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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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2
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NS2 is a key determinant of compatibility in reassortant avian influenza virus with heterologous H7N9-derived NS segment. Virus Res 2023; 324:199028. [PMID: 36572153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are common pathogens with high prevalence worldwide and potential for pandemic spread. While influenza A infections typically elicit robust cellular innate immune responses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antagonizes host anti-viral responses and is critical for efficient virus replication and virulence. The avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 initially emerged in China in 2013 and has since crossed the avian-human barrier, causing severe disease in humans. To investigate the influence of the H7N9 NS gene (NS079) on viral replication and innate immune response, we generated several recombinant AIVs bearing various NS079 segments on the backbone of H6N1 (strain 0702). Intriguingly, the recombinant virus bearing the heterologous NS079 gene was highly attenuated compared with virus carrying the homologous NS gene (NS0702). Furthermore, we generated a NS079-0702R virus that expresses a chimeric NS gene in which part of the NS079 effector domain was replaced with the sequence from NS0702. The NS079-0702R virus exhibited significantly enhanced viral yield, approximately 100-fold more than virus bearing NS079. The high infection rate of NS079-0702R virus was reflected by strong induction of IFN and Mx expression in human A549 cells. Intriguingly, our in vitro comparative analysis suggested that the increased NS079-0702R infection capacity was independent of the ability of NS1 to interact with cellular partners, such as PKR and CPSF30. Since partial substitution of the effector domain from NS0702 altered the coding sequence of NS2, we further generated another recombinant virus with NS2 derived from H7N9. Surprisingly, the virus with H7N9-derived NS2 exhibited growth characteristics similar to NS079. Our data demonstrate that swapping NS2 components changes infection efficiency, suggesting a key role for NS2 as a determinant of viral compatibility upon reassortment. These findings warrant further investigation into the precise mechanisms by which NS2 contributes to viral replication and host immunity.1.
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Chen R, Chen J, Xiang Y, Chen Y, Shen W, Wang W, Li Y, Wei P, He X. Differential Modulation of Innate Antiviral Profiles in the Intestinal Lamina Propria Cells of Chickens Infected with Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses of Different Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020393. [PMID: 35215986 PMCID: PMC8878311 DOI: 10.3390/v14020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most important infectious diseases of poultry around the world. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are the first line of defense of the host against the infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of innate immune antiviral signaling triggered by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as macrophage activation and cytokine response in the intestinal lamina propria (ILP) cells after the oral challenge of IBDV in relation to IBDV virulence and disease pathogenesis. The results showed that the expression levels of TLR3, IRF7, IFN-α/β and the corresponding downstream antiviral factors OAS, PKR and Mx were all upregulated in the SPF chicken ILP cells at 8 h post-infection (hpi) and 12 hpi. Similarly, macrophages were activated, with the initial macrophage M1 activation observed at 8 hpi, but then it rapidly shifted to a non-protective M2-type. Both Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) types of cytokines were differentially upregulated during the early stage of infection; however, the Th1 cytokines exhibited stronger activation before 8 hpi compared to those of the Th2 cytokines. Interestingly, differential regulations of gene expression induced by different IBDV strains with different virulence were detected. The HLJ0504-like very virulent (vv) IBDV strain NN1172 induced stronger activation of TLR3-IFN-α/β pathway, macrophages and the Th1/2 cytokines’ expression, compared to those induced by the attenuated strain B87 at 8 hpi and 12 hpi in the ILP cells. In conclusion, the innate antiviral response mediated by the TLR3-IRF7 pathway, macrophage activation and cytokine expression in the GALT cells at the early stage of IBDV infection was differentially modulated, and the HLJ0504-like vvIBDV strain triggered stronger activation than the attenuated vaccine strain, and that may play an important role in the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanhua Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Yihai Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiumiao He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China; (R.C.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (W.S.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (X.H.)
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Layton DS, Mara K, Dai M, Malaver-Ortega LF, Gough TJ, Bruce K, Jenkins KA, Bean AGD. Interferon Signaling in Chickens Plays a Crucial Role in Inhibiting Influenza Replication in DF1 Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:133. [PMID: 35056582 PMCID: PMC8781551 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a constant threat to human and poultry health. Of particular interest are the infections caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, such as H5N1, which cause significant production issues. In response to influenza infection, cells activate immune mechanisms that lead to increased interferon (IFN) production. To investigate how alterations in the interferon signaling pathway affect the cellular response to infection in the chicken, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a chicken cell line that lacks a functional the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1). We then assessed viral infections with the WSN strain of influenza. Cells lacking a functional IFNAR1 receptor showed reduced expression of the interferon stimulated genes (ISG) such as Protein Kinase R (PKR) and Myxovirus resistance (Mx) and were more susceptible to viral infection with WSN. We further investigated the role or IFNAR1 on low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) strains (H7N9) and a HPAI strain (H5N1). Intriguingly, Ifnar-/- cells appeared more resistant than WT cells when infected with HPAI virus, potentially indicating a different interaction between H5N1 and the IFN signaling pathway. Our findings support that ChIFNAR1 is a key component of the chicken IFN signaling pathway and these data add contributions to the field of host-avian pathogen interaction and innate immunity in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Layton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Kostlend Mara
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Meiling Dai
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Luis Fernando Malaver-Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Tamara J. Gough
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Kerri Bruce
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Kristie A. Jenkins
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
| | - Andrew G. D. Bean
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.M.); (M.D.); (T.J.G.); (K.B.); (K.A.J.); (A.G.D.B.)
