Pioglitazone ameliorates DOX-induced cognitive impairment by mitigating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is broadly used as a medication for cancer treatment. However, DOX has been connected with chemotherapy-related complications, for instance, cognitive impairment (chemobrain). Chemobrain developed in up to 70% of cancer patients; therapeutic is unavailable. This study investigated the preventive effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on neurotoxicity caused by (DOX) in the hippocampus. Forty rats were separated into four groups; control (normal saline 10 ml/kg), DOX (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally every 3rd day, equivalent to 20 mg/kg cumulative dose), PIO (2 mg/kg in drinking water), and DOX+PIO (DOX, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally every 3rd day concurrently PIO, 2 mg/kg in drinking water) and duration of drug treatment lasted for 14 days. The animals were subjected to contextual fear memory tests to characterize the cognitive impairment following DOX treatment. ELISA assessed hippocampal protein expression related to inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. DOX-treatment produced significant reduction in freezing duration in contextual fear memory tests, which was reversed by PIO co-administration. DOX increased neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial activity by increasing NF-κB and COX-2 levels, reducing SOD levels, and increasing Bax, caspase-3, and lipid peroxidation. However, DOX did not affect GSH or catalase levels. PIO co-administration reduces NF-κB, COX-2, MDA, Bax, and caspase-3 levels and improves mitochondrial activity and SOD expression. To sum up, DOX therapy accelerates cognitive decline in rats by increasing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. PIO is a promising treatment for DOX-induced cognitive impairment.

Galantamine mitigates neurotoxicity caused by doxorubicin via reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rat model

OBJECTIVE

Doxorubicin (DXR) is commonly used as a drug for cancer treatment. However, there have been reports of neurotoxicity associated with chemotherapy. Galantamine (GLN) is a medication that inhibits cholinesterase activity, providing relief from the neurotoxic effects commonly seen in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. This study explored the potential ameliorative effect of GLN on brain neurotoxicity induced by DXR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty rats were allocated into four separate groups for a study that lasted for a period of fourteen days. The control group was given normal saline, DXR group was given 5 mg/kg DXR every three days (cumulative dose of 20 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal injection. The GLN group was given 5 mg/kg GLN through oral gavage daily, while the DXR+GLN group was given DXR+GLN simultaneously. An analysis of brain proteins using ELISA to assess apoptosis through the concentration of inflammation and oxidative injury markers.

RESULTS

The DXR treatment led to increased neuroinflammation by elevation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), oxidative stress by rise of malondialdehyde (MDA), and decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and no changes in catalase and glutathione (GSH), cell death by elevation of Bax and caspase-3 and reduced Bcl-2, and increase lipid peroxidation, impaired mitochondrial function. When GLN is administered alongside DXR, it has been observed to positively impact various biological markers, including COX-2, NF-κB, MDA, SOD, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 levels. Additionally, GLN improves lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial activity.

CONCLUSIONS

DXR therapy in rats results in the development of neurotoxicity, and a combination of GLN can recover these toxicities, suggesting GLN promising evidence for mitigating the neurotoxic effects induced by DXR.

Metformin's effect on male rats experiencing CMF-induced neurotoxicity

OBJECTIVE

Numerous cancers are treated with the chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide (CP), methotrexate (MT), and fluorouracil (FU). However, it should be noted that neurotoxicity is a possible side effect of chemotherapy. The pharmaceutical agent metformin (MTF) is used to control type 2 diabetes. The administration of MTF has been documented to exhibit a reduction in specific toxic effects associated with chemotherapy. The primary purpose of this research was to examine whether MTF could mitigate the neurotoxicity brought on by cranial magnetic field (CMF).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cohort of forty male rats was divided into four distinct groups, with ten animals in each. We classified them as either saline, MTF, CMF, or CMF+MTF. The rats in the experiment group received two doses of CMF via intraperitoneal injection and were also given MTF in their drinking water at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL on a daily basis. Brain tissue was obtained for ELISA of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expression, as well as to determine NMDA and AMPA receptor mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.

RESULTS

Expression of AMPAR, NMDAR, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 was not notably different between the saline and MTF groups. In contrast, mRNA expression for AMPAR, NMDAR, Bax, and caspase-3 was notably upregulated in the CMF group, while Bcl-2 was downregulated. The co-administration of MTF and CMF did not mitigate these side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

neurotoxicity was induced in rats by CMF treatment, but the elevation of the glutamatergic system and the elevation of apoptotic proteins were not prevented by the MTF co-treatment.

