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Miyazawa K, Itoh Y, Fu H, Miyazono K. Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2/3-dependent transmission of TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107256. [PMID: 38569937 PMCID: PMC11063908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is widely distributed throughout the body. Its receptor proteins, TGF-β type I and type II receptors, are also ubiquitously expressed. Therefore, the regulation of various signaling outputs in a context-dependent manner is a critical issue in this field. Smad proteins were originally identified as signal-activated transcription factors similar to signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins. Smads are activated by serine phosphorylation mediated by intrinsic receptor dual specificity kinases of the TGF-β family, indicating that Smads are receptor-restricted effector molecules downstream of ligands of the TGF-β family. Smad proteins have other functions in addition to transcriptional regulation, including post-transcriptional regulation of micro-RNA processing, pre-mRNA splicing, and m6A methylation. Recent technical advances have identified a novel landscape of Smad-dependent signal transduction, including regulation of mitochondrial function without involving regulation of gene expression. Therefore, Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors and also act as intracellular signaling modulators with multiple modes of function. In this review, we discuss the role of Smad proteins as receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond. We also describe the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3, two receptor-activated Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β, activin, myostatin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) 11, and Nodal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Applied Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Feng Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen G, Zhang X, Ning G, Wu S. Inhibition of Pi4kb activity causes malformation of vestibular apparatus in zebrafish by downregulating hey1. Gene 2024; 898:148105. [PMID: 38135256 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase-β (PI4KB) plays critical roles in human genetic diseases. In zebrafish, Pi4kb is strongly expressed in hair cells (HCs), which are necessary for detecting sound vibrations, head movements, and water motion. However, the role of PI4KB in HC or semicircular canal development is unclear. Herein, we report that pi4kb morphants exhibit insensitivity to sound stimulation and abnormal morphological vestibular organs, including cilium loss in HCs of the cristae and semicircular canal malformation. As bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is associated with HC and semicircular canal development, we analyzed the expression of BMP-related genes; the phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 (p-Smad1/5/9) expression was markedly reduced in otic HCs. RNA-sequencing data indicated that the transcriptional levels of BMP membrane receptor 2 (bmpr2a and bmpr2b) and hes-related family of bHLH transcription factors with YRPW motif 1 (hey1), a direct downstream target gene of p-Smad, were significantly reduced in the pi4kb morphants, as verified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Co-injection of hey1 mRNA and pi4kb morpholino notably recovered vestibular apparatus development, including the number and length of cilia in HCs of the cristae and semicircular canal formation. Collectively, these results suggest that Pi4kb is involved in vestibular apparatus development in zebrafish by regulating BMP membrane receptor 2 and p-Smad1/5/9 levels, thereby affecting the transcriptional activation of the target gene hey1. This study sheds light on the interaction between Pi4kb and the BMP-Hey1 signaling axis, which is critical for HC and semicircular canal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Feng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, HeilongJiang, China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengrong Chen
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuilong Wu
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Yamaguchi A, Hirano I, Narusawa S, Shimizu K, Ariyama H, Yamawaki K, Nagao K, Yamamoto M, Shimizu R. Blockade of the interaction between BMP9 and endoglin on erythroid progenitors promotes erythropoiesis in mice. Genes Cells 2021; 26:782-797. [PMID: 34333851 PMCID: PMC9290798 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein‐9 (BMP9), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, plays important roles in the development and maintenance of various cell lineages via complexes of type I and type II TGFβ receptors. Endoglin is a coreceptor for several TGFβ family members, including BMP9, which is highly expressed in a particular stage of differentiation in erythroid cells as well as in endothelial cells. Although the importance of the interaction between BMP9 and endoglin for endothelial development has been reported, the contribution of BMP9 to endoglin‐expressing erythroid cells remains to be clarified. To address this point, we prepared an anti‐BMP9 antibody that blocks the BMP9‐endoglin interaction. Of note, challenge with the antibody promotes erythropoiesis in wild‐type mice but not in a mouse model of renal anemia in which erythropoietin (EPO) production in the kidneys is genetically ablated. While endoglin‐positive erythroid progenitors are mainly maintained as progenitors when bone marrow‐derived lineage‐negative and cKit‐positive cells are cultured in the presence of EPO and stem cell factor, the erythroid‐biased accumulation of progenitors is impeded by the presence of BMP9. Our findings uncover an unrecognized role for BMP9 in attenuating erythroid differentiation via its interaction with endoglin on erythroid progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Yamaguchi
- Nephrology Research Labs., Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiho Narusawa
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Shimizu
- Nephrology Research Labs., Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyama
- Nephrology Research Labs., Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamawaki
- Nephrology Research Labs., Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagao
- Nephrology Research Labs., Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Mega-Bank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Mega-Bank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Alkobtawi M, Pla P, Monsoro-Burq AH. BMP signaling is enhanced intracellularly by FHL3 controlling WNT-dependent spatiotemporal emergence of the neural crest. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109289. [PMID: 34161771 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal coordination of multiple morphogens is essential for embryonic patterning yet poorly understood. During neural crest (NC) formation, dynamic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and WNT signals cooperate by acting on mesoderm and ectoderm. Here, we show that Fhl3, a scaffold LIM domain protein, modulates BMP gradient interpretation during NC induction. During gastrulation, low BMP signaling neuralizes the neural border (NB) ectoderm, while Fhl3 enhances Smad1 intracellular response in underlying paraxial mesoderm, triggering the high WNT8 signals needed to pattern the NB. During neurulation, fhl3 activation in NC ectoderm promotes simultaneous high BMP and BMP-dependent WNT activity required for specification. Mechanistically, Fhl3 interacts with Smad1 and promotes Smad1 binding to wnt8 promoter in a BMP-dependent manner. Consequently, differential Fhl3 expression in adjacent cells ensures a finely tuned coordination of BMP and WNT signaling at several stages of NC development, starting by positioning the NC-inducing mesoderm center under competent NB ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Alkobtawi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, rue Henri Becquerel, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Pla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, rue Henri Becquerel, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, rue Henri Becquerel, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Universitaire de France, F-75005 Paris, France.
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High glucose-induced Smad3 linker phosphorylation and CCN2 expression are inhibited by dapagliflozin in a diabetic tubule epithelial cell model. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228674. [PMID: 34003249 PMCID: PMC8220447 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the kidney glucose is freely filtered by the glomerulus and, mainly, reabsorbed by sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) expressed in the early proximal tubule. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) undergo pathological and fibrotic changes seen in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in response to elevated glucose. We developed a specific in vitro model of DKD using primary human PTECs with exposure to high D-glucose and TGF-β1 and propose a role for SGLT2 inhibition in regulating fibrosis. METHODS Western blotting was performed to detect cellular and secreted proteins as well as phosphorylated intracellular signalling proteins. qPCR was used to detect CCN2 RNA. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GT) activity staining was performed to confirm PTEC phenotype. SGLT2 and ERK inhibition on high D-glucose, 25 mM, and TGF-β1, 0.75 ng/ml, treated cells was explored using dapagliflozin and U0126, respectively. RESULTS Only the combination of high D-glucose and TGF-β1 treatment significantly up-regulated CCN2 RNA and protein expression. This increase was significantly ameliorated by dapagliflozin. High D-glucose treatment raised phospho ERK which was also inhibited by dapagliflozin. TGF-β1 increased cellular phospho SSXS Smad3 serine 423 and 425, with and without high D-glucose. Glucose alone had no effect. Smad3 serine 204 phosphorylation was significantly raised by a combination of high D-glucose+TGF-β1; this rise was significantly reduced by both SGLT2 and MEK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We show that high D-glucose and TGF-β1 are both required for CCN2 expression. This treatment also caused Smad3 linker region phosphorylation. Both outcomes were inhibited by dapagliflozin. We have identified a novel SGLT2 -ERK mediated promotion of TGF-β1/Smad3 signalling inducing a pro-fibrotic growth factor secretion. Our data evince support for substantial renoprotective benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney.
