22554836 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve a mouse model of chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation utilizing microbead injection in two strains of mice and to assess the effect of age and anesthesia on measured IOP. We compared our previous model with two modified protocols for injecting polystyrene microbeads and viscoelastic material in CD1or C57BL/6 mice. The measured outcomes were degree of IOP elevation and production of axonal loss. The first new protocol was injection of 3 μL of equal volumes of 6 μm and 1 μm diameter beads, followed by 2 μL of viscoelastic (3+2). The second new protocol injected 4 μL of the two bead mixture, then 1 μL of viscoelastic (4+1). Both were compared to injection of 2 μL of 6 μm beads with 3 μL of viscoelastic (2+3). We also compared the effects of age and of two anesthetic regimens (intraperitoneal ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine versus isoflurane gas) on measured IOP in untreated eyes of both strains. IOP was 2mm Hg lower with intraperitoneal than with gas anesthesia in both strains (p=0.003, p<0.0001, t-test). IOP measurements were lower in untreated young (2 months) compared to older (10 months) C57BL/6 mice (p=0.001, t-test). In the experimental glaucoma mouse model, mean IOP and number of elevated IOP measurements were higher in newer protocols. Mean axon loss with the 4+1 protocol (all strains) was twice that of the 2+3 and 3+2 protocols (36% vs. 15% loss, p=0.0026, ANOVA), and mean axon loss in CD1 mice (21%) was greater than in C57BL/6 mice (13%) (p=0.047, ANOVA). Median axon loss in 4+1 protocol treated C57BL/6 mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein in 2% of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) had greater median axon loss than C57BL/6 4+1 protocol treated mice (26% vs. 10%, p=0.03). The 4+1 protocol provided higher, more consistent IOP elevation and greater axonal loss. The effects of age, strain, and anesthesia on induced IOP elevation and axon damage must be considered in mouse experimental glaucoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Cone
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Smith Building M002, 400 North Broadway Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Tam ALC, Gupta N, Zhang Z, Yücel YH. Quantum dots trace lymphatic drainage from the mouse eye. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:425101. [PMID: 21934199 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/42/425101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world, often associated with elevated eye pressure. Currently, all glaucoma treatments aim to lower eye pressure by improving fluid exit from the eye. We recently reported the presence of lymphatics in the human eye. The lymphatic circulation is known to drain fluid from organ tissues and, as such, lymphatics may also play a role in draining fluid from the eye. We investigated whether lymphatic drainage from the eye is present in mice by visualizing the trajectory of quantum dots once injected into the eye. Whole-body hyperspectral fluorescence imaging was performed in 17 live mice. In vivo imaging was conducted prior to injection, and 5, 20, 40 and 70 min, and 2, 6 and 24 h after injection. A quantum dot signal was observed in the left neck region at 6 h after tracer injection into the eye. Examination of immunofluorescence-labelled sections using confocal microscopy showed the presence of a quantum dot signal in the left submandibular lymph node. This is the first direct evidence of lymphatic drainage from the mouse eye. The use of quantum dots to image this lymphatic pathway in vivo is a novel tool to stimulate new treatments to reduce eye pressure and prevent blindness from glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L C Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, M5T 2S8, Canada
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35
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Ding C, Wang P, Tian N. Effect of general anesthetics on IOP in elevated IOP mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2011; 92:512-20. [PMID: 21457709 PMCID: PMC3116023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the best recognized risk factor for the pathogenesis of glaucoma and the extent of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in glaucoma is closely correlated with the extent of IOP elevation. Therefore, accurately and reliably measuring IOP is critical in investigating the mechanism of pressure-induced RGC damage in glaucoma. However, IOP is measured under general anesthesia in most studies using mouse models and many anesthetics affect the IOP measurements in both human and animals. In the present study, we used a noninvasive approach to measure the IOP of mice with normal and elevated IOP. The approach used mice that were awake and mice that were under general anesthesia. Our results demonstrate that not only the behavioral training enables IOP measurement from conscious mice without using a restrainer, it also significantly improves the consistency and reliability of the IOP measurement. In addition, we provide a direct comparison between awake and anesthetized IOP measurements as a function of time after the induction of general anesthesia with several commonly used anesthetic agents. We found that all tested general anesthetics significantly altered the IOP measurements both in normal eyes and in those with elevated IOP. Therefore, we conclude that behavioral training of mice can provide an approach to measure awake IOP that does not require general anesthesia and thus produces reliable and consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ning Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Pease ME, Cone FE, Gelman S, Son JL, Quigley HA. Calibration of the TonoLab tonometer in mice with spontaneous or experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:858-64. [PMID: 20720229 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the accuracy of TonoLab (TioLat, Helsinki, Finland) tonometry in mice with spontaneous or induced experimental glaucoma. METHODS Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was induced in one eye of 32 mice by injection of polystyrene beads and viscoelastic material. Three to 6 weeks later, the eyes were cannulated and manometrically set to 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mm Hg. The mice were 8-week and 8-month-old C57BL/6, 8-week-old DBA/2J, and 8-week-old CD1. The TonoLab calibration was also tested on five aged DBA/2J mice with spontaneous glaucoma. The relation of the TonoLab reading to manometric IOP was evaluated in multivariate linear regression models with axial length, IOP history, and mouse strain as independent variables. RESULTS The slope of the relationship between TonoLab and manometric IOP in all the mice was 0.998, with an intercept of 2.3 mm Hg (adjusted R in univariate regression = 0.86). Neither the mice with bead-induced glaucoma nor those with spontaneous glaucoma (older DBA/2J mice) differed significantly from the control animals in having an excellent correlation between TonoLab and manometer IOP. Longer and wider mouse eyes had slightly higher tonometrically measured IOP, whether glaucomatous or control (multivariate regression, adjusted R(2) = 0.90, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in tonometric accuracy among the three mouse strains: CD1, C57BL/6, and DBA/2J, nor between 8-week and 8-month-old C57BL/6 mice (multivariate regression, P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS The TonoLab accurately reflects IOP in both normal mice and in eyes of mice with experimental or spontaneous glaucoma, with no detectable effect of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Pease