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5
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Frazzini S, Riva F, Amadori M. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Use of Oral, Low-Dose IFNs in Species of Veterinary Interest: Back to the Future. Vet Sci 2021; 8:109. [PMID: 34208413 PMCID: PMC8231284 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important molecules that orchestrate the immune response. Given their role, cytokines have been explored as drugs in immunotherapy in the fight against different pathological conditions such as bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases, transplantation and cancer. One of the problems related to their administration consists in the definition of the correct dose to avoid severe side effects. In the 70s and 80s different studies demonstrated the efficacy of cytokines in veterinary medicine, but soon the investigations were abandoned in favor of more profitable drugs such as antibiotics. Recently, the World Health Organization has deeply discouraged the use of antibiotics in order to reduce the spread of multi-drug resistant microorganisms. In this respect, the use of cytokines to prevent or ameliorate infectious diseases has been highlighted, and several studies show the potential of their use in therapy and prophylaxis also in the veterinary field. In this review we aim to review the principles of cytokine treatments, mainly IFNs, and to update the experiences encountered in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frazzini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Rete Nazionale di Immunologia Veterinaria, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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7
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Wang S, Xie L, Xie Z, Wan L, Huang J, Deng X, Xie ZQ, Luo S, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhou L. Dynamic Changes in the Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Joints of SPF Chickens Infected With Avian Reovirus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:618124. [PMID: 33614762 PMCID: PMC7892438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.618124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) can induce many diseases as well as immunosuppression in chickens, severely endangering the poultry industry. Interferons (IFNs) play an antiviral role by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The effect of ARV infection on the expression of host ISGs is unclear. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were infected with ARV strain S1133 in this study, and real time quantitative PCR was used to detect changes in the dynamic expression of IFNs and common ISGs in joints of SPF chickens. The results showed that the transcription levels of IFNA, IFNB, and several ISGs, including myxovirus resistance (MX), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthase (OAS), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), interferon-stimulated gene 12 (ISG12), virus inhibitory protein (VIPERIN), interferon-alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and integrin-associated protein (CD47), were upregulated in joints on days 1–7 of infection (the levels of increase of MX, IFIT5, OAS, VIPERIN, ISG12, and IFI6 were the most significant, at hundreds-fold). In addition, the expression levels of the ISGs encoding zinc finger protein 313 (ZFP313), and DNA damage–inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) increased suddenly on the 1st or 2nd day, then decreased to control levels. The ARV viral load in chicken joints rapidly increased after 1 day of viral challenge, and the viral load remained high within 6 days of viral challenge. The ARV viral load sharply decreased starting on day 7. These results indicate that in SPF chicken joints, many ISGs have mRNA expression patterns that are basically consistent with the viral load in joints. IFNA, IFNB, and the ISGs MX, IFITM3, PKR, OAS, IFIT5, ISG12, VIPERIN, IFI6, and CD47 play important roles in defending against ARV invasion, inhibiting ARV replication and proliferation, and promoting virus clearance. These results enrich our understanding of the innate immune response mechanisms of hosts against ARV infection and provide a theoretical basis for prevention and control of ARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi Qin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Probiotic Lactobacilli Limit Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Replication in Chicken Cecal Tonsil Mononuclear Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040605. [PMID: 33066282 PMCID: PMC7712974 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. The growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. However, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. The objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of lactobacilli bacteria on chicken cecal tonsils (CT) cells against H9N2 LPAIV. CT mononuclear cells were stimulated with probiotic Lactobacillus spp mixture either alone or in combination with a Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). Pre-treatment of CT cells with probiotic lactobacilli, alone or in combination with CpG, significantly reduced H9N2 LPAIV replication. Furthermore, lactobacilli alone elicited cytokine expression, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, and IL-10, while when combined with CpG, a significantly higher expression of (interferon-stimulated gene (viperin)), IL-12, IL-6, CXCLi2, and IL-1β was observed. However, none of these treatments induced significant changes in nitric oxide production by CT cells. In conclusion, probiotic lactobacilli demonstrated a modulatory effect on CT cells, and this correlated with enhanced antiviral immunity and reduced H9N2 LPAIV viral replication.
