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Rosen Vollmar AK, Lin EZ, Nason SL, Santiago K, Johnson CH, Ma X, Godri Pollitt KJ, Deziel NC. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and thyroid hormone measurements in dried blood spots and neonatal characteristics: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:737-747. [PMID: 37730931 PMCID: PMC10541328 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric thyroid diseases have been increasing in recent years. Environmental risk factors such as exposures to chemical contaminants may play a role but are largely unexplored. Archived neonatal dried blood spots (DBS) offer an innovative approach to investigate environmental exposures and effects. OBJECTIVE In this pilot study, we applied a new method for quantifying per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to 18 archived DBS from babies born in California from 1985-2018 and acquired thyroid hormone measurements from newborn screening tests. Leveraging these novel data, we evaluated (1) changes in the concentrations of eight PFAS over time and (2) the relationship between PFAS concentrations, thyroid hormone concentrations, and neonatal characteristics to inform future research. METHODS PFAS concentrations in DBS were measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Summary statistics and non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate temporal changes in PFAS concentrations and relationships between PFAS concentrations, thyroid hormone concentrations, and neonatal characteristics. RESULTS The concentration and detection frequencies of several PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, and PFOSA) declined over the assessment period. We observed that the timing of specimen collection in hours after birth was related to thyroid hormone but not PFAS concentrations, and that thyroid hormones were related to some PFAS concentrations (PFOA and PFOS). IMPACT STATEMENT This pilot study examines the relationship between concentrations of eight per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), thyroid hormone levels, and neonatal characteristics in newborn dried blood spots (DBS) collected over a period of 33 years. To our knowledge, 6 of the 22 PFAS we attempted to measure have not been quantified previously in neonatal DBS, and this is the first study to examine both PFAS and thyroid hormone concentrations using DBS. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using newborn DBS for quantifying PFAS exposures in population-based studies, highlights methodological considerations in the use of thyroid hormone data for future studies using newborn DBS, and indicates potential relationships between PFAS concentrations and thyroid hormones for follow-up in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Rosen Vollmar
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sara L Nason
- Departments of Environmental Science and Forestry and Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katerina Santiago
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Choi HR, Kim K. Mouse Models to Examine Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Pathogenesis: Recent Updates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11138. [PMID: 37446316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the overall prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is favorable, a subset of patients exhibits aggressive features. Therefore, preclinical models that can be utilized to investigate DTC pathogenesis and novel treatments are necessary. Various mouse models have been developed based on advances in thyroid cancer genetics. This review focuses on recent progress in mouse models that have been developed to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Jeon MJ, Haugen BR. Preclinical Models of Follicular Cell-Derived Thyroid Cancer: An Overview from Cancer Cell Lines to Mouse Models. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2022; 37:830-838. [PMID: 36604954 PMCID: PMC9816502 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall prognosis of thyroid cancer is excellent, but some patients have grossly invasive disease and distant metastases with limited responses to systemic therapies. Thus, relevant preclinical models are needed to investigate thyroid cancer biology and novel treatments. Different preclinical models have recently emerged with advances in thyroid cancer genetics, mouse modeling and new cell lines. Choosing the appropriate model according to the research question is crucial to studying thyroid cancer. This review will discuss the current preclinical models frequently used in thyroid cancer research, from cell lines to mouse models, and future perspectives on patient-derived and humanized preclinical models in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bryan R. Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Corresponding author: Bryan R. Haugen. Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Tel: +1-303-724-3921, Fax: +1-303-724-3920, E-mail:
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Pani F, Caria P, Yasuda Y, Makoto M, Mariotti S, Leenhardt L, Roshanmehr S, Caturegli P, Buffet C. The Immune Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Cancer in the Context of Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174287. [PMID: 36077831 PMCID: PMC9454449 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The association between papillary thyroid cancer and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis went through a long-standing human debate recently elucidated by the establishment of a novel mouse model. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is an excellent model for studying the tumor immune microenvironment because it is naturally accompanied by immune cells, making it a good candidate for the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Abstract Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) often co-occurs with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an association that has long been reported in clinical studies, remaining controversial. Experimental evidence has recently shown that pre-existing thyroiditis has a beneficial effect on PTC growth and progression by a distinctive expansion of effector memory CD8 T cells. Although the link between inflammation and PTC might involve different components of the immune system, a deep characterization of them which includes T cells, B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures, Mye-loid cells, Neutrophils, NK cells and dendritic cells will be desirable. The present review article considers the role of the adaptive and innate immune response surrounding PTC in the context of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This review will focus on the current knowledge by in vivo and in vitro studies specifically performed on animals’ models; thyroid cancer cells and human samples including (i) the dual role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; (ii) the emerging role of B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures; (iii) the role of myeloid cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells; (iv) the current knowledge of the molecular biomarkers implicated in the complex link between thyroiditis and PTC and the potential implication of cancer immunotherapy in PTC patients in the context of thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Pani
- Service des Pathologies Thyroïdiennes et Tumeurs Endocrines, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yoshinori Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyara Makoto
- Inserm, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Endocrinology Unit, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurence Leenhardt
- Service des Pathologies Thyroïdiennes et Tumeurs Endocrines, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Solmaz Roshanmehr
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Camille Buffet
- Service des Pathologies Thyroïdiennes et Tumeurs Endocrines, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, 75013 Paris, France
