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Alizadeh Sardroud H, Wanlin T, Chen X, Eames BF. Cartilage Tissue Engineering Approaches Need to Assess Fibrocartilage When Hydrogel Constructs Are Mechanically Loaded. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:787538. [PMID: 35096790 PMCID: PMC8790514 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.787538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes that are impregnated within hydrogel constructs sense applied mechanical force and can respond by expressing collagens, which are deposited into the extracellular matrix (ECM). The intention of most cartilage tissue engineering is to form hyaline cartilage, but if mechanical stimulation pushes the ratio of collagen type I (Col1) to collagen type II (Col2) in the ECM too high, then fibrocartilage can form instead. With a focus on Col1 and Col2 expression, the first part of this article reviews the latest studies on hyaline cartilage regeneration within hydrogel constructs that are subjected to compression forces (one of the major types of the forces within joints) in vitro. Since the mechanical loading conditions involving compression and other forces in joints are difficult to reproduce in vitro, implantation of hydrogel constructs in vivo is also reviewed, again with a focus on Col1 and Col2 production within the newly formed cartilage. Furthermore, mechanotransduction pathways that may be related to the expression of Col1 and Col2 within chondrocytes are reviewed and examined. Also, two recently-emerged, novel approaches of load-shielding and synchrotron radiation (SR)–based imaging techniques are discussed and highlighted for future applications to the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. Going forward, all cartilage tissue engineering experiments should assess thoroughly whether fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud,
| | - Tasker Wanlin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors. Bone Res 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34707086 PMCID: PMC8551153 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to identify bone defects of critical size in C57BL/6 mouse mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male mice were included in this study. All mice underwent surgeries on their left mandibles. Mandibular defects of 1.0 mm (n = 8), 1.6 mm (n = 8), and 2.3 mm (n = 8) were created. For the investigation of bone healing after an 8-week period, micro-computed tomography scans and histomorphology were performed. RESULTS Mandibular bone nonunions were seen 0/8 in the 1.0-mm group, 6/8 in the 1.6-mm group, and 8/8 in the 2.3-mm group. The outcome of micro-computed tomography showed that, after 8 weeks, the bone mineral density and the bone volume to total volume ratio were significantly different among the 3 groups. The defect gaps in the nonunion 1.6- and 2.3-mm groups were filled with connective tissue, and no obvious bone formation was found. Additionally, in quantitative analysis, according to the new bone fill calculations, the percentages were 91.85% ± 8.03% in the 1.0-mm group, 59.84% ± 20.60% in the 1.6-mm group, and 15.36% ± 8.28% in the 2.3-mm group, which indicated statistically significantly lower defect healing in the 2.3-mm group. CONCLUSIONS The creation of 2.3-mm mandibular defects produces osseous nonunion in C57BL/6 mice.
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Fenelon M, Etchebarne M, Siadous R, Grémare A, Durand M, Sentilhes L, Catros S, Gindraux F, L'Heureux N, Fricain JC. Comparison of amniotic membrane versus the induced membrane for bone regeneration in long bone segmental defects using calcium phosphate cement loaded with BMP-2. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112032. [PMID: 33947534 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to its biological properties, the human amniotic membrane (HAM) combined with a bone substitute could be a single-step surgical alternative to the two-step Masquelet induced membrane (IM) technique for regeneration of critical bone defects. However, no study has directly compared these two membranes. We first designed a 3D-printed scaffold using calcium phosphate cement (CPC). We assessed its suitability in vitro to support human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) attachment and osteodifferentiation. We then performed a rat femoral critical size defect to compare the two-step IM technique with a single-step approach using the HAM. Five conditions were compared. Group 1 was left empty. Group 2 received the CPC scaffold loaded with rh-BMP2 (CPC/BMP2). Group 3 and 4 received the CPC/BMP2 scaffold covered with lyophilized or decellularized/lyophilized HAM. Group 5 underwent a two- step induced membrane procedure with insertion of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer followed by, after 4 weeks, its replacement with the CPC/BMP2 scaffold wrapped in the IM. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis were performed after six weeks. Results showed that the CPC scaffold supported the proliferation and osteodifferentiation of hBMSCs in vitro. In vivo, the CPC/BMP2 scaffold very efficiently induced bone formation and led to satisfactory healing of the femoral defect, in a single-step, without autograft or the need for any membrane covering. In this study, there was no difference between the two-step induced membrane procedure and a single step approach. However, the results indicated that none of the tested membranes further enhanced bone healing compared to the CPC/BMP2 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fenelon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Service de chirurgie orale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Marion Etchebarne
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Department of maxillofacial surgery, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin Siadous
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Agathe Grémare
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Odontology and Oral Health Department, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Durand
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, CIC 1401, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, CIC 1401, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Loic Sentilhes
- CHU Bordeaux, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvain Catros
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Service de chirurgie orale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florelle Gindraux
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Traumatologique et Plastique, CHU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Imagerie, Thérapeutique EA 4662, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Fricain
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Service de chirurgie orale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Claus J, Eickner T, Grabow N, Kragl U, Oschatz S. Ion Exchange Controlled Drug Release from Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000152. [PMID: 32686889 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work ion functionalized hydrogels as potent drug delivery systems are presented. The ion functionalization of the hydrogel enables the retention of ionic drug molecules and thus a reduction of burst release effects. Timolol maleate in combination with polymerized anionic 3-sulfopropylmethacrylate potassium and ibuprofen combined with cationic poly-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride are investigated in respect to their drug release profile. The results are showing an ion exchange depending release behavior instead of a diffusion-controlled drug release as it is known from common drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the suitability of such hydrogels for standard methods for sterilization is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Claus
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial and Applied Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3A, Rostock, 18059, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Thomas Eickner
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, Rostock, 18119, Germany
| | - Niels Grabow
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, Rostock, 18119, Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial and Applied Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3A, Rostock, 18059, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Stefan Oschatz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, Rostock, 18119, Germany
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Nettleton K, Luong D, Kleinfehn AP, Savariau L, Premanandan C, Becker ML. Molecular Mass-Dependent Resorption and Bone Regeneration of 3D Printed PPF Scaffolds in a Critical-Sized Rat Cranial Defect Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900646. [PMID: 31328402 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of additive manufacturing has afforded the ability to fabricate intricate, high resolution, and patient-specific polymeric implants. However, the availability of biocompatible resins with tunable resorption profiles remains a significant hurdle to clinical translation. In this study, 3D scaffolds are fabricated via stereolithographic cDLP printing of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and assessed for bone regeneration in a rat critical-sized cranial defect model. Scaffolds are printed with two different molecular mass resin formulations (1000 and 1900 Da) with narrow molecular mass distributions and implanted to determine if these polymer characteristics influence scaffold resorption and bone regeneration in vivo. X-ray microcomputed tomography (µ-CT) data reveal that at 4 weeks the lower molecular mass polymer degrades faster than the higher molecular mass PPF and thus more new bone is able to infiltrate the defect. However, at 12 weeks, the regenerated bone volume of the 1900 Da formulation is nearly equivalent to the lower molecular mass 1000 Da formulation. Significantly, lamellar bone bridges the defect at 12 weeks with both PPF formulations and there is no indication of an acute inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Nettleton
- Department of Polymer ScienceThe University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Derek Luong
- Department of Polymer ScienceThe University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Alex P. Kleinfehn
- Department of Polymer ScienceThe University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Laura Savariau
- Department of Polymer ScienceThe University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Christopher Premanandan
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer ScienceThe University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
- Departments of ChemistryMechanical Engineering and Material ScienceOrthopaedic SurgeryDuke University Durham NC 27708 USA