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Ruiz L, Kaczmarska Z, Gomes T, Aragon E, Torner C, Freier R, Baginski B, Martin-Malpartida P, de Martin Garrido N, Marquez JA, Cordeiro TN, Pluta R, Macias MJ. Unveiling the dimer/monomer propensities of Smad MH1-DNA complexes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:632-646. [PMID: 33510867 PMCID: PMC7810915 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MH1 domains of BMP-activated Smads populate a dimer-monomer equilibrium. Swapping loop1 between BMP- and TGFβ Smads turns dimers into monomers and vice versa. BMP-responsive genomic regions have a lower average count of motifs than TGFβ ones.
Smad transcription factors are the main downstream effectors of the Transforming growth factor β superfamily (TGFβ) signalling network. The DNA complexes determined here by X-ray crystallography for the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) activated Smad5 and Smad8 proteins reveal that all MH1 domains bind [GGC(GC)|(CG)] motifs similarly, although TGFβ-activated Smad2/3 and Smad4 MH1 domains bind as monomers whereas Smad1/5/8 form helix-swapped dimers. Dimers and monomers are also present in solution, as revealed by NMR. To decipher the characteristics that defined these dimers, we designed chimeric MH1 domains and characterized them using X-ray crystallography. We found that swapping the loop1 between TGFβ- and BMP- activated MH1 domains switches the dimer/monomer propensities. When we scanned the distribution of Smad-bound motifs in ChIP-Seq peaks (Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing) in Smad-responsive genes, we observed specific site clustering and spacing depending on whether the peaks correspond to BMP- or TGFβ-responsive genes. We also identified significant correlations between site distribution and monomer or dimer propensities. We propose that the MH1 monomer or dimer propensity of Smads contributes to the distinct motif selection genome-wide and together with the MH2 domain association, help define the composition of R-Smad/Smad4 trimeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Kaczmarska
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9 38042, France.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Trojdena 4, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Tiago Gomes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Eric Aragon
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carles Torner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Regina Freier
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Blazej Baginski
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pau Martin-Malpartida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Natàlia de Martin Garrido
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - José A Marquez
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9 38042, France
| | - Tiago N Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Radoslaw Pluta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria J Macias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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7
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Kaushal K, Ramakrishna S. Deubiquitinating Enzyme-Mediated Signaling Networks in Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3253. [PMID: 33158118 PMCID: PMC7694198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have both the capacity for self-renewal and the potential to differentiate and contribute to multiple tumor properties, such as recurrence, metastasis, heterogeneity, multidrug resistance, and radiation resistance. Thus, CSCs are considered to be promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. The function of CSCs can be regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination of proteins related to the specific stemness of the cells executing various stem cell fate choices. To regulate the balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination processes, the disassembly of ubiquitin chains from specific substrates by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) is crucial. Several key developmental and signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles in this regulation. Growing evidence suggests that overactive or abnormal signaling within and among these pathways may contribute to the survival of CSCs. These signaling pathways have been experimentally shown to mediate various stem cell properties, such as self-renewal, cell fate decisions, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on the DUBs involved in CSCs signaling pathways, which are vital in regulating their stem-cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Kaushal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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8
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Estienne A, Jarrier P, Staub C, Venturi E, Le Vern Y, Clemente N, Monniaux D, Monget P. Anti-Müllerian hormone production in the ovary: a comparative study in bovine and porcine granulosa cells†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:572-582. [PMID: 32432313 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the origin of the difference, in terms of anti-Müllerian hormone production, existing between the bovine and porcine ovaries. We first confirmed by quantitative real-time-Polymerase-Chain Reaction, ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry that anti-Müllerian hormone mRNA and protein production are very low in porcine ovarian growing follicles compared to bovine ones. We then have transfected porcine and bovine granulosa cells with vectors containing the luciferase gene driven by the porcine or the bovine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter. These transfection experiments showed that the porcine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter is less active and less responsive to bone morphogenetic protein stimulations than the bovine promoter in both porcine and bovine cells. Moreover, bovine but not porcine granulosa cells were responsive to bone morphogenetic protein stimulation after transfection of a plasmidic construction including a strong response element to the bone morphogenetic proteins (12 repetitions of the GCCG sequence) upstream of the luciferase reporter gene. We also showed that SMAD6, an inhibitor of the SMAD1-5-8 pathway, is strongly expressed in porcine compared to the bovine granulosa cells. Overall, these results suggest that the low expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in porcine growing follicles is due to both a lack of activity/sensitivity of the porcine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter, and to the lack of responsiveness of porcine granulosa cells to bone morphogenetic protein signaling, potentially due to an overexpression of SMAD6 compared to bovine granulosa cells. We propose that the low levels of anti-Müllerian hormone in the pig would explain the poly-ovulatory phenotype in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Estienne
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Françis du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Peggy Jarrier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Françis du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Staub
- Physiologie Animale et Systèmes d'Elevage, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière (UEPAO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale (UE) 1297, Nouzilly, France
| | - Eric Venturi
- Physiologie Animale et Systèmes d'Elevage, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière (UEPAO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale (UE) 1297, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- Infectiologie, Santé Publique (ISP), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1297, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Clemente
- Sorbonne Université, Insitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Monniaux
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Françis du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Monget
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Françis du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Tours, France
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9
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Zhang G, Ferg M, Lübke L, Takamiya M, Beil T, Gourain V, Diotel N, Strähle U, Rastegar S. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates Id1-mediated neural stem cell quiescence in the adult zebrafish brain via a phylogenetically conserved enhancer module. Stem Cells 2020; 38:875-889. [PMID: 32246536 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the telencephalon of adult zebrafish, the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (id1) gene is expressed in radial glial cells (RGCs), behaving as neural stem cells (NSCs), during constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis. Id1 controls the balance between resting and proliferating states of RGCs by promoting quiescence. Here, we identified a phylogenetically conserved cis-regulatory module (CRM) mediating the specific expression of id1 in RGCs. Systematic deletion mapping and mutation of conserved transcription factor binding sites in stable transgenic zebrafish lines reveal that this CRM operates via conserved smad1/5 and 4 binding motifs under both homeostatic and regenerative conditions. Transcriptome analysis of injured and uninjured telencephala as well as pharmacological inhibition experiments identify a crucial role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for the function of the CRM. Our data highlight that BMP signals control id1 expression and thus NSC proliferation during constitutive and induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqun Zhang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luisa Lübke
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Borok MJ, Mademtzoglou D, Relaix F. Bu-M-P-ing Iron: How BMP Signaling Regulates Muscle Growth and Regeneration. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010004. [PMID: 32053985 PMCID: PMC7151139 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is best known for its role in promoting bone formation, however it has been shown to play important roles in both development and regeneration of many different tissues. Recent work has shown that the BMP proteins have a number of functions in skeletal muscle, from embryonic to postnatal development. Furthermore, complementary studies have recently demonstrated that specific components of the pathway are required for efficient muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Borok
