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Salas-Lucia F. Mapping Thyroid Hormone Action in the Human Brain. Thyroid 2024. [PMID: 38757586 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2024.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background: Normal brain development, mood, and cognitive functions depend on thyroid hormone (TH) action. However, little is known about how TH mediates its actions in the human brain. This is due to limited access to human brains deprived of TH during fetal and early postnatal life, as well as from adults with altered thyroid status. One way to partially bypass these limitations is by using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, two neuroimaging techniques that provide detailed, noninvasive information on human brain structure and function. Another way is using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived three-dimensional in vitro systems, known as brain organoids, which allow for the study of fundamental aspects of the early stages of human brain development. Summary: This narrative review focuses on neuroimaging and brain organoid studies. Neuroimaging of human brains performed in individuals with different thyroid conditions provides information on the volume, myelination, blood flow, neural activity, and connectivity of different areas. Such studies show that suboptimal thyroid status can impact human brain development and its normal function throughout life. This is true not only for patients with sporadic congenital hypothyroidism, during pregnancy or early after birth, but also for adult patients with hypo- or hyperthyroidism, patients carrying mutations that manifest as impaired sensitivity to TH, and even for normal individuals during aging. Studies using brain organoids generated from hiPSCs of healthy individuals or patients with thyroid genetic conditions provide insights into how TH can impact the early development of the human cerebral cortex. Conclusions: The developmental alterations in children born to mothers with different degrees of gestational hypothyroidism or who developed hypothyroidism early in life are remarkable, affecting multiple brain regions and pathways, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, interhemispheric and corticospinal tracts, and associative nuclei. The data connecting such changes to poor neurological outcomes in adult patients with hypothyroidism represent an objective link between thyroid-specific functional brain alterations and behavior. Growing brain organoids require TH, which is critical for human neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. These models have proven useful in screening drugs with potential therapeutic effects for patients with genetic thyroid diseases.
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Welborn BL, Zwain BB. Severe Post-partum Hypothyroidism Triggering Psychogenic Non-epileptiform Seizures, Myopathy, and Myxedema Coma. Cureus 2024; 16:e61318. [PMID: 38813074 PMCID: PMC11135830 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
This study details the development of severe post-partum hypothyroidism exacerbating psychogenic non-epileptiform seizures (PNES) and culminating in myxedema coma. A 29-year-old female with a history of anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-partum depression presented with confusion, aphasia, and severe bilateral leg cramping five months following vaginal delivery. Initial laboratory tests indicated elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels, suggestive of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Subsequent seizure-like episodes and the absence of epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram (EEG) raised suspicions of PNES. Further investigation upon readmittance to the hospital revealed a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 216 mIU/L (range: 0.4-4.0 mIU/L), free thyroxine (T4) level of 0.2 ng/dL (range: 0.8-1.8 ng/dL), and a CK level of 2083 U/L (range in females: 30-150 U/L), indicating severe hypothyroidism with myopathy. Reintroducing levothyroxine (Synthroid), which was previously discontinued during pregnancy, rapidly resolved her symptoms, supporting suspicions that her non-epileptic seizures and myopathy were both caused by her underlying severe post-partum hypothyroidism. She was maintained on levothyroxine with only one seizure-like episode following hospital discharge. This case illustrates the importance of a thorough endocrine assessment in patients with neuropsychiatric presentations, particularly in the peripartum period. It highlights the potential for severe thyroid dysfunction to manifest as PNES, emphasizing the complexity of diagnosing and managing such cases. The findings advocate for a multidisciplinary approach to evaluating post-partum females with neurological and psychiatric symptoms and provide evidence for the link between thyroid disorders and PNES, advocating for a nuanced approach in similar clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Welborn
- Neurology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, USA
| | - Benjamin B Zwain
- Neurology, Bon Secours St. Francis Health System, Greenville, USA
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Alkadhi KA. Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Ability in Experimental Adult-Onset Hypothyroidism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:150-162. [PMID: 38508752 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hypothyroidism impairs normal brain function. Research on animal models of hypothyroidism has revealed critical information on how deficiency of thyroid hormones impacts the electrophysiological and molecular functions of the brain, which leads to the well known cognitive impairment in untreated hypothyroid patients. Currently, such information can only be obtained from experiments on animal models of hypothyroidism. This review summarizes important research findings that pertain to understanding the clinical cognitive consequences of hypothyroidism, which will provide a better guiding path for therapy of hypothyroidism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cognitive impairment occurs during adult-onset hypothyroidism in both humans and animal models. Findings from animal studies validate clinical findings showing impaired long-term potentiation, decreased CaMKII, and increased calcineurin. Such findings can only be gleaned from animal experiments to show how hypothyroidism produces clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Valcárcel-Hernández V, Mayerl S, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone action in adult neurogliogenic niches: the known and unknown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1347802. [PMID: 38516412 PMCID: PMC10954857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1347802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, thyroid hormones (THs) signaling has been established as a key signaling cue for the proper maintenance of brain functions in adult mammals, including humans. One of the most fascinating roles of THs in the mature mammalian brain is their ability to regulate adult neurogliogenic processes. In this respect, THs control the generation of new neuronal and glial progenitors from neural stem cells (NSCs) as well as their final differentiation and maturation programs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the cellular organization of adult rodent neurogliogenic niches encompassing well-established niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles, the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ), and the hypothalamus, but also less characterized niches in the striatum and the cerebral cortex. We then discuss critical questions regarding how THs availability is regulated in the respective niches in rodents and larger mammals as well as how modulating THs availability in those niches interferes with lineage decision and progression at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Based on those alterations, we explore the novel therapeutic avenues aiming at harnessing THs regulatory influences on neurogliogenic output to stimulate repair processes by influencing the generation of either new neurons (i.e. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases), oligodendrocytes (multiple sclerosis) or both (stroke). Finally, we point out future challenges, which will shape research in this exciting field in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Valcárcel-Hernández
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Neurological Diseases and Aging, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Akkaya EC, Koc B, Dalkiran B, Calis G, Dayi A, Kayatekin BM. High-intensity interval training ameliorates spatial and recognition memory impairments, reduces hippocampal TNF-alpha levels, and amyloid-beta peptide load in male hypothyroid rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114752. [PMID: 37944564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are critical for healthy brain functions at every stage of life. Hypothyroidism can cause severe cognitive dysfunction in patients who do not receive adequate treatment. Although thyroid hormone replacement alleviates cognitive decline in hypothyroid patients, there are studies showing that there is no complete recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypothyroid rats on spatial and recognition memory, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta load and compare these effects with T3 replacement. Hypothyroidism was induced and maintained by administration of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) with their drinking water to 6-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 weeks. The animals exercised in the treadmill according to the HIIT protocol for four weeks. T3 was injected intraperitoneally daily during the last two weeks of the study. All animals performed in the elevated plus maze test, Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and rotarod motor performance test in the last week of the study and then the animals were sacrificed. Amyloid beta (1-42) and TNFα levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus by ELISA. Anxiety-like behaviors did not significantly differ between groups. T3 replacement with or without HIIT increased motor performance in PTU-treated rats. HIIT and/or T3 replacement increased the exercise performance. HIIT and/or T3 replacement alleviated spatial and recognition memory impairments and normalized TNFα and amyloid-beta levels in the hippocampus in hypothyroid rats. In summary, regular physical exercise may have potential benefits in preserving cognitive functions in hypothyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Caner Akkaya
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Basar Koc
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bahar Dalkiran
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guner Calis
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Dayi
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Zhang T, Zhao L, Chen C, Yang C, Zhang H, Su W, Cao J, Shi Q, Tian L. Structural and Functional Alterations of Hippocampal Subfields in Patients with Adult-onset Primary Hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae070. [PMID: 38324411 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothyroidism is often associated with cognitive and emotional dysregulation; however, the underlying neuropathological mechanisms remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to characterize abnormal alterations in hippocampal subfield volumes and functional connectivity (FC) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and overt hypothyroidism (OH). METHODS This cross-sectional observational study comprised 47 and 40 patients with newly diagnosed adult-onset primary SCH and OH, respectively, and 53 well-matched healthy controls (HCs). The demographics, clinical variables, and neuropsychological scale scores were collected. Next, the hippocampal subfield volumes and seed-based FC were compared between the groups. Finally, correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS SCH and OH exhibited significant alterations in cognitive and emotional scale scores. Specifically, the volumes of the right granule cell molecular layer of dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG) head, CA4 and CA3 head were reduced in SCH and OH groups. Moreover, the volumes of the right molecular layer (ML) head, CA1 body, left GC-ML-DG head, and CA4 head were lower in SCH. In addition, the hippocampal subfield volumes decreased more significantly in SCH than OH. The seed-based FC decreased in SCH but increased in OH compared with HCs. Correlation analyses revealed thyroid hormone (TH) was negatively correlated with FC values in hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SCH and OH might be at risk of cognitive decline, anxiety, or depression, and exhibited alterations in the volume and FC in specific hippocampal subfields. Furthermore, the reduction in volume was more pronounced in SCH. This study provides novel insights into the neuropathological mechanisms of brain impairment in hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Lianping Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenxiu Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jiancang Cao