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Shanbhag S, Suliman S, Pandis N, Stavropoulos A, Sanz M, Mustafa K. Cell therapy for orofacial bone regeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46 Suppl 21:162-182. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Nikolaos Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Andreas Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Section of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Osorio DA, Lee BEJ, Kwiecien JM, Wang X, Shahid I, Hurley AL, Cranston ED, Grandfield K. Cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal aerogels as viable bone tissue scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:152-165. [PMID: 30710708 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels possess many properties beneficial for bone tissue scaffolding applications. CNCs were extracted using sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, to produce CNCs with sulfate and phosphate half-ester surface groups, respectively. Hydrazone cross-linked aerogels fabricated from the two types of CNCs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption isotherms, and compression testing. CNC aerogels were evaluatedin vitrowith osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells and showed an increase in cell metabolism up to 7 days while alkaline phosphatase assays revealed that cells maintained their phenotype. All aerogels demonstrated hydroxyapatite growth over 14 days while submerged in simulated body fluid solution with a 0.1 M CaCl2 pre-treatment. Sulfated CNC aerogels slightly outperformed phosphated CNC aerogels in terms of compressive strength and long-term stability in liquid environments, and were implanted into the calvarian bone of adult male Long Evans rats. Compared to controls at 3 and 12 week time points, sulfated CNC aerogels showed increased bone volume fraction of 33% and 50%, respectively, compared to controls, and evidence of osteoconductivity. These results demonstrate that cross-linked CNC aerogels are flexible, porous and effectively facilitate bone growth after they are implanted in bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Due to the potential complications associated with autografts, there is a need for synthetic bone tissue scaffolds. Here, we report a new naturally-based aerogel material for bone regeneration made solely from chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). These highly porous CNC aerogels were shown to promote the proliferation of bone-like cells and support the growth of hydroxyapatite on their surface in vitro. The first in vivo study on these materials was conducted in rats and showed their osteconductive properties and an increase in bone volume up to 50% compared to sham sites. This study demonstrates the potential of using functionalized cellulose nanocrystals as the basis for aerogel scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Osorio
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Bryan E J Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, Lublin, Poland
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Iflah Shahid
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ariana L Hurley
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.
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Yang L, Huang J, Yang S, Cui W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Guo X. Bone Regeneration Induced by Local Delivery of a Modified PTH-Derived Peptide from Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan Coated True Bone Ceramics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3246-3258. [PMID: 33435063 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghuan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Li J, Yang L, Guo X, Cui W, Yang S, Wang J, Qu Y, Shao Z, Xu S. Osteogenesis effects of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings on true bone ceramic surfaces in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Mater 2017; 13:015018. [PMID: 28862155 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa89af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To develop bioactive bone graft materials that can induce rapid bone regeneration, a novel biomaterial was synthesized by coating true bone ceramic (TBC) substrates with strontium-substituted nano-hydroxyapatites (SrHA) (Sr concentrations of 0%, 10%, 40%, 100%) through a sol-gel dip-coating approach. All coated TBC scaffolds retained the inherent natural trabecular structure, porosity, compressive strength and simultaneously possessed a micro/nanotopography SrHA layer on the substrate surface. The dimension of the deposited crystal increased and the density of the deposited apatite particles became sparse with increasing Sr content, but a unique HA crystalline phase was observed under all conditions. The modified TBC scaffolds significantly enhanced the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in vitro. Particularly, the Sr10-TBC group (10 mol% Sr2+ in apatite coating) revealed the highest osteogenic efficacy over the other groups. Three-dimensional CT imaging and histological evaluations on a bilateral critical-sized rabbit radial defect model for 12 weeks showed significant bone formation in the Sr10-TBC implants. The new bone area ratios of the Sr10-TBC group were significantly higher than that of the TBC group. Additionally, Sr10-TBC implants showed faster degradability compared with raw TBC implants during the 12 weeks of implantation. The results indicate that TBC modification with 10% SrHA coating stimulated osteogenesis and could be a promising biomaterial for future bone defect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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Sa Y, Yu N, Wolke JGC, Chanchareonsook N, Goh BT, Wang Y, Yang F, Jansen JA. Bone Response to Porous Poly(methyl methacrylate) Cement Loaded with Hydroxyapatite Particles in a Rabbit Mandibular Model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:262-273. [PMID: 28372521 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate bone formation and tissue response to porous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement with or without hydroxyapatite (HA) in a rabbit mandibular model. Therefore, 14 New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into two groups of seven according to the designed study end points of 4 and 12 weeks. For each rabbit, two decorticated defects (6 mm in height and 10 mm in width for each) were prepared at both sides of the mandible. Subsequently, the defects were filled with, respectively, porous PMMA and porous PMMA-HA cement. After reaching the designated implantation period, the rabbits were euthanized and the mandibles were retrieved for histological analysis. Results showed that both porous PMMA and porous PMMA-HA supported bone repair. Neither of the bone cements caused significant inflammation to nerve or other surrounding tissues. After implantation of 12 weeks, majority of the porosity was filled with newly formed bone for both cements, which supports the concept that a porous structure within PMMA can enhance bone ingrowth. Histomorphometrical evaluation, using histological grading scales, demonstrated that, at both implantation times, the presence of HA in the PMMA enhanced bone formation. Bone was always in direct contact with the HA particles, while intervening fibrous tissue was present at the PMMA-bone interface. On the basis of results, it was concluded that injectable porous PMMA-HA cement might be a good candidate for craniofacial bone repair, which should be further evaluated in a more clinically relevant large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sa
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China .,2 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Na Yu
- 3 National Dental Centre Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joop G C Wolke
- 2 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nattharee Chanchareonsook
- 3 National Dental Centre Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Tin Goh
- 3 National Dental Centre Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yining Wang
- 1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Yang
- 2 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- 2 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Wang H, Li Q, Wang Q, Zhang H, Shi W, Gan H, Song H, Wang Z. Enhanced repair of segmental bone defects in rabbit radius by porous tantalum scaffolds modified with the RGD peptide. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:50. [PMID: 28197822 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast and stable repair of segmental bone defects remains a challenge for clinical orthopedic surgery. In recent years, porous tantalum has been widely applied in clinical orthopedics for low modulus of elasticity, with three-dimensional microstructures similar to cancellous bone and excellent biocompatibility. To further improve bone the repairing ability of porous tantalum, the cyclo(-RGDfK-) peptide was coated on the surface of porous tantalum scaffolds. A model of 15 mm segmental defect was made at the midshaft of right radius in New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental group, defects were implanted (press-fit) using porous tantalum scaffolds modified with cyclo(-RGDfK-) peptide. Control animals were implanted with non-modified porous tantalum scaffolds or xenogeneic cancellous bone scaffolds, respectively. No implant was provided for the blank group. Bone repair was assessed by X-ray and histological observations at 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-operation, with biomechanical tests and micro-computed tomography performed at 16 weeks post-surgery. The results showed that bone formation was increased at the interface and inside the inner pores of modified porous tantalum scaffolds than those of non-modified porous tantalum scaffolds; biomechanical properties in the modified porous tantalum group were superior to those of the non-modified porous tantalum and xenogeneic cancellous bone groups, while new bone volume fractions using micro-computed tomography analysis were similar between the modified porous tantalum and xenogeneic cancellous bone groups. Our findings suggested that modified porous tantalum scaffolds had enhanced repairing ability in segmental bone defect in rabbit radius, and may serve as a potential material for repairing large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Hand Surgery Department, Tangshan orthopaedic hospital affiliated, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Qijia Li
- Experimental Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tangshan orthopaedic hospital affiliated, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Gan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China.