Doxorubicin impairs cognitive function by upregulating AMPAR and NMDAR subunit expression and increasing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the brain

Introduction: The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is used for various malignancies. However, it also causes cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. In order to determine the mechanisms underlying the acute effects of DOX, we assessed the mRNA and protein expression of glutamate receptors and proteins involved in cognitive function and apoptosis. Methods: Fear-conditioning memory tests were performed in rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (25 mg/kg) to evaluate short-term memory function. Rat brain samples were collected, and GluA1 mRNA and protein expression; NR2A and NR2B mRNA expression; and COX-2, NF-kB, TNF-α, and MDA, Bax, and caspase-3 levels were assessed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: We observed a decreased number of entries in Y-maze, decreased exploration time to the novel object in the novel object recognition (NOR), and decreased freezing time in the fear-conditioning memory tests in DOX-treated rats relative to those in control rats, demonstrating cognitive impairment. GluA1, NR2B, and NR2A expression and MDA, NF-κB, Bax, COX-2, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels in the brain were significantly elevated in DOX-treated rats. Conclusion: DOX induced cognitive impairment in the rats via neuronal toxicity by upregulating AMPAR and NMDAR expression and increasing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the brain.

Health status outcome among cannabis addicts after treatment of addiction

The abuse of Cannabis is a widespread issue in the Asir region. It has a lot of legal and occupational repercussions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health status of cannabis addicts at admission and after treatment using body mass index, glycemic status, liver function, renal function, and oxidative stress. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 participants. The study was conducted at Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health in Asir region of Saudi Arabia, with 100 hospitalized patients receiving addiction treatment and 20 healthy volunteers. The participants were divided into two groups: group I, the control group, and group II, the cannabis addicts. The socio-demographic data were gathered. The level of cannabis in the urine and the CWAS [Cannabis Withdrawal Assessment Scale] were determined. In addition, the Body Mass Index [BMI], vital signs [temperature, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate], serum levels of albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP, urea, creatinine, Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], reduced glutathione [GSH], and catalase [CAT] were analyzed on the first day of admission and after treatment. According to the results, there was no significant change in the body mass index. The vital signs in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than the corresponding admission values. Regarding renal function tests such as urea and creatinine, we found that after treatment, the mean urea and creatinine values in the cannabis user group did not differ significantly from the corresponding admission values. However, after treatment, the mean values of fasting blood glucose levels in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than at admission. Also, the mean values of liver function tests such as albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than the corresponding admission values after treatment. In assessing the antioxidant system, we found that the mean values of TBARS, SOD, GSH, and CAT in the cannabis user group did not differ significantly from the corresponding admission values after treatment. The current findings have revealed that cannabis addiction harms the various body systems and has significant implications for the addict's state of health. The values of oxidative stress biomarkers did not change in this study, but other measured parameters improved after treatment.

Phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide ameliorates hippocampal long-term potentiation and cognitive deficits following doxorubicin treatment

Chemotherapy-induced memory loss ("chemobrain") can occur following treatment with the widely used chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). However, the mechanisms through which DOX induces cognitive dysfunction are not clear, and there are no commercially available therapies for its treatment or prevention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic potential of phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide (PAESe), an antioxidant drug previously demonstrated to reduce cardiotoxicity associated with DOX treatment, against DOX-induced chemobrain. Four groups of male athymic NCr nude (nu/nu) mice received five weekly tail-vein injections of saline (Control group), 5 mg/kg of DOX (DOX group), 10 mg/kg PAESe (PAESe group), or 5 mg/kg DOX and 10 mg/kg PAESe (DOX+PAESe group). Spatial memory was evaluated using Y-maze and novel object location tasks, while synaptic plasticity was assessed through the measurement of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials from the Schaffer collateral circuit. Western blot analyses were performed to assess hippocampal protein and phosphorylation levels. In this model, DOX impaired synaptic plasticity and memory, and increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK). Co-administration of PAESe reduced Akt and ERK phosphorylation and ameliorated the synaptic and memory deficits associated with DOX treatment.

Nilotinib treatment induces cognitive impairment by elevating hippocampal oxidative stress in rats

OBJECTIVE

Protein tyrosine kinases (TKs) play a critical role in the regulation of various functions of a cell, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and growth, and inhibitors of TKs have emerged as next-generation therapeutic agents in various types of cancer. Nilotinib, one of the TK inhibitors used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia, has been poorly investigated for its potential impact on memory function despite its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of nilotinib on hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions and its potential mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups of 10 each. The animals of group I (normal control) received drinking water only, while groups II and III were treated with nilotinib at doses of 15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, p.o. respectively, once daily for two weeks. The animals were subjected to behavioral tests after completion of drug treatment for the assessment of cognitive function using the Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR) test, and elevated plus maze (EPM). The animals were euthanized after the estimation of blood glucose, and hippocampal tissues were dissected for the estimation of markers of oxidative stress.

RESULTS

Nilotinib produced impairment of memory function on the Y-maze, NOR test, and EPM. These results were also supported by a significant increase in glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in hippocampal tissue without altering the blood glucose level.

CONCLUSIONS

Nilotinib treatment produced significant impairment of cognitive function by inducing oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue of rats.