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Limin Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu, 730000, China
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Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Toll A, Blanco-Hinojo L, Berge D, Manzano A, El Abidi K, Perez-Solà V, Mané A. Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone, BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1301714. [PMID: 38130289 PMCID: PMC10734033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1301714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid hormones play an essential role in hippocampal development, a key structure in psychosis. However, the role of these hormones in first-episode psychosis (FEP) has received limited attention. It has been hypothesized that thyroid hormones could cause morphological modifications in the hippocampal structure through the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we primarily aimed to determine the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, peripheral BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients. We also aimed to determine whether TSH levels were associated with clinical symptomatology. Materials and methods A total of 50 antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients were included in the study. At baseline, we collected fasting blood samples and registered sociodemographic and clinical variables (substance use, DUP, PANSS, GAF, and CDSS). Structural T1 MRI was performed at baseline to quantify brain volumes. No control group was used for this study. Results Of the 50 patients, more than one-third (36%) presented alterations in TSH levels, mainly elevated levels (32% of patients). The TSH levels were inversely correlated with both peripheral BDNF and hippocampal volume. On the multivariate analysis, the model that best predicted the relative hippocampal volume was a single variable model (TSH levels). No significant association was observed between TSH levels and clinical symptomatology. Discussion These results suggest that thyroid hormones could have a neuroprotective effect on the hippocampus in FEP patients, possibly through their effect by increasing BDNF concentrations, which could attenuate brain injury and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, thyroid hormones could also affect hippocampal volume through other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Toll
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Berge
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Manzano
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Perez-Solà
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Alotayk LI, Aldubayan MA, Alenezi SK, Anwar MJ, Alhowail AH. Comparative evaluation of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin on cognitive dysfunction in rats: Delineating the role of inflammation of hippocampal neurons and hypothyroidism. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115245. [PMID: 37523981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, and cisplatin are commonly used to treat a variety of cancers and often result in chemobrain, which manifests as difficulties in learning and memory processes that can persist in the years following treatment. The current study aims to evaluate the cognitive function following treatment with these agents and the underlying mechanisms using a rat model of neuroinflammation and possible implication of thyroid toxicity in chemotherapy induced cognitive dysfunction. Wistar female rats were treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (DOX, 25 mg/kg), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 100 mg/kg), cisplatin (8 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (CYP, 200 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. The cognitive performance of rats was then evaluated in spatial memory tasks using the Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3, and FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured, followed by estimation of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in the hippocampal tissue. Results revealed that all the chemotherapeutic agents produced impairment of cognitive function, and significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampal tissues. There was a significant reduction in thyroid hormones (T3, FT3, and T4) and an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum, which may also have contributed to the decline in cognitive function. In conclusion, DOX, 5-FU, CYP, and cisplatin produces impairment of spatial memory possibly by inflammation of hippocampal neurons and endocrine disruption (hypothyroidism) in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis I Alotayk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sattam K Alenezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Jamir Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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Yu ZW, Pu SD, Sun XT, Wang XC, Gao XY, Shan ZY. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1263-1274. [PMID: 37554512 PMCID: PMC10406107 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s413584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing. Thyroid hormones are key regulators of cognitive function in adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone sensitivity and MCI in euthyroid T2D patients. Patients and Methods A total of 400 euthyroid T2D patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, including 218 patients with normal cognition and 182 MCI patients. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate cognitive function. The free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio was calculated as a measure of peripheral sensitivity to thyroid hormones; the thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), thyrotrophic thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were calculated as measures of central sensitivity to thyroid hormones. Linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to explore the relationships between these indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity and the MoCA score and MCI, respectively. Results Compared with the normal cognitive function group, patients in the MCI group had higher TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI but a lower FT3/FT4 ratio (P<0.05). The MoCA score was positively correlated with the FT3/FT4 ratio but negatively correlated with TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI (P< 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a low FT3/FT4 ratio and high TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI were independently associated with MCI (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) for the association between MCI and the highest tertile of the FT3/FT4 was 0.455 (95% CI: 0.264-0.785), for the highest tertile of TSHI, the OR was 2.380 (95% CI: 1.376-4.119), for the highest tertile of TT4RI, the OR was 2.342 (95% CI:1.353-4.054), and for the highest tertile of TFQI, the OR was 2.536 (95% CI: 1.466-4.387) (P< 0.05). Conclusion Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with MCI in euthyroid T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Dan Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Chang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
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Mohammed RA, Baqais OA, Basalib SG, Owaidah AZ, Mirza AT, Sultan I. Hypothyroidism Among College Students and Its Association With Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42588. [PMID: 37641777 PMCID: PMC10460479 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of hypothyroidism and its contribution to learning difficulties and academic performance in college-age students. OBJECTIVE The objective is toassess the frequency of hypothyroidism and its associations with academic performance in college-age students. METHODS A cross-sectional study included 395 students studying across various Jeddah universities and selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Students self-answered the survey using Google Forms. The survey included demographic data, thyroid data, academic achievement as measured by overall grade point average (GPA), and student persistence as measured by academic failure and delay. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-five students were included, their median age was 23 years (17-33), 96 were males (24.3%) and 299 were females (75.7%). Their median GPA was 4 (2.76-4). Thirty-two students (8.1%) had been treated for hypothyroidism and eight students (25.8%) were non-compliant with therapy. Odds of hypothyroidism increased among females (OR 3.33, 95% CI: 0.99-10.78, p=0.048), older age (OR 2.60, 95% CI: 1.33-5.77, p=0.009), those with a positive family history of thyroid illnesses (OR 5.49, 95% CI: 2.30-13.07, p<0.001), and those with academic failure (OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.43-7.30, p=0.003) and academic delay (OR 2.83, 95% CI: 1.14-7.05, p=0.020). There was no significant association between hypothyroidism and GPA (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 0.83-7.77, P=0.092). CONCLUSION Hypothyroidism was prevalent among college students (8%), especially among older females. Hypothyroidism was associated with difficult student persistence, but this association did not reflect on their overall academic achievement. Incompliance with thyroid replacement therapy may be a common issue among hypothyroid patients. Further studies should focus on specific tests of the cognitive function of different learning domains and the role of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab A Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EGY
| | - Omar A Baqais
- Department of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Samaher G Basalib
- Department of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulaziz Z Owaidah
- Department of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulrahman T Mirza
- Department of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Intessar Sultan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
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Su W, Zhao L, Bao S, Qin R, Cao J, Tian J, Han Y, Zhang T, Chen C, Shi Q, Guo Q, Shao F, Tian L. Alterations in gray matter morphology and functional connectivity in adult patients with newly diagnosed, untreated hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2023. [PMID: 37130043 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated adult hypothyroidism may be associated with cognitive and emotional impairment, but the precise underlying neuropathological mechanism is unknown. We investigated the brain morphological and functional abnormalities associated with cognition and emotion in hypothyroidism. METHODS This is a cross-sectional observational study. Forty-four newly diagnosed adult hypothyroid patients and 54 well-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. All participants underwent 3D T1WI and resting-state functional brain MRI. Morphological and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed to compare the inter-group differences. Neuropsychological tests, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) were administered. Thyroid function test and blood lipid levels were measured. Correlations were computed between neuropsychological and biochemical measures with neuroimaging indices. Sensitive morphological or functional neuroimaging indicators were identified using ROC analysis. RESULTS Compared with HC, hypothyroid patients demonstrated lower total and subdomain scores on the MoCA and higher HAMD-24 and HAMA scores. Morphological analysis revealed the hypothyroid patients had significantly reduced gray matter (GM) volumes in the right superior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor area as well as significantly increased GM volumes in the bilateral cerebellar CrusⅠand left precentral gyrus. Furthermore, MRIs of hypothyroid patients showed increased FC between the right cerebellar CrusⅠand left precentral gyrus, triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobe. The language scores of the MoCA were positively correlated with Jacobian values of the left supplementary motor area (r = 0.391, P = 0.046) and precentral gyrus (r = 0.401, P = 0.039). ROC analysis revealed FC value between cerebellar CrusⅠand angular gyrus could differentiate groups with relatively high accuracy (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 77.8%, AUC: 0.794, 95% CI: 0.701-0.888, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Untreated adult-onset hypothyroidism may be associated with impaired cognition and anxiety or depression. GM morphological alterations and FC of the cerebellum with subregions of the frontal and parietal lobes may represent key neuropathological mechanisms underlying the cognitive deterioration and mood dysregulation observed in hypothyroid adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Su