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13
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Geng H, Todd NM, Devlin-Mullin A, Poologasundarampillai G, Kim TB, Madi K, Cartmell S, Mitchell CA, Jones JR, Lee PD. A correlative imaging based methodology for accurate quantitative assessment of bone formation in additive manufactured implants. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:112. [PMID: 27153828 PMCID: PMC4859838 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A correlative imaging methodology was developed to accurately quantify bone formation in the complex lattice structure of additive manufactured implants. Micro computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometry were combined, integrating the best features from both, while demonstrating the limitations of each imaging modality. This semi-automatic methodology registered each modality using a coarse graining technique to speed the registration of 2D histology sections to high resolution 3D μCT datasets. Once registered, histomorphometric qualitative and quantitative bone descriptors were directly correlated to 3D quantitative bone descriptors, such as bone ingrowth and bone contact. The correlative imaging allowed the significant volumetric shrinkage of histology sections to be quantified for the first time (~15 %). This technique demonstrated the importance of location of the histological section, demonstrating that up to a 30 % offset can be introduced. The results were used to quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of 3D printed titanium lattice implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Geng
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Naomi M Todd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences (CMB), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Aine Devlin-Mullin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences (CMB), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Taek Bo Kim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kamel Madi
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christopher A Mitchell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences (CMB), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter D Lee
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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14
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Zhao MD, Huang JS, Zhang XC, Gui KK, Xiong M, Yin WP, Yuan FL, Cai GP. Construction of Radial Defect Models in Rabbits to Determine the Critical Size Defects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146301. [PMID: 26731011 PMCID: PMC4701453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies aimed at investigating bone repair have been conducted through animal models in recent years. However, limitations do exist in these models due to varying regeneration potential among different animal species. Even using the same animal, big differences exist in the size of critical size defects (CSD) involving the same region. This study aimed to investigate the standardization of radial bone defect models in rabbits and further establish more reliable CSD data. A total of 40 6-month-old New Zealand white rabbits of clean grade totaling 80 radial bones were prepared for bone defect models, according to the principle of randomization. Five different sizes (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 cm) of complete periosteal defects were introduced under anesthesia. At 12 weeks postoperatively, with the gradual increase in defect size, the grades of bone growth were significantly decreased in all 5 groups. X-ray, CT scans and H&E staining of the 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0-cm groups showed lower grades of bone growth than that of the 1.0 and 1.2-cm groups respectively (P < 0.05). Using rabbit radial defect model involving 6-month-old healthy New Zealand white rabbits, this study indicates that in order to be critical sized, defects must be greater than 1.4 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jian-Shu Huang
- Department of Occupational medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xin-Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ke-Ke Gui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Wang-Ping Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, the third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214041, China
- * E-mail: (GPC); (FLY)
| | - Guo-Ping Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
- * E-mail: (GPC); (FLY)
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15
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Dini F, Barsotti G, Puppi D, Coli A, Briganti A, Giannessi E, Miragliotta V, Mota C, Pirosa A, Stornelli MR, Gabellieri P, Carlucci F, Chiellini F. Tailored star poly (ε-caprolactone) wet-spun scaffolds for in vivo regeneration of long bone critical size defects. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911515597928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging requirements of a successful bone tissue engineering approach is the development of scaffolds specifically tailored to individual tissue defects. Besides materials chemistry, well-defined scaffold’s structural features at the micro- and macro-levels are needed for optimal bone in-growth. In this study, polymeric fibrous scaffolds with a controlled internal network of pores and modelled on the anatomical shape and dimensions of a critical size bone defect in a rabbit’s radius model were developed by employing a computer-aided wet-spinning technique. The tailored scaffolds made of star poly(ε-caprolactone) or star poly(ε-caprolactone)–hydroxyapatite composite material were implanted into 20-mm segmental defects created in radial diaphysis of New Zealand white rabbits. Bone regeneration and tissue response were assessed by X-rays and histological analysis at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. No signs of macroscopic and microscopic inflammatory reactions were detected, and the developed scaffolds showed a good ability to support and promote the bone regeneration process. However, no significant differences in osteoconductivity were observed between star poly(ε-caprolactone) and star poly(ε-caprolactone)–hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Long-term study on implanted star poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds confirmed the presence of signs of bone regeneration and remodelling, particularly evident at 24 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Dario Puppi
- BIOLab Research Group, UdR-INSTM Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlos Mota
- BIOLab Research Group, UdR-INSTM Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pirosa
- BIOLab Research Group, UdR-INSTM Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gabellieri
- Operative Unit of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Hospital of Cecina, Cecina, Italy
| | - Fabio Carlucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- BIOLab Research Group, UdR-INSTM Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Sonnaert M, Kerckhofs G, Papantoniou I, Van Vlierberghe S, Boterberg V, Dubruel P, Luyten FP, Schrooten J, Geris L. Multifactorial Optimization of Contrast-Enhanced Nanofocus Computed Tomography for Quantitative Analysis of Neo-Tissue Formation in Tissue Engineering Constructs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130227. [PMID: 26076131 PMCID: PMC4467978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To progress the fields of tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine, development of quantitative methods for non-invasive three dimensional characterization of engineered constructs (i.e. cells/tissue combined with scaffolds) becomes essential. In this study, we have defined the most optimal staining conditions for contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography for three dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of in vitro engineered neo-tissue (i.e. extracellular matrix containing cells) in perfusion bioreactor-developed Ti6Al4V constructs. A fractional factorial ‘design of experiments’ approach was used to elucidate the influence of the staining time and concentration of two contrast agents (Hexabrix and phosphotungstic acid) and the neo-tissue volume on the image contrast and dataset quality. Additionally, the neo-tissue shrinkage that was induced by phosphotungstic acid staining was quantified to determine the operating window within which this contrast agent can be accurately applied. For Hexabrix the staining concentration was the main parameter influencing image contrast and dataset quality. Using phosphotungstic acid the staining concentration had a significant influence on the image contrast while both staining concentration and neo-tissue volume had an influence on the dataset quality. The use of high concentrations of phosphotungstic acid did however introduce significant shrinkage of the neo-tissue indicating that, despite sub-optimal image contrast, low concentrations of this staining agent should be used to enable quantitative analysis. To conclude, design of experiments allowed us to define the most optimal staining conditions for contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography to be used as a routine screening tool of neo-tissue formation in Ti6Al4V constructs, transforming it into a robust three dimensional quality control methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sonnaert
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Veerle Boterberg