Pioglitazone ameliorates doxorubicin-induced hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity in rat models

OBJECTIVE: The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is effective but is associated with complications such as hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity. Pioglitazone (PIO), which is used to treat diabetes mellitus, has shown potential for treating hypothyroidism and cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, this study explores whether PIO can also ameliorate DOX-induced hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty female Wistar rats were separated into control and three treated groups (DOX, PIO, and DOX+PIO), and their blood samples were examined for the thyroid hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine in total and free forms (T4 and FT4, respectively), and triiodothyronine in total and free forms (T3 and FT3, respectively), and the cardiotoxicity biomarkers [troponin I, creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB)]. RESULTS: The control and PIO groups did not exhibit significant alterations in any of the examined hormones and markers. In contrast, in the DOX group, T4, FT4, T3, and FT3 levels decreased significantly, whereas troponin I, CK, and CK-MB levels increased significantly, but no significant changes were detected in TSH levels. PIO co-treatment ameliorated these effects of DOX significantly in FT4, FT3, and troponin I. CONCLUSIONS: PIO may provide protection against hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity caused by DOX treatment, by significant reversal of FT4, FT3, and troponin I levels.

Graphical Abstract

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The Impact of Metformin on the Development of Hypothyroidism and Cardiotoxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil in Rats

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are extensively utilized in the therapeutic management of various malignancies. It is noteworthy, however, that potential chemotherapy-related complications include the occurrence of hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity. Metformin (MET) is a pharmacological agent for managing type 2 diabetes. It has been reported to mitigate certain toxic manifestations associated with chemotherapy. This study's primary objective is to investigate MET's protective effects against hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity induced by CMF treatment. A total of forty male rats were allocated into four distinct groups, each consisting of ten rats per group. These groups were categorized as follows: saline, MET, CMF, and CMF + MET. The experimental group of rats were administered CMF via intraperitoneal injection, receiving two doses of CMF, and fed MET in their daily drinking water, with a 2.5 mg/mL concentration. Blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes for assessment of TSH, free and total (T4 and T3), troponin I, CK, and CK-MB levels utilizing Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassays (ECI). The saline and MET groups did not exhibit significant alterations in thyroid hormones or cardiotoxic biomarkers. In contrast, in the CMF group, there was a notable reduction in T4, FT4, T3, and FT3 levels but no significant changes in TSH levels; however, troponin I, CK, and CK-MB levels were notably elevated. MET co-treatment with CMF did not ameliorate these effects caused by CMF. In conclusion, CMF treatment induced hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity in rats, but MET co-treatment did not rescue the reduction of thyroid hormones or the elevation of cardiotoxic biomarkers.

Comparative evaluation of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin on cognitive dysfunction in rats: Delineating the role of inflammation of hippocampal neurons and hypothyroidism

Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, and cisplatin are commonly used to treat a variety of cancers and often result in chemobrain, which manifests as difficulties in learning and memory processes that can persist in the years following treatment. The current study aims to evaluate the cognitive function following treatment with these agents and the underlying mechanisms using a rat model of neuroinflammation and possible implication of thyroid toxicity in chemotherapy induced cognitive dysfunction. Wistar female rats were treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (DOX, 25 mg/kg), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 100 mg/kg), cisplatin (8 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (CYP, 200 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. The cognitive performance of rats was then evaluated in spatial memory tasks using the Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3, and FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured, followed by estimation of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in the hippocampal tissue. Results revealed that all the chemotherapeutic agents produced impairment of cognitive function, and significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampal tissues. There was a significant reduction in thyroid hormones (T3, FT3, and T4) and an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum, which may also have contributed to the decline in cognitive function. In conclusion, DOX, 5-FU, CYP, and cisplatin produces impairment of spatial memory possibly by inflammation of hippocampal neurons and endocrine disruption (hypothyroidism) in rats.

Evaluation of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure Amelioration Using Fondaparinux and Alteplase

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a deleterious condition with increased mortality or healthcare costs or dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease. The study aims to compare prophylaxis with fondaparinux (Fund) vs. treatment with alteplase (Alt) in ameliorating cisplatin (Cis)-induced ARF. Sixty male mice were equally divided randomly into six groups of control, Cis, Alt, and Cis + Alt groups receiving normal saline for 10 days. All four groups except for the control received Cis (30 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 7, and 6 h later, both the Alt groups received Alt (0.9 mg/kg, i.v.). The animal groups Fund and Fund + Cis received Fund (5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days, and the Fund + Cis group on day 7 received Cis. All the animal groups were euthanized 72 h after the Cis dose. The Fund + Cis group showed significantly increased expression levels of platelet count, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in addition to decreased levels of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), relative kidney body weight, kidney injury score, glucose, prothrombin (PT), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases-10 (ADAM10), extracellular matrix deposition, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), and fibrinogen expression when compared to the Cis-only group. Meanwhile, the Cis + Alt group showed increased caspase-3 expression in addition to decreased levels of urea, BUN, uric acid, WBCs, RBCs, glucose, platelet count and PT expression with a marked decrease in PAR-2 protein expression compared to the Cis group. The creatinine levels for both the Fund + Cis and Cis + Alt groups were found to be comparable to those of the Cis-only group. The results demonstrate that the coagulation system's activation through the stimulation of PAR-2 and fibrinogen due to Cis-induced ADAM10 protein expression mediated the apoptotic pathway, as indicated by caspase-3 expression through the p-Akt pathway. This is normally accompanied by the loss of RXR-α distal and proximal tubules as lipid droplets. When the animals were pre-treated with the anticoagulant, Fund, the previous deleterious effect was halted while the fibrinolytic agent, Alt, most of the time failed to treat Cis-induced toxicity.