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhao X, Guan Y, Xue Q, Li J, Liu Z, Zhao B, He Z, Huang J, Liao M, Song Y, Jiao P. Pathogenicity of different H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains and host immune responses in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108745. [PMID: 32605756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been circulating in China since 2013. In this report, we describe our recent chicken experimental studies investigating the pathogenicity and transmission of four H5N6 HPAIV field strains of different origins (GS39, CK44, DK47 and CK74) and the host immune responses. Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intranasally with one of the four H5N6 HPAIV strains (one strain per group). Among the contact chickens, the GS39 and CK74 strains caused 100 % mortality, the CK44 strain caused 80 % mortality, and the DK47 strain caused 40 % mortality. The viruses were effectively replicated in multiple tissues of the inoculated chickens, in which high viral titers were detected in virus-infected tissues, and significantly upregulated expression of immune-related genes was found in the infected chickens at 24 hpi. The chicken serum antibody levels increased from 5log2 at 7 dpe to 7.67-8log2 at 14 dpe. The major histocompatibility complex molecules were upregulated 21.22- to 32.98-fold in lungs and 5.10- to 18.47-fold in spleens. In summary, H5N6 viruses can replicate within chickens and be effectively transmitted between chickens. Our study contributes to further understanding the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 avian influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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10
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Campbell LK, Magor KE. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Innate Responses to Influenza A Viruses in the Mallard Duck, Compared to Humans and Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:209. [PMID: 32477965 PMCID: PMC7236763 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian Influenza A viruses. While most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. Mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. The differences in influenza detection and antiviral effectors responsible for limiting damage in the mallards are largely unknown. Domestic mallards have an early and robust innate response to infection that seems to limit replication and clear highly pathogenic strains. The regulation and timing of the response to influenza also seems to circumvent damage done by a prolonged or dysregulated immune response. Rapid initiation of innate immune responses depends on viral recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in tissues where the virus replicates. RIG-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are all important influenza sensors in mammals during infection. Ducks utilize many of the same PRRs to detect influenza, namely RIG-I, TLR7, and TLR3 and their downstream adaptors. Ducks also express many of the same signal transduction proteins including TBK1, TRIF, and TRAF3. Some antiviral effectors expressed downstream of these signaling pathways inhibit influenza replication in ducks. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of influenza recognition and response through duck PRRs and their adaptors. We compare basal tissue expression and regulation of these signaling components in birds, to better understand what contributes to influenza resistance in the duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Barjesteh N, O'Dowd K, Vahedi SM. Antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus. Cytokine 2020; 127:154961. [PMID: 31901597 PMCID: PMC7129915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some of the respiratory viral infections in chickens pose a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. In response to viral infections, host innate responses provide the first line of defense against viruses, which often act even before the establishment of the infection. Host cells sense the presence of viral components through germinal encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The engagement of PRRs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory and interferon productions. Induced antiviral responses play a critical role in the outcome of the infections. In order to improve current strategies for control of viral infections or to advance new strategies aimed against viral infections, a deep understanding of host-virus interaction and induction of antiviral responses is required. In this review, we summarized recent progress in understanding innate antiviral responses in chickens with a focus on the avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Kelsey O'Dowd
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Seyed Milad Vahedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Anjum FR, Rahman SU, Aslam MA, Qureshi AS. Comprehensive network map of transcriptional activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101407. [PMID: 31877494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken type I interferons (type I IFNs) are key antiviral players of the chicken immune system and mediate the first line of defense against viral pathogens infecting the avian species. Recognition of viral pathogens by specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce chicken type I IFNs expression followed by their subsequent interaction to IFN receptors and induction of a variety of IFN stimulated antiviral proteins. These antiviral effectors establish the antiviral state in neighboring cells and thus protect the host from infection. Three subtypes of chicken type I IFNs; chIFN-α, chIFN-β, and a recently discovered chIFN-κ have been identified and characterized in chicken. Chicken type I IFNs are activated by various host cell pathways and constitute a major antiviral innate defense in chicken. This review will help to understand the chicken type 1 IFNs, host cellular pathways that are involved in activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN stimulated antiviral effectors along with the gaps in knowledge which will be important for future investigation. These findings will help us to comprehend the role of chicken type I IFNs and to develop different strategies for controlling viral infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Anas Sarwar Qureshi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Hassanin O, Abdallah F, Mohamed MHA, Abdel Fattah DM. Influence of Marek's disease virus vaccines on chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-dependent-type I interferon signal transduction pathway with a highlight on their secondary impact on the immune responses post Newcastle disease virus vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:248-256. [PMID: 31383309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) leads to a lytic infection of B-lymphocytes in chickens, and also latently infects T-lymphocytes. Although Marek's disease vaccines have been widely in use, little is known about the innate immune response of this important livestock vaccine. In this study, we tested the effect of different commercially applied Marek's disease vaccines on the expression pattern of selected genes related to chicken interferon-alpha (chIFN-α) (melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 "MDA5″ dependent) signal transduction pathway. Both MDV serotype I (Rispens) and serotype III (Herpesvirus of turkey "HVT") vaccines could stimulate MDA5 dependent-type I interferon response as early as three days post vaccination in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation continued up to 10 days in the instance of HVT vaccine and declined in the case of Rispens. Surprisingly, increasing the doses of the two vaccines led to dose-dependent down-regulation in the expression pattern of the investigated pathway, five and ten days post vaccination. Additionally, to shed the light on the consequent effect on the immune responses of the other viral vaccine, another experimental model based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines was designed using HVT, HVT-VP2 and Rispens MDV vaccines. The three MDV vaccines were found to reduce chicken humoral immune response post NDV vaccination. However, only Rispens and HVT-VP2 had suppressive effects on the expression of MDA5-dependent-chIFN-α related cytokines. Consistent with this finding, the protection rate and NDV- humoral immune response post challenge with virulent NDV strain was lower in case of Rispens and HVT-VP2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Abdallah