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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17
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A novel animal model treated with tooth extraction to repair the full-thickness defects in the mandible of rabbits. J Surg Res 2015; 194:706-716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Sun Y, Geutjes P, Oosterwijk E, Heerschap A. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of type I collagen scaffold in rat: improving visualization of bladder and subcutaneous implants. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:964-71. [PMID: 24625324 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive monitoring of implanted scaffolds is important to understand their behavior and role in tissue engineering, in particular to follow their degradation and interaction with host tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well suited for this goal, but its application is often hampered by the low contrast of scaffolds that are prepared from biomaterials such as type I collagen. The aim of this study was to test iron oxide particles incorporation in improving their MRI contrasts, and to follow their degradation and tissue interactions. Scaffolds with and without iron oxide particles were implanted either subcutaneously or on the bladder of rats. At predetermined time points, in vivo MRI were obtained and tissues were then harvested for histology analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The result showed that the incorporation of iron oxide particles improved MRI contrast of the implants, providing information on their location, shapes, and degradation. Second, the host tissue reaction to the type I collagen implants could be observed in both MRI and histology. Finally, MRI also revealed that the degradation and host tissue reaction of iron particles-loaded scaffolds differed between subcutaneous and bladder implantation, which was substantiated by histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- 1 Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Chen Y, Yan Y, Li X, Li H, Tan H, Li H, Zhu Y, Niemeyer P, Yaega M, Yu B. Application of ultrasound on monitoring the evolution of the collagen fiber reinforced nHAC/CS composites in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:418302. [PMID: 24822206 PMCID: PMC4009107 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, fiber reinforce scaffolds have been largely applied to repair hard and soft tissues. Meanwhile, monitoring the scaffolds for long periods in vivo is recognized as a crucial issue before its wide use. As a consequence, there is a growing need for noninvasive and convenient methods to analyze the implantation remolding process in situ and in real time. In this paper, diagnostic medical ultrasound was used to monitor the in vivo bone formation and degradation process of the novel mineralized collagen fiber reinforced composite which is synthesized by chitosan (CS), nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), and collagen fiber (Col). To observe the impact of cells on bone remodeling process, the scaffolds were planted into the back of the SD rats with and without rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). Systematic data of scaffolds in vivo was extracted from ultrasound images. Significant consistency between the data from the ultrasound and DXA could be observed (P < 0.05). This indicated that ultrasound may serve as a feasible alternative for noninvasive monitoring the evolution of scaffolds in situ during cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuting Yan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - He Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Huiting Tan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Huajun Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yanwen Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matin Yaega
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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20
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Guda T, Darr A, Silliman DT, Magno MHR, Wenke JC, Kohn J, Brown Baer PR. Methods to analyze bone regenerative response to different rhBMP-2 doses in rabbit craniofacial defects. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:749-60. [PMID: 24422668 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple assessment methods are available to evaluate the performance of engineered scaffolds in accepted bone healing animal models. Evaluation and comparison of these methods can aid in the planning of future animal studies, as well as, inform clinical assessments as the engineered scaffolds translate into clinical studies and applications. To evaluate multiple bone assessment techniques, bone regrowth potential of tyrosine-derived polycarbonate (TyrPC) scaffolds loaded with various dosages of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (0, 10, 25, and 50 μg) was assessed after 16 weeks in vivo in a rabbit calvarial model. Traditional X-ray radiography and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses were used to quantify the volume and density of regenerated bone. Histomorphometric analysis was performed as the traditional gold standard of evaluation. While these techniques are fairly standard in bone tissue engineering, we also investigated 64-slice CT, a tool more commonly used clinically, for comparison and to guide translational efforts. The 64-slice CT scans were carried out at 4 and 16 weeks to monitor temporal bone healing patterns. Study results indicated a clear dose-dependent response of increasing regenerated bone volume with rhBMP-2 loaded on the TyrPC scaffolds after 16 weeks of implantation. Significantly more bone formation was observed at the highest dose of rhBMP-2 (50 μg), which is 25-50% of the previously recommended dose (100-200 μg) for this defect. A significant difference was observed between the lowest and highest doses using radiographs (p<0.001), micro-CT (p=0.002), and CT (p<0.001) and a high correlation was found between techniques (R(2) values between 0.446 and 0.911). It was found that the number of animals required per group to detect significant dose effects ranged between 6 and 8 for the imaging methods while histomorphometric analysis would require 25 animals per group to detect similar differences (desired power=0.9, α=0.05). Radiographic analysis provided quantifiable % defect coverage and radio-opacity, micro-CT provided spatial volumetric and bone density measures, histomorphometry provided biological confirmation, and 64-slice CT allowed for establishing of clinically relevant translational guidelines. These methodologies allow for a standardized and comprehensive description of bone regeneration and provide guidelines for the planning of future preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Guda
- 1 Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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21
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Chang PC, Seol YJ, Goldstein SA, Giannobile WV. Determination of the dynamics of healing at the tissue-implant interface by means of microcomputed tomography and functional apparent moduli. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014; 28:68-76. [PMID: 23377049 DOI: 10.11607/jomi.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is currently a challenge to determine the biomechanical properties of the hard tissue-dental implant interface. Recent advances in intraoral imaging and tomographic methods, such as microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), provide three-dimensional details, offering significant potential to evaluate the bone-implant interface, but yield limited information regarding osseointegration because of physical scattering effects emanating from metallic implant surfaces. In the present study, it was hypothesized that functional apparent moduli (FAM), generated from functional incorporation of the peri-implant structure, would eliminate the radiographic artifact-affected layer and serve as a feasible means to evaluate the biomechanical dynamics of tissue-implant integration in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cylindric titanium mini-implants were placed in osteotomies and osteotomies with defects in rodent maxillae. The layers affected by radiographic artifacts were identified, and the pattern of tissue-implant integration was evaluated from histology and micro-CT images over a 21-day observation period. Analyses of structural information, FAM, and the relationship between FAM and interfacial stiffness (IS) were done before and after eliminating artifacts. RESULTS Physical artifacts were present within a zone of about 100 to 150 Μm around the implant in both experimental defect situations (osteotomy alone and osteotomy + defect). All correlations were evaluated before and after eliminating the artifact-affected layers, most notably during the maturation period of osseointegration. A strong correlation existed between functional bone apparent modulus and IS within 300 Μm at the osteotomy defects (r > 0.9) and functional composite tissue apparent modulus in the osteotomy defects (r > 0.75). CONCLUSION Micro-CT imaging and FAM were of value in measuring the temporal process of tissue-implant integration in vivo. This approach will be useful to complement imaging technologies for longitudinal monitoring of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Papantoniou I, Sonnaert M, Geris L, Luyten