Protective Effect of Galantamine against Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Doxorubicin (DOX) causes cognitive impairment (chemobrain) in patients with cancer. While DOX damages the cholinergic system, few studies have focused on the protective effects of cholinergic function on chemobrain. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (GAL) demonstrates neuroprotective properties. We investigated the mechanisms associated with DOX-induced cognitive impairments and the potential protective role of GAL in preventing chemobrain.

MAIN METHODS

Female Wistar rats were divided into control, DOX, GAL, and DOX + GAL groups. The rats in the DOX group were administered DOX (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly for two weeks), while those in the GAL group were orally administered GAL (2.5 mg/kg) via oral gavage once daily for 15 days. The combination group (DOX + GAL) received GAL (once daily) and DOX (two times per week) concurrently. The body weights and survival rates were monitored daily. The animals were subjected to behavioral tests to assess the memory function followed by the biochemical estimation of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukine-1β (IL-1β), and interleukine-6 (IL-6) in rat brain tissue and RT-qPCR.

KEY FINDINGS

DOX caused a reduction in the body weight and survival rate, which was alleviated by GAL concomitant treatment with DOX (DOX + GAL). These groups had reduced body weights and survival rates. DOX-treated animals exhibited an impairment of short-term spatial working memory, manifested as a behavioral alteration in the Y-maze test, the novel object recognition (NOR) test, and the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Concurrent treatment with GAL (DOX + GAL) showed improved memory function, as evidenced by an increase in the number of entries and time spent in the novel arm, the time spent exploring the novel object, and the transfer latency in the Y-maze, NOR test, and EPM test, respectively. These findings were also supported by biochemical observations showing the reversal of DOX-induced changes in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as their relative expression of mRNA in brain tissue following concurrent GAL treatment.

CONCLUSION

GAL appeared to be a neuroprotective agent against neuroinflammation caused by DOX by reducing inflammatory markers in the brain.

The Ameliorative Effect of Pioglitazone against Neuroinflammation Caused by Doxorubicin in Rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is linked with complications such as cardiotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction, known as chemobrain. Chemobrain affects up to 75% of cancer survivors, and there are no known therapeutic options for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of pioglitazone (PIO) against DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Forty Wistar female rats were equally divided into four groups: control, DOX-treated, PIO-treated, and DOX + PIO-treated. DOX was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, i.p., twice a week for two weeks (cumulative dose, 20 mg/kg). PIO was dissolved in drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg/kg in the PIO and DOX-PIO groups. The survival rates, change in body weight, and behavioral assessment were performed using Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze (EPM), followed by estimation of neuroinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in brain homogenate and RT-PCR of a brain sample. Our results showed a survival rate of 40% and 65% in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups, respectively, compared with a 100% survival rate in the control and PIO treatment groups at the end of day 14. There was an insignificant increase in body weight in the PIO group and a significant reduction in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups as compared with the control groups. DOX-treated animals exhibited impairment of cognitive function, and the combination PIO showed reversal of DOX-induced cognitive impairment. This was evidenced by changes in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and also by mRNA expression of TNF- α, and IL-6. In conclusion, PIO treatment produced a reversal of DOX-induced memory impairment by alleviating neuronal inflammation by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.

Development of Diphenyl carbonate-Crosslinked Cyclodextrin Based Nanosponges for Oral Delivery of Baricitinib: Formulation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Studies

Background

The aim of the present investigation is to prepare baricitinib (BAR)-loaded diphenyl carbonate (DPC) β-cyclodextrin (βCD) based nanosponges (NSs) to improve the oral bioavailability.

Methods

BAR-loaded DPC-crosslinked βCD NSs (B-DCNs) were prepared prepared by varying the molar ratio of βCD: DPC (1:1.5 to 1:6). The developed B-DCNs loaded with BAR were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), % yield and percent entrapment efficiency (%EE).

Results

Based on the above evaluations, BAR-loaded DPC βCD NSs (B-CDN3) was optimized with mean size (345.8±4.7 nm), PDI (0.335±0.005), Yield (91.46±7.4%) and EE (79.1±1.6%). The optimized NSs (B-CDN3) was further confirmed by SEM, spectral analysis, BET analysis, in vitro release and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimized NSs (B-CDN3) showed 2.13 times enhancement in bioavailability in comparison to pure BAR suspension.

Conclusion

It could be anticipated that NSs loaded with BAR as a promising tool for release and bioavailability for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis and Covid-19.