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H A Mohamed
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Clinical Studies, Collage of Veterinary, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
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14
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Aouini R, Laamiri N, Ghram A. Viral interference between low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 and avian infectious bronchitis viruses in vitro and in ovo. J Virol Methods 2018; 259:92-99. [PMID: 29940196 PMCID: PMC7119724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are important pathogens of poultry, causing important economic losses for the sector. Replication interference between these two viruses was described using cell cultures (CC) and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Chicken embryo lung (CEL) and ECE were simultaneously or sequentially infected with IBV vaccine strain (H120) and LPAIV-H9N2 (A/Ck/TUN/145/2012) to evaluate viral interactionsin vitro and in ovo, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR was developed to specifically quantify both AIV and IBV genomes as well as viral gene copy numbers during mixed infections. The amount of IL-1 beta, in supernatants of co-infected cell cultures, was determined using an ELISA assay. RESULTS Quantitative results of AIV and IBV co-infection showed that interferences between the two viruses yielded decreased viral growth. However, in the case of super-infection, the second virus, either AIV or IBV, induced a decrease in the growth of the first inoculated virus. CONCLUSION It appears that either AIV or IBV has a negative impact on the other virus growth when they are inoculated simultaneously or sequentially. The ELISA results showed that higher level of secreted IL-1beta varies, depending on the viral interference conditions between both viruses, during mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Aouini
- University Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia; University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Nacira Laamiri
- University Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia; University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- University Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
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15
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Induction profiles of mRNA of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:200-205. [PMID: 29476788 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the induction of TLRs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was studied. Four groups (1-4) of chickens inoculated with 106 EID50 of H9N2 virus were challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post H9N2 inoculation, respectively. In groups (1-4) TLRs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken PBMCs on day 3 post H5N1 challenge. In H5N1 control group TLRs (1, 2, 5 and 7) cytokines (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL8 and TGF β3) were down regulated. In group 1 down regulation of cytokines and TLRs was similar to H5N1 control birds. Down regulation of TLRs and cytokines in H5N1 control and group 1 resulted death of all the chickens. In group 2, up-regulation of TLRs (3, 7 and 15) and induction of TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ aided virus clearance leading to survival of all the chickens. In group 3 significant up-regulation of TLRs (3, 4 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TGF β3) was detected. In group 4 significant up-regulation of TLRs (2, 3, 7 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8 and IL10) was detected. In groups 3 and 4 simultaneous and significant induction of pro-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokine resulted cytokine dysregulation leading to death of (2/6) and (3/6) chickens respectively. Hence, the study revealed TLRs and cytokines role in modulating the H5N1 infection outcome in chickens pre-exposed to H9N2 virus.
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16
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Mishra A, Vijayakumar P, Raut AA. Emerging avian influenza infections: Current understanding of innate immune response and molecular pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:89-107. [PMID: 28272907 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1291640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. The outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. While the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity and mortality of the host. Therefore, innate immunity response in avian influenza infection has two distinct roles. However, the viral pathogenic mechanism varies widely in different avian species, which are not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and gaps in host-pathogen interaction of avian influenza infection in birds. In first part of this article, we summarized influenza viral pathogenesis of gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous avian species. Then we discussed innate immune response against influenza infection, cytokine storm, differential host immune responses against different pathotypes, and response in different avian species. Finally, we reviewed the systems biology approach to study host-pathogen interaction in avian species for better characterization of molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Wild aquatic birds act as natural reservoir of AIVs. Better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in natural reservoir is fundamental to understand the properties of AIV infection and development of improved vaccine and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Mishra
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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17
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Santhakumar D, Rubbenstroth D, Martinez-Sobrido L, Munir M. Avian Interferons and Their Antiviral Effectors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:49. [PMID: 28197148 PMCID: PMC5281639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) responses, mediated by a myriad of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), are the most profound innate immune responses against viruses. Cumulatively, these IFN effectors establish a multilayered antiviral state to safeguard the host against invading viral pathogens. Considerable genetic and functional characterizations of mammalian IFNs and their effectors have been made, and our understanding on the avian IFNs has started to expand. Similar to mammalian counterparts, three types of IFNs have been genetically characterized in most avian species with available annotated genomes. Intriguingly, chickens are capable of mounting potent innate immune responses upon various stimuli in the absence of essential components of IFN pathways including retinoic acid-inducible gene I, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and possibility IRF9. Understanding these unique properties of the chicken IFN system would propose valuable targets for the development of potential therapeutics for a broader range of viruses of both veterinary and zoonotic importance. This review outlines recent developments in the roles of avian IFNs and ISGs against viruses and highlights important areas of research toward our understanding of the antiviral functions of IFN effectors against viral infections in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
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18
