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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Doran SJ, Khan N, Henry RJ, Brunner K, Loane DJ, Faden AI, Szeto GL, Wu J. Bi-directional neuro-immune dysfunction after chronic experimental brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:83. [PMID: 38581043 PMCID: PMC10996305 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and chronic alterations in systemic immune function and that systemic immune changes contribute to posttraumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, how TBI affects bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells chronically and to what extent such changes may negatively impact innate immunity and neurological function has not been examined. METHODS To further understand the role of BM cell derivatives on TBI outcome, we generated BM chimeric mice by transplanting BM from chronically injured or sham (i.e., 90 days post-surgery) congenic donor mice into otherwise healthy, age-matched, irradiated CD45.2 C57BL/6 (WT) hosts. Immune changes were evaluated by flow cytometry, multiplex ELISA, and NanoString technology. Moderate-to-severe TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact injury and neurological function was measured using a battery of behavioral tests. RESULTS TBI induced chronic alterations in the transcriptome of BM lineage-c-Kit+Sca1+ (LSK+) cells in C57BL/6 mice, including modified epigenetic and senescence pathways. After 8 weeks of reconstitution, peripheral myeloid cells from TBI→WT mice showed significantly higher oxidative stress levels and reduced phagocytic activity. At eight months after reconstitution, TBI→WT chimeric mice were leukopenic, with continued alterations in phagocytosis and oxidative stress responses, as well as persistent neurological deficits. Gene expression analysis revealed BM-driven changes in neuroinflammation and neuropathology after 8 weeks and 8 months of reconstitution, respectively. Chimeric mice subjected to TBI at 8 weeks and 8 months post-reconstitution showed that longer reconstitution periods (i.e., time post-injury) were associated with increased microgliosis and leukocyte infiltration. Pre-treatment with a senolytic agent, ABT-263, significantly improved behavioral performance of aged C57BL/6 mice at baseline, although it did not attenuate neuroinflammation in the acutely injured brain. CONCLUSIONS TBI causes chronic activation and progressive dysfunction of the BM stem/progenitor cell pool, which drives long-term deficits in hematopoiesis, innate immunity, and neurological function, as well as altered sensitivity to subsequent brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kavitha Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gregory L Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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2
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Healey AL, Garsmeur O, Lovell JT, Shengquiang S, Sreedasyam A, Jenkins J, Plott CB, Piperidis N, Pompidor N, Llaca V, Metcalfe CJ, Doležel J, Cápal P, Carlson JW, Hoarau JY, Hervouet C, Zini C, Dievart A, Lipzen A, Williams M, Boston LB, Webber J, Keymanesh K, Tejomurthula S, Rajasekar S, Suchecki R, Furtado A, May G, Parakkal P, Simmons BA, Barry K, Henry RJ, Grimwood J, Aitken KS, Schmutz J, D'Hont A. The complex polyploid genome architecture of sugarcane. Nature 2024; 628:804-810. [PMID: 38538783 PMCID: PMC11041754 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane, the world's most harvested crop by tonnage, has shaped global history, trade and geopolitics, and is currently responsible for 80% of sugar production worldwide1. While traditional sugarcane breeding methods have effectively generated cultivars adapted to new environments and pathogens, sugar yield improvements have recently plateaued2. The cessation of yield gains may be due to limited genetic diversity within breeding populations, long breeding cycles and the complexity of its genome, the latter preventing breeders from taking advantage of the recent explosion of whole-genome sequencing that has benefited many other crops. Thus, modern sugarcane hybrids are the last remaining major crop without a reference-quality genome. Here we take a major step towards advancing sugarcane biotechnology by generating a polyploid reference genome for R570, a typical modern cultivar derived from interspecific hybridization between the domesticated species (Saccharum officinarum) and the wild species (Saccharum spontaneum). In contrast to the existing single haplotype ('monoploid') representation of R570, our 8.7 billion base assembly contains a complete representation of unique DNA sequences across the approximately 12 chromosome copies in this polyploid genome. Using this highly contiguous genome assembly, we filled a previously unsized gap within an R570 physical genetic map to describe the likely causal genes underlying the single-copy Bru1 brown rust resistance locus. This polyploid genome assembly with fine-grain descriptions of genome architecture and molecular targets for biotechnology will help accelerate molecular and transgenic breeding and adaptation of sugarcane to future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Healey
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
| | - O Garsmeur
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - J T Lovell
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Shengquiang
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Sreedasyam
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - J Jenkins
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - C B Plott
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - N Piperidis
- Sugar Research Australia, Te Kowai, Queensland, Australia
| | - N Pompidor
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - V Llaca
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - C J Metcalfe
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - P Cápal
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J W Carlson
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Y Hoarau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- ERCANE, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - C Hervouet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - C Zini
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - A Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - A Lipzen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Williams
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - L B Boston
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - J Webber
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - K Keymanesh
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Tejomurthula
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Rajasekar
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R Suchecki
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G May
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | | | - B A Simmons
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - K Barry
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Grimwood
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - K S Aitken
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Schmutz
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - A D'Hont
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France.
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Doran SJ, Khan N, Henry RJ, Brunner K, Loane DJ, Faden AI, Szeto GL, Wu J. The brain-bone marrow axis and its implications for chronic traumatic brain injury. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3356007. [PMID: 37790560 PMCID: PMC10543403 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3356007/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and chronic alterations in systemic immune function which contribute to posttraumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, how TBI affects bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells chronically and to what extent such changes may negatively impact innate immunity and neurological function has not been examined. To further understand the role of BM cell derivatives on TBI outcome, we generated BM chimeric mice by transplanting BM from chronically injured or sham congenic donor mice into otherwise healthy, age-matched, irradiated hosts. After 8 weeks of reconstitution, peripheral myeloid cells from TBI→WT mice showed significantly higher oxidative stress levels and reduced phagocytic activity. At eight months after reconstitution, TBI→WT chimeric mice were leukopenic, with continued alterations in phagocytosis and oxidative stress responses, as well as persistent neurological deficits. Gene expression analysis revealed BM-driven changes in neuroinflammation and neuropathology after 8 weeks and 8 months of reconstitution, respectively. Chimeric mice subjected to TBI showed that longer reconstitution periods were associated with increased microgliosis and leukocyte infiltration. Thus, TBI causes chronic activation and progressive dysfunction of the BM stem/progenitor cell pool, which drives long-term deficits in innate immunity and neurological function, as well as altered sensitivity to subsequent brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kavitha Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Makarava N, Mychko O, Molesworth K, Chang JCY, Henry RJ, Tsymbalyuk N, Gerzanich V, Simard JM, Loane DJ, Baskakov IV. Region-Specific Homeostatic Identity of Astrocytes Is Essential for Defining Their Response to Pathological Insults. Cells 2023; 12:2172. [PMID: 37681904 PMCID: PMC10486627 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transformation of astrocytes into reactive states constitutes a biological response of the central nervous system under a variety of pathological insults. Astrocytes display diverse homeostatic identities that are developmentally predetermined and regionally specified. Upon transformation into reactive states associated with neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological disorders, astrocytes acquire diverse reactive phenotypes. However, it is not clear whether their reactive phenotypes are dictated by region-specific homeostatic identity or by the nature of an insult. To address this question, region-specific gene expression profiling was performed for four brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus) in mice using a custom NanoString panel consisting of selected sets of genes associated with astrocyte functions and their reactivity for five conditions: prion disease, traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model and normal aging. Upon transformation into reactive states, genes that are predominantly associated with astrocytes were found to respond to insults in a region-specific manner. Regardless of the nature of the insult or the insult-specificity of astrocyte response, strong correlations between undirected GSA (gene set analysis) scores reporting on astrocyte reactivity and on their homeostatic functions were observed within each individual brain region. The insult-specific gene expression signatures did not separate well from each other and instead partially overlapped, forming continuums. The current study demonstrates that region-specific homeostatic identities of astrocytes are important for defining their response to pathological insults. Within region-specific populations, reactive astrocytes show continuums of gene expression signatures, partially overlapping between individual insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Olga Mychko
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer Chen-Yu Chang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (D.J.L.)