- Glaucoma Service, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Camras LJ, Sufficool KE, Camras CB, Fan S, Liu H, Toris CB. Duration of anesthesia affects intraocular pressure, but not outflow facility in mice. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:819-27. [PMID: 20795864 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.494241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study of aqueous humor dynamics (AHD) in mice is becoming more prevalent as more strains with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are developed. High IOP is usually associated with reduced outflow facility making this one of the more important AHD parameters to evaluate. Ocular measurements in mice require anesthesia that has profound effects on IOP but unknown effects on outflow facility. This study evaluates the effects of anesthesia duration and latanoprost treatment on outflow facility and IOP in BALB/c mice. METHODS IOPs were measured in conscious and anesthetized mice by tonometry. Outflow facility was evaluated in 15-min intervals at three pressure levels over two 45-min periods. Comparisons were made between latanoprost-treated eyes and untreated contralateral eyes. To determine the effect of anesthesia duration on IOP, a microneedle method was used to follow IOP for 120 min in separate mice. RESULTS IOP was 9.7 +/- 0.3 mmHg (mean +/- SEM) in conscious mice and 7.1 +/- 0.02 within 10 min of anesthesia initiation (p < 0.01). IOP changed significantly between but not within assessment periods. IOP at 75 min was significantly (p = 0.004) reduced compared to IOP at 15 min after initial anesthesia. In control eyes, outflow facility did not change between the two 45-min assessment periods during the 120 min test (p = 0.80). In latanoprost-treated eyes, outflow facility increased compared with control eyes during both assessment periods (p = 0.03). A test of filters in series with known resistance found that the method was sensitive enough to detect a change in outflow facility of 0.001 microl/min/mmHg. CONCLUSIONS Administration of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia for 120 min did not alter outflow facility or lessen the effect of latanoprost on outflow facility in mice as determined by a new analysis system. Accurate IOP measurements must be made within minutes of anesthesia administration but outflow facility measurements can be made with less haste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Camras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5840, USA
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38
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Johnson TV, Tomarev SI. Rodent models of glaucoma. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:349-58. [PMID: 19379796 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive, age-related optic neuropathy and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Animal models of glaucoma are essential to our continued efforts of elucidating the natural course of the disease and to developing therapeutic interventions to halt or reverse the progression of the condition. Over the past 10-15 years, rodents have become a popular model organism to study glaucoma, because of their high degree of availability, relatively low cost, short life-span, and amenability to experimental and genetic manipulation. In this review, we examine the numerous in vivo and in vitro rodent models of glaucoma, discuss the methods used to generate them, summarize some of the major findings obtained in these models, and identify individual strengths and weaknesses for the various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma Section, Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:137-45. [PMID: 19240547 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32832979bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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McKinnon SJ, Schlamp CL, Nickells RW. Mouse models of retinal ganglion cell death and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:816-24. [PMID: 19105954 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Once considered too difficult to use for glaucoma studies, mice are now becoming a powerful tool in the research of the molecular and pathological events associated with this disease. Often adapting technologies first developed in rats, ganglion cell death in mice can be induced using acute models and chronic models of experimental glaucoma. Similarly, elevated IOP has been reported in transgenic animals carrying defects in targeted genes. Also, one group of mice, from the DBA/2 line of inbred animals, develops a spontaneous optic neuropathy with many features of human glaucoma that is associated with IOP elevation caused by an anterior chamber pigmentary disease. The advent of mice for glaucoma research is already having a significant impact on our understanding of this disease, principally because of the access to genetic manipulation technology and genetics already well established for these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McKinnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Toris CB, Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL. Update on the mechanism of action of topical prostaglandins for intraocular pressure reduction. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53 Suppl1:S107-20. [PMID: 19038618 PMCID: PMC2727743 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A decade has passed since the first topical prostaglandin analog was prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) for the treatment of glaucoma. Now four prostaglandin analogs are available for clinical use around the world and more are in development. The three most efficacious of these drugs are latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, and their effects on IOP and aqueous humor dynamics are similar. A consistent finding is a substantial increase in uveoscleral outflow and a less consistent finding is an increase in trabecular outflow facility. Aqueous flow appears to be slightly stimulated as well. Prostaglandin receptors and their associated mRNAs have been located in the trabecular meshwork, ciliary muscle, and sclera, providing evidence that endogenous prostaglandins have a functional role in aqueous humor drainage. Earlier evidence found that topical PG analogs release endogenous prostaglandins. One well-studied mechanism for the enhancement of outflow by prostaglandins is the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Other proposed mechanisms include widening of the connective tissue-filled spaces and changes in the shape of cells. All of these mechanisms alter the permeability of tissues of the outflow pathways leading to changes in outflow resistance and/or outflow rates. This review summarizes recent (since 2000) animal and clinical studies of the effects of topical prostaglandin analogs on aqueous humor dynamics and recent cellular and molecular studies designed to clarify the outflow effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5840, USA.
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