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Wang J, Cao Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Xu S, Yin Y. Cytokine expression in three chicken host systems infected with H9N2 influenza viruses with different pathogenicities. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:630-639. [PMID: 27215697 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1193665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SD/818 and SD/196 are H9N2 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens from the same farm at different times that exhibited similar genetic evolution. However, strain SD/818 exhibited higher pathogenicity in chickens than strain SD/196 and other H9N2 influenza virus epidemic strains from China. The expression of cytokines is an important host defence mechanism following viral infection and their intensity is a major determinant of viral pathogenicity. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased pathogenicity of strain SD/818 from the host's perspective, viral replication and cytokine expression were dynamically studied using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR in chickens infected with strain SD/818 compared with chickens infected with strain SD/196 in this study. The results showed that the replication of strain SD/818 and the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-β induced by strain SD/818 were higher than those induced by strain SD/196 in the chicken host system. Expression of these cytokines in chickens coincided with or followed virus replication. These results suggested that high-level viral replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (but not decreased type I IFN expression) were associated with the higher pathogenicity of strain SD/818 in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejin Guo
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- b China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzheng Xu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhao Y, Wang T, Yao L, Liu B, Teng C, Ouyang H. Classical swine fever virus replicated poorly in cells from MxA transgenic pigs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:169. [PMID: 27535023 PMCID: PMC4987965 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to their value as livestock, pigs are susceptible to classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and can serve as reservoirs for CSFV, allowing it to develop into an epizootic. CSFV, a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, has a single-stranded RNA genome. Recent research has indicated that the human MxA protein inhibits the life cycles of certain RNA viruses, such as members of the Bunyaviridae family, the Flaviviridae family and others. Results To produce pigs with antiviral protection against CSFV, transgenic pigs expressing human MxA were generated by nuclear transplantation. Cells from three MxA transgenic piglets were used to investigate in vitro antiviral activity of MxA aganist CSFV, and the results of in vitro indirect immunofluorescence assays, virus titration and real-time PCR indicated that the MxA transgenic pig has an antiviral capacity against CSFV. Conclusions Transgene with human MxA on pigs is feasible. High levels of MxA expression do inhibit CSFV in vitro at early time points post-infection at 60-96dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. .,College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunbo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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20
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Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Limits Interferon Production by Inducing a Host Shutoff That Requires Accessory Protein 5b. J Virol 2016; 90:7519-7528. [PMID: 27279618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00627-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During infection of their host cells, viruses often inhibit the production of host proteins, a process that is referred to as host shutoff. By doing this, viruses limit the production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. Coronaviruses from the genera Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), establish host shutoff via their nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1). The Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus genomes, however, do not encode nsp1, and it has been suggested that these viruses do not induce host shutoff. Here, we show that the Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) does induce host shutoff, and we find that its accessory protein 5b is indispensable for this function. Importantly, we found that 5b-null viruses, unlike wild-type viruses, induce production of high concentrations of type I interferon protein in vitro, indicating that host shutoff by IBV plays an important role in antagonizing the host's innate immune response. Altogether, we demonstrate that 5b is a functional equivalent of nsp1, thereby answering the longstanding question of whether lack of nsp1 in gammacoronaviruses is compensated for by another viral protein. As such, our study is a significant step forward in the understanding of coronavirus biology and closes a gap in the understanding of some IBV virulence strategies. IMPORTANCE Many viruses inhibit protein synthesis by their host cell to enhance virus replication and to antagonize antiviral defense mechanisms. This process is referred to as host shutoff. We studied gene expression and protein synthesis in chicken cells infected with the important poultry pathogen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We show that IBV inhibits synthesis of host proteins, including that of type I interferon, a key component of the antiviral response. The IBV-induced host shutoff, however, does not require degradation of host RNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that accessory protein 5b of IBV plays a crucial role in the onset of host shutoff. Our findings suggest that inhibition of host protein synthesis is a common feature of coronaviruses and primarily serves to inhibit the antiviral response of the host.
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21
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Samy AA, El-Enbaawy MI, El-Sanousi AA, Nasef SA, Naguib MM, Abdelwhab EM, Hikono H, Saito T. Different counteracting host immune responses to clade 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2 Egyptian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in naïve and vaccinated chickens. Vet Microbiol 2015; 183:103-9. [PMID: 26790942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Egypt, two distinct lineages of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, "classic 2.2.1.2" and "variant 2.2.1.1" strains, have evolved. The underlying host immune responses counteracting these viruses in chickens remain not well understood. In the present study, the cytokine responses to a classic strain (C121) and those to a variant strain (V1063) were compared in naïve and vaccinated chickens. In naïve chickens, the C121 replicated more efficiently than the V1063. Both the C121 and the V1063 increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression at 48 h post inoculation (hpi) in the lung and spleen but the levels of these cytokines were lower in chickens infected with the C121 than those infected with the V1063. In contrast, in chickens vaccinated with inactivated C121-based vaccine, the C121 replicated less than the V1063. Both challenge with the C121 and that with the V1063 did not increase IFN-γ gene expression at 48 hpi; rather, the C121 increased IL-4 gene expression in the lung accompanied with lower viral titer and higher HI titers. These results suggested that the pathogenicity of HPAI viruses correlated with IFN-γ-producing helper and/or cytotoxic T cell responses in naïve chickens, whereas vaccine efficacy to HPAI viruses correlated with IL-4 producing helper T cell responses in the lung in vaccinated chickens. It implies that IL-4 in the lung, in addition to the traditional serum HI titers, could be used to screen novel vaccine strategies, such as strains, adjuvant, prime/boost protocols, against HPAI in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mona I El-Enbaawy
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Sanousi
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Soad A Nasef
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - E M Abdelwhab
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; The Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Centre, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Centre, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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22