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ningxia Medical University, 105002, School of Clinical Medicine, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China;
| | - Lianping Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Shisan Bao
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Rui Qin
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Jiancang Cao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Jing Tian
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Yalan Han
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Chen Chen
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Qian Shi
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Qian Guo
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Feifei Shao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Limin Tian
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
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Niedowicz DM, Wang WX, Price DA, Xie K, Patel E, Nelson PT. Impact of thyroid hormone perturbations in adult mice: brain weight and blood vessel changes, gene expression variation, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:74-84. [PMID: 37229849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of hyper- and hypothyroidism were used to examine the effects of thyroid hormone (TH) dyshomeostasis on the aging mammalian brain. 13-14 month-old mice were treated for 4months with either levothyroxine (hyperthyroid) or a propylthiouracil and methimazole combination (PTU/Met; hypothyroid). Hyperthyroid mice performed better on Morris Water Maze than control mice, while hypothyroid mice performed worse. Brain weight was increased in thyroxine-treated, and decreased in PTU/Met-treated animals. The brain weight change was strongly correlated with circulating and tissue T4. Quantitative measurements of microvessels were compared using digital neuropathologic methods. There was an increase in microvessel area in hyperthyroid mice. Hypothyroid mice showed a trend for elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes, indicating an increase in neuroinflammation. Gene expression alterations were associated with TH perturbation and astrocyte-expressed transcripts were particularly affected. For example, expression of Gli2 and Gli3, mediators in the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway, were strongly impacted by both treatments. We conclude that TH perturbations produce robust neurobehavioral, pathological, and brain gene expression changes in aging mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Niedowicz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Douglas A Price
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ela Patel
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Effects of choline supplementation in mothers with hypothyroidism on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression changes in pre-pubertal offspring rats. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2351-2356. [PMID: 36577834 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones play a vital function in the maturation in the course of mind development. Regarding the well-known effects of choline on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the study examined the effects of choline on hippocampal BDNF gene expression in maternal hypothyroidism rats. METHODS AND RESULTS To induce the hypothyroidism, 6-propyl-2-thiouracil was introduced to the ingesting water from the sixth day of gestation to twenty-first postnatal day (PND). Choline-treatment started twice a day on the first day of gestation until PND 21. On PND28, pups were sacrificed. The expression of BDNF gene was evaluated after the hippocampus was harvested. Our results demonstrated that both male and female pre-pubertal offspring rats' BDNF gene expression was decreased by developmental hypothyroidism. Choline increases the ratio of relative gene expression of BDNF in the hippocampus of males and females in the control/hypothyroidism group, especially in males. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that maternal choline supplementation on the first day of gestation until PND 21 improves brain development and cognitive function in pre-pubertal offspring rats regarding control/hypothyroidism groups.
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15
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Hojjati Fard F, Sabzi F, Marefati N, Vafaee F, Beheshti F, Hashemzadeh A, Darroudi M, Hosseini M. Nanoselenium improved learning, memory, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and attenuated nitric oxide, and oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile hypothyroid rats. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2719-2733. [PMID: 36083424 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoselenium (Nan S) is a form of selenium element that acts with high absorption and low toxicity. However, few studies have examined the effects of Nan S on cognitive impairment. On the other hand, hypothyroidism is a common disease that causes cognitive disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Nan S on memory impairment in rats due to propylthiouracil (PTU) - induced hypothyroidism. The roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nitric oxide (NO), and oxidative stress were also challenged. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) Control group (normal saline), (2) hypothyroid (Hypo) group: where 0.05% PTU was added to drinking water, (3) and (4) Hypo-Nan S 50, Hypo-Nan S 100 in which 50 or 100 µg/ kg of Nan S were injected respectively. After 6 weeks, spatial and avoidance memory was measured by Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. The animals then underwent deep anesthesia and the serum samples and the hippocampus and cortex were collected to be used for thyroxin and biochemical measurements including malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and BDNF. RESULTS The rats showed an increase in the escape latency and traveled path in MWM in the Hypo group compare with the Control group and these parameters were decreased in both Hypo-Nan S 50 and Hypo-Nan S 100 groups compared to the Hypo group. The rats of both Hypo-Nan S 50 and Hypo-Nan S 100 groups spent longer time and traveled longer distances in the target area during the probe trial of MWM than the Hypo group. In addition, the latency to enter the dark box in the PA test was lower in the Hypo group than in the Control group, which was significantly improved after Nan S treatment. Furthermore, the hippocampal and cortical lipid peroxide marker (MDA) levels and NO metabolites of the Hypo group were significantly increased and the antioxidant markers (total thiol, SOD, and CAT) were significantly inhibited compared to the Control group. Compared with the Hypo group, Nan S administration could significantly decrease the oxidant factors and increase the activities antioxidant system and concentration of BDNF. CONCLUSION It is concluded that Nan S might be able to enhance endogenous antioxidant proteins due to its antioxidant activity, thereby improving BDNF and spatial and avoidance memory in the hypothyroidism-induced memory impairment model however, more studies are still necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hojjati Fard
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Sabzi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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Hu G, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yu M, Zhou Y. Potential of Heterogeneous Compounds as Antidepressants: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213776. [PMID: 36430254 PMCID: PMC9692659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a globally widespread disorder caused by a complicated interplay of social, psychological, and biological factors. Approximately 280 million people are suffering from depression worldwide. Traditional frontline antidepressants targeting monoamine neurotransmitters show unsatisfactory effects. The development and application of novel antidepressants for dissimilar targets are on the agenda. This review characterizes the antidepressant effects of multiple endogenous compounds and/or their targets to provide new insight into the working mechanism of antidepressants. We also discuss perspectives and challenges for the generation of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghui Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
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A Fine Regulation of the Hippocampal Thyroid Signalling Pro-Tects Hypothyroid Mice against Glial Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911938. [PMID: 36233235 PMCID: PMC9569489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hypothyroidism is associated with learning and cognitive dysfunctions, which may be related to alterations in synaptic plasticity. Local reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) may impair glia morphology and activity, and promote the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels mainly in the hippocampus. Given that neuroinflammation induces memory impairments, hypothyroidism-related glia dysfunction may participate in brain disorders. Thus, we investigated the mechanisms linking hypothyroidism and neuroinflammation, from a protective perspective. We induced hypothyroidism in adult C57BL/6J and wild-derived WSB/EiJ male mice by a seven-week propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. We previously showed that WSB/EiJ mice were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing no neuroinflammatory response through adaptive abilities, unlike C57BL/6J. As PTU and HFD treatments are known to induce comparable inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that WSB/EiJ mice might also be protected against hypothyroidism-induced neuroinflammation. We showed that hypothyroid WSB/EiJ mice depicted no hippocampal neuroinflammatory response and were able to maintain their hippocampal thyroid signalling despite low circulatisng TH levels. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice exhibited disturbed hippocampal TH signalling, accompanied by neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Our results reinforce the preponderance of the hippocampal TH regulatory system over TH circulating levels in the hippocampal glial reactivity.
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18
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Pathophysiology and Management Possibilities of Thyroid-Associated Depression. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPA) axis are responsible for multiple metabolic processes and psychological well-being. Hypothyroidism can induce mood changes, depressive symptoms and even major depressive disorder. This review is focused on the pathophysiology and mechanisms through which the low level of thyroid hormones may affect the brain function, causing the characteristic symptoms of depression. Key pathways of hypothyroid-associated depressive states include: morphological changes in some brain areas (mainly in the hippocampus – a reduction in its volume); a significant reduction of the cerebral blood flow (incl. hippocampus), and lowered levels of neurotrophic factors (e. g. BDNF – brain-derived neurotrophic factor), which are regulated by the thyroid hormones. An adequate and timely thyroid hormone replacement and treatment with conventional antidepressants often can reverse the psychological symptoms.