FP, Schrooten J, Kerckhofs G. Three-dimensional characterization of tissue-engineered constructs by contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:177-87. [PMID: 23800097 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully implement tissue-engineered (TE) constructs as part of a clinical therapy, it is necessary to develop quality control tools that will ensure accurate and consistent TE construct release specifications. Hence, advanced methods to monitor TE construct properties need to be further developed. In this study, we showed proof of concept for contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography (CE-nano-CT) as a whole-construct imaging technique with a noninvasive potential that enables three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification of in vitro engineered extracellular matrix (ECM) in TE constructs. In particular, we performed a 3D qualitative and quantitative structural and spatial assessment of the in vitro engineered ECM, formed during static and perfusion bioreactor cell culture in 3D TE scaffolds, using two contrast agents, namely, Hexabrix® and phosphotungstic acid (PTA). To evaluate the potential of CE-nano-CT, a comparison was made to standardly used techniques such as Live/Dead viability/cytotoxicity, Picrosirius Red staining, and to net dry weight measurements of the TE constructs. When using Hexabrix as the contrast agent, the ECM volume fitted linearly with the net dry ECM weight independent from the flow rate used, thus suggesting that it stains most of the ECM. When using PTA as the contrast agent, comparing to net weight measurements showed that PTA only stains a part of the ECM. This was attributed to the binding specificity of this contrast agent. In addition, the PTA-stained CE-nano-CT data showed pronounced distinction between flow conditions when compared to Hexabrix, indicating culture-specific structural ECM differences. This novel type of information can contribute to optimize bioreactor culture conditions and potentially critical quality characteristics of TE constructs such as ECM quantity and homogeneity, facilitating the gradual transformation of TE constructs in well-characterized TE products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papantoniou
- 1 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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24
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Soardi CM, Clozza E, Turco G, Biasotto M, Engebretson SP, Wang HL, Zaffe D. Microradiography and microcomputed tomography comparative analysis in human bone cores harvested after maxillary sinus augmentation: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 25:1161-8. [PMID: 23796003 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare microradiography (MR) and microcomputed tomography (μCT) analysis of bone samples following maxillary sinus augmentation at different time periods and determine the relationships between measured area and volume fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lateral window sinus grafts were performed on 10 patients using a mineralized human bone allograft (MHBA). At implant placement, 5-13 months after surgery, 10 bone core biopsies were harvested. Prior to histologic sectioning, bone samples were evaluated with μCT. The morphometric parameters computed by MR and μCT were compared using Pearson's correlation and Bland and Altman analysis and included hard tissue fraction (HV/TV:%), soft tissue fraction (SV/TV:%), vital bone fraction (BV/TV:%) and residual graft fraction (GV/TV:%). RESULTS Strong positive correlation between MR and μCT was found for HV/TV and SV/TV and BV/TV [r = 0.84, 0.84 and 0.69, respectively] but weak for GV/TV [r = 0.10]. CONCLUSION μCT technology shows promising potential as an indicator of bone morphology changes; however, caution should be used in interpreting morphometric parameters, as the different methods reveal important biases.
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Aoki K, Alles N, Soysa N, Ohya K. Peptide-based delivery to bone. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1220-38. [PMID: 22709649 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are attractive as novel therapeutic reagents, since they are flexible in adopting and mimicking the local structural features of proteins. Versatile capabilities to perform organic synthetic manipulations are another unique feature of peptides compared to protein-based medicines, such as antibodies. On the other hand, a disadvantage of using a peptide for a therapeutic purpose is its low stability and/or high level of aggregation. During the past two decades, numerous peptides were developed for the treatment of bone diseases, and some peptides have already been used for local applications to repair bone defects in the clinic. However, very few peptides have the ability to form bone themselves. We herein summarize the effects of the therapeutic peptides on bone loss and/or local bone defects, including the results from basic studies. We also herein describe some possible methods for overcoming the obstacles associated with using therapeutic peptide candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Aoki
- Dept. of Hard Tissue Engineering (Pharmacology), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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van Brakel R, Meijer GJ, Verhoeven JW, Jansen J, de Putter C, Cune MS. Soft tissue response to zirconia and titanium implant abutments: an in vivo within-subject comparison. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:995-1001. [PMID: 22862854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the health of the soft tissues towards zirconia and titanium abutments in man, as observed using histological data. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty patients received two mandibular implants with either a zirconia or titanium abutment (split mouth study design, left-right randomization). After 3 months soft tissue biopsies were prepared for histological evaluation. They were subjected to blind evaluation. The number of blood vessels per surface unit and an inflammation grading scale score ranging from 1 to 4 were determined. RESULTS Paired samples from 17 patients were suitable for analysis, 3 with unsevered implant-abutment connections and 14 solely containing soft tissue. All showed a well-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which was continuous with the barrier (junctional) epithelium that faced the abutment surface. The normal epithelial build-up could be recognized with little signs of inflammation. No statistically significant difference in tissues adjacent to zirconia and titanium abutment surfaces were seen with respect to vascular density (20.5 SD 4.4 and 20.7 SD 3.2) or inflammation grading scale scores (3.2 SD 0.7 versus 3.1 SD 0.7). CONCLUSION No differences in soft tissue health were seen in peri-implant mucosa adjacent to zirconia and titanium abutment surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph van Brakel
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lye KW, Tideman H, Wolke JCG, Merkx MAW, Chin FKC, Jansen JA. Biocompatibility and bone formation with porous modified PMMA in normal and irradiated mandibular tissue. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 24 Suppl A100:100-9. [PMID: 22150934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A cemented mandibular endoprosthesis is a potentially viable option for mandibular reconstruction after ablative surgery. The commonly used PMMA cement has the inherent weakness of a lack of bioactivity. Improvement by the addition of porosities and bioactive compounds like calcium phosphates may resolve this issue. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the bone and tissue response to two modified PMMA cements with post-operative radiation as an additional influencing factor. MATERIALS & METHODS An in vivo animal study was performed using a mandibular rabbit model. A porous PMMA cement (A) and a porous cement incorporated with Beta-tricalcium phosphate particles (b-TCP) (B) were placed in bilateral mandibular defects with exposed roots and mandibular nerve of 20 animals. Half of the animals underwent additional post-operative radiation. RESULTS The animals were healthy with only a minor complication in one rabbit. Temperature analysis showed no significant risk of thermal necrosis with the maximal in vivo cement temperature at 37.8°C. Histology demonstrated: (1) good bone ingrowth around the defect as well as within the pores of the cement and defect bridging was achieved in 70% of the specimens after 12-15 weeks of implantation, (2) no pulpal injury with minor secondary cementum response, (3) an intact mandibular nerve with no inflammation, (4) extensive degradation and resorption of the b-TCP particles by 12-15 weeks, and (5) presence of an intervening thin fibrous tissue at the bone-to-cement interface. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed that there was no difference between the different cements and the presence or absence of post-operative radiation. The 12-15 weeks specimens showed significantly more bone ingrowth and bone maturity than the 4-7 weeks specimens. CONCLUSION Both modified PMMA cements have good biocompatibility, bioactivity and support bone ingrowth and additional post-operative radiation did not show any negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Weng Lye
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, National Dental Centre of Singapore, Singapore.