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Li N, Wang Y, Li R, Liu J, Zhang J, Cai Y, Liu S, Chai T, Wei L. Immune responses of ducks infected with duck Tembusu virus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:425. [PMID: 26005441 PMCID: PMC4424876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) can cause serious disease in ducks, characterized by reduced egg production. Although the virus has been isolated and detection methods developed, the host immune responses to DTMUV infection are unclear. Therefore, we systematically examined the expression of immune-related genes and the viral distribution in DTMUV-infected ducks, using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results show that DTMUV replicates quickly in many tissues early in infection, with the highest viral titers in the spleen 1 day after infection. Rig-1, Mda5, and Tlr3 are involved in the host immune response to DTMUV, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, –2, –6, Cxcl8) and antiviral proteins (Mx, Oas, etc.) are also upregulated early in infection. The expression of Il-6 increased most significantly in the tissues tested. The upregulation of Mhc-I was observed in the brain and spleen, but the expression of Mhc-II was upregulated in the brain and downregulated in the spleen. The expression of the interferons was also upregulated to different degrees in the spleen but that of the brain was various. Our study suggests that DTMUV replicates rapidly in various tissues and that the host immune responses are activated early in infection. However, the overexpression of cytokines may damage the host. These results extend our understanding of the immune responses of ducks to DTMUV infection, and provide insight into the pathogenesis of DTMUV attributable to host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China ; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College , Tai'an, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China ; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College , Tai'an, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China ; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province , Tai'an, China ; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College , Tai'an, China
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23
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Alkie TN, St Paul M, Barjesteh N, Brisbin J, Sharif S. Expression profiles of antiviral response genes in chicken bursal cells stimulated with Toll-like receptor ligands. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:157-63. [PMID: 25618589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the adaptive immune system express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and are able to respond to TLR ligands. With this in mind, the goal of the current study was to determine the expression of antiviral response genes in the cells of the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) to stimulation with TLR ligands. We investigated initially the response of bursal B cells to CpG-ODN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly(I:C) treatment. The expression level of type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) did not differ between CpG-ODN and LPS treated groups compared to the non-stimulated cells. Poly(I:C) was the only TLR ligand, which has induced significant expression of antiviral innate immune response genes from bursal cells. Further in vitro and in vivo studies need to examine the efficacy of these antiviral responses against avian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Immunology and Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Brisbin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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24
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Zhou H, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. Interferons and Their Receptors in Birds: A Comparison of Gene Structure, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Cross Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21045-68. [PMID: 25405736 PMCID: PMC4264211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon may be thought of as a key, with the interferon receptor as the signal lock: Crosstalk between them maintains their balance during viral infection. In this review, the protein structure of avian interferon and the interferon receptor are discussed, indicating remarkable similarity between different species. However, the structures of the interferon receptors are more sophisticated than those of the interferons, suggesting that the interferon receptor is a more complicated signal lock system and has considerable diversity in subtypes or structures. Preliminary evolutionary analysis showed that the subunits of the interferon receptor formed a distinct clade, and the orthologs may be derived from the same ancestor. Furthermore, the development of interferons and interferon receptors in birds may be related to an animal’s age and the maintenance of a balanced state. In addition, the equilibrium between interferon and its receptor during pathological and physiological states revealed that the virus and the host influence this equilibrium. Birds could represent an important model for studies on interferon’s antiviral activities and may provide the basis for new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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25
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Activation of the chicken type I interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus. J Virol 2014; 89:1156-67. [PMID: 25378498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses from both the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera interfere with the type I interferon (IFN) response in various ways, ensuring the limited activation of the IFN response in most cell types. Of the gammacoronaviruses that mainly infect birds, little is known about the activation of the host immune response. We show that the prototypical Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), induces a delayed activation of the IFN response in primary renal cells, tracheal epithelial cells, and a chicken cell line. In fact, Ifnβ expression is delayed with respect to the peak of viral replication and the accompanying accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In addition, we demonstrate that MDA5 is the primary sensor for Gammacoronavirus infections in chicken cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that accessory proteins 3a and 3b of IBV modulate the response at the transcriptional and translational levels. Finally, we show that, despite the lack of activation of the IFN response during the early phase of IBV infection, the signaling of nonself dsRNA through both MDA5 and TLR3 remains intact in IBV-infected cells. Taken together, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of host-virus interactions of a Gammacoronavirus with avian innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate that IBV has evolved multiple strategies to avoid the activation of the type I interferon response. Taken together, the present study closes a gap in the understanding of host-IBV interaction and paves the way for further characterization of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion strategies as well as the pathogenesis of gammacoronaviruses.
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26
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Goossens KE, Karpala AJ, Ward A, Bean AGD. Characterisation of chicken ZAP. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:373-381. [PMID: 24877657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pathogenic viruses, such as avian influenza (AI), represent a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. The development of novel therapeutics to protect against these viruses is critical and necessitates understanding the host immune mechanisms to find new pathways for protection against virus infection. Interferon (IFN) is a major antiviral arm of the immune system and is generally the first line of defence against virus. The multiple genes orchestrated by IFN upregulation are not well characterised in chickens due to a lack of reagents and research efforts. Here we have identified chicken ZAP (chZAP), an IFN stimulated gene (ISG), that has antiviral properties in human models, and show that chZAP is upregulated in response to PAMPs. Moreover, we show that chZAP is upregulated in vivo following particular viral infections. This data will benefit further studies that aim to understand antiviral response pathways in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Goossens
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Karpala
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Alistair Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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27