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Despoina Mademtzoglou
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Créteil, France
- APHP, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-149-813-940
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11
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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David CJ, Massagué J. Contextual determinants of TGFβ action in development, immunity and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:419-435. [PMID: 29643418 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Few cell signals match the impact of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in metazoan biology. TGFβ cytokines regulate cell fate decisions during development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and are major players in tumorigenesis, fibrotic disorders, immune malfunctions and various congenital diseases. The effects of the TGFβ family are mediated by a combinatorial set of ligands and receptors and by a common set of receptor-activated mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (SMAD) transcription factors, yet the effects can differ dramatically depending on the cell type and the conditions. Recent progress has illuminated a model of TGFβ action in which SMADs bind genome-wide in partnership with lineage-determining transcription factors and additionally integrate inputs from other pathways and the chromatin to trigger specific cellular responses. These new insights clarify the operating logic of the TGFβ pathway in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J David
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Martin-Malpartida P, Batet M, Kaczmarska Z, Freier R, Gomes T, Aragón E, Zou Y, Wang Q, Xi Q, Ruiz L, Vea A, Márquez JA, Massagué J, Macias MJ. Structural basis for genome wide recognition of 5-bp GC motifs by SMAD transcription factors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2070. [PMID: 29234012 PMCID: PMC5727232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad transcription factors activated by TGF-β or by BMP receptors form trimeric complexes with Smad4 to target specific genes for cell fate regulation. The CAGAC motif has been considered as the main binding element for Smad2/3/4, whereas Smad1/5/8 have been thought to preferentially bind GC-rich elements. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in embryonic stem cells showed extensive binding of Smad2/3/4 to GC-rich cis-regulatory elements. Here, we present the structural basis for specific binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to GC-rich motifs in the goosecoid promoter, a nodal-regulated differentiation gene. The structures revealed a 5-bp consensus sequence GGC(GC)|(CG) as the binding site for both TGF-β and BMP-activated Smads and for Smad4. These 5GC motifs are highly represented as clusters in Smad-bound regions genome-wide. Our results provide a basis for understanding the functional adaptability of Smads in different cellular contexts, and their dependence on lineage-determining transcription factors to target specific genes in TGF-β and BMP pathways. Smad transcription factors are part of the TGF-β signal transduction pathways and are recruited to the genome by cell lineage-defining factors. Here, the authors identify specific Smad binding GC-rich motifs and provide structural information showing Smad3 and Smad4 bound to these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Martin-Malpartida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Batet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Kaczmarska
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Regina Freier
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiago Gomes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Aragón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Qiong Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Qiaoran Xi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lidia Ruiz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Vea
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Márquez
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Maria J Macias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Ampuja M, Kallioniemi A. Transcription factors-Intricate players of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 57:3-11. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ampuja
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories; Tampere Finland
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15
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Said HM, Safari R, Al-Kafaji G, Ernestus RI, Löhr M, Katzer A, Flentje M, Hagemann C. Time- and oxygen-dependent expression and regulation of NDRG1 in human brain cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3625-3634. [PMID: 28498432 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a tumor suppressor with the potential to suppress metastasis, invasion and migration of cancer cells. It is regulated under stress conditions such as starvation or hypoxia. NDRG1 regulation is both induced and controlled by HIF-1α-dependent and -independent pathways under hypoxic conditions. However, there are profound differences in the way NDRG1 expression is regulated by HIF-1α and other transcription factors. Therefore, we aimed to define the time-dependent pattern of NDRG1 mRNA and protein expression in human glioblastoma cell lines in extreme hypoxia and after re-oxygenation as well as under normoxic conditions. Furthermore, we ascribe the regulation of NDRG1 to the transcription factors HIF-1α, SP1, CEBPα, YB-1 and Smad7 in a time-dependent manner. The human malignant glioma cell lines U87-MG, U373 and GaMG were cultured for 1, 6 and 24 h under hypoxic (0.1% O2) conditions and then they were re-oxygenated. The mRNA expression of NDRG1, HIF-1α SP1, CEBPα, YB-1 and Smad7 was measured using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Their protein expression was analyzed using western blotting. Our experiments revealed that long-term (24 h), but not short-term hypoxia led to the induction of NDRG1 expression in human glioma cell lines. NDRG1 expression was found to correlate with the protein expression of HIF-1α, SP1, CEBPα, YB-1 and Smad7. The present study suggests for the first time that SP1 regulates NDRG1 expression in glioma cells under hypoxia in a time-dependent manner along with HIF-1α, CEBPα, YB-1 and Smad7. These molecules, each separately or in combination, may possess the potential to become target molecules for antitumor therapeutic approaches particularly in human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Muayad Said
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roghaiyeh Safari
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome (IBG) Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ghada Al-Kafaji
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Wang Y, He T, Liu J, Liu H, Zhou L, Hao W, Sun Y, Wang X. Synergistic effects of overexpression of BMP‑2 and TGF‑β3 on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5514-5520. [PMID: 27878265 PMCID: PMC5355709 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) isoforms are important in advancing bone regeneration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the positive and reciprocal effect of TGF-β3, one of the three TGF-β isoforms, on BMP-2 in promoting osteogenic differentiation. Exogenous BMP-2 and TGF-β3 genes were separately, and in combination, overexpressed in rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). Expression levels of BMP-2 and TGF-β3 were evaluated using reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting assays. Furthermore, the osteogenic differentiation capacities of BMSCs were assessed by measuring Alizarin Red S staining, an alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and quantification of the osteogenic-specific genes, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix (Osx). Using lentiviral-mediated transfection, robust co-transfection efficiency of >90% was achieved. RT-PCR and immunoblotting results indicated a marked elevated expression of BMP-2 and TGF-β3 in rBMSCs undergoing co-transfection, compared with transfection with BMP-2 or TGF-β3 alone, indicating that BMP-2 and TGF-β3 are synergistically expressed in rBMSCs. Furthermore, enhanced osteogenic differentiation was observed in rBMSCs co-transfected with BMP-2/TGF-β3. The present study successfully delivered BMP-2 together with TGF-β3 into rBMSCs with high efficiency for the first time. Furthermore, TGF-β3 overexpression was demonstrated to enhance the osteogenic efficacy of BMP-2 in rBMSCs, and vice versa. This provides a potential clinical therapeutic approach for regenerating the function of osseous tissue, and may present a promising strategy for bone defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Biochip Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Tian He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biochip Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Lugang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264400, P.R. China
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17
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Van Bortle K, Peterson AJ, Takenaka N, O'Connor MB, Corces VG. CTCF-dependent co-localization of canonical Smad signaling factors at architectural protein binding sites in D. melanogaster. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2677-87. [PMID: 26125535 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways transduce extracellular signals into tissue-specific transcriptional responses. During this process, signaling effector Smad proteins translocate into the nucleus to direct changes in transcription, but how and where they localize to DNA remain important questions. We have mapped Drosophila TGF-β signaling factors Mad, dSmad2, Medea, and Schnurri genome-wide in Kc cells and find that numerous sites for these factors overlap with the architectural protein CTCF. Depletion of CTCF by RNAi results in the disappearance of a subset of Smad sites, suggesting Smad proteins localize to CTCF binding sites in a CTCF-dependent manner. Sensitive Smad binding sites are enriched at low occupancy CTCF peaks within topological domains, rather than at the physical domain boundaries where CTCF may function as an insulator. In response to Decapentaplegic, CTCF binding is not significantly altered, whereas Mad, Medea, and Schnurri are redirected from CTCF to non-CTCF binding sites. These results suggest that CTCF participates in the recruitment of Smad proteins to a subset of genomic sites and in the redistribution of these proteins in response to BMP signaling.