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Henslee A, Spicer P, Yoon D, Nair M, Meretoja V, Witherel K, Jansen J, Mikos A, Kasper F. Biodegradable composite scaffolds incorporating an intramedullary rod and delivering bone morphogenetic protein-2 for stabilization and bone regeneration in segmental long bone defects. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3627-37. [PMID: 21757034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a two-part bone tissue engineering scaffold was investigated. The scaffold consists of a solid poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) intramedullary rod for mechanical support surrounded by a porous PPF sleeve for osseointegration and delivery of poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres with adsorbed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Scaffolds were implanted into critical size rat segmental femoral defects with internal fixation for 12 weeks. Bone formation was assessed throughout the study via radiography, and following euthanasia, via microcomputed tomography and histology. Mechanical stabilization was evaluated further via torsional testing. Experimental implant groups included the PPF rod alone and the rod with a porous PPF sleeve containing PLGA microspheres with 0, 2 or 8 μg of rhBMP-2 adsorbed onto their surface. Results showed that presence of the scaffold increased mechanical stabilization of the defect, as evidenced by the increased torsional stiffness of the femurs by the presence of a rod compared to the empty defect. Although the presence of a rod decreased bone formation, the presence of a sleeve combined with a low or high dose of rhBMP-2 increased the torsional stiffness to 2.06 ± 0.63 and 1.68 ± 0.56 N·mm, respectively, from 0.56 ± 0.24 N·mm for the rod alone. The results indicate that, while scaffolds may provide structural support to regenerating tissues and increase their mechanical properties, the presence of scaffolds within defects may hinder overall bone formation if they interfere with cellular processes.
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Mooren R, Dankers A, Merkx M, Bronkhorst E, Jansen J, Stoelinga P. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on early and late bone healing using a mixture of particulate autogenous cancellous bone and Bio-Oss®: an experimental study in goats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39:371-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mistry AS, Pham QP, Schouten C, Yeh T, Christenson EM, Mikos AG, Jansen JA. In vivo bone biocompatibility and degradation of porous fumarate-based polymer/alumoxane nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:451-62. [PMID: 19191316 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how the incorporation of surface-modified alumoxane nanoparticles into a biodegradable fumarate-based polymer affects in vivo bone biocompatibility (characterized by direct bone contact and bone ingrowth) and in vivo degradability. Porous scaffolds were fabricated from four materials: poly(propylene fumarate)/propylene fumarate-diacrylate (PPF/PF-DA) polymer alone; a macrocomposite consisting of PPF/PF-DA polymer with boehmite microparticles; a nanocomposite composed of PPF/PF-DA polymer and mechanically reinforcing surface-modified alumoxane nanoparticles; and a low-molecular weight PPF polymer alone (tested as a degradation control). Scaffolds were implanted in the lateral femoral condyle of adult goats for 12 weeks and evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis. For all material groups, small amounts of bone, some soft tissue, and a few inflammatory elements were observed within the pores of scaffolds, though many pores remained empty or filled with fluid only. Direct contact between scaffolds and surrounding bone tissue was also observed in all scaffold types, though less commonly. Minimal in vivo degradation occurred during the 12 weeks of implantation in all materials except the degradation control. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of alumoxane nanoparticles into porous PPF/PF-DA scaffolds does not significantly alter in vivo bone biocompatibility or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Mistry
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Fan W, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Enhancing in vivo vascularized bone formation by cobalt chloride-treated bone marrow stromal cells in a tissue engineered periosteum model. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3580-9. [PMID: 20153522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The periosteum plays an indispensable role in both bone formation and bone defect healing. In this study we constructed an artificial in vitro periosteum by incorporating osteogenic differentiated bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and cobalt chloride (CoCl(2))-treated BMSCs. The engineered periostea were implanted both subcutaneously and into skull bone defects in SCID mice to investigate ectopic and orthotopic osteogenesis and vascularization. After two weeks in subcutaneous and four weeks in bone defect areas, the implanted constructs were assessed for ectopic and orthotopic osteogenesis and vascularization by micro-CT, histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that CoCl(2) pre-treated BMSCs induced higher degree of vascularization and enhanced osteogenesis within the implants in both ectopic and orthotopic areas. This study provided a novel approach using BMSCs sourced from the same patient for both osteogenic and pro-angiogenic purposes in constructing tissue engineered periosteum to enhance vascularized osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
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Young S, Kretlow JD, Nguyen C, Bashoura AG, Baggett LS, Jansen JA, Wong M, Mikos AG. Microcomputed tomography characterization of neovascularization in bone tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:295-306. [PMID: 18657028 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis have been studied for decades using numerous in vitro and in vivo systems, fulfilling the need to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these processes and to test potential therapeutic agents that inhibit or promote neovascularization. Bone tissue engineering in particular has benefited from the application of proangiogenic strategies, considering the need for an adequate vascular supply during healing and the challenges associated with the vascularization of scaffolds implanted in vivo. Conventional methods of assessing the in vivo angiogenic response to tissue-engineered constructs tend to rely on a two-dimensional assessment of microvessel density within representative histological sections without elaboration of the true vascular tree. The introduction of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) has recently allowed investigators to obtain a diverse range of high-resolution, three-dimensional characterization of structures, including renal, coronary, and hepatic vascular networks, as well as bone formation within healing defects. To date, few studies have utilized micro-CT to study the vascular response to an implanted tissue engineering scaffold. In this paper, conventional in vitro and in vivo models for studying angiogenesis will be discussed, followed by recent developments in the use of micro-CT for vessel imaging in bone tissue engineering research. A new study demonstrating the potential of contrast-enhanced micro-CT for the evaluation of in vivo neovascularization in bony defects is described, which offers significant potential in the evaluation of bone tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Young
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
This protocol describes the synthesis of 500-4,000 Da poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) by a two-step reaction of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol through a bis(hydroxypropyl) fumarate diester intermediate. Purified PPF can be covalently cross-linked to form degradable polymer networks, which have been widely explored for biomedical applications. The properties of cross-linked PPF networks depend upon the molecular properties of the constituent polymer, such as the molecular weight. The purity of the reactants and the exclusion of water from the reaction system are of utmost importance in the generation of high-molecular-weight PPF products. Additionally, the reaction time and temperature influence the molecular weight of the PPF product. The expected time required to complete this protocol is 3 d.