Effects of CMF and MET on glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain, and their impact on cognitive function

OBJECTIVE

Chemotherapy can cause cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. CMF, the combination of cyclophosphamide (CYP), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is employed for the treatment of several types of cancers, such as metastatic breast cancer. Metformin (MET) is an antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that can reportedly alleviate some toxic effects. In the current study, we investigated the ability of MET to alleviate the effects of CMF in neuronal toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were treated with two doses of CMF (intraperitoneal injection) and MET (in the daily drinking water). Rats were subjected to fear conditioning memory tests to evaluate memory function following treatment, and brain samples were collected and homogenized using neuronal lysis buffer for assessment of glutamate and dopamine levels by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTS

Fear conditioning memory tests revealed a significant reduction in memory function in CMF and CMF+MET groups vs. controls, but no significant change in MET groups vs. controls was detected. Similarly, CMF and CMF+MET groups revealed a significant increase in glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain of MET, CMF, and MET+CMF groups vs. controls based on HPLC results. In addition, although glutamate and dopamine levels were increased, levels varied between groups, with highest levels in the CMF+MET group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that cognitive impairment in CMF and CMF+MET groups could result from increased glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain, leading to brain toxicity and failure of MET to alleviate the toxic effects of CMF.

Elucidating the mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction by investigating the effects of CMF and MET treatment on hippocampal neurons

OBJECTIVE

Chemotherapy causes long-term cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. A combination of cyclophosphamide (CYP), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (i.e., CMF) is widely used for cancer treatment. Metformin (MET), an oral antidiabetic drug, confers protection against the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents, such as CYP. To elucidate the potential mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction, we investigated the impact of CMF and MET treatment on the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and IV, as well as lipid peroxidation, in hippocampal neurons.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hippocampal neurons (H19-7) cells were treated for 24 h with MET (0.5 mM) alone; CYP (1 µM), MTX (0.5 µM), and 5-FU (1 µM); and MET (0.5 mM) + CYP (1 µM), MTX (0.5 mM), and 5-FU (1 µM). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was performed to evaluate cell survival. Neurons were collected and homogenized in a neuronal lysis buffer to assess mitochondrial complexes (I and IV) activity and lipid peroxidation.

RESULTS

Compared to the control, MET-treated cells showed no significant difference in survival rate; however, CMF- and CMF + MET-treated cells showed a significant reduction in survival rate. In addition, relative to the control, CMF- and CMF + MET-treated cells showed a reduction in mitochondrial complex I activity, whereas no significant changes were observed in mitochondrial complex IV activity. MET-treated cells showed no significant differences in lipid peroxidation, but CMF- and CMF + MET-treated cells showed a slight increase in lipid peroxidation.

CONCLUSIONS

The reduction in the activity of mitochondrial complex I and a slight increase in lipid peroxidation levels may explain the cognitive impairment following CMF and MET treatments.

Organophosphates modulate tissue transglutaminase activity in differentiated C6 neural cells

OBJECTIVE

The organophosphate compounds chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl] phosphorothioate, CPF) and phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) have been widely implicated in developmental neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Transglutaminase (TG)2 is a calcium ion (Ca2+)-dependent enzyme with an important role in neuronal cell outgrowth and differentiation and in neurotoxin activity and is modulated by organophosphates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We studied TG2 activity modulation by CPO and PSP during differentiation in C6 glioma cells. We studied the effects of CPO or PSP treatment with or without the TG2 inhibitor Z-DON and identified potential TG2 protein substrates via mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

PSP and CPO did not affect cell viability but affected TG2 activity in differentiating cells. Our results indicate that the organophosphate-induced amine incorporation activity of TG2 may have a direct effect on neuronal outgrowth, differentiation, and cell survival by modifying several essential microtubule proteins, including tubulin. Inhibiting TG2 reduced neurite length but not cell survival.

CONCLUSIONS

TG2 inhibitors can protect against organophosphate-induced neuropathy and could be used for developing novel therapeutic strategies for treating brain cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Associations of healthcare providers' awareness, perception, and knowledge of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and their intentions to provide information about it to patients

OBJECTIVE

Most recent oncology studies support the existence of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. This study's objective was to evaluate the power of healthcare providers' knowledge, awareness, and perception of memory impairment caused by chemotherapeutic agents, as predictors of their intentions to convey information about this side effect to patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional online survey with 32 questions and seven domains was distributed. The domains included questions about healthcare providers' behaviors, norms, attitudes, awareness, perceptions, and knowledge about chemotherapeutic agent-induced cognitive impairment and their intentions to inform patients about these side effects. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated to analyze associations.