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18
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Manson SR, Austin PF, Guo Q, Moore KH. BMP-7 Signaling and its Critical Roles in Kidney Development, the Responses to Renal Injury, and Chronic Kidney Disease. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 99:91-144. [PMID: 26279374 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health problem that most commonly results from congenital abnormalities in children and chronic renal injury in adults. The therapeutic potential of BMP-7 was first recognized nearly two decades ago with studies demonstrating its requirement for kidney development and ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of renal injury in models of CKD. Since this time, our understanding of CKD has advanced considerably and treatment strategies have evolved with the identification of many additional signaling pathways, cell types, and pathologic processes that contribute to disease progression. The purpose of this review is to revisit the seminal studies that initially established the importance of BMP-7, highlight recent advances in BMP-7 research, and then integrate this knowledge with current research paradigms. We will provide an overview of the evolutionarily conserved roles of BMP proteins and the features that allow BMP signaling pathways to function as critical signaling nodes for controlling biological processes, including those related to CKD. We will discuss the multifaceted functions of BMP-7 during kidney development and the potential for alterations in BMP-7 signaling to result in congenital abnormalities and pediatric kidney disease. We will summarize the renal protective effects of recombinant BMP-7 in experimental models of CKD and then propose a model to describe the potential physiological role of endogenous BMP-7 in the innate repair mechanisms of the kidneys that respond to renal injury. Finally, we will highlight emerging clinical approaches for applying our knowledge of BMP-7 toward improving the treatment of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Manson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Paul F Austin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qiusha Guo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katelynn H Moore
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Katakawa Y, Funaba M, Murakami M. Smad8/9 Is Regulated Through the BMP Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Katakawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine; Sagamihara 252-5201 Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine; Sagamihara 252-5201 Japan
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20
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Ye L, Jiang WG. Bone morphogenetic proteins in tumour associated angiogenesis and implication in cancer therapies. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:586-597. [PMID: 26639195 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily. To date, more than 20 BMPs have been identified in humans. BMPs play a critical role in embryonic and postnatal development, and also in maintaining homeostasis in different organs and tissues by regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and motility. They play important roles in the development and progression of certain malignancies, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Recently, more evidence shows that BMPs are also involved in tumour associated angiogenesis. For example BMP can either directly regulate the functions of vascular endothelial cells or indirectly influence the angiogenesis via regulation of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Such crosstalk can also be reflected in the interaction with other angiogenic factors, like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). All these factors are involved in the orchestration of the angiogenic process during tumour development and progression. Review of the relevant studies will provide a comprehensive prospective on current understanding and shed light on the corresponding therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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21
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Kuczma M, Kraj P. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulates Development and Activation of CD4(+) T Cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:171-93. [PMID: 26279376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors belonging to the TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) superfamily. BMPs were found to regulate multiple cell processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. They were originally described to play a pivotal role in inducing bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon formation at both heterotopic and orthotopic sites but were found to play a significant role in embryogenesis and development of multiple tissues and organs. Activities of BMPs are regulated by a number of secreted proteins, which modulate their availability to bind cellular receptors. The functions of individual BMPs are highly redundant due to binding the same receptors and inducing overlapping signal transduction pathways. Recently, BMPs were found to regulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. BMPs are involved in thymic development of T cells at the early, double negative, as well as later, double positive, stages of thymopoesis. They specifically modulate thymic development of regulatory T cells (T(reg)). In the periphery, BMPs affect T cell activation, promoting generation of T(reg) cells. We found that mice deficient for one of the receptors activated by BMPs demonstrated slower growth of transplantable melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kuczma
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
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22
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Rahman MS, Akhtar N, Jamil HM, Banik RS, Asaduzzaman SM. TGF-β/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Bone Res 2015; 3:15005. [PMID: 26273537 PMCID: PMC4472151 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Perturbations of TGF-β/BMP activity are almost invariably linked to a wide variety of clinical outcomes, i.e., skeletal, extra skeletal anomalies, autoimmune, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Phosphorylation of TGF-β (I/II) or BMP receptors activates intracellular downstream Smads, the transducer of TGF-β/BMP signals. This signaling is modulated by various factors and pathways, including transcription factor Runx2. The signaling network in skeletal development and bone formation is overwhelmingly complex and highly time and space specific. Additive, positive, negative, or synergistic effects are observed when TGF-β/BMP interacts with the pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Akt/mTOR, and miRNA to regulate the effects of BMP-induced signaling in bone dynamics. Accumulating evidence indicates that Runx2 is the key integrator, whereas Hh is a possible modulator, miRNAs are regulators, and β-catenin is a mediator/regulator within the extensive intracellular network. This review focuses on the activation of BMP signaling and interaction with other regulatory components and pathways highlighting the molecular mechanisms regarding TGF-β/BMP function and regulation that could allow understanding the complexity of bone tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Naznin Akhtar
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossen Mohammad Jamil
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Suvra Banik
- Lab of Network Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sikder M Asaduzzaman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
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23
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Tsubakihara Y, Hikita A, Yamamoto S, Matsushita S, Matsushita N, Oshima Y, Miyazawa K, Imamura T. Arkadia enhances BMP signalling through ubiquitylation and degradation of Smad6. J Biochem 2015; 158:61-71. [PMID: 25762727 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arkadia, a positive regulator of Smad-dependent signalling via the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that induces ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent degradation of TGF-β suppressors such as Smad7, c-Ski and SnoN. In this study, we examined the effects of Arkadia on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteoblast differentiation. Knockdown of Arkadia reduced mineralization and expression of osteoblast differentiation markers. Furthermore, we showed that Smad6, a BMP-specific inhibitory Smad, is a target of Arkadia: wild-type (WT) Arkadia, but not the C937A (CA) mutant lacking E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity, induced ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent degradation of Smad6. Accordingly, protein levels of Smad6, Smad7 and c-Ski were elevated in MEFs from Arkadia KO mice. Finally, expression of Arkadia attenuated blockade of BMP signalling by Smad6 in a transcriptional reporter assay. These results demonstrate that Smad6 is a novel target of Arkadia, and that Arkadia positively regulates BMP signalling via degradation of Smad6, Smad7 and c-Ski/SnoN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Tsubakihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hikita
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shin Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sachi Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Natsuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oshima
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-im
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; and Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime; Division of Bio-im
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Harder L, Puller AC, Horstmann MA. ZNF423: Transcriptional modulation in development and cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e969655. [PMID: 27308357 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.969655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins are versatile players in biology that have been implicated in mammalian development and disease. Among these proteins, ZNF423 and its mouse ortholog Zfp423 were initially implicated in midline patterning of the central nervous system but have emerged as critical transcriptional modulators in cancer. Epigenetically uncurbed ZNF423 interferes with lymphopoiesis by sequestration of the essential early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) causing B-cell maturation arrest, a hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Conversely, its presence in neuroblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood, allows retinoic acid-induced differentiation and is associated with a favorable outcome of neuroblastoma patients. Such opposing effects may be explained by the cellular context, but also by the multifunctionality of ZNF423 that is mediated by 30 zinc fingers forming various functional domains. This review summarizes current knowledge of ZNF423, focusing on its role in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harder
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Puller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Sox5 Is a DNA-binding cofactor for BMP R-Smads that directs target specificity during patterning of the early ectoderm. Dev Cell 2014; 31:374-382. [PMID: 25453832 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SoxD factor, Sox5, is expressed in ectodermal cells at times and places where BMP signaling is active, including the cells of the animal hemisphere at blastula stages and the neural plate border and neural crest at neurula stages. Sox5 is required for proper ectoderm development, and deficient embryos display patterning defects characteristic of perturbations of BMP signaling, including loss of neural crest and epidermis and expansion of the neural plate. We show that Sox5 is essential for activation of BMP target genes in embryos and explants, that it physically interacts with BMP R-Smads, and that it is essential for recruitment of Smad1/4 to BMP regulatory elements. Our findings identify Sox5 as the long-sought DNA-binding partner for BMP R-Smads essential to plasticity and pattern in the early ectoderm.