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Deziel NC, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wiemels JL, Morimoto L, Clark CJ, Metayer C, Ma X. Birth Characteristics and Risk of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer: A Population-Based Record-Linkage Study in California. Thyroid 2021; 31:596-606. [PMID: 32912083 PMCID: PMC8195873 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Incidence rates of thyroid cancer in children and young adults (age 0-19 years) have nearly doubled over a recent 15-year period in the United States. Children with thyroid cancer may require long-term therapy and surveillance and are at greater risk for second primary malignancies. High-dose exposure to ionizing radiation is the only known nongenetic risk factor; the vast majority of cases have an unknown etiology. Methods: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study to evaluate the relationship between a range of birth characteristics and the risk of pediatric thyroid cancer. Using linked birth records and cancer registry data from California, we included 1012 cases who were diagnosed with first primary thyroid cancer at the age of 0-19 years from 1988 to 2015 and 50,600 birth-year matched controls (1:50 case to control ratio). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using multivariable logistic regression models applied to the full population and stratified by thyroid cancer subtypes (papillary and follicular), race/ethnicity (white and Hispanic), and age at diagnosis (0-14 and 15-19 years). Results: Hispanic ethnicity (OR: 1.20 [CI 1.01-1.42]), higher birth weight (OR: 1.11 [CI 1.04-1.18] per 500g), and higher maternal education (13-15 years OR: 1.35 [CI 1.09-1.68], 16+ years OR: 1.35 [CI 1.07-1.71]) were associated with an increased risk of pediatric thyroid cancer, while male sex (OR: 0.21 [CI 0.18-0.25]) and higher birth order (third or higher OR: 0.81 [CI 0.68-0.98]) were associated with a decreased risk. Some heterogeneity was observed across subtype, most notably an elevated OR with higher birth order for follicular thyroid cancer, in contrast to the reduced risk for this category among papillary thyroid cancer cases (p-value for interaction = 0.01). Hispanic ethnicity was a risk factor for papillary, but not follicular thyroid cancer (p-value for interaction = 0.07). Conclusions: In this population-based study of birth characteristics and pediatric thyroid cancer, we identified several important risk factors for pediatric thyroid cancer, including female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, higher birth weight, higher maternal educational attainment, and lower birth order. Our data provide new areas for replication and investigation of biological mechanisms for this poorly understood malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Address correspondence to: Nicole C. Deziel, PhD, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Section of Surgical Outcomes and Epidemiology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph L. Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cassandra J. Clark
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Jin Y, Liu M, Sa R, Fu H, Cheng L, Chen L. Mouse models of thyroid cancer: Bridging pathogenesis and novel therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2019; 469:35-53. [PMID: 31589905 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a global increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, numerous novel mouse models were established to reveal thyroid cancer pathogenesis and test promising therapeutic strategies, necessitating a comprehensive review of translational medicine that covers (i) the role of mouse models in the research of thyroid cancer pathogenesis, and (ii) preclinical testing of potential anti-thyroid cancer therapeutics. The present review article aims to: (i) describe the current approaches for mouse modeling of thyroid cancer, (ii) provide insight into the biology and genetics of thyroid cancers, and (iii) offer guidance on the use of mouse models for testing potential therapeutics in preclinical settings. Based on research with mouse models of thyroid cancer pathogenesis involving the RTK, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SRC, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, inhibitors of VEGFR, MEK, mTOR, SRC, and STAT3 have been developed as anti-thyroid cancer drugs for "bench-to-bedside" translation. In the future, mouse models of thyroid cancer will be designed to be ''humanized" and "patient-like," offering opportunities to: (i) investigate the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer through target screening based on the CRISPR/Cas system, (ii) test drugs based on new mouse models, and (iii) explore the underlying mechanisms based on multi-omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ri Sa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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Shimamura M, Shibusawa N, Kurashige T, Mussazhanova Z, Matsuzaki H, Nakashima M, Yamada M, Nagayama Y. Mouse models of sporadic thyroid cancer derived from BRAFV600E alone or in combination with PTEN haploinsufficiency under physiologic TSH levels. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201365. [PMID: 30086162 PMCID: PMC6080762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAFV600E mutation is the most prevalent driver mutation of sporadic papillary thyroid cancers (PTC). It was previously shown that prenatal or postnatal expression of BRAFV600E under elevated TSH levels induced thyroid cancers in several genetically engineered mouse models. In contrast, we found that postnatal expression of BRAFV600E under physiologic TSH levels failed to develop thyroid cancers in conditional transgenic Tg(LNL-BrafV600E) mice injected in the thyroid with adenovirus expressing Cre under control of the thyroglobulin promoter (Ad-TgP-Cre). In this study, we first demonstrated that BrafCA/+ mice carrying a Cre-activated allele of BrafV600E exhibited higher transformation efficiency than Tg(LNL-BrafV600E) mice when crossed with TPO-Cre mice. As a result, most BrafCA/+ mice injected with Ad-TgP-Cre developed thyroid cancers in 1 year. Histologic examination showed follicular or cribriform-like structures with positive TG and PAX staining and no colloid formation. Some tumors also had papillary structure component with lower TG expression. Concomitant PTEN haploinsufficiency in injected BrafCA/+;Ptenf/+ mice induced tumors predominantly exhibiting papillary structures and occasionally undifferentiated solid patterns with normal to low PAX expression and low to absent TG expression. Typical nuclear features of human PTC and extrathyroidal invasion were observed primarily in the latter mice. The percentages of pERK-, Ki67- and TUNEL-positive cells were all higher in the latter. In conclusion, we established novel thyroid cancer mouse models in which postnatal expression of BRAFV600E alone under physiologic TSH levels induces PTC. Simultaneous PTEN haploinsufficiency tends to promote tumor growth and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zhanna Mussazhanova
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Bartsch R, Brinkmann B, Jahnke G, Laube B, Lohmann R, Michaelsen S, Neumann I, Greim H. Human relevance of follicular thyroid tumors in rodents caused by non-genotoxic substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:199-208. [PMID: 30076866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stimulation of the thyroid gland of rodents by TSH leads to thyroid follicular hyperplasia and subsequently to thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas. However, the interpretations of rodent thyroid tumors are contradictory. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that findings with drugs that lead to increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rats are not relevant to humans, whereas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) concluded that chemicals that produce rodent thyroid tumors may pose a carcinogenic hazard for humans although the thyroid of rodents appears to be more sensitive to a carcinogenic stimulus than that of humans. Meanwhile, based on the CLP Criteria of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), rodent thyroid tumors caused by the induction of uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferases (UDGT) were assessed as not relevant to humans. To clarify these discrepant positions, the function and regulation of the thyroid gland are described and the types of thyroid tumors and the causes of their development in humans and animals are examined. Based on these data and the evidence that so far, except radiation, no chemical is known to increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in humans, it is concluded that rodent thyroid tumors resulting from continuous stimulation of the thyroid gland by increased TSH levels are not relevant to humans. Consequently, compounds that induce such tumors do not warrant classification as carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Bartsch
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Brinkmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Laube
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ruth Lohmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandra Michaelsen
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ingrid Neumann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helmut Greim