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Xu YX, Wang C, Li XD, Guo WL, Liu GY, Zhang HB, Sun Y, Zhu DF, Xu Q. Activation of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons improved cognitive functions in adult-onset hypothyroid mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Alhowail A, Alsikhan R, Alsaud M, Aldubayan M, Rabbani SI. Protective Effects of Pioglitazone on Cognitive Impairment and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Review of Literature. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2919-2931. [PMID: 36068789 PMCID: PMC9441149 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Ahmad Alhowail, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +9665672025858, Email
| | - Rawan Alsikhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Al Qassim, 51911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alsaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Anderson KS, Howard KJ, Haskard-Zolnierek KB, Pruin J, Deason RG. Using the Biopsychosocial Approach to Identify Factors Associated with Major Depressive Disorder for Individuals with Hypothyroidism. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2022; 43:755-765. [PMID: 35358004 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2022.2053010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has found that major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly occurs in hypothyroid populations. The purpose of this study was to use the biopsychosocial model to investigate factors associated with MDD and hypothyroidism by comparing hypothyroid patients with MDD and without MDD. A sample of 386 participants with hypothyroidism completed both cognitive and psychosocial self-reported assessments along with a questionnaire rating the severity of common hypothyroid symptoms. Participants were divided into two groups (MDD and no MDD) using the diagnostic criteria of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Univariate comparisons were used to assess differences in the severity of physical, psychological, and social correlates in participants with and without MDD. Participants with MDD reported significantly worse symptom severity, increased stress, and disruptions of cognitive functioning. Compared to individuals without MDD, they also indicated poorer quality of life, doctor-patient relationships, and treatment adherence. Individuals with comorbid depression and hypothyroidism reported worse outcomes across physical symptoms, social factors, and psychological and cognitive states than individuals without MDD. Integrating depression screeners and independent treatment for MDD, in addition to the patient's hypothyroid treatment plan, may result in hypothyroid symptom relief and greater quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy S Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Krista J Howard
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | - Julia Pruin
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca G Deason
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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22
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Ravichandran J, Karthikeyan BS, Samal A. Investigation of a derived adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for endocrine-mediated perturbations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154112. [PMID: 35219661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a compact representation of the available mechanistic information on observed adverse effects upon environmental exposure. Sharing of events across individual AOPs has led to the emergence of AOP networks. Since AOP networks are expected to be functional units of toxicity prediction, there is current interest in their development tailored to specific research question or regulatory problem. To this end, we have developed a detailed workflow to construct an endocrine-relevant AOP (ED-AOP) network based on the existing information available in AOP-Wiki. We propose a cumulative weight of evidence (WoE) score for each ED-AOP based on the WoE scores assigned to key event relationships (KERs) by AOP-Wiki, revealing gaps in AOP development. Connectivity analysis of the ED-AOP network comprising 48 AOPs reveals 7 connected components and 12 isolated AOPs. Subsequently, we apply standard network measures to perform an in-depth analysis of the two largest connected components of the ED-AOP network. Notably, the graph-theoretic analyses led to the identification of important events including points of convergence or divergence in the ED-AOP network. These findings can suggest potential adverse outcomes and facilitate the development of new endpoints or assays for chemical risk assessment. Detailed analysis of the largest component in the ED-AOP network gives insights on the systems-level perturbations caused by endocrine disruption, emergent paths, and stressor-event associations. In sum, the derived ED-AOP network can provide a broader view of the biological events disrupted by endocrine disruption, as well as facilitate better risk assessment of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ravichandran
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India.
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Madhusudhan U, M K, Singaravelu V, Ganji V, John N, Gaur A. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Mediated Cognitive Impairment in Hypothyroidism. Cureus 2022; 14:e23722. [PMID: 35506116 PMCID: PMC9056880 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is expressed at high levels in the limbic system, has been shown to regulate learning, memory and cognition. Thyroid hormone is crucial for brain development. Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition in which thyroid hormones are reduced and it affects the growth and development of the brain in neonates and progresses to cognitive impairment in adults. The exact mechanism of how reduced thyroid hormones impairs cognition and memory is not well understood. This review explores the possible role of BDNF-mediated cognitive impairment in hypothyroid patients.
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Holmberg M, Malmgren H, Heckemann RA, Johansson B, Klasson N, Olsson E, Skau S, Starck G, Filipsson Nyström H. A Longitudinal Study of Medial Temporal Lobe Volumes in Graves Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1040-1052. [PMID: 34752624 PMCID: PMC8947220 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common features of Graves disease (GD) in hyperthyroidism and after treatment. The mechanism behind these symptoms is unknown, but reduced hippocampal volumes have been observed in association with increased thyroid hormone levels. OBJECTIVE This work aimed at investigating GD influence on regional medial temporal lobe (MTL) volumes. METHODS Sixty-two women with newly diagnosed GD underwent assessment including magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in hyperthyroidism and 48 of them were followed up after a mean of 16.4 ± 4.2 SD months of treatment. Matched thyroid-healthy controls were also assessed twice at a 15-month interval. MR images were automatically segmented using multiatlas propagation with enhanced registration. Regional medial temporal lobe (MTL) volumes for amygdalae and hippocampi were compared with clinical data and data from symptom questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. RESULTS Patients had smaller MTL regions than controls at inclusion. At follow-up, all 4 MTL regions had increased volumes and only the volume of the left amygdala remained reduced compared to controls. There were significant correlations between the level of thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) and MTL volumes at inclusion and also between the longitudinal difference in the levels of free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and TRAb and the difference in MTL volumes. There were no significant correlations between symptoms or test scores and any of the 4 MTL volumes. CONCLUSION Dynamic alterations in the amygdalae and hippocampi in GD reflect a previously unknown level of brain involvement both in the hyperthyroid state of the condition and after treatment. The clinical significance, as well as the mechanisms behind these novel findings, warrant further study of the neurological consequences of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Holmberg
- ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Correspondence: Mats Holmberg, PhD, ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Helge Malmgren
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- MedTech West at University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rolf A Heckemann
- MedTech West at University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Johansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Klasson
- MedTech West at University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simon Skau
- MedTech West at University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Starck
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helena Filipsson Nyström
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Mayerl S, Alcaide Martin A, Bauer R, Schwaninger M, Heuer H, ffrench-Constant C. Distinct Actions of the Thyroid Hormone Transporters Mct8 and Oatp1c1 in Murine Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:524. [PMID: 35159334 PMCID: PMC8834272 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome, a severe form of psychomotor retardation, while inactivating mutations in another TH transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (OATP1C1), are linked to juvenile neurodegeneration. These diseases point to essential roles for TH transporters in CNS function. We recently defined the presence of Mct8 in adult hippocampal progenitors and mature granule cell neurons and unraveled cell-autonomous and indirect requirements for Mct8 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we investigated whether Oatp1c1 is involved in the hippocampal neurogenic process in concert with Mct8. We detected Oatp1c1 gene expression activity and transcripts in subsets of progenitors, neurons and niche cells in the dentate gyrus. Absence of Oatp1c1 resulted in increased neuroblast and reduced immature neuron numbers in 6-month-old Oatp1c1ko and Mct8/Oatp1c1 double knockout (M/Odko) mice. Reduced EdU-label retention in Mct8ko and M/Odko mice confirmed the impact of Mct8 on neuron formation. In contrast, no significant effect of Oatp1c1 loss on granule cell neuron production and anxiety-like behavior in the open field arena were seen. Together, our results reinforce that distinct actions of each TH transporter are required at multiple stages to ensure proper adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Andrea Alcaide Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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26
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Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H, Talebi A, Mohseni-Moghaddam P. Thyroid Disorders and Development of Cognitive Impairment: A Review Study. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:835-844. [PMID: 34963121 DOI: 10.1159/000521650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a neurological disorder that is spreading with increasing human lifespan. In this neurological disorder, memory and cognition are declined and eventually impaired. Various factors can be considered as the background of this disorder, one of which is endocrine disorders. Thyroid hormones are involved in various physiological processes in the body; one of the most important of them is neuromodulation. Thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, can affect the nervous system and play a role in the development of dementia. Despite decades of investigation, the nature of the association between thyroid disorders and cognition remains a mystery. Given the enhancing global burden of dementia, the principal purpose of this study was to elucidate the association between thyroid disturbances as a potentially modifiable risk factor of cognitive dysfunction. In this review study, we have tried to collect almost all of the reported mechanisms demonstrating the role of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the pathogenesis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Anis Talebi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mohseni-Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Khadrawy YA, Khoder NM, Sawie HG, Sharada HM, Hosny EN, Abdulla MS. The Neuroprotective Effect of α-Lipoic Acid and/or Metformin against the Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Hypothyroidism in Rat. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:1129-1142. [PMID: 35354137 DOI: 10.1159/000524367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates the neuroprotective effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) and/or metformin (MET) on the behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by hypothyroidism. METHODS Rats were divided into control, rat model of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil, and rat model of hypothyroidism treated with ALA, MET, or their combination. RESULTS Behaviorally, hypothyroid rats revealed impaired memory and reduced motor activity as indicated from the novel object recognition test and open-field test, respectively. Hypothyroidism induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) in the cortex and hippocampus. These were associated with a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and a significant decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Hypothyroidism decreased significantly the levels of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and reduced the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Na+, K+-ATPase in the cortex and hippocampus. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with ALA and/or MET showed an improvement in memory function and motor activity. Moreover, ALA and/or MET prevented the increase in MDA and TNF-α, and the decline in GSH, NO, BDNF, 5-HT, NE, and DA. It also restored AchE and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in the studied brain regions. CONCLUSION ALA and/or MET has a potential neuroprotective effect against the adverse behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by hypothyroidism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha M Khoder