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26
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Jovanović B, Beeler JS, Pickup MW, Chytil A, Gorska AE, Ashby WJ, Lehmann BD, Zijlstra A, Pietenpol JA, Moses HL. Transforming growth factor beta receptor type III is a tumor promoter in mesenchymal-stem like triple negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R69. [PMID: 24985072 PMCID: PMC4095685 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a major need to better understand the molecular basis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in order to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Using gene expression data from 587 TNBC patients we previously identified six subtypes of the disease, among which a mesenchymal-stem like (MSL) subtype. The MSL subtype has significantly higher expression of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway-associated genes relative to other subtypes, including the TGF-β receptor type III (TβRIII). We hypothesize that TβRIII is tumor promoter in mesenchymal-stem like TNBC cells. Methods Representative MSL cell lines SUM159, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-157 were used to study the roles of TβRIII in the MSL subtype. We stably expressed short hairpin RNAs specific to TβRIII (TβRIII-KD). These cells were then used for xenograft tumor studies in vivo; and migration, invasion, proliferation and three dimensional culture studies in vitro. Furthermore, we utilized human gene expression datasets to examine TβRIII expression patterns across all TNBC subtypes. Results TβRIII was the most differentially expressed TGF-β signaling gene in the MSL subtype. Silencing TβRIII expression in MSL cell lines significantly decreased cell motility and invasion. In addition, when TβRIII-KD cells were grown in a three dimensional (3D) culture system or nude mice, there was a loss of invasive protrusions and a significant decrease in xenograft tumor growth, respectively. In pursuit of the mechanistic underpinnings for the observed TβRIII-dependent phenotypes, we discovered that integrin-α2 was expressed at higher level in MSL cells after TβRIII-KD. Stable knockdown of integrin-α2 in TβRIII-KD MSL cells rescued the ability of the MSL cells to migrate and invade at the same level as MSL control cells. Conclusions We have found that TβRIII is required for migration and invasion in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo. We also show that TβRIII-KD elevates expression of integrin-α2, which is required for the reduced migration and invasion, as determined by siRNA knockdown studies of both TβRIII and integrin-α2. Overall, our results indicate a potential mechanism in which TβRIII modulates integrin-α2 expression to effect MSL cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity.
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Ligr M, Wu X, Daniels G, Zhang D, Wang H, Hajdu C, Wang J, Pan R, Pei Z, Zhang L, Melis M, Pincus MR, Saunders JK, Lee P, Xu R. Imbalanced expression of Tif1γ inhibits pancreatic ductal epithelial cell growth. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:196-210. [PMID: 24959375 PMCID: PMC4065401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (Tif1γ) (Ectodermin/PTC7/RFG7/TRIM33) is a transcriptional cofactor with an important role in the regulation of the TGFβ pathway. It has been suggested that it competes with Smad2/Smad3 for binding to Smad4, or alternatively that it may target Smad4 for degradation, although its role in carcinogenesis is unclear. In this study, we showed that Tif1γ interacts with Smad1/Smad4 complex in vivo, using both yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays. We demonstrated that Tif1γ inhibits transcriptional activity of the Smad1/Smad4 complex through its PHD domain or bromo-domainin pancreatic cells by luciferase assay. Additionally, there is a dynamic inverse relationship between the levels of Tif1γ and Smad4 in benign and malignant pancreatic cell lines. Overexpression of Tif1γ resulted in decreased level of Smad4. Both overexpression and knockdown of Tif1γ resulted in growth inhibition in both benign and cancerous pancreatic cell lines, attributable to a G2-phase cell cycle arrest, but only knockdown of Tif1γ reduces tumor cell invasiveness in vitro. Our study demonstrated that imbalanced expression of Tif1γ results in inhibition of pancreatic ductal epithelial cell growth. In addition, knockdown of Tif1γ may inhibit tumor invasion. These data suggest that Tif1γ might serve as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ligr
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Hajdu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Marcovalerio Melis
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | | | - John K Saunders
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare SystemNew York, NY, USA
| | - Ruliang Xu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Axon regeneration is hindered by a decline of intrinsic axon growth capability in mature neurons. Reversing this decline is associated with the induction of a large repertoire of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs), but the underlying regulatory mechanisms of the transcriptional changes are largely unknown. Here, we establish a correlation between diminished axon growth potential and histone 4 (H4) hypoacetylation. When neurons are triggered into a growth state, as in the conditioning lesion paradigm, H4 acetylation is restored, and RAG transcription is initiated. We have identified a set of target genes of Smad1, a proregenerative transcription factor, in conditioned DRG neurons. We also show that, during the epigenetic reprogramming process, histone-modifying enzymes work together with Smad1 to facilitate transcriptional regulation of RAGs. Importantly, targeted pharmacological modulation of the activity of histone-modifying enzymes, such as histone deacetylases, leads to induction of multiple RAGs and promotion of sensory axon regeneration in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Our findings suggest epigenetic modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance axon regeneration.