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Zhang H, Hu N. Telomerase reverse transcriptase induced thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation through PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1345-1352. [PMID: 29901196 PMCID: PMC6072153 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignant tumor in the world, and so, there is a requirement to develop novel molecular targets for thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was revealed to promote cell proliferation in a number of types of cell. To evaluate whether and how TERT functioned on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell proliferation, the present study constructed TERT over‑expression [recombined (r)TERT plasmid group] and interference [small interfering RNA (si)‑TERT group] models by liposome transfection respectively to study the molecular mechanisms. The transfection efficiency was first detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting to analyze TERT levels compared with the negative control (NC) and control groups. Then MTT and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester assays were performed to determine living cell proliferation and total cell proliferation respectively. Propidium iodide assay was used to detect alterations in cell cycle progression. RT‑qPCR and western blotting were performed to detect associated factor variation. The results demonstrated that, following the generation of TERT overexpression or silencing PTC cells, the living cells and also total cell proliferation increased significantly in the rTERT group, and decreased significantly in siTERT group, when compared with the NC and control groups. The cell cycle was accelerated in the rTERT group, and blocked in the G1/S transition in the siTERT group. The mRNA and protein levels of P27, P53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) decreased significantly in the rTERP group and increased in the siTERP group, while cyclin dependent kinase 2 and Cyclin D1 increased significantly in the rTERP group and decreased in the siTERP group. The expression of cell division cycle 25A did not alter significantly. The protein levels of β‑catenin and retinoblastoma were also unaltered. Protein kinase B (AKT) was detected once activated by TERT, and there were increased phosphorylated (p)‑AKT protein levels in the rTERT group, and decreased p‑AKT protein levels in the siTERT group. In conclusion, TERT could induce thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation mainly through the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- The First Sector of Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Northern Branch of Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Hu
- The Second Sector of Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Southern Branch of Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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Nabhan F, Porter K, Lupo MA, Randolph GW, Patel KN, Kloos RT. Heterogeneity in Positive Predictive Value of RAS Mutations in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid 2018; 28:729-738. [PMID: 29665745 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAS mutations are common in the available mutational analysis of cytologically indeterminate (Cyto-I) thyroid nodules. However, their reported positive predictive value (PPV) for cancer is widely variable. The reason for this variability is unknown, and it causes clinical management uncertainty. A systematic review was performed, evaluating the PPV for cancer in RAS mutation positive Cyto-I nodules, and variables that might affect residual heterogeneity across the different studies were considered. METHODS PubMed was searched through February 22, 2017, including studies that evaluated at least one type of RAS mutation in Cyto-I nodules, including any (or all) of the Bethesda III/IV/V categories or their equivalents and where the histological diagnosis was available. The PPV residual heterogeneity was investigated after accounting for Bethesda classification, blindedness of the histopathologist to the RAS mutational status, Bethesda category-specific cancer prevalence for each study, and which RAS genes and codons were tested. This was studied using five meta-regression models fit to different sets of Bethesda classification categories: Bethesda III, IV, or V (III/IV/V); Bethesda III or IV (III/IV); Bethesda III only; Bethesda IV only; and Bethesda V only. RESULTS Of 1831 studies, 23 were eligible for data inclusion. Wide ranges of PPV were found at 0-100%, 28-100%, and 0-100% in Bethesda III, IV, and V, respectively. Residual heterogeneity remained moderately high for PPV after accounting for the above moderators for Bethesda III/IV/V (21 studies; I2 = 59.5%) and Bethesda III/IV (19 studies; I2 = 66.0%), with significant Cochran's Q-test for residual heterogeneity (p < 0.001). Among individual Bethesda categories, residual heterogeneity was: Bethesda III (eight studies; I2 = 89.0%), IV (12 studies; I2 = 53.5%), and V (10 studies; I2 = 34.4%), with significant Cochran's Q-test for Bethesda III (p < 0.001) and IV (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The PPV of RAS mutations in Bethesda III and IV categories is quite heterogeneous across different studies, creating low confidence in the accuracy of a single estimate of PPV. Clinicians must appreciate this wide variability when managing a RAS-mutated Cyto-I nodule. Future studies should seek to resolve this unexplained variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Nabhan
- 1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kyle Porter
- 2 Center for Biostatistics, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark A Lupo
- 3 Thyroid and Endocrine Center of Florida , Sarasota, Florida
| | - Gregory W Randolph
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kepal N Patel
- 5 Division of Endocrine Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Richard T Kloos
- 6 Department of Medical Affairs, Veracyte, Inc. , South San Francisco, California
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Patyra K, Jaeschke H, Löf C, Jännäri M, Ruohonen ST, Undeutsch H, Khalil M, Kero A, Poutanen M, Toppari J, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Paschke R, Kero J. Partial thyrocyte-specific Gα s deficiency leads to rapid-onset hypothyroidism, hyperplasia, and papillary thyroid carcinoma-like lesions in mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800211R. [PMID: 29799790 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800211r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid function is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which binds to its G protein-coupled receptor [thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)] on thyrocytes. TSHR can potentially couple to all G protein families, but it mainly activates the Gs- and Gq/11-mediated signaling cascades. To date, there is a knowledge gap concerning the role of the individual G protein cascades in thyroid pathophysiology. Here, we demonstrate that the thyrocyte-specific deletion of Gs-protein α subunit (Gαs) in adult mice [tamoxifen-inducible Gs protein α subunit deficient (iTGαsKO) mice] rapidly impairs thyrocyte function and leads to hypothyroidism. Consequently, iTGαsKO mice show reduced food intake and activity. However, body weight and the amount of white adipose tissue were decreased only in male iTGαsKO mice. Unexpectedly, hyperplastic follicles and papillary thyroid cancer-like tumor lesions with increased proliferation and slightly increased phospho-ERK1/2 staining were found in iTGαsKO mice at an older age. These tumors developed from nonrecombined thyrocytes still expressing Gαs in the presence of highly elevated serum TSH. In summary, we report that partial thyrocyte-specific Gαs deletion leads to hypothyroidism but also to tumor development in thyrocytes with remaining Gαs expression. Thus, these mice are a novel model to elucidate the pathophysiological consequences of hypothyroidism and TSHR/Gs/cAMP-mediated tumorigenesis.-Patyra, K., Jaeschke, H., Löf, C., Jännäri, M., Ruohonen, S. T., Undeutsch, H., Khalil, M., Kero, A., Poutanen, M., Toppari, J., Chen, M., Weinstein, L. S., Paschke, R., Kero, J. Partial thyrocyte-specific Gαs deficiency leads to rapid-onset hypothyroidism, hyperplasia, and papillary thyroid carcinoma-like lesions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Patyra
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Holger Jaeschke
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Christoffer Löf
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meeri Jännäri
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henriette Undeutsch
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moosa Khalil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Andreina Kero
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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12
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Zheng H, Xu J, Hao S, Liu X, Ning J, Song X, Jiang L, Liu Z. Expression of BANCR promotes papillary thyroid cancer by targeting thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2009-2015. [PMID: 30034553 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common form of non-medullary thyroid cancer, accounting for ~80% of all cases of thyroid cancer. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of BRAF-activated long noncoding RNA (BANCR) in the development of PTC. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the mRNA expression levels of BANCR, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and cyclin D1 between PTC and benign control thyroid nodule tissue samples from 60 patients were determined. Using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, the expression levels of TSHR and cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were determined in cells transfected with BANCR-small interfering (si)RNA. An MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to analyze the effect of BANCR knockdown on the proliferation and cell cycle distribution of IHH-4 PTC cells. The expression of BANCR, TSHR and cyclin D1 was increased in the PTC group compared with the control group based on the RT-qPCR data. The transfection of IHH-4 cells with BANCR-siRNA induced the inhibition of TSHR and cyclin D1 expression compared with a transfection control. In addition, the proliferation of the IHH-4 cells transfected with BANCR-siRNA was suppressed, relative to the transfection control, and cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase, potentially due to the inhibition of the expression of cyclin D1. The data suggested that the expression of BANCR may promote the development of malignant thyroid nodules via the modulation of TSHR expression and its downstream effector, cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Shaolong Hao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Jinrao Ning