| | - Natalya Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (D.J.L.)
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Henry RJ, Barrett JP, Vaida M, Khan NZ, Makarevich O, Ritzel RM, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Interaction of high-fat diet and brain trauma alters adipose tissue macrophages and brain microglia associated with exacerbated cognitive dysfunction. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.28.550986. [PMID: 37546932 PMCID: PMC10402152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed a detailed analysis of transcriptomic changes in the brain and adipose tissue to examine the interactive effects between high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and TBI in relation to central and peripheral inflammatory pathways, as well as neurological function. Adult male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks prior to experimental TBI and continuing after injury. Combined TBI and HFD resulted in additive dysfunction in the Y-Maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and Morris water maze (MWM) cognitive function tests. We also performed high-throughput transcriptomic analysis using Nanostring panels of cellular compartments in the brain and total visceral adipose tissue (VAT), followed by unsupervised clustering, principal component analysis, and IPA pathway analysis to determine shifts in gene expression programs and molecular pathway activity. Analysis of cellular populations in the cortex and hippocampus as well as in visceral adipose tissue during the chronic phase after combined TBI-HFD showed amplification of central and peripheral microglia/macrophage responses, including superadditive changes in select gene expression signatures and pathways. These data suggest that HFD-induced obesity and TBI can independently prime and support the development of altered states in brain microglia and visceral adipose tissue macrophages, including the disease-associated microglia/macrophage (DAM) phenotype observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction between HFD and TBI promotes a shift toward chronic reactive microglia/macrophage transcriptomic signatures and associated pro-inflammatory disease-altered states that may, in part, underlie the exacerbation of cognitive deficits. Targeting of HFD-induced reactive cellular phenotypes, including in peripheral adipose tissue macrophages, may serve to reduce microglial maladaptive states after TBI, attenuating post-traumatic neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James P. Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Vaida
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, 326 Market St, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Niaz Z. Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Lei Z, Doran SJ, He J, Shahror RA, Henry RJ, Khan R, Tan C, Liu S, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Szeto G, Loane DJ, Wu J. Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible age-related microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadd1101. [PMID: 36888713 PMCID: PMC9995070 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipofuscin is an autofluorescent (AF) pigment formed by lipids and misfolded proteins, which accumulates in postmitotic cells with advanced age. Here, we immunophenotyped microglia in the brain of old C57BL/6 mice (>18 months old) and demonstrate that in comparison to young mice, one-third of old microglia are AF, characterized by profound changes in lipid and iron content, phagocytic activity, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological depletion of microglia in old mice eliminated the AF microglia following repopulation and reversed microglial dysfunction. Age-related neurological deficits and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury (TBI) were attenuated in old mice lacking AF microglia. Furthermore, increased phagocytic activity, lysosomal burden, and lipid accumulation in microglia persisted for up to 1 year after TBI, were modified by APOE4 genotype, and chronically driven by phagocyte-mediated oxidative stress. Thus, AF may reflect a pathological state in aging microglia associated with increased phagocytosis of neurons and myelin and inflammatory neurodegeneration that can be further accelerated by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rami A. Shahror
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gregory Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Allen Institute for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Hodgson-Kratky K, Perlo V, Furtado A, Choudhary H, Gladden JM, Simmons BA, Botha F, Henry RJ. Association of gene expression with syringyl to guaiacyl ratio in sugarcane lignin. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 106:173-192. [PMID: 33738678 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptome analysis reveals the transcripts and alleles differentially expressed in sugarcane genotypes with contrasting lignin composition. Sugarcane bagasse is a highly abundant resource that may be used as a feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts in order to meet increasing demands for renewable replacements for fossil carbon. However, lignin imparts rigidity to the cell wall that impedes the efficient breakdown of the biomass into fermentable sugars. Altering the ratio of the lignin units, syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G), which comprise the native lignin polymer in sugarcane, may facilitate the processing of bagasse. This study aimed to identify genes and markers associated with S/G ratio in order to accelerate the development of sugarcane bioenergy varieties with modified lignin composition. The transcriptome sequences of 12 sugarcane genotypes that contrasted for S/G ratio were compared and there were 2019 transcripts identified as differentially expressed (DE) between the high and low S/G ratio groups. These included transcripts encoding possible monolignol biosynthetic pathway enzymes, transporters, dirigent proteins and transcriptional and post-translational regulators. Furthermore, the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between the low and high S/G ratio groups to identify specific alleles expressed with the phenotype. There were 2063 SNP loci across 787 unique transcripts that showed group-specific expression. Overall, the DE transcripts and SNP alleles identified in this study may be valuable for breeding sugarcane varieties with altered S/G ratio that may provide desirable bioenergy traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hodgson-Kratky
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - V Perlo
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - A Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - H Choudhary
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - J M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B A Simmons
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - F Botha
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - R J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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8
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Faden AI, Barrett JP, Stoica BA, Henry RJ. Bidirectional Brain-Systemic Interactions and Outcomes After TBI. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:406-418. [PMID: 33495023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating disorder associated with chronic progressive neurodegeneration and long-term neurological decline. Importantly, there is now substantial and increasing evidence that TBI can negatively impact systemic organs, including the pulmonary, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, renal, and immune system. Less well appreciated, until recently, is that such functional changes can affect both the response to subsequent insults or diseases, as well as contribute to chronic neurodegenerative processes and long-term neurological outcomes. In this review, we summarize evidence showing bidirectional interactions between the brain and systemic organs following TBI and critically assess potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Henry RJ, Loane DJ. Targeting chronic and evolving neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury to improve long-term outcomes: insights from microglial-depletion models. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:976-977. [PMID: 33229740 PMCID: PMC8178770 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Makarevich O, Sabirzhanov B, Aubrecht TG, Glaser EP, Polster BM, Henry RJ, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Mithramycin selectively attenuates DNA-damage-induced neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32719328 PMCID: PMC7385624 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage triggers cell death mechanisms contributing to neuronal loss and cognitive decline in neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), and as a side effect of chemotherapy. Mithramycin, which competitively targets chromatin-binding sites of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), was used to examine previously unexplored neuronal cell death regulatory mechanisms via rat primary neurons in vitro and after TBI in mice (males). In primary neurons exposed to DNA-damage-inducing chemotherapy drugs in vitro we showed that DNA breaks sequentially initiate DNA-damage responses, including phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX and tumor protein 53 (p53), transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), activating caspase-dependent and caspase-independent intrinsic apoptosis. Mithramycin was highly neuroprotective in DNA-damage-dependent neuronal cell death, inhibiting chemotherapeutic-induced cell death cascades downstream of ATM and p53 phosphorylation/activation but upstream of p53-induced expression of