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Ying X, Sun L, Chen X, Xu H, Guo X, Chen H, Hong J, Cheng S, Peng L. Silibinin promotes osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells via bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:225-30. [PMID: 24076187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin is the major active constituent of the natural compound silymarin; several studies suggest that silibinin possesses antihepatotoxic properties and anticancer effects against carcinoma cells. However, no study has yet investigated the effect of silibinin on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silibinin on osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. In this study, the hBMSCs were cultured in an osteogenic medium with 0, 1, 10 or 20 μmol/l silibinin respectively. hBMSCs viability was analyzed by cell number quantification assay and cells osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatas (ALP) activity assay, Von Kossa staining and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that silibinin promoted ALP activity in hBMSCs without affecting their proliferation. The mineralization of hBMSCs was enhanced by treatment with silibinin. Silibinin also increased the mRNA expressions of Collagen type I (COL-I), ALP, Osteocalcin (OCN), Osterix, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). The BMP antagonist noggin and its receptor kinase inhibitors dorsomorphin and LDN-193189 attenuated silibinin-promoted ALP activity. Furthermore, BMP-responsive and Runx2-responsive reporters were activated by silibinin treatment. These results indicate that silibinin enhances osteoblast differentiation probably by inducing the expressions of BMPs and activating BMP and RUNX2 pathways. Thus, silibinin may play an important therapeutic role in osteoporosis patients by improving osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ying
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, 109 Xue Yuan xi Road, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Ying X, Chen X, Cheng S, Guo X, Chen H, Xu HZ. Phosphoserine promotes osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stromal cells through bone morphogenetic protein signalling. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:309-17. [PMID: 24155130 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoserine has potential effectiveness as a simple substrate in preparing bone replacement materials, which could enhance bone forming ability. However, there is a need to investigate the independent effect of phosphoserine on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hADSCs). hADSCs were cultured in an osteogenic medium with phosphoserine. Cell proliferation was analysed by CCK8 and osteogenic differentiation was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, von Kossa staining and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No stimulatory effect of phosphoserine on cell proliferation was noted at Days 1, 4 and 7. Deposition of calcium increased after the addition of phosphoserine. mRNA expression of type I collagen (COL-I), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), Osterix, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and RUNX2 increased markedly with phosphoserine treatment. The BMP-2 antagonist, noggin, and its receptor kinase inhibitors, dorsomorphin and LDN-193189, attenuated phosphoserine-promoted ALP activity. BMP-responsive and Runx2-responsive reporters were activated by phosphoserine treatment. Thus phosphoserine can promote osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs, probably by activating BMP and Runx2 pathways, which could be a promising approach for enhancing osteogenic capacity of cell-based construction in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ying
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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Kurebayashi N, Sato M, Fujisawa T, Fukushima K, Tamura M. Regulation of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor expression by bone morphogenetic protein 2 in C2C12 myoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:506-10. [PMID: 24025680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is known as one of the major neural signaling pathways. NPY, produced by peripheral tissues including osteoblasts, is known to bind to the Y1 receptor. Recently, osteoblast-specific Y1 receptor knockout mice were developed and were found to have a high bone mass phenotype, indicating a role for the NPY-Y1 receptor axis as a regulator of bone homeostasis. However, regulation of Y1 receptor expression during osteoblastic differentiation remains unexplored. In the present study, we examined the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 signaling in regulating Y1 receptor expression. In C2C12 cells, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was induced by BMP2. This induction was also observed after co-transfection with Smad1 and Smad4, the intracellular signaling molecules of the BMP2 signaling pathway. In a transfection assay, Smad1/4 up-regulated transcriptional activity through interaction with the Y1 receptor gene promoter. Following transfection of MC3T3-E1 cells with siRNA for the Y1 receptor, the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Runx2 and osterix were increased. These results show that BMP2 signaling regulates Y1 receptor gene expression, and raises the possibility that NPY acts in osteoblasts via an autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Suenaga M, Kurosawa N, Asano H, Kanamori Y, Umemoto T, Yoshida H, Murakami M, Kawachi H, Matsui T, Funaba M. Bmp4 expressed in preadipocytes is required for the onset of adipocyte differentiation. Cytokine 2013; 64:138-45. [PMID: 23911203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously revealed that endogenous bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) activity is required for lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The present study characterized the role of endogenous Bmp activity in preadipocytes. Endogenous Bmp activity was monitored by analyzing the level of phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, downstream molecules in the Bmp pathway. Higher levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were detected in adipogenic cells but not in non-adipogenic cells prior to differentiation induction. The inhibition of the Bmp pathway during this period decreased the expression of Pparγ2 and C/ebpα, which are transcription factors responsible for adipocyte differentiation. The expression of these transcription factors were also down-regulated by Bmp4 knockdown. In addition, endogenous Bmp4 was required for the repression of Intrleukin-11 expression. Endogenous Bmp4 in preadipocytes is indispensable for the onset of the adipogenic program, and may help to maintain the preadipocytic state during adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suenaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Zhang J, Fei T, Li Z, Zhu G, Wang L, Chen YG. BMP induces cochlin expression to facilitate self-renewal and suppress neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8053-8060. [PMID: 23344953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP4 maintains self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in collaboration with LIF. Here, we report the identification of a novel key BMP target gene, cochlin (Coch) in mouse ESCs. Coch can be significantly up-regulated by BMP4 specifically in ESCs but not in somatic differentiated cells, and this up-regulation is dependent on the BMP signaling mediators Smad1/5 and Smad4. Overexpression of Coch can partially substitute BMP4 to promote self-renewal of mouse ESCs together with LIF, whereas knockdown of Coch impairs self-renewal marker gene expression even in the presence of both BMP4 and LIF. Further studies showed that COCH could mimic BMP4 in repressing neural differentiation of mouse ESCs upon LIF withdrawal and the inhibitory effect of BMP4 on neural differentiation is compromised by Coch knockdown. Taken together, our data suggest that COCH is a part of the downstream target network of BMP signaling and serves as another important effector to fine-tune mouse ESC fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gaoyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Shin M, Ohte S, Fukuda T, Sasanuma H, Yoneyama K, Kokabu S, Miyamoto A, Tsukamoto S, Hohjoh H, Jimi E, Katagiri T. Identification of a novel bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-inducible transcript, BMP-inducible transcript-1, by utilizing the conserved BMP-responsive elements in the Id genes. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:34-43. [PMID: 22976053 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inhibit myogenesis and induce osteoblastic differentiation in myoblasts. They also induce the transcription of several common genes, such as Id1, Id2 and Id3, in various cell types. We have reported that a GC-rich element in the Id1 gene functions as a BMP-responsive element (BRE) that is regulated by Smads. In this study, we analyzed and identified BREs in the 5'-flanking regions of the mouse Id2 and Id3 genes. The core GGCGCC sequence was conserved among the BREs in the Id1, Id2 and Id3 genes and was essential for the response to BMP signaling via Smads. We found a novel BRE on mouse chromosome 13 at position 47,723,740-47,723,768 by searching for conserved sequences containing the Id1 BRE. This potential BRE was found in the 5'-flanking region of a novel gene that produces a non-coding transcript, termed BMP-inducible transcript-1 (BIT-1), and this element regulated the expression of this gene in response to BMP signaling. We found that BIT-1 is expressed in BMP target tissues such as the testis, brain, kidney and cartilage. These findings suggest that the transcriptional induction of the Ids, BIT-1 and additional novel genes containing the conserved BRE sequence may play an important role in the regulation of the differentiation and/or function of target cells in response to BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shin
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
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Yu J, He X, Chen YG, Hao Y, Yang S, Wang L, Pan L, Tang H. Myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4) attenuates BMP/Dpp signaling by dephosphorylation of Smad proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:79-88. [PMID: 23150675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signaling essentially regulates a wide range of biological responses. Although multiple regulators at different layers of the receptor-effectors axis have been identified, the mechanisms of homeostatic BMP signaling remain vague. Herein we demonstrated that myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4), a FYVE domain-containing dual-specificity protein phosphatase (DUSP), preferentially associated with and dephosphorylated the activated R-Smads in cytoplasm, which is a critical checkpoint in BMP signal transduction. Therefore, transcriptional activation by BMPs was tightly controlled by the expression level and the intrinsic phosphatase activity of MTMR4. More profoundly, ectopic expression of MTMR4 or its Drosophila homolog CG3632 genetically interacted with BMP/Dpp signaling axis in regulation of the vein development of Drosophila wings. By doing so, MTMR4 could interact with and dephosphorylate Mothers against Decapentaplegic (Mad), the sole R-Smad in Drosophila BMP pathway, and hence affected the target genes expression of Mad. In conclusion, this study has suggested that MTMR4 is a necessary negative modulator for the homeostasis of BMP/Dpp signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing 100101, China