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shangdong 264099, P.R. China
| | - Zongying Liu
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Pingyi County, Pingyi, Shangdong 273399, P.R. China
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13
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Greco A, Auletta L, Orlandella FM, Iervolino PLC, Klain M, Salvatore G, Mancini M. Preclinical Imaging for the Study of Mouse Models of Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2731. [PMID: 29258188 PMCID: PMC5751332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer, which represents the most common tumors among endocrine malignancies, comprises a wide range of neoplasms with different clinical aggressiveness. One of the most important challenges in research is to identify mouse models that most closely resemble human pathology; other goals include finding a way to detect markers of disease that common to humans and mice and to identify the most appropriate and least invasive therapeutic strategies for specific tumor types. Preclinical thyroid imaging includes a wide range of techniques that allow for morphological and functional characterization of thyroid disease as well as targeting and in most cases, this imaging allows quantitative analysis of the molecular pattern of the thyroid cancer. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of all of the imaging techniques used to date both for diagnosis and theranostic purposes in mouse models of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-IBB, CNR, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Michele Klain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS S.D.N., 80134 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marcello Mancini
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-IBB, CNR, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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14
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Eszlinger M, Lau L, Ghaznavi S, Symonds C, Chandarana SP, Khalil M, Paschke R. Molecular profiling of thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration cytology. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:415-424. [PMID: 28361927 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis and malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules requires multidisciplinary expertise and knowledge of both local ultrasonography practices and the local malignancy rates for a given fine-needle aspiration (FNA) result. Even in such a multidisciplinary setting, FNA cytology has the inherent limitation that indeterminate cytology results cannot distinguish between follicular adenomas, follicular thyroid carcinomas or follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas. Accumulating evidence suggests that this limitation can be overcome by using molecular diagnostic approaches. In this Review, we present the advantages and disadvantages of the different molecular diagnostic methodologies, which can be divided into two approaches: those that 'rule out' malignancy (to reduce the overtreatment of benign nodules) and those that 'rule in' malignancy (to optimize surgical planning). We identify microRNA classifiers as potential additional markers for use in a two-step diagnostic approach, consider the potential implications of the reclassification of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features and discuss the cost-effectiveness of molecular testing. Molecular FNA diagnostics is an important complementary addition to FNA cytology that could substantially reduce unnecessary surgery and better define the need for appropriate surgery in patients who have thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2T 4Z6, Canada
| | - Lorraine Lau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Sana Ghaznavi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Christopher Symonds
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Shamir P Chandarana
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, North Tower 1012, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Moosa Khalil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, McCaig Tower, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2T 4Z6, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, North Tower 9th floor, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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15
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Hinson AM, Massoll NA, Jolly LA, Stack BC, Bodenner DL, Franco AT. Structural alterations in tumor-draining lymph nodes before papillary thyroid carcinoma metastasis. Head Neck 2017; 39:1639-1646. [PMID: 28467685 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to define and characterize the thyroid tumor-draining lymph nodes in genetically engineered mice harboring thyroid-specific expression of oncogenic BrafV600E with and without Pten insufficiency. METHODS After intratumoral injection of methylene blue, the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland was visualized in real time. The thyroid gland/tumor was resected en bloc with the respiratory system for histological analysis. RESULTS Although mice harboring BrafV600E mutations were smaller in body size compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates, the size of their thyroid glands and deep cervical lymph nodes were significantly larger. Additionally, the tumor-draining lymph nodes showed increased and enlarged lymphatic sinuses that were distributed throughout the cortex and medulla. Tumor-reactive lymphadenopathy and histiocytosis, but no frank metastases, were observed in all mice harboring BrafV600E mutations. CONCLUSIONS The tumor-draining lymph nodes undergo significant structural alterations in immunocompetent mice, and this may represent a primer for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nicole A Massoll
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Lee Ann Jolly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Brendan C Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Donald L Bodenner
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Aime T Franco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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16
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Eszlinger M, Niedziela M, Typlt E, Jaeschke H, Huth S, Schaarschmidt J, Aigner T, Trejster E, Krohn K, Bösenberg E, Paschke R. Somatic mutations in 33 benign and malignant hot thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:39-45. [PMID: 24915144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hot thyroid nodules (HTNs) in children are rare. Their reported malignancy rate is higher than in adults. However molecular data are rare. We present clinical and molecular data for 33 consecutive (29 benign and 4 malignant) HTNs. 17/29 Benign HTNs (59%) harbored somatic TSHR mutations. The most commonly observed mutation was M453T (in 8/29 samples). T632I and D633Y mutations were each detected twice. All other TSHR mutations were each found in one sample, including the new A538T mutation. One NRAS mutation was detected in a benign HTN with a M453T mutation. A PAX8/PPARG rearrangement was found in one malignant HTN. A T632I mutation was detected in one hot papillary thyroid carcinoma. The percentage of TSHR mutation positive HTNs in children and adolescents is within the range observed in adults. Contrary to adults, the M453T mutation is the predominant TSHR mutation in HTNs of children and adolescents. The increased malignancy rate of HTNs of children does not appear to be associated with RAS, BRAF, PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Eva Typlt
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Holger Jaeschke
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Huth
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Schaarschmidt
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Aigner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr., D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ewa Trejster
- Laboratory of Pathology, Karol Jonscher's Clinical Hospital of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Knut Krohn