pro-apoptotic molecules. Mithramycin reduced neuronal upregulation of BH3-only proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuated caspase-3/7 activation and caspase substrates' cleavage, and limited c-Jun activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that mithramycin attenuates Sp1 binding to pro-apoptotic gene promoters without altering p53 binding suggesting it acts by removing cofactors required for p53 transactivation. In contrast, the DNA-damage-independent neuronal death models displayed caspase initiation in the absence of p53/BH3 activation and were not protected even when mithramycin reduced caspase activation. Interestingly, experimental TBI triggers a multiplicity of neuronal death mechanisms. Although markers of DNA-damage/p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis are detected acutely in the injured cortex and are attenuated by mithramycin, these processes may play a reduced role in early neuronal death after TBI, as caspase-dependent mechanisms are repressed in mature neurons while other, mithramycin-resistant mechanisms are active. Our data suggest that Sp1 is required for p53-mediated transactivation of neuronal pro-apoptotic molecules and that mithramycin may attenuate neuronal cell death in conditions predominantly involving DNA-damage-induced p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Taryn G Aubrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ethan P Glaser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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11
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Henry RJ, Meadows VE, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Longitudinal Assessment of Sensorimotor Function after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: Comparison of Beamwalk, Rotarod, and Automated Gait Analysis Tests. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2709-2717. [PMID: 32484024 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are reported to experience long-term sensorimotor dysfunction, with gait deficits evident up to 2 years after the initial brain trauma. Experimental TBI including rodent models of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury and severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) can induce impairments in static and dynamic gait parameters. It is reported that the majority of deficits in gait-related parameters occur during the acute phase post-injury, as functional outcomes return toward baseline levels at chronic time points. In the present study, we carried out a longitudinal analysis of static, temporal and dynamic gait patterns following moderate-level CCI in adult male C57Bl/6J mice using the automated gait analysis apparatus, CatWalk. For comparison, we also performed longitudinal assessment of fine-motor coordination and function in CCI mice using more traditional sensorimotor behavioral tasks such as the beamwalk and accelerating rotarod tasks. We determined that longitudinal CatWalk analysis did not detect TBI-induced deficits in static, temporal, or dynamic gait parameters at acute or chronic time points. In contrast, the rotarod and beamwalk tasks showed that CCI mice had significant motor function impairments as demonstrated by deficits in balance and fine-motor coordination through 28 days post-injury. Stereological analysis confirmed that CCI produced a significant lesion in the parietal cortex at 28 days post-injury. Overall, these findings demonstrate that CatWalk analysis of gait parameters is not useful for assessment of long-term sensorimotor dysfunction after CCI, and that more traditional neurobehavioral tests should be used to quantify acute and chronic deficits in sensorimotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria E Meadows
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Doran SJ, Henry RJ, Shirey KA, Barrett JP, Ritzel RM, Lai W, Blanco JC, Faden AI, Vogel SN, Loane DJ. Early or Late Bacterial Lung Infection Increases Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Mice and Chronically Impairs Monocyte Innate Immune Function. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:e418-e428. [PMID: 32149839 PMCID: PMC7541908 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory infections in the postacute phase of traumatic brain injury impede optimal recovery and contribute substantially to overall morbidity and mortality. This study investigated bidirectional innate immune responses between the injured brain and lung, using a controlled cortical impact model followed by secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult male C57BL/6J mice. INTERVENTIONS C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham surgery or moderate-level controlled cortical impact and infected intranasally with S. pneumoniae (1,500 colony-forming units) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) at 3 or 60 days post-injury. MAIN RESULTS At 3 days post-injury, S. pneumoniae-infected traumatic brain injury mice (TBI + Sp) had a 25% mortality rate, in contrast to no mortality in S. pneumoniae-infected sham (Sham + Sp) animals. TBI + Sp mice infected 60 days post-injury had a 60% mortality compared with 5% mortality in Sham + Sp mice. In both studies, TBI + Sp mice had poorer motor function recovery compared with TBI + PBS mice. There was increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers in cortex of TBI + Sp compared with TBI + PBS mice after both early and late infection, indicating enhanced post-traumatic neuroinflammation. In addition, monocytes from lungs of TBI + Sp mice were immunosuppressed acutely after traumatic brain injury and could not produce interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, or reactive oxygen species. In contrast, after delayed infection monocytes from TBI + Sp mice had higher levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and reactive oxygen species when compared with Sham + Sp mice. Increased bacterial burden and pathology was also found in lungs of TBI + Sp mice. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic brain injury causes monocyte functional impairments that may affect the host's susceptibility to respiratory infections. Chronically injured mice had greater mortality following S. pneumoniae infection, which suggests that respiratory infections even late after traumatic brain injury may pose a more serious threat than is currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Bhat SA, Henry RJ, Blanchard AC, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Enhanced Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators in microglia and following traumatic brain injury in male mice. J Neurochem 2020; 156:225-248. [PMID: 31926033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with a mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) is neuroprotective after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), limiting post-traumatic neuroinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation and promoting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses. However, the specific molecular mechanisms governing this anti-inflammatory shift in microglia remain unknown. Here we show that the mGluR5 PAM, VU0360172 (VuPAM), regulates microglial inflammatory responses through activation of Akt, resulting in the inhibition of GSK-3β. GSK-3β regulates the phosphorylation of CREB, thereby controlling the expression of inflammation-related genes and microglial plasticity. The anti-inflammatory action of VuPAM in microglia is reversed by inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. Using a well-characterized TBI model and CX3CR1gfp/+ mice to visualize microglia in vivo, we demonstrate that VuPAM enhances Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling in the injured cortex, as well as anti-inflammatory microglial markers. Furthermore, in situ analysis revealed that GFP + microglia in the cortex of VuPAM-treated TBI mice co-express pCREB and the anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype marker YM1. Taken together, our data show that VuPAM decreases pro-inflammatory microglial activation by modulating Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. These findings serve to clarify the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of mGluR5 PAM treatment after TBI, and suggest novel therapeutic targets for post-traumatic neuroinflammation. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexa C Blanchard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Fitzgibbon M, Kerr DM, Henry RJ, Finn DP, Roche M. Endocannabinoid modulation of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the IFN-α mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:372-381. [PMID: 31505257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a well-recognised effect of long-term treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-α), a widely used treatment for chronic viral hepatitis and malignancy. In addition to the emotional disturbances, high incidences of painful symptoms such as headache and joint pain have also been reported following IFN-α treatment. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in emotional and nociceptive processing, however it is unknown whether repeated IFN-α administration induces alterations in this system. The present study investigated nociceptive responding in the IFN-α-induced mouse model of depression and associated changes in the endocannabinoid system. Furthermore, the effects of modulating peripheral endocannabinoid tone on inflammatory pain-related behaviour in the IFN-α model was examined. Repeated IFN-α administration (8000 IU/g/day) to male C57/Bl6 mice increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced sucrose preference, without altering body weight gain or locomotor activity, confirming development of the depressive-like phenotype. There was no effect of repeated IFN-α administration on latency to respond in the hot plate test on day 4 or 7 of treatment, however, formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour was significantly increased in IFN-α treated mice following 8 days of IFN-α administration. 