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hayat M Sharada
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohga S Abdulla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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28
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Amirahmadi S, Hosseini M, Ahmadabady S, Akbarian M, Abrari K, Vafaee F, Rajabian A. Folic acid attenuated learning and memory impairment via inhibition of oxidative damage and acetylcholinesterase activity in hypothyroid rats. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2393-2403. [PMID: 34562187 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism has been reported to be associated with cognitive decline. Considering the role of folic acid (FA) in cognitive performance, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of FA on hypothyroidism-induced cognitive impairment, oxidative damage, and alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat model of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism. In this study, PTU (0.05% in drinking water) and FA (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, oral gavage) were administered for the rats during 7 weeks. Then, behavioral performance was tested using Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tasks. Finally, oxidative stress indicators and AChE activity were assayed in the brain tissues. The impairing effect of hypothyroidism on cognitive performance was markedly alleviated by FA especially at higher doses. In the MWM test, FA reduced escape latency and travelled distance, compared to the non-treated hypothyroid group. In the PA test, latency to enter dark chamber was significantly enhanced by FA compared to the non-treated hypothyroid group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). Besides, FA attenuated AChE activity and malondialdehyde level but it increased activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and total thiol content (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings revealed that FA could improve learning and memory ability in hypothyroid rats. The observed protective effects may have been mediated through regulation of oxidative stress and AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiheh Amirahmadi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaieh Ahmadabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsan Akbarian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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29
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Uma D, Rabbani R, Lee JH, Gavini DR, Shah PH, Hamid P. Does Hormone Supplementation With Levothyroxine Improve Hypothyroid Impaired Cognitive Dysfunction? Cureus 2021; 13:e17885. [PMID: 34660084 PMCID: PMC8503702 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a widespread condition in the United States, affecting approximately 5% of the adult population. Although the clinical use of levothyroxine is well understood, its effect on preventing dementia is not well established. While the exact role of thyroid hormones in the adult brain is unknown, it is apparent that poor thyroid function can lead to mood swings, cognitive impairment, and other psychiatric symptoms. Most studies demonstrate an association between thyroid health and cognition, specifically slow processing of information, decreased effectiveness of executive functions, and lack of learning. This study aims to review the effect of levothyroxine on dementia. We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, gray literature, and the references of included articles to find relevant articles. Two investigators independently identified eligible studies, screened title/abstract, and extracted data. We identified a total of 319 citations through a database search with six studies (case-control, longitudinal, cross-sectional, randomized controlled trials) meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies with moderate to low risk of bias were evaluated using their respective quality check tools. Five of six studies showed a positive impact of levothyroxine (LT-4) on dementia. According to these studies, the plausible rationale behind the reversal of memory with LT-4 treatment is restoring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) levels, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations. People with abnormal thyroid function should be screened for cognitive dysfunction using specific neurocognitive tests and start treatment with LT-4 regardless of symptom presentation. Multi-dose randomized placebo-controlled intervention studies are recommended to assess the effect of LT-4 on lowering the risk of dementia in hypothyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davuluri Uma
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Rizwan Rabbani
- Nephrology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Divya R Gavini
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Prutha H Shah
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Pousette Hamid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
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30
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Chen L, Wu W, Tian Y, Zeng Y, Hou C, Zhu H, Zheng K, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Peng B, Yang S, Wang X, Ning S, Liao Y, Lin H, Shi K, Li X, Chen WX. Thyroid Function and Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Pediatric Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:707046. [PMID: 34566852 PMCID: PMC8458694 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.707046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies found that changes of thyroid antibodies (ATAbs), thyroid hormone, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) characterized by thyroid hormone inactivation with low triiodothyronine and high reverse triiodothyronine followed by suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in adult anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis were associated with disease severity. This study aimed to explore thyroid function and ATAbs in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis and their clinical association. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 51 pediatric cases with anti-NMDAR encephalitis hospitalized in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from August 2016 to 2019. Results: A percentage of 52.9% of patients belonged to the ATAb (+) group, with 26 cases both positive for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb), and one patient only positive for TPOAb. A percentage of 62.7% of patients had at least one abnormality in terms of FT3, free thyroxin (FT4), or TSH levels. Meanwhile, 45.1% of patients were diagnosed with NTIS. Among 25 cases retested for thyroid function 2 months after the initial test, the respectively decreased FT3 and FT4 in 13 and 11 cases on admission returned to normal or closer normal than before; TPOAb in eight cases and TGAb in 12 cases were changed from positivity to negativity. Compared with onset, the level of TPOAb and TGAb at relapse remained stable or significantly decreased, respectively. Compared with the ATAb (-) group, the ATAb (+) group had an older onset age, a higher ratio of movement disorders, elevated rate of sleep disorders, increased anti-nuclear antibody positivity rate, and higher ratio of more than one course of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. There were no significant differences between the NTIS and non-NTIS groups in clinical characteristics. Conclusion: Anti-thyroid antibody positivity, abnormality of FT3, FT4, or TSH levels and NTIS are frequent in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Thyroid antibody and thyroid hormone abnormalities could be improved through the course of treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Cases with ATAbs (+) are at older onset ages and more likely to be treated by intravenous immunoglobulin therapy more than once. Unlike adult anti-NMDAR encephalitis, NTIS might not be associated with the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Hou
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelu Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingwei Peng
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sida Yang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Ning
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinting Liao
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haisheng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaili Shi
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Ge F, Zhu D, Tian M, Shi J. The Role of Thyroid Function in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1553-1562. [PMID: 34420955 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland is crucial for the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development of various tissues, organs, systems, including the central nervous system. Recent studies have implicated the role of thyroid dysfunction in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while AD leads to a significant increase in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. In this review, we have analyzed the role of thyroid function in the pathophysiology of AD as well as its biomarkers. The present review aims to provide encouraging targets for early screening of AD risk factors and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ge
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjie Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Alhowail A. Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:398. [PMID: 33786606 PMCID: PMC8025477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The health risks of nicotine are well known, but there is some evidence of its beneficial effects on cognitive function. The present review focused on the reported benefits of nicotine in the brain and summarizes the associated underlying mechanisms. Nicotine administration can improve cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dyskinesia and memory impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the progression of PD by inhibiting Sirtuin 6, a stress‑responsive protein deacetylase, thereby decreasing neuronal apoptosis and improving neuronal survival. In AD, nicotine improves cognitive impairment by enhancing protein kinase B (also referred to as Akt) activity and stimulating phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling, which regulates learning and memory processes. Nicotine may also activate thyroid receptor signaling pathways to improve memory impairment caused by hypothyroidism. In healthy individuals, nicotine improves memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation by enhancing the phosphorylation of calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, nicotine may improve memory function through its effect on chromatin modification via the inhibition of histone deacetylases, which causes transcriptional changes in memory‑related genes. Finally, nicotine administration has been demonstrated to rescue long‑term potentiation in individuals with sleep deprivation, AD, chronic stress and hypothyroidism, primarily by desensitizing α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. To conclude, nicotine has several cognitive benefits in healthy individuals, as well as in those with cognitive dysfunction associated with various diseases. However, further research is required to shed light on the effect of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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33
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Gold PW. Endocrine Factors in Key Structural and Intracellular Changes in Depression. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:212-223. [PMID: 33622587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disturbances play predominant roles in recently discovered, clinically relevant abnormalities in depression. These affect multiple sites in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and habenula. Deficits consist of changes in volume, neuroplasticity, neural connectivity, synapse composition, and neurogenesis. Depression is associated with endocrine-related, premature systemic disease, that results in a loss of approximately 7 years of life. CRH, glucocorticoids, somatostatin, gonadal steroids, and thyroid hormones all contribute to the deficits that largely define the pathophysiologic presentation of depression. The World Health Organization ranks depression as the second greatest cause of disability worldwide. The response rate to current antidepressants is below 60%. It is important that new knowledge about the endocrine-mediated pathophysiology of depression be communicated to provide targets for new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Gold
- Office of the Scientific Director, 10 Center Drive, Intramural Research Program, NIH/NIMH, NIH Clinical Center 2D-46-1284, Bethesda, MD 20814-1284, USA.