- IZKF Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Eileen Bösenberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Eszlinger M, Hegedüs L, Paschke R. Ruling in or ruling out thyroid malignancy by molecular diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:545-57. [PMID: 25047205 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Routine morphologic cytology is the basis for any kind of (integrated) molecular FNA diagnostics. The rule out (gene expression classifier) approach requires confirmation by independent studies, whereas the rule in approach (detection of BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS and PAX8/PPARG- and RET/PTC rearrangements) has been investigated by several groups with overall reproducible results. Moreover, molecular screening for point mutations and rearrangements is feasible in routine air-dried FNA smears, offering several advantages over obtaining additional fresh FNA material. The current panel of somatic mutations (rule in approach) for indeterminate FNAs clarifies only a subgroup of indeterminate FNAs. Therefore, further markers are urgently needed that can reliably identify the malignant, but mutation negative and especially the many benign nodules, among the indeterminate FNAs. miRNA markers and the targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) technology do have the potential to identify those nodules that are mutation negative by current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - László Hegedüs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Caria P, Frau DV, Dettori T, Boi F, Lai ML, Mariotti S, Vanni R. Optimizing detection of RET and PPARg rearrangements in thyroid neoplastic cells using a home-brew tetracolor probe. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:377-85. [PMID: 24510380 PMCID: PMC4231233 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify specific DNA target sequences in the nuclei of nondividing cells of numerous solid neoplasms has contributed to the introduction of molecular cytogenetics as a useful adjunct to cytology, leading recently to the "marriage" of the 2 disciplines. Numerous cancer molecular markers can now be investigated using different technical approaches, at both the gene and expression levels, in biopsies of various suspected cancers, including differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The limited amount of bioptic material is often insufficient to carry out multiple tests, and optimizing handling of the biopsy is desirable. METHODS We have developed a home-brew tetracolor break-apart probe able to simultaneously identify the 2 most common genetic alterations in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: RET/PTC variants in papillary thyroid carcinoma and PAX8/PPARg fusion and variants in follicular thyroid carcinoma. RESULTS The probe had 100% specificity, 99.5% sensitivity, and ≥ 3% cutoff. The probe was tested on RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARg RT-PCR positive controls, and feasibility was assessed in 368 thyroid nodule fine-needle aspirations (FNA). In the latter analysis, 24 FNAs had split RET signal, and 9 had split PPARg signal. FISH analysis of available surgically removed nodules confirmed the sensitivity of FISH in detecting abnormal clones and oligoclones. CONCLUSIONS The home-brew tetracolor probe showed high feasibility, optimizing the use of the biological material in relation to the available molecular tests and maximizing the FISH experimental and slide-scoring times. This probe may be considered an alternative to RT-PCR when recovery and quality of RNA amplification from FNA are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Eszlinger M, Krogdahl A, Münz S, Rehfeld C, Precht Jensen EM, Ferraz C, Bösenberg E, Drieschner N, Scholz M, Hegedüs L, Paschke R. Impact of molecular screening for point mutations and rearrangements in routine air-dried fine-needle aspiration samples of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2014; 24:305-13. [PMID: 23837487 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic limitations of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), such as the indeterminate category, can be partially overcome by molecular analyses. However, until now, rearrangements have only been detected in fresh FNA material and the number of follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) was rather low in previous studies. We aimed at investigating the impact of point mutations and rearrangement detection in a set of routine air-dried FNA smears with a higher percentage of FTCs. METHODS RNA and DNA was extracted from 310 FNAs (164 indeterminate, 57 malignant, 89 benign) and corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (156 follicular adenomas [FAs], 32 FTCs, 44 papillary thyroid carcinomas [PTCs], 9 follicular variant PTCs, and 69 goiters). PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC rearrangements were detected by qPCR, BRAF and RAS mutations by high-resolution melting PCR and by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Forty-seven mutations were detected in the FNAs: 22 BRAF, 13 NRAS, and 3 HRAS mutations, 8 PAX8/PPARG, and one RET/PTC-rearrangement. While the presence of a BRAF and RET/PTC mutation was associated with cancer in 100% of samples each, the presence of a RAS and PAX8/PPARG mutation was associated with cancer in only 12% and 50% of samples, respectively. In the indeterminate group 4 of 25 carcinomas were identified by molecular FNA screening, which increased the sensitivity from 67% (cytology alone) to 75% (cytology plus molecular screening). CONCLUSION Molecular screening for point mutations and rearrangements is feasible in air-dried FNAs. Although the impact of detecting point mutations and rearrangements in FNAs has most likely been overestimated in previous studies, molecular FNA analyses improve presurgical diagnostics. The detection of BRAF mutations in FNA may improve the choice of surgery and postsurgical treatment. Further data are necessary to elucidate the true impact of detecting RAS and PAX8/PPARG mutations in FNAs. The inclusion of additional rare somatic mutations and miRNA markers might further improve the impact of molecular FNA diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE); University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Mussa A, Salerno MC, Bona G, Wasniewska M, Segni M, Cassio A, Vigone MC, Gastaldi R, Iughetti L, Santanera A, Capalbo D, Matarazzo P, De Luca F, Weber G, Corrias A. Serum thyrotropin concentration in children with isolated thyroid nodules. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1465-70. [PMID: 23972643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration and nodule nature in pediatric patients with thyroid nodules, with the aim of identifying a marker able to differentiate benign and malignant nodules. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of serum TSH concentrations in a multicentric case series of 125 pediatric patients with benign and malignant thyroid nodules. RESULTS Of the 125 patients, 99 had benign thyroid nodules and 26 had differentiated thyroid cancer (24 papillary and 2 follicular). Final diagnosis was based on surgery in 57 cases and on a benign cytology plus clinical follow-up in 68 cases. Serum TSH concentration was significantly higher in patients with thyroid cancer compared with those with benign nodules (3.23 ± 1.59 mU/L vs 1.64 ± 0.99 mU/L; P < .001). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that serum TSH was the sole predictor of malignancy (P < .001). Dividing the patient cohort into 5 groups based on serum TSH quintiles (TSH cutoffs 0.40, 1.00, 1.50, 1.80, and 2.80 mU/L), we observed that cancer prevalence increased in parallel with serum TSH (P < .001), with respective rates of 0%, 4%, 16%, 32%, and 52% in the 5 quintile groups. CONCLUSION Because cases with malignant nodules are most likely seen in the upper normal serum TSH range (ie, >2.8 mU/L), serum TSH concentration can serve as a predictor of thyroid cancer in pediatric patients with thyroid nodules and can inform the decision of when to submit patients to further investigation by cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mussa
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Shimamura M, Nakahara M, Orim F, Kurashige T, Mitsutake N, Nakashima M, Kondo S, Yamada M, Taguchi R, Kimura S, Nagayama Y. Postnatal expression of BRAFV600E does not induce thyroid cancer in mouse models of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4423-30. [PMID: 23970782 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mutant BRAF (BRAF(V600E)) is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The oncogenicity of this mutation has been shown by some genetically engineered mouse models. However, in these mice, BRAF(V600E) is expressed in all the thyroid cells from the fetal periods, and suppresses thyroid function, thereby leading to TSH elevation, which by itself promotes thyroid tumorigenesis. To overcome these problems, we exploited 2 different approaches, both of which allowed temporally and spatially restricted expression of BRAF(V600E) in the thyroid glands. First, we generated conditional transgenic mice harboring the loxP-neo(R)-loxP-BRAF(V600E)-internal ribosome entry site-green fluorescent protein sequence [Tg(LNL-BRAF(V600E))]. The double transgenic mice (LNL-BRAF(V600E);TPO-Cre) were derived from a high expressor line of Tg(LNL-BRAF(V600E)) mice and TPO-Cre mice; the latter expresses Cre DNA recombinase under the control of thyroid-specific thyroid peroxidase (TPO) promoter and developed PTC-like lesions in early life under normal serum TSH levels due to mosaic recombination. In contrast, injection of adenovirus expressing Cre under the control of another thyroid-specific thyroglobulin (Tg) promoter (Ad-TgP-Cre) into the thyroids of LNL-BRAF(V600E) mice did not induce tumor formation despite detection of BRAF(V600E) and pERK in a small fraction of thyroid cells. Second, postnatal expression of BRAF(V600E) in a small number of thyroid cells was also achieved by injecting the lentivirus expressing loxP-green fluorescent protein-loxP-BRAF(V600E) into the thyroids of TPO-Cre mice; however, no tumor development was again observed. These results suggest that BRAF(V600E) does not appear to induce PTC-like lesions when expressed in a fraction of thyroid cells postnatally under normal TSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- MD, Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523 Japan.