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) levels in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), and anandamide (AEA) levels in the RVM, were significantly increased in IFN-α-, but not saline-, treated mice following formalin administration. There was no change in endocannabinoid levels in the prefrontal cortex, spinal cord or paw tissue between saline- or IFNα-treated mice in the presence or absence of formalin. Furthermore, repeated IFN-α and/or formalin administration did not alter mRNA expression of genes encoding the endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes (fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase) or endocannabinoid receptor targets (CB1, CB2 or PPARs) in the brain, spinal cord or paw tissue. Intra plantar administration of PF3845 (1 μg/10 μl) or MJN110 (1 μg/10 μl), inhibitors of AEA and 2-AG catabolism respectively, attenuated formalin-evoked hyperalgesia in IFN-α, but not saline-, treated mice. In summary, increasing peripheral endocannabinoid tone attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia induced following repeated IFN-α administration. These data provide support for the endocannabinoid system in mediating and modulating heightened pain responding associated with IFNα-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fitzgibbon
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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15
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Kumar A, Henry RJ, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Abulwerdi G, Bhat SA, Faden AI. Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Alleviates LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 368:338-352. [PMID: 30563941 PMCID: PMC6367691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key secondary injury mechanisms triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglial activation, a hallmark of brain neuroinflammation, plays a critical role in regulating immune responses after TBI and contributes to progressive neurodegeneration and neurologic deficits following brain trauma. Here we evaluated the role of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) in microglial activation by examining the effects of the nSMase inhibitors altenusin and GW4869 in vitro (using BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia), as well as in a controlled cortical injury (CCI) model in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Pretreatment of altenusin or GW4869 prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 4 or 24 hours, significantly downregulated gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CCL2 in microglia and reduced the release of nitric oxide and TNF-α These nSMase inhibitors also attenuated the release of microparticles and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In addition, altenusin pretreatment also reduced the gene expression of multiple inflammatory markers associated with microglial activation after experimental TBI, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CCL2, CD68, NOX2, and p22phox Overall, our data demonstrate that nSMase inhibitors attenuate multiple inflammatory pathways associated with microglial activation in vitro and after experimental TBI. Thus, nSMase inhibitors may represent promising therapeutics agents targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Henry RJ, Doran SJ, Barrett JP, Meadows VE, Sabirzhanov B, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Inhibition of miR-155 Limits Neuroinflammation and Improves Functional Recovery After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:216-230. [PMID: 30225790 PMCID: PMC6361054 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Among miRs linked to inflammation, miR-155 has been implicated as a pro-inflammatory factor in a variety of organ systems. We examined the expression profile of miR-155, following experimental TBI (controlled cortical impact) in adult male C57Bl/6 mice, as well as the effects of acute or delayed administration of a miR-155 antagomir on post-traumatic neuroinflammatory responses and neurological recovery. Trauma robustly increased miR-155 expression in the injured cortex over 7 days. Similar TBI-induced miR-155 expression changes were also found in microglia/macrophages isolated from the injured cortex at 7 days post-injury. A miR-155 hairpin inhibitor (antagomir; 0.5 nmol), administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) immediately after injury, attenuated neuroinflammatory markers at both 1 day and 7 days post-injury and reduced impairments in spatial working memory. Delayed ICV infusion of the miR-155 antagomir (0.5 nmol/day), beginning 24 h post-injury and continuing for 6 days, attenuated neuroinflammatory markers at 7 days post-injury and improved motor, but not cognitive, function through 28 days. The latter treatment limited NADPH oxidase 2 expression changes in microglia/macrophages in the injured cortex and reduced cortical lesion volume. In summary, TBI causes a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory response that is associated with increased miR-155 expression in microglia/macrophages, and miR-155 inhibition reduces post-traumatic neuroinflammatory responses and improves neurological recovery. Thus, miR-155 may be a therapeutic target for TBI-related neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - James P. Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Victoria E. Meadows
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, No. 6-011, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF No. 6-02, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Doran SJ, Ritzel RM, Glaser EP, Henry RJ, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Sex Differences in Acute Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Are Mediated by Infiltrating Myeloid Cells. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1040-1053. [PMID: 30259790 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to moderate-severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) in adult male mice has been shown to exhibit greater glial activation compared with age-matched female mice. However, the relative contributions of resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells to this sexually dimorphic neuroinflammatory responses remains unclear. Here, 12-week-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham or CCI, and brain samples were collected at 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury for flow cytometry analysis of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and phagocytosis in resident microglia (CD45intCD11b+) versus infiltrating myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+). Motor (rotarod, cylinder test), affect (open field), and cognitive (Y-maze) function tests also were performed. We demonstrate that male microglia had increased phagocytic activity and higher ROS levels in the non-injured brain, whereas female microglia had increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL)-1β. Following CCI, males showed a significant influx of peripheral myeloid cells by 1 day post-injury followed by proliferation of resident microglia at 3 days. In contrast, myeloid infiltration and microglial activation responses in female CCI mice were significantly reduced. No sex differences were observed for TNFα, IL-1β, transforming growth factor β, NOX2, ROS production, or phagocytic activity in resident microglia or infiltrating cells at any time. However, across these functions, infiltrating myeloid cells were significantly more reactive than resident microglia. Female CCI mice also had improved motor function at 1 day post-injury compared with male mice. Thus, we conclude that sexually dimorphic responses to moderate-severe CCI result from the rapid activation and infiltration of pro-inflammatory myeloid cells to brain in male, but not female, mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ethan P Glaser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ritzel RM, Doran SJ, Barrett JP, Henry RJ, Ma EL, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Chronic Alterations in Systemic Immune Function after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1419-1436. [PMID: 29421977 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a compelling link between severe brain trauma and immunosuppression in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although acute changes in the systemic immune compartment have been linked to outcome severity, the long-term consequences of TBI on systemic immune function are unknown. Here, adult male C57Bl/6 mice underwent moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham surgery, and systemic immune function was evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 60 days post-injury. Bone marrow, blood, thymus, and spleen were examined by flow cytometry to assess changes in immune composition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytic activity, and cytokine production. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from sham and 60-day CCI mice were cultured for immune challenge studies using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) models. Acutely, TBI caused robust bone marrow activation and neutrophilia. Neutrophils and monocytes exhibited impairments in respiratory burst, cytokine production, and phagocytosis; in contrast, ROS levels and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were chronically elevated at 60 days post-injury. Cultures of BMDMs from chronic CCI mice demonstrated defects in LPS- and IL-4-induced polarization when compared with stimulated BMDMs from sham mice. TBI also caused thymic involution, inverted CD4:CD8 ratios, chronic T lymphopenia, greater memory conversion, increased T cell activation, impaired interferon γ induction, and chronically elevated Th1 cytokine and ROS production. Collectively, our in-depth phenotypic and functional analyses demonstrate that TBI induces widespread suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses after TBI. Moreover, at chronic time points, TBI mice exhibit hallmarks of accelerated immune aging, displaying chronic deficits in systemic immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elise L Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Flannery LE, Henry RJ, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. FAAH, but not MAGL, inhibition modulates acute TLR3-induced neuroimmune signaling in the rat, independent of sex. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:989-1001. [PMID: 28726298 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 is a key component of the innate immune response to viral infection. The present study firstly examined whether sex differences exist in TLR3-induced inflammatory, endocrine, and sickness responses. The data revealed that TLR3-induced expression of interferon- or NFkB-inducible genes (IFN-α/β, IP-10, or TNF-α), either peripherally (spleen) or centrally (hypothalamus), did not differ between male and female rats, with the exception of TLR3-induced IFN-α expression in the spleen of female, but not male, rats 8 hr post TLR3 activation. Furthermore, TLR3 activation increased plasma corticosterone levels, induced fever, and reduced locomotor activity and body weight - effects independent of sex. Thus, the acute-phase inflammatory, endocrine, and sickness responses to TLR3 activation exhibit minimal sex-related differences. A further aim of this study was to examine whether enhancing endocannabinoid tone - namely, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), exhibited similar effects on TLR3-induced inflammatory responses in male versus female rats. Systemic administration of the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor MJN110 and subsequent increases in 2-AG levels did not alter the TLR3-induced increase in IP-10, IRF7, or TNF-α expression in the spleen or the hypothalamus of male or female rats. In contrast, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 increased levels of AEA and related N-acylethanolamines, an effect associated with the attenuation of TLR3-induced inflammatory responses in the hypothalamus, but not the spleen, of male and female rats. These data support a role for FAAH, but not MAGL, substrates in the modulation of TLR3-induced neuroinflammatory responses, effects independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Flannery
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Barrett JP, Henry RJ, Villapol S, Stoica BA, Kumar A, Burns MP, Faden AI, Loane DJ. NOX2 deficiency alters macrophage phenotype through an IL-10/STAT3 dependent mechanism: implications for traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28340575 PMCID: PMC5366128 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is an enzyme system that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglia and macrophages. Excessive ROS production is linked with neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Redox signaling regulates macrophage/microglial phenotypic responses (pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory), and NOX2 inhibition following moderate-to-severe TBI markedly reduces pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages/microglia resulting in concomitant increases in anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we report the signaling pathways that regulate NOX2-dependent macrophage/microglial phenotype switching in the TBI brain. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) prepared from wildtype (C57Bl/6) and NOX2 deficient (NOX2-/-) mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/ml), interleukin-4 (IL-4; 10 ng/ml), or combined LPS/IL-4 to investigate signal transduction pathways associated with macrophage activation using western immunoblotting and qPCR analyses. Signaling pathways and activation markers were evaluated in ipsilateral cortical tissue obtained from adult male wildtype and NOX2-/- mice that received moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI). A neutralizing anti-IL-10 approach was used to determine the effects of IL-10 on NOX2-dependent transitions from pro- to anti-inflammatory activation states. RESULTS Using an LPS/IL-4-stimulated BMDM model that mimics the mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory responses observed in the injured cortex, we show that NOX2-/- significantly reduces STAT1 signaling and markers of pro-inflammatory activation. In addition, NOX2-/- BMDMs significantly increase anti-inflammatory marker expression; IL-10-mediated STAT3 signaling, but not STAT6 signaling, appears to be critical in regulating this anti-inflammatory response. Following moderate-level CCI, IL-10 is significantly increased in microglia/macrophages in the injured cortex of NOX2-/- mice. These changes are associated with increased STAT3 activation, but not STAT6 activation, and a robust anti-inflammatory response. Neutralization of IL-10 in NOX2-/- BMDMs or CCI mice blocks STAT3 activation and the anti-inflammatory response, thereby demonstrating a critical role for IL-10 in regulating NOX2-dependent transitions between pro- and anti-inflammatory activation states. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that following TBI NOX2 inhibition promotes a robust anti-inflammatory response in macrophages/microglia that is mediated by the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, therapeutic interventions that inhibit macrophage/microglial NOX2 activity may improve TBI outcomes by not only limiting pro-inflammatory neurotoxic responses, but also enhancing IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory responses that are neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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21
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Henry RJ, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. For whom the endocannabinoid tolls: Modulation of innate immune function and implications for psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:167-80. [PMID: 25794989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate the innate immune response to pathogens and are critical in the host defence, homeostasis and response to injury. However, uncontrolled and aberrant TLR activation can elicit potent effects on neurotransmission and neurodegenerative cascades and has been proposed to trigger the onset of certain neurodegenerative disorders and elicit detrimental effects on the progression and outcome of established disease. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating that the endocannabinoid system can elicit potent modulatory effects on inflammatory processes, with clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrating beneficial effects on disease severity and symptoms in several inflammatory conditions. This review examines the evidence supporting a modulatory effect of endocannabinoids on TLR-mediated immune responses both peripherally and centrally, and the implications for psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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22
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Furtado A, Bundock PC, Banks PM, Fox G, Yin X, Henry RJ. A novel highly differentially expressed gene in wheat endosperm associated with bread quality. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10446. [PMID: 26011437 PMCID: PMC4650634 DOI: 10.1038/srep10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of gene expression in developing wheat seeds was used to identify a gene, wheat bread making (wbm), with highly differential expression (~1000 fold) in the starchy endosperm of genotypes varying in bread making quality. Several alleles differing in the 5’-upstream region (promoter) of this gene were identified, with one present only in genotypes with high levels of wbm expression. RNA-Seq analysis revealed low or no wbm expression in most genotypes but high expression (0.2-0.4% of total gene expression) in genotypes that had good bread loaf volume. The wbm gene is predicted to encode a mature protein of 48 amino acids (including four cysteine residues) not previously identified in association with wheat quality, possibly because of its small size and low frequency in the wheat gene pool. Genotypes with high wbm expression all had good bread making quality but not always good physical dough qualities. The predicted protein was sulphur rich suggesting the possibility of a contribution to bread loaf volume by supporting the crossing linking of proteins in gluten. Improved understanding of the molecular basis of differences in bread making quality may allow more rapid development of high performing genotypes with acceptable end-use properties and facilitate increased wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - P C Bundock
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW-2480, Australia
| | - P M Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - G Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba Qld, Australia
| | - X Yin