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34
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Butruille L, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult neural stem cell fate: A comparative analysis between rodents and primates. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:133-192. [PMID: 33752817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, a highly conserved pathway across vertebrates, is crucial for brain development and function throughout life. In the adult mammalian brain, including that of humans, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate and generate neuronal and glial progenitors. The role of TH has been intensively investigated in the two main neurogenic niches of the adult mouse brain, the subventricular and the subgranular zone. A key finding is that T3, the biologically active form of THs, promotes NSC commitment toward a neuronal fate. In this review, we first discuss the roles of THs in the regulation of adult rodent neurogenesis, as well as how it relates to functional behavior, notably olfaction and cognition. Most research uncovering these roles of TH in adult neurogenesis was conducted in rodents, whose genetic background, brain structure and rate of neurogenesis are considerably different from that of humans. To bridge the phylogenetic gap, we also explore the similarities and divergences of TH-dependent adult neurogenesis in non-human primate models. Lastly, we examine how photoperiodic length changes TH homeostasis, and how that might affect adult neurogenesis in seasonal species to increase fitness. Several aspects by which TH acts on adult NSCs seem to be conserved among mammals, while we only start to uncover the molecular pathways, as well as how other in- and extrinsic factors are intertwined. A multispecies approach delivering more insights in the matter will pave the way for novel NSC-based therapies to combat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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Chambers T, Anney R, Taylor PN, Teumer A, Peeters RP, Medici M, Caseras X, Rees DA. Effects of Thyroid Status on Regional Brain Volumes: A Diagnostic and Genetic Imaging Study in UK Biobank. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:688-696. [PMID: 33274371 PMCID: PMC7947746 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone is essential for optimal human neurodevelopment and may modify the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the brain structures involved are unknown and it is unclear if the adult brain is also susceptible to changes in thyroid status. METHODS We used International Classification of Disease-10 codes, polygenic thyroid scores at different thresholds of association with thyroid traits (PT-values), and image-derived phenotypes in UK Biobank (n = 18 825) to investigate the effects of a recorded diagnosis of thyroid disease and genetic risk for thyroid status on cerebellar and subcortical gray matter volume. Regional genetic pleiotropy between thyroid status and ADHD was explored using the GWAS-pairwise method. RESULTS A recorded diagnosis of hypothyroidism (n = 419) was associated with significant reductions in total cerebellar and pallidum gray matter volumes (β [95% CI] = -0.14[-0.23, -0.06], P = 0.0005 and β [95%CI] = -0.12 [-0.20, -0.04], P = 0.0042, respectively), mediated in part by increases in body mass index. While we found no evidence for total cerebellar volume alterations with increased polygenic scores for any thyroid trait, opposing influences of increased polygenic scores for hypo- and hyperthyroidism were found in the pallidum (PT < 1e-3: β [95% CI] = -0.02 [-0.03, -0.01], P = 0.0003 and PT < 1e-7: β [95% CI] = 0.02 [0.01, 0.03], P = 0.0003, respectively). Neither hypo- nor hyperthyroidism showed evidence of regional genetic pleiotropy with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid status affects gray matter volume in adults, particularly at the level of the cerebellum and pallidum, with potential implications for the regulation of motor, cognitive, and affective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Chambers
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter N Taylor
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Correspondence: D. Aled Rees, FRCP, PhD, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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Association of altered thyroid hormones and neurometabolism to cognitive dysfunction in unmedicated bipolar II depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110027. [PMID: 32791168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment in bipolar II depression (BD II) remains unclear. Studies show disturbances of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis are suspected of correlating to brain neurometabolic alterations and cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders. While, the nature of their inter-relationships in BD II depression remain enigmatic. METHODS 106 patients with unmedicated BD II depression and 100 healthy controls underwent cognitive function assessment using Trail Making Test, Part-A (TMT-A), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Semantic Verbal Fluency testing (SVF). Of those, 69 patients and 53 healthy controls had serum thyroid hormone levels measured including free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), total tri-iodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxin (FT4), total thyroxin (TT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Additionally, 79 of the patients and 76 of the healthy controls underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) to obtain ratios of N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and choline-containing compounds to creatine (Cho/Cr) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus. Finally, association and multiple regression analysis were conducted to investigate their inter-relationships. RESULTS Patients with BD II depression showed significantly lower DSST and verbal fluency scores and longer completion time of TMT-A than did healthy controls. The FT3, TT3, and TSH levels of the BD cohort significantly decreased, while their FT4 levels increased. We also found significantly lower NAA/Cr ratios in the PFC and higher NAA/Cr ratios in the left thalamus of patients with BD II depression than in healthy controls. Furthermore, association analysis showed that increased FT4 negatively correlated to DSST and SVF, while increased FT4 correlation significantly with increasing TSH and DSST. Multiple regression analyses revealed relationships between TSH and NAA in the left PFC and the left thalamus, while correlating to SVF testing within the BD II depression cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate coinciding thyroid hormone abnormalities, cognitive dysfunction, and neurometabolic alterations of the PFC-thalamic circuitry occur in an early course of BD II depression. Further understanding of the interaction between thyroid-stimulating hormone and NAA/Cr of PFC-thalamic circuitry may shed light on the etiology of associated cognitive impairment.
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Primary hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis alter the transcriptional activity of genes regulating neurogenesis in the blood of patients. Endocr Regul 2021; 55:5-15. [PMID: 33600668 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the development and maturation of the central nervous symptom and their failure in the prenatal period leading to an irreversible brain damage. Their effect on the brain of adult, however, has not been fully studied. With the discovery of neurogenesis in the adult brain, many recent studies have been focused on the understanding the basic mechanisms controlling this process. Many neurogenesis regulatory genes are not only transcribed but also translated into the blood cells. The goal of our study was to analyze the transcriptional activity of neurogenesis regulatory genes in peripheral blood cells in patients with thyroid pathology.Methods. The pathway-specific PCR array (Neurotrophins and Receptors RT2 Profiler PCR Array, QIAGEN, Germany) was used to identify and validate the neurogenesis regulatory genes expression in patients with thyroid pathology and control group.Results. The results showed that GFRA3, NGFR, NRG1, NTF3, NTRK1, and NTRK2 significantly decreased their expression in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis with rising serum of autoantibodies. The patients with primary hypothyroidism, as a result of autoimmune thyroiditis and postoperative hypothyroidism, had significantly lower expression of FGF2, NGFR, NRG1, and NTF3. The mRNA level of CNTFR was markedly decreased in the group of patients with postoperative hypothyroidism. No change in the ARTN, PSPN, TFG, MT3, and NELL1 expression was observed in any group of patients.Conclusion. The finding indicates that a decrease in thyroid hormones and a high level of autoantibodies, such as anti-thyroglobulin antibody and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, affect the expression of mRNA neurogenesis-regulated genes in patients with thyroid pathology.