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Mancini M, Greco A, Salvatore G, Liuzzi R, Di Maro G, Vergara E, Chiappetta G, Pasquinelli R, Brunetti A, Salvatore M. Imaging of thyroid tumor angiogenesis with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 in mice. BMC Med Imaging 2013. [PMID: 24028408 DOI: 0.1186/1471-2342-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether Contrast Enhanced Ultrasund (CEUS) with microbubbles (MBs) targeted to VEGFR-2 is able to characterize in vivo the VEGFR-2 expression in the tumor vasculature of a mouse model of thyroid cancer (Tg-TRK-T1). METHODS Animal protocol was approved by Institutional committee on Laboratory Animal Care. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging with MBs targeted with an anti-VEGFR-2 monoclonal antibody (UCAVEGFR-2) and isotype control antibody (UCAIgG) was performed in 7 mice with thyroid carcinoma, 5 mice with hyperplasia or benign thyroid nodules and 4 mice with normal thyroid. After ultrasonography, the tumor samples were harvested for histological examination and VEGFR-2 expression was tested by immunohistochemistry. Data were reported as median and range. Paired non parametric Wilcoxon's test and ANOVA of Kruskal-Wallis were used. The correlation between the contrast signal and the VEGFR-2 expression was assessed by the Spearman coefficient. RESULTS The Video intensity difference (VID) caused by backscatter of the retained UCAVEGFR-2 was significantly higher in mice harboring thyroid tumors compared to mice with normal thyroids (P < 0.01) and to mice harboring benign nodules (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences of VID were observed in the group of mice carrying benign nodules compared to mice with normal thyroids. Moreover in thyroid tumors VID of retained VEGFR-2-targeted UCA was significantly higher than that of control UCAIgG (P <0.05). Results of immunohistochemical analysis confirmed VEGFR-2 overexpression. The magnitude of the molecular ultrasonographic signal from a VEGFR-2-targeted UCA retained by tissue correlates with VEGFR-2 expression determined by immunohistochemistry (rho 0.793, P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that CEUS with UCAVEGFR-2 might be used for in vivo non invasive detection and quantification of VEGFR-2 expression in thyroid cancer in mice, and to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mancini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Mancini M, Greco A, Salvatore G, Liuzzi R, Di Maro G, Vergara E, Chiappetta G, Pasquinelli R, Brunetti A, Salvatore M. Imaging of thyroid tumor angiogenesis with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 in mice. BMC Med Imaging 2013; 13:31. [PMID: 24028408 PMCID: PMC3848463 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate whether Contrast Enhanced Ultrasund (CEUS) with microbubbles (MBs) targeted to VEGFR-2 is able to characterize in vivo the VEGFR-2 expression in the tumor vasculature of a mouse model of thyroid cancer (Tg-TRK-T1). Methods Animal protocol was approved by Institutional committee on Laboratory Animal Care. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging with MBs targeted with an anti-VEGFR-2 monoclonal antibody (UCAVEGFR-2) and isotype control antibody (UCAIgG) was performed in 7 mice with thyroid carcinoma, 5 mice with hyperplasia or benign thyroid nodules and 4 mice with normal thyroid. After ultrasonography, the tumor samples were harvested for histological examination and VEGFR-2 expression was tested by immunohistochemistry. Data were reported as median and range. Paired non parametric Wilcoxon’s test and ANOVA of Kruskal-Wallis were used. The correlation between the contrast signal and the VEGFR-2 expression was assessed by the Spearman coefficient. Results The Video intensity difference (VID) caused by backscatter of the retained UCAVEGFR-2 was significantly higher in mice harboring thyroid tumors compared to mice with normal thyroids (P < 0.01) and to mice harboring benign nodules (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences of VID were observed in the group of mice carrying benign nodules compared to mice with normal thyroids. Moreover in thyroid tumors VID of retained VEGFR-2-targeted UCA was significantly higher than that of control UCAIgG (P <0.05). Results of immunohistochemical analysis confirmed VEGFR-2 overexpression. The magnitude of the molecular ultrasonographic signal from a VEGFR-2-targeted UCA retained by tissue correlates with VEGFR-2 expression determined by immunohistochemistry (rho 0.793, P=0.0003). Conclusions We demonstrated that CEUS with UCAVEGFR-2 might be used for in vivo non invasive detection and quantification of VEGFR-2 expression in thyroid cancer in mice, and to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mancini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Li LC, Jayarama S, Pilli T, Qian L, Pacini F, Prabhakar BS. Down-modulation of expression, or dephosphorylation, of IG20/MADD in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-resistant thyroid cancer cells makes them susceptible to treatment with this ligand. Thyroid 2013; 23:70-8. [PMID: 22998497 PMCID: PMC3539253 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IG20/MADD gene is overexpressed in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines, and can contribute to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resistance. The ability of the MADD protein to resist TRAIL-induced apoptosis is dependent upon its phosphorylation by Akt. Interestingly, while TRAIL induces a significant reduction in the levels of phospho-Akt (pAkt) and phospho-MADD (pMADD) in TRAIL-sensitive cells, it fails to do so in TRAIL-resistant cells. In this study, we investigated if MADD phosphorylation by Akt was contributing to TRAIL resistance in thyroid cancer cells. METHODS We determined the susceptibility of different thyroid cancer cell lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. We tested for various TRAIL resistance factors by FACS analyses or for IG20/MADD expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We determined the levels of pAkt and pMADD upon TRAIL treatment in thyroid cancer cells by Western blotting. We tested if down-modulation of IG20/MADD gene expression using shRNA or phosphorylation using a dominant negative Akt (DN-Akt) or pretreatment with LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, could help overcome TRAIL resistance. RESULT BCPAP and TPC1 cells were susceptible, while KTC1 and FTC133 cells were resistant, to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The differential susceptibility to TRAIL was not related to the levels of expression of death receptors, decoy receptors, or TRAIL. KTC1 and FTC133 cells showed higher levels of IG20/MADD expression relative to BCPAP and TPC1, and were rendered susceptible to TRAIL treatment upon IG20/MADD knockdown. Interestingly, upon TRAIL treatment, the pAkt and pMADD levels were reduced in TRAIL-sensitive BCPAP and TPC1 cells, while they remained unchanged in the resistant KTC1 and FTC133 cells. While expression of a constitutively active Akt in BCPAP and TPC1 cells rendered them resistant to TRAIL, pretreating KTC1 and FTC133 cells with LY294002 rendered them TRAIL-sensitive. Moreover, expression of a DN-Akt in KTC1 and FTC133 cells reduced the levels of pAkt and pMADD and sensitized them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results show that pMADD is an important TRAIL resistance factor in certain thyroid cancer cells and suggest that down-modulation of either IG20/MADD expression or phosphorylation can render TRAIL-resistant thyroid cancer cells sensitive to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Cheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shankara Jayarama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tania Pilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lixia Qian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common in the general population with a prevalence of 5-7% The initial evaluation of thyroid nodules commonly involves thyroid function tests, an ultrasound (USG) and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The optimal management of patients with thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology is plagued by the lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities In this article we attempt to review the available literature on the molecular markers which are increasingly being studied for their diagnostic utility in assessing thyroid nodules. The various molecular markers consist of gene mutations, gene re arrangements, RNA based assays and immunohistochemical markers. The molecular markers definitely would help to optimise the management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jadhav
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anurag Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nalini Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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26