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, 1-33 Agriculture Building, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Henry RJ, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. FAAH-mediated modulation of TLR3-induced neuroinflammation in the rat hippocampus. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:126-34. [PMID: 25245162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of enhancing fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) substrate levels in vivo on Toll-like receptor (TLR)3-induced neuroinflammation. Systemic and central (i.c.v.) administration of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 increased hippocampal levels of the N-acylethanolamines palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, but not anandamide. Systemic URB597 increased IFNα, IFNγ and IL-6 expression following TLR3 activation and attenuated TLR3-induced IL-1β and TNFα expression. In comparison, central URB597 administration attenuated the TLR3-induced increase in TNFα and IFNγ expression (and associated downstream genes IP-10 and SOCS1), while concurrently increasing IL-10 expression. These data support an important role for FAAH-mediated regulation of TLR3-induced neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Abstract
1. Penicillin in the range of concentration from 250 U/ml. to approximately 2650 U/ml. inhibits the rate of cell division of the fertilized sea urchin egg from 0 to 100 per cent. 2. Penicillin in the same range of concentrations has no effect on the oxygen consumption of the unfertilized or the fertilized eggs. 3. Penicillin is bound by some component of the sea urchin egg in amounts sufficiently large to lower the initial concentration, this binding apparently not being related to the inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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25
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Fisher KC, Henry RJ. THE EFFECTS OF URETHANE AND CHLORAL HYDRATE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND CELL DIVISION IN THE EGG OF THE SEA URCHIN, ARBACIA PUNCTULATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 27:469-81. [PMID: 19873396 PMCID: PMC2238025 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.27.5.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a series of concentrations of the narcotics, ethyl carbamate and chloral hydrate, have been determined on the consumption of oxygen by fertilized and unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. In the fertilized eggs the effects of the two inhibitors on cell division were also examined. The following observations were made: 1. Assuming that the narcotic acts upon a single catalyst in the unfertilized egg the degree to which the consumption of oxygen is inhibited in this resting cell can be related to the narcotic concentration by an expression derived from the law of mass action. 2. To account for the relation between the concentration of the narcotic and its effect on respiration in the fertilized eggs, it is necessary to conclude that in them the narcotic acts on two parallel respiratory systems. The experimental data can be quantitatively predicted (1) if the reaction of the narcotic on the two systems is governed by the law of mass action and (2) if 40 per cent of the oxygen consumption is mediated by one system, the "activity" system, and the remainder by the other, the "resting" or "basal" system. 3. The mass law constants applying to the resting system in the fertilized egg are similar to those for the single system functioning in the unfertilized egg so that these two respiratory systems are probably identical. 4. The concentrations of the narcotics just sufficient to abolish cell division affect primarily the activity system, the existence of which was inferred from the respiratory experiments. It is concluded that normal cell division requires specifically the normal function of the activity system, that in fact the energy for cell division is made available through that system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Fisher
- The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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26
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Abstract
Plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs) have been the target of substantial research, especially during the last 20 years. Initial characterisation of BADH as an enzyme involved in the production of glycine betaine (GB) has led to detailed studies of the role of BADH in the response of plants to abiotic stress in vivo, and the potential for transgenic expression of BADH to improve abiotic stress tolerance. These studies have, in turn, yielded significant information regarding BADH and GB function. Recent research has identified the potential for BADH as an antibiotic-free marker for selection of transgenic plants, and a major role for BADH in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline-based fragrance associated with jasmine and basmati style aromatic rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Fitzgerald
- Grain Foods CRC, Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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27
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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29
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Bundock PC, Cross MJ, Shapter FM, Henry RJ. Robust allele-specific polymerase chain reaction markers developed for single nucleotide polymorphisms in expressed barley sequences. Theor Appl Genet 2006; 112:358-65. [PMID: 16328233 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many methods have been developed to assay for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but generally these depend on access to specialised equipment. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) is a method that does not require specialised equipment (other than a thermocycler), but there is a common perception that AS-PCR markers can be unreliable. We have utilised a three primer AS-PCR method comprising of two flanking-primers combined with an internal allele-specific primer. We show here that this method produces a high proportion of robust markers (from candidate allele specific primers). Forty-nine inter-varietal SNP sites in 31 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genes were targeted for the development of AS-PCR assays. The SNP sites were found by aligning barley expressed sequence tags from public databases. The targeted genes correspond to cDNAs that have been used as restriction fragment length polymorphic probes for linkage mapping in barley. Two approaches were adopted in developing the markers. In the first approach, designed to maximise the successful development of markers to a SNP site, markers were developed for 18 sites from 19 targeted (95% success rate). With the second approach, designed to maximise the number of markers developed per primer synthesised, markers were developed for 18 SNP sites from 30 that were targeted (a 60% success rate). The robustness of markers was assessed from the range of annealing temperatures over which the PCR assay was allele-specific. The results indicate that this form of AS-PCR is highly successful for the development of robust SNP markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bundock
- Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding CRC, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
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30
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Bundock PC, Henry RJ. Single nucleotide polymorphism, haplotype diversity and recombination in the Isa gene of barley. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 109:543-51. [PMID: 15146316 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Isa gene from barley--an intronless gene expressed in maternal tissues of the seed--has a likely role in defence against pathogens. The protein product--bi-functional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor--inhibits the seed's own amylase in addition to the bacterial protease subtilisin and fungal xylanase. Sixteen barley genotypes were targeted to amplify and sequence the Isa gene region to detect sequence polymorphisms, since little is known about genetic diversity at this locus. A total of 80 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 23 indels were detected in 2,164 bp of sequence containing the Isa transcript, promoter and 3' non-transcribed region (overall one SNP per 27 bp and one indel per 94 bp), with eight sequence-based haplotypes distinguishable amongst the 16 varieties. Sequencing a polymorphic region in the promoter in an additional 27 barley genotypes increased the number of sequence-based haplotypes discovered to 11. However there is low haplotype diversity amongst the cultivated barley varieties sampled, with most varieties represented by a single haplotype. There was minor amino acid diversity in the protein, with five out of ten SNP sites in the coding region predicted to produce amino acid substitutions. SNP analysis indicated a history of recombination events--a minimum of seven based on the initial eight haplotypes from the whole sequenced region. Most of the recombination events occurred in the highly polymorphic regions, the 3' non-transcribed region and sequences flanking a microsatellite in the Isa promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bundock
- Molecular Plant Breeding CRC, Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