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Cheng Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Shi S, Yan Y, Li J, Ding C, Sun J. Cloning, expression and functional analysis of the duck Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) gene. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:37-46. [PMID: 25269719 PMCID: PMC4367148 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is responsible for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in vertebrates. In the present study, the first TLR5 gene in duck was cloned. The open reading frame (ORF) of duck TLR5 (dTLR5) cDNA is 2580 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 859 amino acids. We also cloned partial sequences of myeloid differentiation factor 88, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), and myxovirus resistance (Mx) genes from duck. dTLR5 mRNA was highly expressed in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, trachea, lung, jejunum, rectum, and skin; moderately expressed in the muscular and glandular tissues, duodenum, ileum, caecum, and pancreas; and minimally expressed in the heart, liver, kidney, and muscle. DF-1 or HeLa cells transfected with DNA constructs encoding dTLR5 can activate NF-κB leading to the activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter. When we challenged ducks with a Herts33 Newcastle disease virus (NDV), mRNA transcription of the antiviral molecules Mx, Double stranded RNA activated protein kinase (PKR), and OAS was up-regulated in the liver, lung, and spleen 1 and 2 days post-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, China
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28
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Goossens KE, Ward AC, Lowenthal JW, Bean AGD. Chicken interferons, their receptors and interferon-stimulated genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:370-376. [PMID: 23751330 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of pathogenic viruses is a serious issue as they pose a constant threat to both the poultry industry and to human health. To prevent these viral infections an understanding of the host-virus response is critical, especially for the development of novel therapeutics. One approach in the control of viral infections would be to boost the immune response through administration of cytokines, such as interferons. However, the innate immune response in chickens is poorly characterised, particularly concerning the interferon pathway. This review will provide an overview of our current understanding of the interferon system of chickens, including their cognate receptors and known interferon-stimulated gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Goossens
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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29
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Cornelissen JBWJ, Vervelde L, Post J, Rebel JMJ. Differences in highly pathogenic avian influenza viral pathogenesis and associated early inflammatory response in chickens and ducks. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:347-64. [PMID: 23782222 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.807325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the immunological responses in the lung, brain and spleen of ducks and chickens within the first 7 days after infection with H7N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Infection with HPAI caused significant morbidity and mortality in chickens, while in ducks the infection was asymptomatic. The HPAI viral mRNA load was higher in all investigated tissues of chickens compared with duck tissues. In the lung, brain and spleen of HPAI-infected chickens, a high, but delayed, pro-inflammatory response of IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA was induced, including up-regulation of IFN-β, IFN-γ, TLR3 and MDA-5 mRNA from 1 day post infection (p.i.). Whereas in ducks already at 8 h p.i., a quicker but lower response was found for IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS mRNA followed by a delayed activation of TLR7, RIG-I, MDA5 and IFN-γ mRNA response. Virus-infected areas in the lung of chickens co-localized with KUL-01⁺ (macrophages, dendritic cells), CD4⁺, and CD8α⁺ cells, during the first day after infection. However, only KUL-01⁺ cells co-localized with the virus after 1 day p.i. In ducks, CVI-ChNL-68.1⁺ (macrophage-like cells), CD4⁺ and CD8α⁺ cells and apoptosis co-localized with the virus within 8 h p.i. Apoptosis was detected in the brain and lung of HPAI-infected chickens after 2 days p.i. and apoptotic cells co-localized with virus-infected areas. In conclusion, excessive delayed cytokine inflammatory responses but inadequate cellular immune responses may contribute to pathogenesis in chickens, while ducks initiate a fast lower cytokine response followed by the activation of major pattern recognition receptors (TLR7, RIG-I, MDA5) and a persistent cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B W J Cornelissen
- Department of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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30
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Goose Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and antiviral molecules involved in anti-H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Qu H, Yang L, Meng S, Xu L, Bi Y, Jia X, Li J, Sun L, Liu W. The differential antiviral activities of chicken interferon α (ChIFN-α) and ChIFN-β are related to distinct interferon-stimulated gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59307. [PMID: 23527158 PMCID: PMC3602166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken interferon α (ChIFN-α) and ChIFN-β are type I IFNs that are important antiviral cytokines in the innate immune system. In the present study, we identified the virus-induced expression of ChIFN-α and ChIFN-β in chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells and systematically evaluated the antiviral activities of recombinant ChIFN-α and ChIFN-β by cytopathic-effect (CPE) inhibition assays. We found that ChIFN-α exhibited stronger antiviral activity than ChIFN-β in terms of inhibiting the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus, respectively. To elucidate the mechanism of differential antiviral activities between the two ChIFNs, we measured the relative mRNA levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in IFN-treated DF-1 cells by real-time PCR. ChIFN-α displayed greater induction potency than ChIFN-β on several ISGs encoding antiviral proteins and MHC-I, whereas ChIFN-α was less potent than ChIFN-β for inducing ISGs involved in signaling pathways. In conclusion, ChIFN-α and ChIFN-β presented differential induction potency on various sets of ISGs, and the stronger antiviral activity of ChIFN-α is likely attributed to the greater expression levels of downstream antiviral ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongren Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Wang Y, Brahmakshatriya V, Lupiani B, Reddy S, Okimoto R, Li X, Chiang H, Zhou H. Associations of chicken Mx1 polymorphism with antiviral responses in avian influenza virus infected embryos and broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:3019-24. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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33