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Plachokova AS, van den Dolder J, van den Beucken JJJP, Jansen JA. Bone regenerative properties of rat, goat and human platelet-rich plasma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38:861-9. [PMID: 19443180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To explore the reported contradictory osteogenic capacity of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), the aim of the study was to examine and compare the bone regenerative effect of: PRPs of different species (rat, goat, human); human bone graft (HB) vs. HB combined with human PRP (HB+hPRP); and HB+hPRP vs. synthetic hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate bone substitute combined with hPRP (HA/TCP+hPRP). For this purpose, 72 implants, divided into 6 groups (n=6) were inserted in critical-sized defects of immunodeficient rats. After 2 and 4 weeks, descriptive and quantitative histological, and micro-CT analyses were performed on the specimens. Rat and goat PRP combined with HA/TCP did not enhance bone regeneration compared with HA/TCP. In contrast, human PRP combined with HA/TCP resulted in significantly increased bone fill compared to HA/TCP. The addition of human PRP to human bone graft increased significantly the amount of newly formed bone after 2 weeks. HB+hPRP demonstrated enhanced bone healing compared to HA/TCP+hPRP. In conclusion, rat and goat PRP had no effect on bone formation. Human PRP improved the initial osteogenic response of human bone graft. Human PRP combined with human bone graft had better osteogenic capacity than human PRP combined with synthetic bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Plachokova
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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36
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Hilldore AJ, Morgan AW, Woodard JR, Wagoner Johnson AJ. The curve integration method is comparable to manual segmentation for the analysis of bone/scaffold composites using micro-CT. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 88:271-9. [PMID: 18683226 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) is becoming a more common imaging technique in tissue engineering and has been used to characterize scaffold pore size, pore fraction, and bone ingrowth, among other characteristics. Despite the increasingly widespread use, no standards exist for segmenting images. Manual segmentation, a common segmentation method, is subjective, time consuming, and has been shown to be inaccurate and unreliable. The curve integration method was previously introduced as a method to accurately calculate the volume fraction of constituents in bone scaffolds from micro-CT data. In this article, the curve integration method is compared to manual image segmentation in order to validate the former method. Three cases are presented from two in vivo bone regeneration studies that include cross-sections from a rabbit calvarial defect used to study drug delivery, and cross-sections and small volumes of hydroxyapatite scaffold-bone composites from a porcine intramuscular study. The analysis shows that the curve integration method models the data accurately and can be used to calculate volume fractions of the materials in the sample. Furthermore, the curve integration method is faster and less labor intensive than manual image segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hilldore
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
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Kretlow JD, Mikos AG. 2007 AIChE Alpha Chi Sigma Award: From Material to Tissue: Biomaterial Development, Scaffold Fabrication, and Tissue Engineering. AIChE J 2008; 54:3048-3067. [PMID: 19756176 DOI: 10.1002/aic.11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The need for techniques to facilitate the regeneration of failing or destroyed tissues remains great with the aging of the worldwide population and the continued incidence of trauma and diseases such as cancer. A 16-year history in biomaterial scaffold development and tissue engineering is examined, beginning with the synthesis of novel materials and fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds. Exploring cell-scaffold interactions and subsequently cellular delivery using biomaterial carriers, we have developed a variety of techniques for bone and cartilage engineering. In addition to delivering cells, we have utilized growth factors, DNA, and peptides to improve the in vitro and in vivo regeneration of tissues. This review covers important developments and discoveries within our laboratory, and the increasing breadth in the scope of our work within the expanding field of tissue engineering is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892
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Young S, Bashoura AG, Borden T, Baggett LS, Jansen JA, Wong M, Mikos AG. Development and characterization of a rabbit alveolar bone nonhealing defect model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:182-94. [PMID: 17969052 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an easily accessible and reproducible, nonhealing alveolar bone defect in the rabbit mandible. Twenty-four adult male New Zealand white rabbits underwent unilateral mandibular defect surgery. Two types of defect in the premolar/molar region were compared: (1) a 10-mm "full thickness" cylindrical defect removing both cortical plates and the intervening trabecular bone and tooth roots; (2) a 10-mm "partial thickness" cylindrical defect removing only the lateral bony cortex, trabecular bone, and tooth roots. Both types of defect were examined at 0, 8, and 16 weeks using histology and/or microcomputed tomography to determine the quality and quantity of bone formation. The partial thickness defect displayed significant bone fill at 8 weeks (86.9% +/- 10.8%), and complete regeneration of bony contours and bridging by 16 weeks. In contrast, the full thickness defect was never able to bridge itself and displayed no significant difference in bone regeneration between the 8-week (61.5% +/- 3.7%) and 16-week (55.1% +/- 18.5%) time points. These results indicate that a nonhealing defect can be created with a 10-mm bicortical cylindrical ostectomy placed in the premolar/molar region of the rabbit mandible, demonstrating the potential of this animal model as a test bed for mandibular biomaterials and tissue-engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Young
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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39
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Bodde EWH, Spauwen PHM, Mikos AG, Jansen JA. Closing capacity of segmental radius defects in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:206-17. [PMID: 17688264 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the research of synthetic bone graft substitutes, the relevance for bone regeneration can be confirmed in a critical-sized model. In this study the rabbit radial defect was investigated as an ingenious model of critical size, due to its defect immobilizing intact ulna. In addition, the influence of poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) on bone regeneration was determined. Sixteen, 4-month-old rabbits received bilateral segmental radial defects of 15 or 20 mm. The osteotomy ends were marked with small titanium pins. Half of the group received injected PLGA microparticle/carboxymethylcellulose implants. Implantation time was 12 weeks. Evaluation consisted of radiographs after surgery and sacrifice, microcomputed tomography and histology. The radiographs revealed that the created defects were significantly smaller after sacrifice. Further a number of radii showed fibrocartilaginous interposition. Both findings indicated instability of the created defect. All evaluation techniques revealed that 15 and 20 mm were not of critical size, as most defects were more or less regenerated. PLGA microparticles did not influence bone regeneration significantly. In conclusion, 15- and 20-mm radius defects in 4-month-old rabbits were not a suitable model for bone regeneration as these defects were neither critical size nor stable. PLGA-microparticle degradation did not influence bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther W H Bodde
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