RESULTS

A total of 207 healthcare providers completed the survey. Their mean age was 31 (±7.8) years and most of them were physicians (43.5%). Positive relationships were found between healthcare providers' attitudes (β=0.239, p<0.001), subjective norms (β=0.219, p<0.001), behavioral control (β=0.284, p<0.001), and intentions to provide information to patients. Their awareness was positively associated with their age (β=0.127, p<0.001), and their (or their relatives') receipt of chemotherapeutic agents (β=1.363, p=0.04); however, a negative relationship was found with physician specialists (β=-2.659, p<0.001) and Saudi nationality (β=-2.919, p<0.001). A negative correlation was found between healthcare givers' perceptions and physician specialists (β=-1.487, p=0.003), and a positive association with participants' total knowledge (β=0.765, p<0.001). Univariate linear regression analysis of participants' knowledge showed a negative relationship with Saudi nationality (β= -0.835, p<0.001) and physician specialists (β= -0.519, p=0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Providers' low scores on awareness, perceptions, and knowledge of these side effects of treatment highlight a need for strategic educational programs that meet patients' needs and improve their quality of life.

Mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment induced by prenatal nicotine exposure: a literature review

Human and animal studies have conclusively shown that prenatal nicotine exposure alters fetal brain development and causes persistent impairment in the cognitive function of offspring. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on cognitive function in offspring are still unclear. The objective of this review is to discuss the published studies on the mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on cognitive impairment and discuss the potential mechanisms of action. The findings of the reviewed studies show that the main mechanisms involved are alteration in the composition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, increase in surface expression of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2, a reduction in neurogenesis, alteration of Akt and ERK1/2 activity, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus and cortex. These pathways could shed light on future molecular markers and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction induced by prenatal nicotine exposure.

Recent progress in the elucidation of the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment

The term "chemobrain" refers to the cognitive dysfunction that occurs after chemotherapy, and it is also known as chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment or "chemofog". The aim of this review is to bring together the findings of existing literature on the topic and summarize the current knowledge on the potential mechanisms of chemobrain. According to the reviewed studies, the mechanisms by which chemotherapy could cause chemobrain include disruption of hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, hormonal changes, increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production, chronic increase in inflammation, and alterations in synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. While the effects of inflammation and oxidative stress on neurogenesis and their role in chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment have been widely studied, the chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mechanisms that involve mitochondrial dysfunction, estrogen dysregulation, and increased transglutaminase 2 are still unclear. Further studies on these mechanisms are necessary to understand the effects of chemotherapy at the cellular and molecular level and facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment or chemobrain.

Doxorubicin induces dysregulation of AMPA receptor and impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity leading to learning and memory deficits

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent used widely to treat a variety of malignant cancers. However, Dox chemotherapy is associated with several adverse effects, including "chemobrain," the observation that cancer patients exhibit through learning and memory difficulties extending even beyond treatment. This study investigated the effect of Dox treatment on learning and memory as well as hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Dox-treated mice (5 mg/kg weekly x 5) demonstrated impaired performance in the Y-maze spatial memory task and a significant reduction in hippocampal long-term potentiation. The deficit in synaptic plasticity was mirrored by deficits in the functionality of synaptic `α-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) channels, including reduced probability of opening, decreased dwell open time, and increased closed times. Furthermore, a reduction in the AMPAR subunit GluA1 level, its downstream signaling molecule Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were observed. This was also accompanied by an increase in extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Together these data suggest that Dox-induced cognitive impairments are at least partially due to alterations in the expression and functionality of the glutamatergic AMPAR system.

The impact of chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) on hemodynamic functions and oxidative stress in cardiac toxicity induced by lead oxide nanoparticles in male rats

BACKGROUND

A common environmental pollutant, lead can induce toxicity in several organ systems. A range of industrial and/or household materials and products contain lead, and food/liquid ingestion and inhalation are the mechanisms through which lead is introduced into the human body.

OBJECTIVE

Since knowledge about the cardiac toxicity of acute lead nanoparticles is limited, this work sought to shed more light on the issue by investigating the therapeutic effects of chicory extract based on rat models to elevate cardiac functions and oxidative stress.

METHODS

Four research groups were used, each consisting of ten albino rats of male sex and adult age. The groups were: control group, chicory group, lead oxide nanoparticle group, and lead oxide nanoparticle + chicory group.

RESULTS

Compared to the control and chicory groups, the lead oxide nanoparticle group displayed a notable increase in heart functions and oxidative stress markers as well as alterations in cardiac histological structure. On the other hand, cardiac function modifications were counteracted through four-week administration of lead oxide nanoparticles alongside chicory.

CONCLUSION

Heart damage caused by lead oxide nanoparticles may be attenuated by chicory through scavenging of free radicals.