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Ferraz C, Rehfeld C, Krogdahl A, Precht Jensen EM, Bösenberg E, Narz F, Hegedüs L, Paschke R, Eszlinger M. Detection of PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC rearrangements is feasible in routine air-dried fine needle aspiration smears. Thyroid 2012; 22:1025-30. [PMID: 23025542 PMCID: PMC3462388 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic limitations of fine needle aspiration (FNA), like the indeterminate category, can be partially overcome by molecular analysis. As PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC rearrangements have been detected in follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), their detection in FNA smears could improve the FNA diagnosis. To date, these rearrangements have never been analyzed in routine air-dried FNA smears, but only in frozen tissue, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, and in fresh FNA material. Fixed routine air-dried FNA samples have hitherto been judged as generally not suitable for testing these rearrangements in a clinical setting. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of extracting RNA from routine air-dried FNA smears for the detection of these rearrangements with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS A new method for RNA extraction from routine air-dried FNA smears was established, which allowed analysis for the presence of four variants of PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC 1 and RET/PTC 3, which were analyzed in 106 routine FNA smears and the corresponding surgically obtained FFPE tissues using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). To assess RNA quality, an intron-spanning PAX8 cDNA was amplified. RESULTS Acceptable RNA quality was obtained from 95% of the FNA samples and 92% of the FFPE samples. PAX8/PPARG was detected in 4 of 96 FFPEs and in 6 of 96 FNAs. PAX8/PPARG was present in 4 of 10 FTCs and in 3 of 42 follicular adenomas (FAs). Similarly, RET/PTC was found in 3 of 96 FFPEs and in 4 of 96 FNAs. Two of 21 PTC samples and 3 of 42 FA samples carried this rearrangement. CONCLUSION These data are the first to show the feasibility of extracting RNA from routine air-dried FNA smears for the detection of PAX8/PPARG and RET/PTC rearrangements with RT-qPCR. These promising methodological advances, if confirmed in larger series of FNA and FFPE samples, may lead to the introduction of molecular analysis of routine air-dried FNA smears in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferraz
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Rehfeld
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annelise Krogdahl
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Eileen Bösenberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Laszlo Hegedüs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Eszlinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Stanojevic B, Dzodic R, Saenko V, Milovanovic Z, Krstevski V, Radlovic P, Buta M, Rulic B, Todorovic L, Dimitrijevic B, Yamashita S. Unilateral follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with unique KRAS mutation in struma ovarii in bilateral ovarian teratoma: a rare case report. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:224. [PMID: 22682753 PMCID: PMC3407026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Struma ovarii (SO) is a rare form of ovarian mature teratoma in which thyroid tissue is the predominant element. Because of its rarity, the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant SO has not been clearly defined. It is believed that malignant transformation of SO has similar molecular features with and its prognosis corresponds to that of malignant tumors originating in the thyroid. Case presentation We report 35-year-old woman with bilateral ovarian cysts incidentally detected by ultrasound during the first trimester of pregnancy. Four months after delivery of a healthy child without complication she was admitted to the hospital for acute abdominal pain. Laparoscopic left adnexectomy was performed initially in a regional hospital; right cystectomy was done later in a specialized clinic. Intraoperative frozen section and a final pathology revealed that the cyst from the left ovary was composed of mature teratomatous elements, normal thyroid tissue (>50%) and a non-encapsulated focus of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Normal and cancerous thyroid tissues were tested for BRAF and RAS mutations by direct sequencing, and for RET/PTC rearrangements by RT-PCR/Southern blotting. A KRAS codon 12 mutation, the GGT → GTT transversion, corresponding to the Gly → Val amino acid change was identified in the absence of other genetic alterations commonly found in PTC. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this mutation is described in a papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in struma in the ovarii. This finding provides further evidence that even rare mutations specific for PTC may occur in such tumors. Molecular testing may be a useful adjunct to common differential diagnostic methods of thyroid malignancy in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boban Stanojevic
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Heiliger KJ, Hess J, Vitagliano D, Salerno P, Braselmann H, Salvatore G, Ugolini C, Summerer I, Bogdanova T, Unger K, Thomas G, Santoro M, Zitzelsberger H. Novel candidate genes of thyroid tumourigenesis identified in Trk-T1 transgenic mice. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:409-21. [PMID: 22454401 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For an identification of novel candidate genes in thyroid tumourigenesis, we have investigated gene copy number changes in a Trk-T1 transgenic mouse model of thyroid neoplasia. For this aim, 30 thyroid tumours from Trk-T1 transgenics were investigated by comparative genomic hybridisation. Recurrent gene copy number alterations were identified and genes located in the altered chromosomal regions were analysed by Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis in order to reveal gene functions potentially associated with thyroid tumourigenesis. In thyroid neoplasms from Trk-T1 mice, a recurrent gain on chromosomal bands 1C4-E2.3 (10.0% of cases), and losses on 3H1-H3 (13.3%), 4D2.3-E2 (43.3%) and 14E4-E5 (6.7%) were identified. The genes Twist2, Ptma, Pde6d, Bmpr1b, Pdlim5, Unc5c, Srm, Trp73, Ythdf2, Taf12 and Slitrk5 are located in these chromosomal bands. Copy number changes of these genes were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridisation on 30 human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) samples and altered gene expression was studied by qRT-PCR analyses in 67 human PTC. Copy number gains were detected in 83% of cases for TWIST2 and in 100% of cases for PTMA and PDE6D. DNA losses of SLITRK1 and SLITRK5 were observed in 21% of cases and of SLITRK6 in 16% of cases. Gene expression was significantly up-regulated for UNC5C and TP73 and significantly down-regulated for SLITRK5 in tumours compared with normal tissue. In conclusion, a global genomic copy number analysis of thyroid tumours from Trk-T1 transgenic mice revealed a number of novel gene alterations in thyroid tumourigenesis that are also prevalent in human PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin-Janine Heiliger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Zimny M, Selkinski I, Blasius S, Rink T, Schroth HJ, Grünwald F. Risk of malignancy in follicular thyroid neoplasm: predictive value of thyrotropin. Nuklearmedizin 2012; 51:119-24. [PMID: 22526481 DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0456-12-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cytological diagnosis of follicular neoplasm is a common finding in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid nodules and includes benign disease as well as differentiated thyroid cancer. The aim of the study is to determine if thyrotropin is a predictive factor for a malignant nature of follicular neoplasm. PATIENTS, METHODS The records of 119 patients with follicular neoplasm on FNAC, who underwent surgery for final diagnosis, were reviewed retrospectively. The predictive value of serum parameters including thyrotropin, thyroglobulin, and anti-thyroid antibodies, ultrasonographic criteria and clinical variables was evaluated by univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS, DISCUSSION Patients with malignant nodules showed a higher thyrotropin concentration compared to patients with benign nodules (median 1.6 mU/l, interquartile range 1.4-3.0 mU/l vs. median 1.2 mU/l, interquartile range 0.8-1.6 mU/l, p < 0.01). ROC-analysis of thyrotropin revealed an optimal cut off value to differentiate benign and malignant nodules of 1.34 mU/l. The incidence of malignancy was 30.3% for a thyrotropin concentration higher than 1.34 mU/l compared to 6.4% for a thyrotropin concentration lower than or equal to 1.34 mU/l. On univariate analysis thyroglobulin higher than 300 ng/ml, positive anti-thyroid antibodies, hypoechogenicity, and ill-defined margins, respectively, were also significantly associated with malignancy. On logistic regression analysis higher thyrotropin concentrations, ill-defined margins, and thyroglobulin higher than 300 ng/ml, respectively, were independent predictive factors for malignancy (OR 20.0, 10.7, and 22.7, respectively). CONCLUSION Higher thyrotropin concentrations are predictive for a malignant nature of follicular neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimny
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Hanau, Leimenstraße, Hanau, Germany.