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Lee JH, Lee GT, Kwon SJ, Jeong J, Ha YS, Kim WJ, Kim IY. CREBZF, a novel Smad8-binding protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 368:147-53. [PMID: 22707059 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smads are the secondary messengers of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. TGF-β receptors phosphorylate the Receptor Smads (R-Smads) upon ligand binding; activated R-Smads translocate to the nucleus and function as transcription factors. Among the R-Smads, Smads 1, 5, and 8 mainly mediate signals in the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) pathways, while Smads 2/3 mediate TGF-β signaling. The regulation of Smads in the TGF-β signal pathway has been well defined, but the relationship of Smads 1, 5, and 8 to the BMP pathways has been relatively understudied. To understand the specific regulation of BMP mediating Smads, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using the Mad homology 2(MH2) domain of Smad8 as bait. In this screening, novel Smad-binding protein, CREBZF-a basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor-was identified. The interaction of CREBZF and Smads 1, 5, and 8 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation in a human prostate cancer cell line. Overexpression of CREBZF inhibited the promoter activity of BMP response element and abolished the cell growth inhibition induced by BMP-6. Thus, CREBZF inhibits the function of BMP-6 by interacting with Smads. The identification of this novel Smads-binding protein, among others will help us understand the modulation of BMP-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology and the Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) regulation in intervertebral discs. The effect of age, degeneration, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:E203-8. [PMID: 21857406 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31822dcf47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vitro study using rabbit intervertebral disc tissue and disc cells. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of disc degeneration, age, and bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2) on cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) expression and elucidate the molecular mechanism by which BMP-2 regulates CILP expression. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA CILP is implicated in several diseases that affect cartilage. The CILP polymorphism acts as a modulator of lumbar disc disease susceptibility. However, regulation of the CILP gene in disc tissue remains poorly understood. METHODS Intact discs from young rabbits were punctured to induce disc degeneration. These young rabbits and other older rabbits were used to measure the expression of CILP, proteoglycan, and collagen II using Western blot and real-time PCR. Primary disc cells from the rabbits were treated with rhBMP-2, or siRNAs, and the gene expression was analyzed by Western blot and real-time PCR. The activity of the CILP promoter was measured by using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that the intervertebral disc expresses significant levels of CILP and that the expression of CILP increases substantially with increasing age and disc degeneration. In contrast, the expression of proteoglycan and collagen II decrease with increasing age and disc degeneration. BMP-2 induces the expression of CILP protein and stimulates the activity of the CILP promoter in rabbit primary disc cells. The induction of CILP by BMP-2 can be augmented with age. Knockdown of Smad1 by siRNA abolishes the stimulatory effects of BMP-2 on CILP expression in the primary disc cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that disc degeneration, age, and BMP-2 are regulators of the CILP gene. BMP-2 induces CILP expression by activating the Smad1 signal pathway.
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Baburajendran N, Jauch R, Tan CYZ, Narasimhan K, Kolatkar PR. Structural basis for the cooperative DNA recognition by Smad4 MH1 dimers. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:8213-22. [PMID: 21724602 PMCID: PMC3185416 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad proteins form multimeric complexes consisting of the ‘common partner’ Smad4 and receptor regulated R-Smads on clustered DNA binding sites. Deciphering how pathway specific Smad complexes multimerize on DNA to regulate gene expression is critical for a better understanding of the cis-regulatory logic of TGF-β and BMP signaling. To this end, we solved the crystal structure of the dimeric Smad4 MH1 domain bound to a palindromic Smad binding element. Surprisingly, the Smad4 MH1 forms a constitutive dimer on the SBE DNA without exhibiting any direct protein–protein interactions suggesting a DNA mediated indirect readout mechanism. However, the R-Smads Smad1, Smad2 and Smad3 homodimerize with substantially decreased efficiency despite pronounced structural similarities to Smad4. Therefore, intricate variations in the DNA structure induced by different Smads and/or variant energetic profiles likely contribute to their propensity to dimerize on DNA. Indeed, competitive binding assays revealed that the Smad4/R-Smad heterodimers predominate under equilibrium conditions while R-Smad homodimers are least favored. Together, we present the structural basis for DNA recognition by Smad4 and demonstrate that Smad4 constitutively homo- and heterodimerizes on DNA in contrast to its R-Smad partner proteins by a mechanism independent of direct protein contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Baburajendran
- Laboratory for Structural Biochemistry, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore-138672
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Yonezawa T, Lee JW, Hibino A, Asai M, Hojo H, Cha BY, Teruya T, Nagai K, Chung UI, Yagasaki K, Woo JT. Harmine promotes osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:260-5. [PMID: 21570953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone mass is regulated by osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. We previously reported that harmine, a β-carboline alkaloid, inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of harmine on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization. Harmine promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MC3T3-E1 cells without affecting their proliferation. Harmine also increased the mRNA expressions of the osteoblast marker genes ALP and Osteocalcin. Furthermore, the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells was enhanced by treatment with harmine. Harmine also induced osteoblast differentiation in primary calvarial osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 cells. Structure-activity relationship studies using harmine-related β-carboline alkaloids revealed that the C3-C4 double bond and 7-hydroxy or 7-methoxy group of harmine were important for its osteogenic activity. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist noggin and its receptor kinase inhibitors dorsomorphin and LDN-193189 attenuated harmine-promoted ALP activity. In addition, harmine increased the mRNA expressions of Bmp-2, Bmp-4, Bmp-6, Bmp-7 and its target gene Id1. Harmine also enhanced the mRNA expressions of Runx2 and Osterix, which are key transcription factors in osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, BMP-responsive and Runx2-responsive reporters were activated by harmine treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that harmine enhances osteoblast differentiation probably by inducing the expressions of BMPs and activating BMP and Runx2 pathways. Our findings suggest that harmine has bone anabolic effects and may be useful for the treatment of bone-decreasing diseases and bone regeneration as a lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yonezawa
- Department of Nutriproteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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40
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Collery RF, Link BA. Dynamic smad-mediated BMP signaling revealed through transgenic zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:712-22. [PMID: 21337469 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is fundamental to development, injury response, and homeostasis. We have developed transgenic zebrafish that report Smad-mediated BMP signaling in embryos and adults. These lines express either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), destabilized eGFP, or destabilized Kusabira Orange 2 (KO2) under the well-characterized BMP Response Element (BRE). These fluorescent proteins were found to be expressed dynamically in regions of known BMP signaling including the developing tail bud, hematopoietic lineage, dorsal eye, brain structures, heart, jaw, fins, and somites, as well as other tissues. Responsiveness to changes in BMP signaling was confirmed by observing fluorescence after activation in an hsp70:bmp2b transgenic background or by inhibition in an hsp70:nog3 background. We further demonstrated faithful reportage by the BRE transgenic lines following chemical repression of BMP signaling using an inhibitor of BMP receptor activity, dorsomorphin. Overall, these lines will serve as valuable tools to explore the mechanisms and regulation of BMP signal during embryogenesis, in tissue maintenance, and during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Homeodomain protein DLX4 counteracts key transcriptional control mechanisms of the TGF-β cytostatic program and blocks the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β. Oncogene 2011; 30:2718-29. [PMID: 21297662 PMCID: PMC3116964 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is essential for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis and is lost in many types of tumors. Gene responses that are central to the TGF-β cytostatic program include activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p15(Ink4B) and p21(WAF1/Cip1), and repression of c-myc. These gene responses are tightly regulated by a repertoire of transcription factors that include Smad proteins and Sp1. The DLX4 homeobox patterning gene encodes a transcription factor that is absent from most normal adult tissues, but is expressed in a wide variety of malignancies, including lung, breast, prostate and ovarian cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that DLX4 blocks the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β. DLX4 inhibited TGF-β-mediated induction of p15(Ink4B) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression. DLX4 bound and prevented Smad4 from forming complexes with Smad2 and Smad3, but not with Sp1. However, DLX4 also bound and inhibited DNA-binding activity of Sp1. In addition, DLX4 induced expression of c-myc independently of TGF-β/Smad signaling. The ability of DLX4 to counteract key transcriptional control mechanisms of the TGF-β cytostatic program could explain, in part, the resistance of tumors to the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β.