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Yin J, Xie L, Luo D, Huang J, Guo R, Zheng Y, Xu W, Duan S, Lin Z, Ma S. Changes of Structural and Functional Attention Control Networks in Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:725908. [PMID: 34776889 PMCID: PMC8585844 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.725908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural changes in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and to investigate the altered attentional control networks using functional MRI (fMRI) during the performance of a modified Stroop task with Chinese characters. Methods: High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images and an fMRI scan were taken from 18 patients with SCH and 18 matched control subjects. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Chinese-revised (MoCA-CR) and the Stroop task were used to evaluate the cognitive and attention control of the participants. Results: Compared to controls, the VBM results showed decreased gray matter volumes (GMVs) in bilateral prefrontal cortices (PFCs, including middle, medial, and inferior frontal gyri), cingulate gyrus, precuneus, left middle temporal gyrus, and insula in patients with SCH. The fMRI results showed a distributed network of brain regions in both groups, consisting of PFCs (including superior and middle and inferior frontal cortices), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, as well as the insula and caudate nucleus. Compared to controls, the SCH group had lower activation of the above brain areas, especially during the color-naming task. In addition, the normalized GMV (nGMV) was negatively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (r = -0.722, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Results indicate that patients with SCH exhibit reduced GMVs, altered BOLD signals, and activation in regions associated with attention control, which further suggest that patients with SCH may have attentional control deficiency, and the weakened PFC-ACC-precuneus brain network might be one of the neural mechanisms. Negative correlations between nGMV and TSH suggest that TSH elevation may induce abnormalities in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - DongXue Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanmin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wencan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhua Ma
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Pinto E, Ramos P, Vital C, Santos A, Almeida A. Iodine levels in different regions of the human brain. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126579. [PMID: 32559703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine is a key component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are crucial for proper growth and development of the human body. In particular, a great body of literature has been published on the link between thyroid hormones and brain development and functioning. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the iodine levels in the human brain. The aim of this work was to determine the brain iodine levels and to contribute to the establishment of "reference" levels for iodine in the different anatomical and functional regions of normal (i.e., subjects without neurological or psychiatric diseases) human brain. METHODS The iodine levels were determined in 14 brain regions of 52 dead subjects without evidence of neurological or psychiatric disease (n = 728 samples). Iodine was extracted from brain samples using a standard procedure and determined by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS Four subjects presented abnormally high brain iodine levels (26.0 ± 14.2 μg/g) and were excluded from the overall data analysis. The average brain iodine levels for the remaining 48 subjects was 0.14 ± 0.13 μg/g dry weight. Iodine showed very heterogeneous distribution across the different brain regions, with the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen showing the highest levels. Interestingly, these brain regions are closely related to cognitive function. Iodine levels also showed a tendency to increase with age. The high levels observed in four subjects seemed to be related to previous exposure to iodine-based contrast agents widely used in radiology and computed tomography exams. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides important data on iodine levels at different brain regions in "normal" people, which can be used to interpret eventual imbalances in subjects with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pinto
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P.Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Vital
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - North Branch, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Choi BW, Kim S, Kang S, Won KS, Yi HA, Kim HW. Relationship Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease in Euthyroid Subjects. Thyroid 2020; 30:1547-1555. [PMID: 32438896 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although several studies have reported an association between thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the effect of mild thyroid dysfunction within the normal range of thyrotropin (TSH) on the development of AD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between thyroid hormones and the pathology of AD in euthyroid subjects. Methods: Sixty-nine subjects with a TSH level between 0.5 and 4.5 μIU/L who underwent 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. The levels of serum free thyroxine (fT4) and TSH were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Neuropsychological tests were performed to assess cognitive function. Differences in cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) burden were compared between high-normal TSH (TSH ≥2.5 μIU/mL) and low-normal TSH (TSH <2.5 μIU/mL) groups. Multiple linear regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, education level, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores, were performed to evaluate relationships between thyroid hormone levels and both cerebral Aβ burden and cognitive function. Results: The cerebral Aβ burden in the high-normal TSH group was significantly higher than in the low-normal TSH group (1.53 ± 0.31 vs. 1.35 ± 0.22, p = 0.009). The fT4 levels were negatively correlated with cerebral Aβ burden (β = -0.240, p = 0.035), and TSH levels were positively correlated with cerebral Aβ burden (β = 0.267, p = 0.020). The fT4 level was also positively associated with cognitive function, as inferred from neuropsychological test scores. Conclusions: Thyroid hormone concentrations were associated with AD pathology in euthyroid subjects. Our findings suggest that AD is likely to occur even in individuals with high-normal TSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Wook Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sook Won
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Ah Yi
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Liu B, Wang Z, Lin L, Yang H, Gao F, Gong T, Edden RAE, Wang G. Brain GABA+ changes in primary hypothyroidism patients before and after levothyroxine treatment: A longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102473. [PMID: 33395967 PMCID: PMC7663215 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of the GABAergic system in the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism. We aimed to investigate longitudinal changes of brain GABA in primary hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 18 patients with hypothyroidism, we used the MEGA-PRESS (Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy) editing sequence to measure brain GABA levels from medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) at baseline and after 6-months of L-T4 treatment. Sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 18) were scanned at baseline. Thyroid function and neuropsychological tests were also performed. RESULTS GABA signals were successfully quantified from all participants with fitting errors lower than 15%. GABA signal was labeled as GABA+ due to contamination from co-edited macromoleculars and homocarnosine. In hypothyroid patients, mean GABA+ was significantly lower in the mPFC region compared with controls (p = 0.031), and the mPFC GABA+ measurements were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms and memory function (r = -0.558, p = 0.016; r = 0.522, p = 0.026, respectively). After adequate L-T4 treatment, the mPFC GABA+ in hypothyroid patients increased to normal level, along with relieved neuropsychological impairments. CONCLUSION The study suggested the decrease of GABA+ may be an important neurobiological factor in the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism. Treatment of L-T4 may reverse the abnormal GABA+ and hypothyroidism-induced neuropsychiatric impairments, indicating the action mode of L-T4 in adjunctive treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhensong Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liangjie Lin
- MSC Clinical & Technical Solutions, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Vancamp P, Butruille L, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid Hormone and Neural Stem Cells: Repair Potential Following Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:875. [PMID: 32982671 PMCID: PMC7479247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuronal and/or glial cell loss, while traumatic injury is often accompanied by the acute loss of both. Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain spontaneously proliferate, forming neuronal and glial progenitors that migrate toward lesion sites upon injury. However, they fail to replace neurons and glial cells due to molecular inhibition and the lack of pro-regenerative cues. A major challenge in regenerative biology therefore is to unveil signaling pathways that could override molecular brakes and boost endogenous repair. In physiological conditions, thyroid hormone (TH) acts on NSC commitment in the subventricular zone, and the subgranular zone, the two largest NSC niches in mammals, including humans. Here, we discuss whether TH could have beneficial actions in various pathological contexts too, by evaluating recent data obtained in mammalian models of multiple sclerosis (MS; loss of oligodendroglial cells), Alzheimer’s disease (loss of neuronal cells), stroke and spinal cord injury (neuroglial cell loss). So far, TH has shown promising effects as a stimulator of remyelination in MS models, while its role in NSC-mediated repair in other diseases remains elusive. Disentangling the spatiotemporal aspects of the injury-driven repair response as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TH acts, could unveil new ways to further exploit its pro-regenerative potential, while TH (ant)agonists with cell type-specific action could provide safer and more target-directed approaches that translate easier to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
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Yang Y, Zhan F, Wang YC, Wang B, Shi MX, Guo C, Xu DX, Meng XH. Pubertal fenvalerate exposure impairs cognitive and behavioral development partially through down-regulating hippocampal thyroid hormone receptor signaling. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:192-201. [PMID: 32693020 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is an environmental endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicant. An early report found that pubertal exposure to high-dose fenvalerate impaired cognitive and behavioral development. Here, we aimed to further investigate the effect of pubertal exposure to low-dose fenvalerate on cognitive and behavioral development. Mice were orally administered with fenvalerate (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) daily from postnatal day (PND) 28 to PND56. Learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze. Anxiety-related activities were detected by open-field and elevated plus-maze. Increased anxiety activities were observed only in females exposed to fenvalerate. Spatial learning and memory were damaged only in females exposed to fenvalerate. Histopathology observed numerous scattered shrinking neurons and nuclear pyknosis in hippocampal CA1 region. Neuronal density was reduced in hippocampal CA1 region of fenvalerate-exposed mice. Mechanistically, hippocampal thyroid hormone receptor (TR)β1 was down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in females. In addition, TRα1 was declined only in females exposed to 5.0 mg/kg fenvalerate. Taken together, these suggests that pubertal exposure to low-dose fenvalerate impairs cognitive and behavioral development in a gender-dependent manner. Hippocampal TR signaling may be, at least partially, involved in fenvalerate-induced impairment of cognitive and behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ye-Cheng Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Xing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Guo