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Bauer AJ, Francis GL. Update on the molecular signature of differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical implications and potential opportunities. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:819-834. [PMID: 30780870 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development and maturation of new technologies, there has been a steady incorporation of powerful new tools into the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. An increasing number of reports on oncogene testing and molecular screening in fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples have been published. However, there remains a paucity of data and consensus on combining both conventional and molecular technologies to determine the diagnosis and/or prognosis of disease. All patients with differentiated thyroid cancer stand to benefit from the identification and incorporation of reliable molecular markers into clinical practice. Identification of reliable markers would allow for stratification of treatment, affording the medical and surgical teams an ability to individually tailor evaluation and treatment, applying aggressive therapy and monitoring only when clinically warranted. For the majority of patients with thyroid cancer, the incorporation of a validated, multifaceted molecular profiling system may not improve survival; however, there is great opportunity for these efforts to decrease the morbidity associated with our current approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bauer
- a Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- b Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- c Thyroid Center, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary L Francis
- d Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond at The Commonwealth University Health System, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
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Müller K, Führer D, Mittag J, Klöting N, Blüher M, Weiss RE, Many MC, Schmid KW, Krohn K. TSH compensates thyroid-specific IGF-I receptor knockout and causes papillary thyroid hyperplasia. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1867-79. [PMID: 21980075 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although TSH stimulates all aspects of thyroid physiology IGF-I signaling through a tyrosine kinase-containing transmembrane receptor exhibits a permissive impact on TSH action. To better understand the importance of the IGF-I receptor in the thyroid in vivo, we inactivated the Igf1r with a Tg promoter-driven Cre-lox system in mice. We studied male and female mice with thyroidal wild-type, Igf1r(+/-), and Igf1r(-/-) genotypes. Targeted Igf1r inactivation did transiently reduce thyroid hormone levels and significantly increased TSH levels in both heterozygous and homozygous mice without affecting thyroid weight. Histological analysis of thyroid tissue with Igf1r inactivation revealed hyperplasia and heterogeneous follicle structure. From 4 months of age, we detected papillary thyroid architecture in heterozygous and homozygous mice. We also noted increased body weight of male mice with a homozygous thyroidal null mutation in the Igf1r locus, compared with wild-type mice, respectively. A decrease of mRNA and protein for thyroid peroxidase and increased mRNA and protein for IGF-II receptor but no significant mRNA changes for the insulin receptor, the TSH receptor, and the sodium-iodide-symporter in both Igf1r(+/-) and Igf1r(-/-) mice were detected. Our results suggest that the strong increase of TSH benefits papillary thyroid hyperplasia and completely compensates the loss of IGF-I receptor signaling at the level of thyroid hormones without significant increase in thyroid weight. This could indicate that the IGF-I receptor signaling is less essential for thyroid hormone synthesis but maintains homeostasis and normal thyroid morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Akt1 deficiency delays tumor progression, vascular invasion, and distant metastasis in a murine model of thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2011; 30:4307-15. [PMID: 21532616 PMCID: PMC3151477 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Akt activation is common in progressive thyroid cancer. In breast cancer, Akt1 induced primary cancer growth, but is reported to inhibit metastasis in vivo in several model systems. In contrast, clinical and in vitro studies suggest a metastasis-promoting role for Akt1 in thyroid cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the functional role of Akt1 in thyroid cancer growth and metastatic progression in vivo using thyroid hormone receptor βPV/PV knock-in (PV) mice which develop metastatic thyroid cancer. We crossed Akt1-/- and PV mice and compared tumor development, local progression, metastasis, and histology in TRβPV/PV/Akt1+/+ (PVPV-Akt1WT) and TRβPV/PV/Akt1-/- (PVPV-Akt1KO) mice. Mice were sacrificed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months; necropsy was performed and serum TSH was measured. Thyroid hyperplasia occurred in both groups beginning at three months; the thyroid size was greater in the PVPV-Akt1WT mice (p<0.001). In comparison with PVPV-Akt1WT mice, thyroid cancer development was delayed in the PVPV-Akt1KO mice (P=0.003) and the degree of tumor invasion was reduced. The PVPV-Akt1WT mice displayed pulmonary metastases at 12 and 15 months of age, by contrast PVPV-Akt1KO mice did not develop distant metastases at 15 months of age. Despite continued expression of Akt2 or Akt3, pAkt levels were decreased, and there was evidence of reduced Akt effect on p27 in the PVPV-Akt1KO thyroids. TSH levels were similarly elevated in PV mice regardless of Akt1 expression. In conclusion, thyroid cancer development and progression in TRβPV/PV mice are Akt1-dependent, consistent with a tumor progression-promoting role in this murine thyroid cancer model.
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Stanojevic B, Dzodic R, Saenko V, Milovanovic Z, Pupic G, Zivkovic O, Markovic I, Djurisic I, Buta M, Dimitrijevic B, Rogounovitch T, Mitsutake N, Mine M, Shibata Y, Nakashima M, Yamashita S. Mutational and clinico-pathological analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Serbia. Endocr J 2011; 58:381-93. [PMID: 21498916 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k11e-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is largely associated with mutational changes in the BRAF, RAS family and RET genes. Our aim was to assess clinico-pathological and prognostic correlations of these PTC-specific gene alterations, with a particular emphasis on the BRAF mutation, in a group of 266 Serbian PTC patients, for the first time. The reference center-based retrospective cohort included 201 (75.6%) females and 65 (24.4%) males aged 48.0±16.1 years (8-83 years old, range) diagnosed and treated for PTC during 1993-2008. Follow-up period was 53.1±41.6 months (7-187 months, range). BRAF and RAS mutations were determined by direct sequencing of genomic DNA. RET/PTC rearrangements were analyzed by RT-PCR/Southern blotting. Genetic alterations were detected in 150/266 tumors (56.4%). One tumor displayed two genetic alterations. The BRAF(V600E) was found in 84/266 (31.6%) cases, RAS mutations in 11/266 (4.1%) and RET/PTC in 55/266 (20.7%; 42/266 (15.8%) RET/PTC1 and 13/266 (4.9%) RET/PTC3). On multivariate analysis BRAF(V600E) was associated with the classical papillary morphology (P = 0.05), the higher pT category (P = 0.05) and advanced clinical stage (P = 0.03). In a proportional hazard model, BRAF(V600E) did not appear to be an independent risk factor for the faster recurrence (P = 0.784). We conclude that under the extensive thyroid surgery and limited application of radioiodine ablation BRAF(V600E) may not be an indicator of poorer disease-free survival during the short to middle follow-up period. However, it has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boban Stanojevic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Abstract
It is well known that radiation significantly impacts the morbidity of thyroid cancer and that is why Belarus has the highest incidence of the malignancy. Author describes statistical data, classification of angiogenesis, and typical pathological features of malignant thyroid diseases with regard to the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Vladimir Sprindzuk
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk. Belarus, 220040, Minsk, Bogdanovicha lane, 112/38. ,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For de-novo thyroid hormone synthesis ex vivo, thyroid follicular cells require a serum-free medium supplying nutrients, iodide, thyroid-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (or insulin). Under these conditions, T3 and T4 are secreted but so are other factors such as growth factors, plasminogen activators, their inhibitors known as serpins, and so on. What is the function of these factors? Do thyroid cells respond to them or are these paracrine/endocrine factors? The purpose of this review is to highlight the current developments in the identification and role of the signalling pathways that regulate thyroid growth and function and the putative role of endogenous thyroid proteases in regulating this. RECENT FINDINGS The roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositol 3 kinases and integrins in mediating growth and function in thyroid cancer cells and the roles of plasminogen activators, their receptors and the downstream signalling pathways they modulate have been developed. Discoveries of novel proteases, expressed in thyroid cancers, may be useful in diagnosis. SUMMARY The signalling pathways regulating thyroid activity are examined and the roles of follicular cell products in maintaining thyroid homeostasis evaluated. The possibility that thyroid cell products other than T3 and T4 may circulate and have extrathyroidal effects is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Eggo
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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