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Bundock PC, Christopher JT, Eggler P, Ablett G, Henry RJ, Holton TA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes from barley. Theor Appl Genet 2003; 106:676-682. [PMID: 12595997 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-1116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Accepted: 07/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytochrome P450s are known to be essential in a number of economically important pathways of plant metabolism but there are also many P450s of unknown function accumulating in expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic databases. To detect trait associations that could assist in the assignment of gene function and provide markers for breeders selecting for commercially important traits, detection of polymorphisms in identified P450 genes is desirable. Polymorphisms in EST sequences provide so-called perfect markers for the associated genes. The International Triticeae EST Cooperative data base of 24,344 ESTs was searched for sequences exhibiting homology to P450 genes representing the nine known clans of plant P450s. Seventy five P450 ESTs were identified of which 24 had best matches in Genbank to P450 genes of known function and 51 to P450s of unknown function. Sequence information from PCR products amplified from the genomic template DNA of 11 barley varieties was obtained using primers designed from six barley P450 ESTs and one durum wheat P450 EST. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between barley varieties were identified using five of the seven PCR products. A maximum of five SNPs and three haplotypes among the 11 barley lines were detected in products from any one primer pair. SNPs in three PCR products led to changes between barley varieties in at least one restriction site enabling genotyping and mapping without the expense of a specialist SNP detection system. The overall frequency of SNPs across the 11 barley varieties was 1 every 131 bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bundock
- Cooperative Research Centre for Molecular Plant Breeding, Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Rossetto M, McNally J, Henry RJ. Evaluating the potential of SSR flanking regions for examining taxonomic relationships in the Vitaceae. Theor Appl Genet 2002; 104:61-66. [PMID: 12579429 DOI: 10.1007/s001220200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three EST-derived microsatellite loci from Vitis vinifera were amplified and sequenced across eight species of Vitaceae from four different genera. Phylogenetic analysis of the microsatellite's flanking regions produced informative results in congruence with previous studies. Generic relationships were respected and the data produced sufficient inter-specific variation to distinguish between Cayratia acris and Cayratia saponaria, two very closely related species. Overall, the sequence alignments showed that priming sites were conserved, whereas microsatellite repeats were present in most cases but structurally variable. The sequence data provided information on the evolutionary patterns of various microsatellite repeats and their correlation to evolutionary relationships among taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rossetto
- Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157 Lismore NSW, Australia 2480.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Poole General Hospital, UK
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Cordeiro GM, Taylor GO, Henry RJ. Characterisation of microsatellite markers from sugarcane (Saccharum sp.), a highly polyploid species. Plant Sci 2000; 155:161-168. [PMID: 10814819 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp) are derived from complex interspecific hybridisations between the species S. spontaneum (2n=40-128) and S. officinarum (2n=60 or 80). To analyse this complex genome, the potential of microsatellite repeats as genetic markers in sugarcane with respect to their abundance, variability and ability to detect polymorphisms was investigated. A set of microsatellite markers for genome analysis in cultivated sugarcane was identified from an enriched genomic DNA library constructed from Saccharum sp. cv Q124. Sequencing of 798 sugarcane genomic DNA clones from an enriched microsatellite library, yielded 457 inserts containing microsatellite repeat motifs. Just over 84% of the microsatellites contained dinucleotide or trinucleotide repeats averaging 15 and 13 repeat motifs, respectively. Primer sets were designed and synthesised for over 100 microsatellite sequences and tested on a set of five sugarcane cultivars. Both, heterozygosity as witnessed by the number of alleles, and length polymorphisms as seen in the differences in PCR product size for a particular allele were observed. Microsatellite markers are likely to have many applications in sugarcane genetics and breeding including germplasm analysis, cultivar identification, parent evaluation and marker assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- GM Cordeiro
- Centre for plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, Australia
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35
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Rossetto M, Slade RW, Baverstock PR, Henry RJ, Lee LS. Microsatellite variation and assessment of genetic structure in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia-Myrtaceae). Mol Ecol 1999; 8:633-43. [PMID: 10327658 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of five microsatellite loci in 500 Melaleuca alternifolia individuals produced 98 alleles that were useful for population genetic studies. Considerable levels of observed heterozygosity were recorded (HO = 0.724), with approximately 90% of the variability being detected within populations. A low level of selfing (14%) was suggested to be the principal cause of excess homozygosity in a number of populations (overall FIS = 0.073). This study showed low levels of inbreeding in certain populations as well as a significant isolation-by-distance model. Only two groups of populations (Queensland and New South Wales) constituted different genetic provenances as a result of geographical isolation. The M. alternifolia data suggest that microsatellite loci did not always arise by a stepwise mutation process but that larger jumps in allele size may be involved in their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rossetto
- Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia.
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Henry RJ, Ruano N, Casto D, Wolf RH. A pharmacokinetic study of midazolam in dogs: nasal drop vs. atomizer administration. Pediatr Dent 1998; 20:321-6. [PMID: 9803431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to compare the pharmacokinetics of midazolam following intravenous, intranasal drop, and nasal-atomizer administration in beagle dogs. METHODS Six animals weighing 9-13 kg were used in a repeated-measure design, group assignment based on route of drug administration. Midazolam (1.5 mg/kg) was administered with the delivery route based on group assignment. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 min after administration. Cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) were obtained at 5 and 10 min after administration. Plasma and CSF concentrations of midazolam were determined by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS Comparison between groups and over time demonstrated that both nasal routes resulted in significantly higher CSF concentrations relative to corresponding plasma levels, and that nasal-atomizer administration produced significantly higher CSF concentrations compared to the drop approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Henry RJ. Administrative skills for dealing with issues facing contemporary pediatric dentistry programs. Pediatr Dent 1997; 19:210-3. [PMID: 9141106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas-San Antonio, USA
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38
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Zhu JF, King DL, Henry RJ. Talon cusp with associated adjacent supernumerary tooth. Gen Dent 1997; 45:178-81. [PMID: 9515406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Talon cusp may occur with other dental anomalies. A case is reported in which talon cusp is associated with a supernumerary tooth, suggesting genetic inheritance as a causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Zhu
- Pediatric Dental Service, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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Henry RJ. Why do 20% of our children experience 80% of the decay? An update on the status of childhood caries. Tex Dent J 1997; 114:10-4. [PMID: 9601276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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Henry RJ, Pedersen KE, Jones DJ. The influence of meperidine and nitrous oxide on respiratory depression in rats. Anesth Prog 1997; 44:45-8. [PMID: 9481959 PMCID: PMC2148837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcotic sedation is commonly accomplished with nitrous oxide (N2O) coadministration. Concerns regarding respiratory morbidity and mortality with drug combinations have been reported in the literature, particularly in patients not receiving supplemental oxygen (O2). The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of meperidine alone and in combination with N2O on respiration in laboratory rats by evaluating cardiovascular and arterial blood gas data. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of six groups (nine per group). Groups were allocated based upon the dosage of meperidine administered (0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and exposure to N2O (50% with oxygen) or O2 (100%). Following meperidine administration, animals were placed into a sealed chamber through which flowed either N2O or O2. Arterial blood was obtained, at baseline and at 15-min intervals, from a femoral artery catheter and pH, O2, CO2 (mm Hg), and oxygen saturation (%) were determined. Plasma samples were analyzed using a System 1306 pH/blood gas analyzer. Group comparisons demonstrated that: (a) N2O coadministration, in animals pretreated with meperidine, did not result in increased arterial CO2 levels, and (b) as expected, arterial O2 levels in all groups increased significantly from preexposure baseline values (P < 0.05). This investigation demonstrated that the coadministration of N2O to meperidine-sedated animals did not enhance respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7888, USA.
