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Cheung SWY, Chamley LW, Barrett CJ, Lau SYS. Extracellular vesicles and their effect on vascular haemodynamics: a systematic review. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:1588-1606. [PMID: 38600279 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from all cell types studied to date and act as intercellular communicators containing proteins, nucleic acids and lipid cargos. They have been shown to be involved in maintaining homoeostasis as well as playing a role in the development of pathology including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is estimated that there is 109-1010 circulating EVs/mL in the plasma of healthy individuals derived from various sources. While the effect of EVs on vascular haemodynamic parameters will be dependent on the details of the model studied, we systematically searched and summarized current literature to find patterns in how exogenously injected EVs affected vascular haemodynamics. Under homoeostatic conditions, evidence from wire and pressure myography data demonstrate that injecting isolated EVs derived from cell types found in blood and blood vessels resulted in the impairment of vasodilation in blood vessels ex vivo. Impaired vasodilation was also observed in rodents receiving intravenous injections of human plasma EVs from cardiovascular diseases including valvular heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction and end stage renal disease. When EVs were derived from models of metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes, these EVs enhanced vasoconstriction responses in blood vessels ex vivo. There were fewer publications that assessed the effect of EVs in anaesthetised or conscious animals to confirm whether effects on the vasculature observed in ex vivo studies translated into alterations in vascular haemodynamics in vivo. In the available conscious animal studies, the in vivo data did not always align with the ex vivo data. This highlights the importance of in vivo work to determine the effects of EVs on the integrative vascular haemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon W Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J Barrett
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sien Yee S Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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2
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Gao Y, Li K, Li X, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhang J. Exploration of cerebral vasospasm from the perspective of microparticles. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1013437. [PMID: 36389239 PMCID: PMC9650082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1013437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm is a frequently encountered clinical problem, especially in patients with traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Continued cerebral vasospasm can cause cerebral ischemia, even infarction and delayed ischemic neurologic deficits. It significantly affects the course of the disease and the outcome of the patient. However, the underlying mechanism of cerebral vasospasm is still unclear. Recently, increasing studies focus on the pathogenic mechanism of microparticles. It has been found that microparticles have a non-negligible role in promoting vasospasm. This research aims to summarize the dynamics of microparticles in vivo and identify a causal role of microparticles in the occurrence and development of cerebral vasospasm. We found that these various microparticles showed dynamic characteristics in body fluids and directly or indirectly affect the cerebral vasospasm or prompt it. Due to the different materials carried by microparticles from different cells, there are also differences in the mechanisms that lead to abnormal vasomotor. We suggest that microparticle scavengers might be a promising therapeutic target against microparticles associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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3
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Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: From Their Physiopathological Roles to Their Clinical Applications in Acute Brain Injuries. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092147. [PMID: 36140248 PMCID: PMC9495841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) form a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. EVs export encapsulated materials composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, making them a key mediator in cell–cell communication. In the context of the neurovascular unit (NVU), a tightly interacting multicellular brain complex, EVs play a role in intercellular communication and in maintaining NVU functionality. In addition, NVU-derived EVs can also impact peripheral tissues by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the blood stream. As such, EVs have been shown to be involved in the physiopathology of numerous neurological diseases. The presence of NVU-released EVs in the systemic circulation offers an opportunity to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers for those diseases. This review outlines the most recent studies reporting the role of NVU-derived EVs in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the NVU, focusing on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the clinical application of EVs-containing molecules as biomarkers in acute brain injuries, such as stroke and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), is discussed.