Phytochemical Analysis, Pharmacological and Safety Evaluations of Halophytic Plant, Salsola cyclophylla

Salsola cyclophylla, an edible halophyte, is traditionally used for inflammation and pain. To confirm the claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, a detailed study on respective pharmacological actions was undertaken. The activities are contemplated to arise from its phytoconstituents. The LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla 95% aqueous-ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 52 compounds belonging to phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and aliphatics class. A high concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest flavonoid contents (5.94 ± 0.04 mg/g, Quercetin Equivalents) and Fe2+-chelation (52%) potential with DPPH radicals-quenching IC50 at 1.35 ± 0.16 mg/mL, while the aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited maximum phenolics contents (136.08 ± 0.12 mg/g, gallic acid equivalents) with DPPH scavenging potential at IC50 0.615 ± 0.06 mg/mL. Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard quercetin DPPH radicals scavenging's were equal potent at 10 mg/mL concentrations. The aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest analgesic effect with pain reduction rates 89.86% (p = 0.03), 87.50% (p < 0.01), and 99.66% (p = 0.0004) after 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammation capacity at 41.07% (p < 0.0001), 34.51% (p < 0.0001), and 24.82% (p < 0.0001) after 2, 3, and 6 h of extract's administration, respectively. The phytochemical constituents, significant anti-oxidant potential, remarkable analgesic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of extracts supported the traditionally claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant activities.

Ameliorative effect of metformin on cyclophosphamide-induced memory impairment in mice

OBJECTIVE

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used as an adjuvant cancer treatment. Unfortunately, this drug is associated with secondary side effects, including cognitive impairment up to 70% of cancer survivors. The mechanism of this memory impairment is unclear. Thus, to understand the cognitive impairments caused by this chemotherapeutic agent, a clinically relevant dose to cancer treatment was used in mice to establish the chemobrain models, and the spatial memory of these mice was assessed using multiple behavior tests. In addition, metformin (MET) is widely used as an anti-diabetic drug and protects against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Thus, this study tested the protective effects of MET in the chemobrain models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four groups of mice, which weighed about 18-30 g, were collected and divided into 4 groups: control, CYP, MET, and CYP+MET groups. A 100 mg/kg dose of CYP was administered intraperitoneal (on alternate days) for a total of 4 doses. MET was dissolved in the mice's drinking water bottles at a 5 mg/ml concentration from day zero to the end of the treatment period. The mice's memory was tested using hippocampal-dependent tests, including the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze tests. These tests were performed for three consecutive days after 24 h of the last dose of CYP.

RESULTS

The mice treated with CYP exhibited a decline in memory function in all the behavioral test studies, and this decline was significant in the Y-maze test. However, this decline was rescued by MET administration.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinically relevant model suggests that CYP treatment causes a decline in mice models spatial memory that might be improved by MET administration.

Silver Citrate Nanoparticles Inhibit PMA-Induced TNFα Expression via Deactivation of NF-κB Activity in Human Cancer Cell-Lines, MCF-7

Background

The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is a major transcription factor responsible for the production of numerous inflammatory mediators, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), which has a lethal association with cancer’s onset. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in cancer treatment and several other biomedical applications.

Objective

The study aimed to determine the effects of silver citrate nanoparticles (AgNPs-CIT) on NF-κB activation together with TNFα mRNA/protein expressions in the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated MCF-7 human breast cancer cell-lines.

Methods

The AgNPs-CIT were synthesized by the reduction method, and the prepared AgNPs-CIT were characterized for their shape, absorption in UV-VIS electromagnetic radiations, size distribution, ζ-potential, and antioxidant activity. The MCF-7 cell-lines were pretreated with AgNPs-CIT and stimulated with PMA. The TNFα mRNA expressions were determined by real-time PCR, whereas the protein production was determined by the ELISA. The NF-κB activity was distinctly observed by highly-specific DNA-based ELISA, and by NF-κB-specific inhibitor, Bay 11–7082.

Results

The prepared AgNPs-CIT were spherical and have an absorption wavelength range of 381–452 nm wherein the particles size ranged between 19.2±0.1 to 220.77±0.12 nm with the charge range −9.99±0.8 to −34.63±0.1 mV. The prepared AgNPs-CIT showed comparative antioxidant activity at >40% inhibitions level of the DPPH radicals. The AgNPs-CIT were found to be non-toxic to MCF-7 cell-lines and inhibited PMA-induced activation of the NF-κBp65, and also the mRNA/protein expression of TNFα.

Conclusion

This is the first report that showed AgNPs-CIT inhibited TNFα expression via deactivation of the NF-κB signaling event in stimulated breast cancer cells. The results have important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention/treatment of cancers and/or inflammatory disorders.

Effect of inhaled waste anaesthetic gas on blood and liver parameters among hospital staff

A significant health risk exists within a section of health workers that are exposed to anaesthetic gas and vapours, found in the atmosphere of treatment or operating rooms. These compounds are classified as waste anaesthetic gases (WAG). The present study aimed at identifying alterations in hepatic and haematological parameters occurring as a result of chronic exposure to WAG potentially affecting the health of team members working in hospitals. Therefore, operating room operatives, vulnerable to long-standing WAG exposure, were recruited for this study. Sevoflurane anaesthesia metabolites (inorganic fluoride and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)), haematological indices and liver toxicity markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and osteopontin) were measured. The collected results showed increased plasma inorganic fluoride, HFIP and liver toxicity markers, as well as disturbances in haematological parameters. In conclusion, exposure to halogenated inhalational anaesthetics, in general, and Sevoflurane, in particular, induces alterations in hepatic markers and haematological indices.