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiu-Hong Meng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Kalra P, Kumaraswamy DR, Dharmalingam M, Saini J, Yadav R. Neuropsychological Impairments in Young Patients With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Case Control Study. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:169-174. [PMID: 34556956 PMCID: PMC8455001 DOI: 10.1177/0972753121990177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a lack of clarity about the cognitive dysfunction in young patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). This study was done to explore the neuropsychological impairments in young patients with SCH and compare them with euthyroid controls. Methods: Patients between 18 and 45 years of age and diagnosed with SCH were recruited. Controls were euthyroid age, gender, and education matched. All the cases and controls underwent a detailed neuropsychological assessment with a battery of tests validated for use in the age groups of 18 to 65 years. Results: Thirty-nine patients with a mean age of 30.3 ± 7.7 years (female:male ratio 12:1) and 23 controls (female:male ratio 21:2) with a mean age of 33.4 ± 7.1 years (P = .24) were included in the study. The mean TSH value was 6.36 ± 1.3 mIU/L and 2.49 ± 1.03 mIU/L in cases and controls, respectively (P < .001). The visual memory delayed recall was impaired, in 48.71% (n = 19) and 21.7% (n = 5) cases and controls, respectively (P = .03). The category fluency test showed impairment in a greater number of cases (35.9%, n = 14) as compared to controls (13%, n = 3; P = .04). Conclusion: This study shows that younger patients with SCH have delayed visual memory recall and category fluency deficits, which are suggestive of dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe in young SCH patients. These impairments may justify the treatment of young SCH patients with replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - D R Kumaraswamy
- Department of Neuropsychology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mala Dharmalingam
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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45
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Gunbey HP, Has AC, Aslan K, Saglam D, Avcı U, Sayıt AT, Incesu L. Microstructural white matter abnormalities in hypothyroidism evaluation with diffusion tensor imaging tract-based spatial statistical analysis. Radiol Med 2020; 126:283-290. [PMID: 32524282 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypothyroidism is presented in a wide range from neuropsychiatric problems including depression, memory and cognitive disorders to poor motor coordination. Against the background of morphologic, functional and molecular changes on the white and grey matter of the brain, we aimed to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on white matter (WM) integrity using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). METHODS Eighteen patients with hyperthyroidism and 14 age-sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in this study. TBSS was used in the diffusion tensor imaging study for whole-brain voxel wise analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) of WM. RESULTS When compared to the control group, the whole brain TBSS revealed extensive reductions of FA in the supratentorial WM including corticospinal tract, posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (p < 0.005). The ROI analyses showed RD increment of superior longitudinal fasciculus, AD decrement of cingulum (CIN), external capsule, PLIC and corpus callosum (CC) in patients with hypothyroidism (p < 0.005). Autoimmune and non-autoimmune hypothyroidism patient subgroups showed a significant difference in terms of hippocampus FA, CIN MD, CC MD, CC AD, CIN RD, SLF RD, CC RD (p < 0.005). CIN FA values showed a negative correlation with the Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.007, r = - 852). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results of TBSS analyses represented FA and AD decrement, and RD increment in several WM tracts and indicates the demyelination process underlying pathophysiology of clinical aspects of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hediye Pınar Gunbey
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Kartal Lutfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, 34890, Kartal/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Ceylan Has
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerim Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Dilek Saglam
- Departmant of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ugur Avcı
- Department of Endocrinology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | | | - Lutfi Incesu
- Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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Mayerl S, Heuer H, Ffrench-Constant C. Hippocampal Neurogenesis Requires Cell-Autonomous Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:845-860. [PMID: 32302557 PMCID: PMC7220957 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is strongly dependent on thyroid hormone (TH). Whether TH signaling regulates this process in a cell-autonomous or non-autonomous manner remains unknown. To answer this question, we used global and conditional knockouts of the TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), having first used FACS and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that MCT8 is the only TH transporter expressed on neuroblasts and adult slice cultures to confirm a necessary role for MCT8 in neurogenesis. Both mice with a global deletion or an adult neural stem cell-specific deletion of MCT8 showed decreased expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor P27KIP1, reduced differentiation of neuroblasts, and impaired generation of new granule cell neurons, with global knockout mice also showing enhanced neuroblast proliferation. Together, our results reveal a cell-autonomous role for TH signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside non-cell-autonomous effects on cell proliferation earlier in the lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - Heike Heuer
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Endocrinology, Essen, Germany
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Martínez-Salazar C, Villanueva I, Pacheco-Rosado J, Alva-Sánchez C. Moderate exercise prevents the cell atrophy caused by hypothyroidism in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Camps T, Amat M, Manteca X. A Review of Medical Conditions and Behavioral Problems in Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1133. [PMID: 31842492 PMCID: PMC6941081 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all animals behave identically when faced with the same situation. These individual differences in the expression of their behavior could be due to many factors, including medical conditions. These medical problems can change behavior directly or indirectly. The aims of this review are to describe the state of the art of the relationship among some medical and behavioral problems, and to propose new lines of investigation. The revision is focused on the relation between behavioral problems and pain, endocrine diseases, neurological problems, vomeronasal organ alterations, and cardiac disorders. These problems represent a diagnostic challenge from a practical point of view. The most common sign of pain in animals is a change in behavior. Although the relation of pain to behavioral problems has been widely studied, it is not absolutely clear. As an example, the relation between sleep disorders and pain is poorly known in veterinary medicine. New studies in humans and laboratory animals show that a reciprocal relationship does, in fact, exist. More specifically, the literature suggests that the temporal effect of sleep deprivation on pain may be stronger than that of pain on sleep. Some behavioral problems could modify the sleep-awake cycle (e.g., cognitive dysfunction). The impact of these behavioral problems on pain perception is completely unknown in dogs and cats. Thyroid hormones play an important role, regarding behavioral control. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been related to behavioral changes. Concerning hypothyroidism, this relationship remains controversial. Nonetheless, new neuro-imaging studies provide objective evidence that brain structure and function are altered in hypothyroid patients, both in laboratory animals and in humans. There are many neurological problems that could potentially change behavior. This paper reviews those neurological problems that could lead to behavioral changes without modifying neurological examination. The most common problems are tumors that affect central nervous system silent zones, mild traumatic brain injury, ischemic attacks, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases and their relationship to behavior are poorly studied in dogs and cats. To better understand the pathophysiology of all of these problems, and their relation to behavioral problems, may change the diagnostic protocol of behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Camps
- Etovets: Behavioral Medicine and Animal Welfare, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Amat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.A.); (X.M.)
| | - Xavier Manteca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.A.); (X.M.)
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Holmberg MO, Malmgren H, Berglund P, Bunketorp-Käll L, Heckemann RA, Johansson B, Klasson N, Olsson E, Skau S, Nystrom Filipsson H. Structural brain changes in hyperthyroid Graves' disease: protocol for an ongoing longitudinal, case-controlled study in Göteborg, Sweden-the CogThy project. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031168. [PMID: 31685507 PMCID: PMC6858258 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive impairment and reduced well-being are common manifestations of Graves' disease (GD). These symptoms are not only prevalent during the active phase of the disease but also often prevail for a long time after hyperthyroidism is considered cured. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in these brain-derived symptoms are currently unknown. The overall aim of the CogThy study is to identify the mechanism behind cognitive impairment to be able to recognise GD patients at risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a longitudinal, single-centre, case-controlled study conducted in Göteborg, Sweden on premenopausal women with newly diagnosed GD. The subjects are examined: at referral, at inclusion and then every 3.25 months until 15 months. Examinations include: laboratory measurements; eye evaluation; neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological testing; structural MRI of the whole brain, orbits and medial temporal lobe structures; functional near-infrared spectroscopy of the cerebral prefrontal cortex and self-assessed quality of life questionnaires. The primary outcome measure is the change in medial temporal lobe structure volume. Secondary outcome measures include neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, hormonal and autoantibody variables. The study opened for inclusion in September 2012 and close for inclusion in October 2019. It will provide novel information on the effect of GD on medial temporal lobe structures and cerebral cortex functionality as well as whether these changes are associated with cognitive and affective impairment, hormonal levels and/or autoantibody levels. It should lead to a broader understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and future treatment perspectives. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been reviewed and approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Göteborg, Sweden. The results will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conference presentations and among patient organisations after an appropriate embargo time. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 44321 at the public project database for research and development in Västra Götaland County, Sweden (https://www.researchweb.org/is/vgr/project/44321).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olof Holmberg
- ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helge Malmgren
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lina Bunketorp-Käll
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rolf A Heckemann
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Klasson
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simon Skau
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helena Nystrom Filipsson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Xu YX, Sun Y, Cheng J, Xia Q, Liu TT, Zhu DF, Xu Q. Genetic Difference of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in C57BL/6j and 129/Sv Mice. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1999-2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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