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang A, Li J, Wang J, Yuan J, Wei X, Xing F, Zhang W, Xing N. The neuroprotective mechanism of sevoflurane in rats with traumatic brain injury via FGF2. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:51. [PMID: 35177106 PMCID: PMC8855620 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a kind of acquired brain injury, which is caused by external mechanical forces. Moreover, the neuroprotective role of sevoflurane (Sevo) has been identified in TBI. Therefore, this research was conducted to figure out the mechanism of Sevo in TBI via FGF2. Methods The key factors of neuroprotective effects of Sevo in TBI rats were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. A TBI model was induced on rats that then inhaled Sevo for 1 h and grouped via lentivirus injection. Modified Neurological Severity Score was adopted to evaluate neuronal damage in rats, followed by motor function and brain water content measurement. FGF2, EZH2, and HES1 expression in brain tissues was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, and expression of related genes and autophagy factors by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to assess HES1 promoter methylation level, and ChIP assay to detect the enrichment of EZH2 in the HES1 promoter. Neuronal damage was assessed by cell immunofluorescence staining, and neuronal apoptosis by Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and flow cytometry. Results Sevo diminished brain edema, improved neurological scores, and decreased neuronal apoptosis and autophagy in TBI rats. Sevo preconditioning could upregulate FGF2 that elevated EZH2 expression, and EZH2 bound to the HES1 promoter to downregulate HES1 in TBI rats. Also, FGF2 or EZH2 overexpression or HES silencing decreased brain edema, neurological deficits, and neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in Sevo-treated TBI rats. Conclusions Our results provided a novel insight to the neuroprotective mechanism of Sevo in TBI rats by downregulating HES1 via FGF2/EZH2 axis activation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02348-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zhao J, Wang B, Huang T, Guo X, Yang Z, Song J, Zhang M. Glial response in early stages of traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134335. [PMID: 31207278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain in jury affects a number of individuals per year and is a major cause of worldwide death and disability. Yet, its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. It is well-known that glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, are activated and involved in tissue damage and repair in the peri-lesion regions after traumatic brain injury; however, global glial responses are rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the global activation of microglia and astrocytes 1 day after traumatic brain injury. To test this, we used a weight drop device to inflict traumatic brain injury on left side of the brain and performed hematoxylin-eosin staining to detect tissue damage. We used immunohistochemical staining and western blotting to detect the activation of microglia and astrocytes 1 day after TBI. We found that microglia were significantly activated in ipsilateral regions. Interestingly, we found that astrocytes were also significantly activated in the ipsilateral regions, contralateral cortex, and contralateral corpus callosum. These results suggest that a focal damage can cause a global glial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Tingqin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, West fifth Road No.157, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xiaoye Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, West fifth Road No.157, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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6
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Karttunen J, Heiskanen M, Lipponen A, Poulsen D, Pitkänen A. Extracellular Vesicles as Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Structural Epilepsies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1259. [PMID: 30871144 PMCID: PMC6470789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Data is emerging that EVs and their cargo have potential as diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for brain diseases, including traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding changes in EV numbers and cargo in status epilepticus (SE) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), which are clinically significant etiologies for acquired epileptogenesis in animals and humans. We also review encouraging data, which suggests that EVs secreted by stem cells may serve as recovery-enhancing treatments for SE and TBI. Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we show that brain EV-related transcripts are positively enriched in rodent models of epileptogenesis and epilepsy, and altered in response to anti-seizure drugs. These data suggest that EVs show promise as biomarkers, treatments and drug targets for epilepsy. In parallel to gathering conceptual knowledge, analytics platforms for the isolation and analysis of EV contents need to be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Karttunen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center (CTRC), Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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7
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Kumar A, Henry RJ, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Abulwerdi G, Bhat SA, Faden AI. Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Alleviates LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 368:338-352. [PMID: 30563941 PMCID: PMC6367691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key secondary injury mechanisms triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglial activation, a hallmark of brain neuroinflammation, plays a critical role in regulating immune responses after TBI and contributes to progressive neurodegeneration and neurologic deficits following brain trauma. Here we evaluated the role of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) in microglial activation by examining the effects of the nSMase inhibitors altenusin and GW4869 in vitro (using BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia), as well as in a controlled cortical injury (CCI) model in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Pretreatment of altenusin or GW4869 prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 4 or 24 hours, significantly downregulated gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CCL2 in microglia and reduced the release of nitric oxide and TNF-α These nSMase inhibitors also attenuated the release of microparticles and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In addition, altenusin pretreatment also reduced the gene expression of multiple inflammatory markers associated with microglial activation after experimental TBI, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CCL2, CD68, NOX2, and p22phox Overall, our data demonstrate that nSMase inhibitors attenuate multiple inflammatory pathways associated with microglial activation in vitro and after experimental TBI. Thus, nSMase inhibitors may represent promising therapeutics agents targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Kinder HA, Baker EW, West FD. The pig as a preclinical traumatic brain injury model: current models, functional outcome measures, and translational detection strategies. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:413-424. [PMID: 30539807 PMCID: PMC6334610 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major contributor of long-term disability and a leading cause of death worldwide. A series of secondary injury cascades can contribute to cell death, tissue loss, and ultimately to the development of functional impairments. However, there are currently no effective therapeutic interventions that improve brain outcomes following TBI. As a result, a number of experimental TBI models have been developed to recapitulate TBI injury mechanisms and to test the efficacy of potential therapeutics. The pig model has recently come to the forefront as the pig brain is closer in size, structure, and composition to the human brain compared to traditional rodent models, making it an ideal large animal model to study TBI pathophysiology and functional outcomes. This review will focus on the shared characteristics between humans and pigs that make them ideal for modeling TBI and will review the three most common pig TBI models-the diffuse axonal injury, the controlled cortical impact, and the fluid percussion models. It will also review current advances in functional outcome assessment measures and other non-invasive, translational TBI detection and measurement tools like biomarker analysis and magnetic resonance imaging. The use of pigs as TBI models and the continued development and improvement of translational assessment modalities have made significant contributions to unraveling the complex cascade of TBI sequela and provide an important means to study potential clinically relevant therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Kuharić J, Grabušić K, Tokmadžić VS, Štifter S, Tulić K, Shevchuk O, Lučin P, Šustić A. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Early Changes in the Physical Properties and Protein Composition of Intracranial Extracellular Vesicles. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:190-200. [PMID: 29690821 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanostructures that can indicate undergoing processes in organs and thus help in diagnostics and prognostics. They are secreted by all cells, contained in body fluids, and able to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to distant cells. Intracranial EVs were shown to change their composition after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and therefore to have biomarker potential to evaluate brain events. Properties of intracranial EVs early after TBI, however, have not been characterized. Here, we assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) up to seven days after isolated severe TBI for physical properties of EVs and their proteins associated with neuroregeneration. These findings were compared with healthy controls and correlated to patient outcome. The study included 17 patients with TBI and 18 healthy controls. EVs in TBI-CSF were visualized by electron microscopy and confirmed by immunoblotting for membrane associated Flotillin-1 and Flotillin-2. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis, we detected the highest range in EV concentration at day 1 after injury and significantly increased EV size at days 4-7. CSF concentrations of neuroregeneration associated proteins Flotillin-1, ADP-ribosylation Factor 6 (Arf6), and Ras-related protein Rab7a (Rab7a) were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Flotillin-1 was detected solely in TBI-CSF in about one third of tested patients. Unfavorable outcomes included decreasing Arf6 concentrations and a delayed Rab7a concentration increase in CSF. CSF concentrations of Arf6 and Rab7a were negatively correlated. Our data suggest that the brain response within several days after severe TBI includes shedding of EVs associated with neuroplasticity. Extended studies with a larger number of participants and CSF collected at shorter intervals are necessary to further evaluate neuroregeneration biomarker potential of Rab7a, Arf6, and Flotillin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Kuharić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Grabušić
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek Tokmadžić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,4 Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanja Štifter
- 5 Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,6 Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Tulić
- 7 Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olga Shevchuk
- 8 Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS Campus, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pero Lučin
- 7 Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alan Šustić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,4 Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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10
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NPY Impairs Cell Viability and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Through Ca2+ and p38 Signaling Pathways in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 70:52-59. [PMID: 28437279 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NPY is involved in stress cardiomyopathy. However, the associated mechanism for NPY-induced stress cardiomyopathy remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore potential cell signaling pathways that are related to NPY-mediated cell viability in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. We found that NPY induced cell viability suppression in cultured cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. After NPY treatment, expression of CaN and p-CAMKII increased significantly, and phosphorylation of p38 but not ERK and JNK was changed. Moreover, NPY treatment significantly increased PGC-1α (the key factor of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism) expression but decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in cultured cardiomyocytes. More importantly, the blockage of CaN, CAMKII, and p38 signaling pathways by their inhibitors could rescue the reduced cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential in NPY-treated cardiomyocytes. Collectively, our data demonstrated that NPY mediated cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential in cardiomyocytes through CaN, CAMKII, and p38 signaling pathways.