Silencing of tissue factor by antisense deoxyoligonucleotide mitigates thioacetamide-induced liver injury

BACKGROUND

Retinoid receptors (RRs), RAR-α and RXR-α, work as transcription factors that regulate cell growth, differentiation, survival, and death. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) store retinoid and release its RRs as lipid droplets upon their activation.

PURPOSE

We test the hypothesis that loss of retinoid receptors RAR-α and RXR-α from HSCs is dependent on tissue factor (TF) during thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury.

METHODS

Liver toxicity markers, TF, fibrin, cleaved caspase-3, and cyclin D1 as well as histopathology were investigated.

RESULTS

Increased TF, fibrin, cleaved caspase-3, and cyclin D1 protein expression is seen in zone of central vein after TAA injection compared with vehicle-treated mice. A strong downregulation of RAR-α and RXR-α is seen in TAA-induced liver injury. In addition, histopathological obliteration and pericentral expression of cleaved caspase 3 and cyclin D1 are observed after TAA injection compared with the normal vehicle-treated mice. No changes have been seen in TAA/TF-sense (SC) in whole parameters compared with TAA-treated animals. TAA/TF-antisense (AS)-treated mice show normal expression of all parameters and normal histopathological features when compared with the control mice. In conclusion, this study declares that the strong downregulation of RAR-α and RXR-α may cause liver injury and particularly activation of HSCs in TAA-induced toxicity. TF-AS treatment not only downregulates TF protein expression but also alleviates loss of liver RAR-α and RXR-α and suppresses the activated apoptosis signals in TAA-induced liver toxicity. Finally, TF and RAR-α/RXR-α are important regulatory molecules in TAA induced acute liver injury.

Anthocyanins rich pomegranate cream as a topical formulation with anti-aging activity

Background: Anthocyanins are antioxidant compounds constitute the primary dyes of the pomegranate arils. Anthocyanins could protect the aged skin induced by oxidant exposure as a major role in aging processing and skin degeneration.Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the anti-aging activity of anthocyanins rich pomegranate (Punica granatum) after formulated into a topical cream. Also, its effect on human dermal fibroblast function and epidermal keratinocyte were evaluated.Method: Anthocyanins were extracted from fresh pomegranate arils using acidified methanol and were purified by Sephadex LH-20 gel-column chromatography. Further, the fusion method was used to prepare cold cream containing pomegranate anthocyanins. The formulated cream was evaluated for their compatibility study, irritation, homogeneity, drug content, drug release, and stability tests. Furthermore, permeation study through abdominal rabbits, as well as Human application was performed.Results: Compatibility study showed the absence of any interaction between anthocyanins and the used polymers. The formulated cream was nonirritant, homogenous and potentially reduced skin aging when applied to Human volunteers' skin. Furthermore, the skin permeation displayed a good permeation of 43.16% after 210 min.Conclusion: Pomegranate anthocyanins could be used as a safe, stable, homogeneous, nonirritant and effective topical anti-aging drug formulation for aged human people.

Preserved Memory Function of Rats Following Fluorouracil Treatment

Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancers, but can have undesirable secondary effects, such as cognitive impairment. Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is combined with other agents to treat different types of cancer, such as breast, prostate and brain cancer. 5-FU has been reported to pass the blood–brain barrier, but its effects on cognition are not yet well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5-FU on memory function. 5-FU was injected intraperitoneally into rats. 5-FU did not impair memory function determined using the Y-maze and novel object recognition behavioral tests. Therefore, it is concluded that fluorouracil itself does not induce the memory impairment of chemobrain.

Doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity is associated with acute alterations in synaptic plasticity, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation

Cognitive deficits are commonly reported by patients following treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens are associated with cognitive impairment and reductions in neuronal connectivity in cancer survivors, and doxorubicin (Dox) is a commonly used anthracycline. Although it has been reported that Dox distribution to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited, considerable Dox concentrations are observed in the brain with co-administration of certain medications. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are overproduced in cancer or in response to chemotherapy, can reduce the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute neurotoxic effects of Dox on hippocampal neurons. In this study, we utilized a hippocampal cell line (H19-7/IGF-IR) along with rodent hippocampal slices to evaluate the acute neurotoxic effects of Dox. Hippocampal slices were used to measure long-term potentiation (LTP), and expression of proteins was determined by immunoblotting. Cellular assays for mitochondrial complex activity and lipid peroxidation were also utilized. We observed reduction in LTP in hippocampal slices with Dox. In addition, lipid peroxidation was increased as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content indicating oxidative stress. Caspase-3 expression was increased indicating an increased propensity for cell death. Finally, the phosphorylation of signaling molecules which modulate LTP including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt were increased. This data indicates that acute Dox exposure dose-dependently impairs synaptic processes associated with hippocampal neurotransmission, induces apoptosis, and increases lipid peroxidation leading to neurotoxicity.