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Liu E, Treiser MD, Johnson PA, Patel P, Rege A, Kohn J, Moghe PV. Quantitative biorelevant profiling of material microstructure within 3D porous scaffolds via multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 82:284-97. [PMID: 17238159 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach, based on fluorescence multiphoton microscopy (MPM), to image and quantitatively characterize the microstructure and cell-substrate interactions within microporous scaffold substrates fabricated from synthetic biodegradable polymers. Using fluorescently dyed scaffolds fabricated from poly(DTE carbonate)/poly(DTO carbonate) blends of varying porosity and complementary green fluorescent protein-engineered fibroblasts, we reconstructed the three-dimensional distribution of the microporous and macroporous regions in 3D scaffolds, as well as cellular morphological patterns. The porosity, pore size and distribution, strut size, pore interconnectivity, and orientation of both macroscale and microscale pores of 3D scaffolds were effectively quantified and validated using complementary imaging techniques. Compared to other scaffold characterizing techniques such as confocal imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MPM enables the acquisition of images from scaffold thicknesses greater than a hundred microns with high signal-to-noise ratio, reduced bulk photobleaching, and the elimination of the need for deconvolution. In our study, the morphology and cytoskeletal organization of cells within the scaffold interior could be tracked with high resolution within the limits of penetration of MPM. Thus, MPM affords a promising integrated platform for imaging cell-material interactions within the interior of polymeric biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Kretlow JD, Klouda L, Mikos AG. Injectable matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:263-73. [PMID: 17507111 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Injectable matrices and depots have been the subject of much research in the field of drug delivery. The classical tissue engineering paradigm includes a matrix or scaffold to facilitate tissue growth and provide structural support, cells, and the delivery of bioactive molecules. As both tissue engineering and drug delivery techniques benefit from the use of injectable materials due to the minimal invasiveness of an injection, significant crossover should be observed between injectable materials in both fields. This review aims to outline injectable materials and processing techniques used in both tissue engineering and drug delivery and to describe methods by which current injectable materials in the field of drug delivery can be adapted for use as injectable scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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42
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Plachokova AS, van den Dolder J, Stoelinga PJ, Jansen JA. Early effect of platelet-rich plasma on bone healing in combination with an osteoconductive material in rat cranial defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007; 18:244-51. [PMID: 17348890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2006.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The early effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on bone regeneration in combination with dense biphasic hydroxyl apatite (HA)/beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) particles (ratio 60%/40%) was evaluated in rat cranial defects with a diameter of 6.2 mm. We hypothesize that PRP exerts its beneficial effect on bone regeneration within the first and second week after application in a bone defect combined with an osteoconductive material. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five rats were used in the study, in which always one cranial defect was created. The defects were filled with HA/beta-TCP particles and HA/beta-TCP particles combined with PRP gel. Some defects were also left unfilled as control. One and two weeks after surgery specimens were retrieved for light microscopy [hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome staining (Masson modification Goldner) and basic fuchsin-methylene blue] and micro-CT analysis to evaluate bone formation and neovascularization. One-way analysis of variance was performed on the raw data obtained from micro-CT analyses. RESULTS The histological evaluation showed no effect of PRP on bone formation and neovascularization for both implantation times. In the first week, the defect closure was evaluated subjectively to be between 10% and 50% in all samples, whereas no difference among the groups appeared to occur. After 2 weeks, complete bridging of the original bone defect was observed for most of the empty defects, as well as for the defects that contained HA/beta-TCP particles. The trichrome staining revealed no difference in the number of blood vessels between the PRP and non-PRP groups for both implantation times. The osteoconductive nature of dense HA/beta-TCP particles was confirmed, as the bone formation was guided by their outer surfaces and resulted in a larger amount of newly formed bone in comparison with the empty defects. The quantitative micro-CT analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference in new bone formation between the empty defects and defects filled with particles after 1 week of implantation, but there was no difference between the non-PRP and PRP groups. In at the second week, no difference in bone formation among all groups was observed, whereas even the non-filled control defects were almost completely closed. CONCLUSIONS A 6.2 mm cranial defect is not a critical-sized defect in rats. Rat PRP had no effect on the early stages of bone healing in addition to an osteoconductive material. Dense HA/beta-TCP particles showed a beneficial effect on bone formation already after 1 and 2 weeks of implantation in non-critical-sized cranial defects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina S Plachokova
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Balamurugan A, Rebelo A, Kannan S, Ferreira JMF, Michel J, Balossier G, Rajeswari S. Characterization andin vivo evaluation of sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 81:441-7. [PMID: 17022063 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) based coatings on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V were attempted by sol-gel process. Precursor sol was dip-coated onto the substrates and the formation of HAP as the main phase was ensured after the sintering of coatings at 900 degrees C, as confirmed by the characterization studies involving XRD, FT-IR, Raman, and SEM-EDXS analysis. The biocompatibility of HAP-based coated titanium implants was tested by implantation studies in rabbit's tibia for a period of 8 weeks. Bone remodelling and inflammatory responses of the implants were studied during the implantation period. The better tissue-implant interaction of the coated implants with respect to the uncoated implants was observed after a defect healing period of 8 weeks. A coated implant with no evidence of rejection is a further advantage of the sol-gel derived HAP coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balamurugan
- Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Papadimitropoulos A, Mastrogiacomo M, Peyrin F, Molinari E, Komlev VS, Rustichelli F, Cancedda R. Kinetics of in vivo bone deposition by bone marrow stromal cells within a resorbable porous calcium phosphate scaffold: An X-ray computed microtomography study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:271-81. [PMID: 17657771 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Resorbable ceramic scaffolds based on Silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate (Si-TCP) were seeded with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and ectopically implanted for 2, 4, and 6 months in immunodeficient mice. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the scaffold material was performed by X-ray synchrotron radiation computed microtomography (microCT) with a spatial resolution lower than 5 microm. Unique to these experiments was that microCT data were first collected on the scaffolds before implantation and then on the same scaffolds after they were seeded with BMSC, implanted in the mice and rescued after different times. Volume fraction, mean thickness and thickness distribution were evaluated for both new bone and scaffold phases as a function of the implantation time. New bone thickness increased from week 8 to week 16. Data for the implanted scaffolds were compared with those derived from the analysis of the same scaffolds prior to implantation and with data derived from 100% hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold treated and analyzed in the same way. At variance with findings with the 100% HA scaffolds a significant variation in the density of the different Si-TCP scaffold regions in the pre- and post-implantation samples was observed. In particular a post-implantation decrease in the density of the scaffolds, together with major changes in the scaffold phase composition, was noticeable in areas adjacent to newly formed bone. Histology confirmed a better integration between new bone and scaffold in the Si-TCP composites in comparison to 100% HA composites where new bone and scaffold phases remained well distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papadimitropoulos
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Telematica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Edwards PC, Mason JM. Gene-enhanced tissue engineering for dental hard tissue regeneration: (2) dentin-pulp and periodontal regeneration. Head Face Med 2006; 2:16. [PMID: 16725030 PMCID: PMC1481630 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential applications for gene-based tissue engineering therapies in the oral and maxillofacial complex include the delivery of growth factors for periodontal regeneration, pulp capping/dentin regeneration, and bone grafting of large osseous defects in dental and craniofacial reconstruction. Part 1 reviewed the principals of gene-enhanced tissue engineering and the techniques of introducing DNA into cells. This manuscript will review recent advances in gene-based therapies for dental hard tissue regeneration, specifically as it pertains to dentin regeneration/pulp capping and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Edwards
- Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James M Mason
- NorthShore- Long Island JewishFeinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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