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11
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Zhao Z, Zhou Y, Tian Y, Li M, Dong JF, Zhang J. Cellular microparticles and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Protein Cell 2017; 8:801-810. [PMID: 28466387 PMCID: PMC5676589 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The finding that cellular microparticles (MPs) generated by injured cells profoundly impact on pathological courses of TBI has paved the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. MPs are subcellular fragments or organelles that serve as carriers of lipids, adhesive receptors, cytokines, nucleic acids, and tissue-degrading enzymes that are unique to the parental cells. Their sub-micron sizes allow MPs to travel to areas that parental cells are unable to reach to exercise diverse biological functions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in identifying a casual role of MPs in the pathologies of TBI and suggest that MPs serve as a new class of therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of TBI and associated systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. .,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Kumar A, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Yang M, Abulwerdi G, Khan N, Kumar A, Thom SR, Faden AI. Microglial-derived microparticles mediate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:47. [PMID: 28292310 PMCID: PMC5351060 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local and systemic inflammatory responses are initiated early after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may play a key role in the secondary injury processes resulting in neuronal loss and neurological deficits. However, the mechanisms responsible for the rapid expansion of neuroinflammation and its long-term progression have yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of microparticles (MP), a member of the extracellular vesicle family, in the exchange of pro-inflammatory molecules between brain immune cells, as well as their transfer to the systemic circulation, as key pathways of inflammation propagation following brain trauma. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact TBI for 24 h, and enriched MP were isolated in the blood, while neuroinflammation was assessed in the TBI cortex. MP were characterized by flow cytometry, and MP content was assayed using gene and protein markers for pro-inflammatory mediators. Enriched MP co-cultured with BV2 or primary microglial cells were used for immune propagation assays. Enriched MP from BV2 microglia or CD11b-positive microglia from the TBI brain were stereotactically injected into the cortex of uninjured mice to evaluate MP-related seeding of neuroinflammation in vivo. RESULTS As the neuroinflammatory response is developing in the brain after TBI, microglial-derived MP are released into the circulation. Circulating enriched MP from the TBI animals can activate microglia in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation increases MP release from microglia in vitro and enhances their content of pro-inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1β and microRNA-155. Enriched MP from activated microglia in vitro or CD11b-isolated microglia/macrophage from the TBI brain ex vivo are sufficient to initiate neuroinflammation following their injection into the cortex of naïve (uninjured) animals. CONCLUSIONS These data provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying the development and dissemination of neuroinflammation after TBI. MP loaded with pro-inflammatory molecules initially released by microglia following trauma can activate additional microglia that may contribute to progressive neuroinflammatory response in the injured brain, as well as stimulate systemic immune responses. Due to their ability to independently initiate inflammatory responses, MP derived from activated microglia may provide a potential therapeutic target for other neurological disorders in which neuroinflammation may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Asit Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences Facility II (HSFII), #S247 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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