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Jiang H, Yang H, Kapczynski DR. Chicken interferon alpha pretreatment reduces virus replication of pandemic H1N1 and H5N9 avian influenza viruses in lung cell cultures from different avian species. Virol J 2011; 8:447. [PMID: 21939525 PMCID: PMC3197513 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I interferons, including interferon alpha (IFN-α), represent one of the first lines of innate immune defense against influenza virus infection. Following natural infection of chickens with avian influenza virus (AIV), transcription of IFN-α is quickly up regulated along with multiple other immune-related genes. Chicken IFN-α up regulates a number of important anti-viral response genes and has been demonstrated to be an important cytokine to establish anti-viral immunity. However, the mechanisms by which interferon inhibit virus replication in avian species remains unknown as does the biological activity of chicken interferon in other avian species. METHODS In these studies, we assessed the protective potential of exogenous chicken IFN-α applied to chicken, duck, and turkey primary lung cell cultures prior to infection with the pandemic H1N1 virus (A/turkey/Virginia/SEP-4/2009) and an established avian H5N9 virus (A/turkey/Wisconsin/1968). Growth kinetics and induction of select immune response genes, including IFN-α and myxovirus-resistance gene I (Mx), as well as proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), were measured in response to chicken IFN-α and viral infection over time. RESULTS Results demonstrate that pretreatment with chicken IFN-α before AIV infection significantly reduced virus replication in both chicken-and turkey-origin lung cells and to a lesser degree the duck-origin cells. Virus growth was reduced by approximately 200-fold in chicken and turkey cells and 30-fold in duck cells after 48 hours of incubation. Interferon treatment also significantly decreased the interferon and proinflammatory response during viral infection. In general, infection with the H1N1 virus resulted in an attenuated interferon and proinflammatory response in these cell lines, compared to the H5N9 virus. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies show that chicken IFN-α reduces virus replication, lower host innate immune response following infection, and is biologically active in other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
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34
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Pekin and Muscovy ducks respond differently to vaccination with a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) commercial inactivated vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29:6549-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Penski N, Härtle S, Rubbenstroth D, Krohmann C, Ruggli N, Schusser B, Pfann M, Reuter A, Gohrbandt S, Hundt J, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Kochs G, Stech J, Summerfield A, Vahlenkamp T, Kaspers B, Staeheli P. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses do not inhibit interferon synthesis in infected chickens but can override the interferon-induced antiviral state. J Virol 2011; 85:7730-41. [PMID: 21613402 PMCID: PMC3147912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00063-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
From infection studies with cultured chicken cells and experimental mammalian hosts, it is well known that influenza viruses use the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) to suppress the synthesis of interferon (IFN). However, our current knowledge regarding the in vivo role of virus-encoded NS1 in chickens is much more limited. Here, we report that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5N1 and H7N7 lacking fully functional NS1 genes were attenuated in 5-week-old chickens. Surprisingly, in diseased birds infected with NS1 mutants, the IFN levels were not higher than in diseased birds infected with wild-type virus, suggesting that NS1 cannot suppress IFN gene expression in at least one cell population of infected chickens that produces large amounts of the cytokine in vivo. To address the question of why influenza viruses are highly pathogenic in chickens although they strongly activate the innate immune system, we determined whether recombinant chicken alpha interferon (IFN-α) can inhibit the growth of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in cultured chicken cells and whether it can ameliorate virus-induced disease in 5-week-old birds. We found that IFN treatment failed to confer substantial protection against challenge with highly pathogenic viruses, although it was effective against viruses with low pathogenic potential. Taken together, our data demonstrate that preventing the synthesis of IFN is not the primary role of the viral NS1 protein during infection of chickens. Our results further suggest that virus-induced IFN does not contribute substantially to resistance of chickens against highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Penski
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Krohmann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pfann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Reuter
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Hundt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Georg Kochs
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Esnault E, Bonsergent C, Larcher T, Bed’hom B, Vautherot JF, Delaleu B, Guigand L, Soubieux D, Marc D, Quéré P. A novel chicken lung epithelial cell line: Characterization and response to low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Virus Res 2011; 159:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Meng S, Yang L, Xu C, Qin Z, Xu H, Wang Y, Sun L, Liu W. Recombinant chicken interferon-α inhibits H9N2 avian influenza virus replication in vivo by oral administration. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:533-8. [PMID: 21323426 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken interferon-alpha (ChIFN-α) has been demonstrated to be an important cytokine in antiviral immunity. However, the preventive or therapeutic effect of ChIFN-α as an oral antiviral agent on avian influenza virus (AIV) infection has not been fully clarified in chickens systemically. In the present study, we investigated the anti-H9N2 AIV effect of ChIFN-α on a cohort of 7- and 33-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens by oral administration. Results showed that both the ChIFN-α preventive and therapeutic groups exhibited significantly reduced viral load in trachea when compared with the virus-challenged control group. The therapeutic effect was better than the preventive effect on 7-day-old SPF chickens, which is opposite to 33-day-old SPF chickens. We speculated that T-dependent lymphocyte system of 33-day-old SPF chickens might be easier to be stimulated by ChIFN-α than that of 7-day-old SPF chickens. In addition, there was no side effect on the body weight of chickens treated with ChIFN-α. We also found that IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and Mx1) were upregulated in groups treated by ChIFN-α and/or virus, indicating that these 2 ISGs not only participated in anti-AIV response in vivo but also could be induced by oral administration of ChIFN-α. The present study suggested that ChIFN-α could be used as a potential preventive and therapeutic antiviral agent against H9N2 AIV infection by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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38
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Moulin HR, Liniger M, Python S, Guzylack-Piriou L, Ocaña-Macchi M, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. High interferon type I responses in the lung, plasma and spleen during highly pathogenic H5N1 infection of chicken. Vet Res 2011; 42:6. [PMID: 21314963 PMCID: PMC3031227 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that high pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection of chicken induced high levels of bioactive interferon type I in the lung (4.3 × 105 U/mg tissue), plasma (1.1 × 105 U/mL), and spleen (9.1 × 105 U/mg tissue). In contrast, a low pathogenic attenuated H5N1 vaccine strain only induced approximately 24 times less IFN in the lung, 441 times less in the spleen and 649 less in the plasma. This was in the same range as a reassortant carrying the HA from the vaccine strain and the remaining genes from the high pathogenic virus. On the other hand, a reassortant virus with the HA from the high pathogenic H5N1 with the remaining genes from the vaccine strain had intermediate levels of IFN. The level of interferon responses related to the viral load, and those in the spleen and blood to the spread of virus to lymphoid tissue, as well as disease severity. In vitro, the viruses did not induce interferon in chicken embryonic fibroblasts, but high levels in splenocytes, with not clear relationship to pathogenicity and virulence. This, and the responses also with inactivated viruses imply the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like leukocytes within the chicken immune system, possibly responsible for the high interferon responses during H5N1 infection. Our data also indicate that the viral load as well as the cleavability of the HA enabling systemic spread of the virus are two major factors controlling systemic IFN responses in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé R Moulin
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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