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Damasco OP, Graham GC, Henry RJ, Adkins SW, Smiths MK, Godwin ID. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) detection of dwarf off-types in micropropagated Cavendish (Musa spp. AAA) bananas. Plant Cell Rep 1996; 16:118-123. [PMID: 24178669 DOI: 10.1007/bf01275464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1995] [Revised: 05/06/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A RAPD marker specific to the dwarf off-type (hereafter known as dwarf) from micropropagation of Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivars New Guinea Cavendish and Williams was identified following an analysis of 57 normal (true-to-type) and 59 dwarf plants generated from several different micropropagation events. Sixty-six random decamer primers were used in the initial screen, of which 19 (28.8%) revealed polymorphisms between normal and dwarf plants. Primer OPJ-04 (5'-CCGAACACGG-3') was found to amplify an approx. 1.5 kb band which was consistently present in all normal but absent in all dwarf plants of both cultivars. Reliable detection of dwarf plants was achieved using this marker, providing the only available means ofin vitro detection of dwarfs. The use of this marker could facilitate early detection and elimination of dwarfs from batches of micropropagated bananas, and may be a useful tool in determining what factors in the tissue culture process lead to this off type production.Other micropropagation-induced RAPD polymorphisms were observed but were not associated with the dwarf trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Damasco
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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42
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Zhu JF, Hidalgo HA, Holmgreen WC, Redding SW, Hu J, Henry RJ. Dental management of children with asthma. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:363-70. [PMID: 8897527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asthma affects about 1 in 10 children. The condition is characterized by acute respiratory distress brought on by environmental factors. The condition is treated with medications aimed to reduce reaction to stimulants by the airway. Dental management involves attention to the status of the patient and awareness of stimulants of the reactive airway. Clinical recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Zhu
- Pediatric Dental Service, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
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Henry RJ, VaiKuntam J, Jones DJ. The influence of midazolam and nitrous oxide on respiratory depression in laboratory rats. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:281-6. [PMID: 8857655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Midazolam in combination with nitrous oxide (N2O) is a commonly used sedative approach for pediatric dental patients. Respiratory morbidity and mortality have been reported with midazolam administration, particularly when used in combination with other drugs in the absence of supplemental oxygen. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of midazolam alone and in combination with N2O on respiration in laboratory rats by measuring arterial blood gas levels. Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-320 g, were assigned to one of eight groups (eight per group). Groups were allocated based upon the dosage of midazolam administered (0, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg i.p.) and exposure to N2O/02 (50%/50%) or room air. Arterial blood was obtained from a femoral artery catheter and pH, O2, CO2 (mm Hg), and oxygen saturation (%) were determined. Samples were analyzed using a System 1306 pH/Blood Gas Analyzer. Baseline arterial blood gasses were obtained for each animal and at 15-min intervals following midazolam administration throughout the 45-min experiment. Following midazolam administration, animals were placed into a sealed chamber through which flowed either N2O or room air. Group comparisons demonstrated that: 1) arterial CO2 levels increased in midazolam-exposed animals breathing room air, but not in those exposed to N2O (P < 0.05), and 2) as expected, N2O/O2-exposed animals showed an increase in arterial O2 and a %saturation that was not observed in room air groups (P < 0.01). This investigation demonstrated that coadministration of N2O/O to midazolam-exposed animals did not result in hypercarbia, an early indicator of respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7888, USA
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Abstract
The genetic diversity of Kensington mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. DNA was extracted from leaves of 27 'Kensington Pride', 2 'R2E2' and 1 seedling. RAPD analysis with 10 oligonucleotide primers allowed the scoring of 107 markers. The R2E2 trees (20% dissimilarity) and the seedling (10% dissimilarity) were distinct from the Kensington Pride. However, there was very little evidence of significant genetic variation within Kensington Pride selections. Fifteen of the selections were identical in all 107 markers. Only 2 selections, WEAN2 and ML2N1, differed by more than 5%. These plants provide the best options for use in genetic improvement of the Kensington Pride mango. Many of the differences found in Kensington mango orchards may be due to environmental factors not genetic variations.
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Zhu JF, Marcushamer M, King DL, Henry RJ. Supernumerary and congenitally absent teeth: a literature review. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996; 20:87-95. [PMID: 8619981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article examines supernumerary teeth as to prevalence, location, clinical and radiographic appearance, etiology, complications and management of supernumerary teeth; congenital absence of teeth as to prevalence and location, clinical features and complications, etiology, treatment considerations, and coexistance of supernumeraries and congenital absence of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7888, USA
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Poulsen DME, Ko HL, Meer JGD, Putte PMD, Henry RJ, Van DMJG, Van DPPM. Fast resolution of identification problems in seed production and plant breeding using molecular markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1071/ea9960571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with specific and arbitrary primers was used to identify germplasm from a barley breeding program. Through practical application of the technology, an F1 plant's identity was confirmed, the correct pedigrees 'of 2 incorrectly labelled F2 populations were determined, confusion in the identity of seed lots of an advanced breeding line was resolved and off-type barley plants were identified in a seed increase block. This illustrated the value of PCR-based genotype analysis in plant breeding programs.
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Henry RJ, Sweeney EA. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: case reports and literature review. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:11-6. [PMID: 8668563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Zhu JF, Crevoisier R, Henry RJ. Congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors in conjunction with a supernumerary tooth: case report. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:64-6. [PMID: 8668573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
Occupational exposure to low levels of nitrous oxide (N2O) have been associated with adverse health effects. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has established a threshold guideline of 25 ppm N2O. The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the effectiveness of a high-volume dental aspirator as a supplemental device to reduce ambient N2O levels in the operatory. The investigation evaluated four experimental groups that were assigned based on whether or not the aspirator was used and on the rate at which operatory ventilation was established (5 or 10 room air exchanges per hour). Ambient N2O levels were monitored at 30 cm from the nasal hood using an infrared spectrophotometer. The room air exchange rate was measured with a flow hood and then manipulated to the desired ventilation rate. N2O levels were detected with a spectrophotometer and data were recorded with a microprocessor that continuously collected data. The results demonstrated that both utilization of supplemental oral aspiration and increased operatory ventilation significantly reduced ambient N2O levels. It was concluded that a high-volume aspirator, when used in conjunction with the normal scavenging system, can significantly reduce ambient N2O levels to within the guidelines established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas, USA
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Poulsen DM, Henry RJ, Johnston RP, Irwin JA, Rees RG. The use of bulk segregant analysis to identify a RAPD marker linked to leaf rust resistance in barley. Theor Appl Genet 1995; 91:270-273. [PMID: 24169774 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1994] [Accepted: 02/03/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An F2 population from a cross between barley accession Q21861 and the Australian barley variety 'Galleon' was used to develop RAPD markers for resistance to barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei). Resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were constructed following the classification of F2 plants by leaf rust infection type. Bulked segregant analysis was then used to identify a 2.7-kb marker, designated OU022700 and located approximately 12cM from RphQ, a leaf rust resistance gene in Q21861. The marker was generated by PCR with the oligonucleotide primer OPU-02 (Operon). Infection types of F3 progeny were used to confirm assignment of F2 genotypes. OU022700 was shown, retrospectively, to be useful in the identification of individual F2 plants that had been originally misclassified as having susceptible infection types. Both the RAPD marker and RphQ will be potentially useful in the development of new barley cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Poulsen
- Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Hermitage Research Station, 4370, Warwick, Australia
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