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Ho CC, Zhou X, Mishina Y, Bernard DJ. Mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) stimulated inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:242-52. [PMID: 21056086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) stimulates expression of the inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) 1, 2, and 3 in a variety of cell types. Here, we examined mechanisms mediating BMP2-stimulated Id3 transcription in murine gonadotropes. Using a combination of quantitative RT-PCR, promoter-reporter analyses, over-expression, and RNA interference approaches, we demonstrate that BMP2 signals via the BMPR2 and BMPR1A (ALK3) receptors and intracellular signaling proteins SMADs 1 and 5 to stimulate Id3 transcription. We further define a novel 6-bp cis-element mediating BMP2- and SMAD-dependent transcription, though this site does not appear to bind SMADs directly. A specific DNA binding protein complex binds to this element, but its constituent protein(s) remain undetermined. Recently, a more distal enhancer was shown to mediate BMP4-induction of the human ID3 gene in ovarian cancer cells. This enhancer is conserved in the murine gene and we demonstrate its role in BMP2-induced Id3 promoter activity in gonadotropes. Conversely, the proximal cis-element defined here is also conserved in human ID3 and we demonstrate its functional role in BMP2-induction of ID3 transcription. Finally, we show that the two regulatory elements also mediate BMP2-induction of Id3 promoter activity in murine fibroblasts. Collectively, we have defined a general mechanism whereby BMP2 regulates Id3/ID3 transcription in different cell types and in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Nakahiro T, Kurooka H, Mori K, Sano K, Yokota Y. Identification of BMP-responsive elements in the mouse Id2 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:416-21. [PMID: 20674548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation (Id) genes are the targets of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals in various types of cells. We investigated the molecular basis of BMP6-induced gene expression of mouse Id2 in C2C12 myoblasts. BMP6-dependent Id2 expression occurred immediately without de novo protein synthesis and was blocked by an inhibitor of the BMP type I receptors. A reporter assay identified a BMP6-responsive region 3.0kb upstream of the transcription initiation site. The region showed sequence similarity to the mouse Id1 promoter and shared potential Smad binding sites with it, two GGCGCC palindromes and one GTCT element. Mutation analysis demonstrated the involvement of these elements in the BMP response. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed the physical binding of Smad proteins to these elements. The 3'-positioned GGCGCC palindrome and the GTCT element were separated by 5-bp and conformed to the canonical BMP-responsive sequence. In addition, the 5'-positioned GGCGCC was accompanied by a previously uncharacterized CGCC element, which were separated by a 5-bp space, and this configuration coincided with that of a similar but distinct sequence to which a Drosophila homolog of the Smad complex can bind. Reporter and gel shift assays revealed the importance of this bipartite sequence. Therefore, we have identified the BMP-responsive elements in mouse Id2 and also shown that the CGCC sequence contributes to target recognition by Smad proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakahiro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformative Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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44
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Ball RW, Warren-Paquin M, Tsurudome K, Liao EH, Elazzouzi F, Cavanagh C, An BS, Wang TT, White JH, Haghighi AP. Retrograde BMP signaling controls synaptic growth at the NMJ by regulating trio expression in motor neurons. Neuron 2010; 66:536-49. [PMID: 20510858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling is essential for coordinating the growth of synaptic structures; however, it is not clear how it can lead to modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and structural changes at presynaptic terminals. We show that loss of retrograde bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) leads to a significant reduction in levels of Rac GEF Trio and a diminution of transcription at the trio locus. We further find that Trio is required in motor neurons for normal structural growth. Finally, we show that transgenic expression of Trio in motor neurons can partially restore NMJ defects in larvae mutant for BMP signaling. Based on our findings, we propose a model in which a retrograde BMP signal from the muscle modulates GTPase activity through transcriptional regulation of Rac GEF trio, thereby regulating the homeostasis of synaptic growth at the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Ball
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Mitchell EA, Chaffey BT, McCaskie AW, Lakey JH, Birch MA. Controlled spatial and conformational display of immobilised bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteopontin signalling motifs regulates osteoblast adhesion and differentiation in vitro. BMC Biol 2010; 8:57. [PMID: 20459712 PMCID: PMC2880964 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interfacial molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian cell growth and differentiation have important implications for biotechnology (production of cells and cell products) and medicine (tissue engineering, prosthetic implants, cancer and developmental biology). We demonstrate here that engineered protein motifs can be robustly displayed to mammalian cells in vitro in a highly controlled manner using a soluble protein scaffold designed to self assemble on a gold surface. Results A protein was engineered to contain a C-terminal cysteine that would allow chemisorption to gold, followed by 12 amino acids that form a water soluble coil that could switch to a hydrophobic helix in the presence of alkane thiols. Bioactive motifs from either bone morphogenetic protein-2 or osteopontin were added to this scaffold protein and when assembled on a gold surface assessed for their ability to influence cell function. Data demonstrate that osteoblast adhesion and short-term responsiveness to bone morphogenetic protein-2 is dependent on the surface density of a cell adhesive motif derived from osteopontin. Furthermore an immobilised cell interaction motif from bone morphogenetic protein supported bone formation in vitro over 28 days (in the complete absence of other osteogenic supplements). In addition, two-dimensional patterning of this ligand using a soft lithography approach resulted in the spatial control of osteogenesis. Conclusion These data describe an approach that allows the influence of immobilised protein ligands on cell behaviour to be dissected at the molecular level. This approach presents a durable surface that allows both short (hours or days) and long term (weeks) effects on cell activity to be assessed. This widely applicable approach can provide mechanistic insight into the contribution of immobilised ligands in the control of cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mitchell
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Kohyama J, Sanosaka T, Tokunaga A, Takatsuka E, Tsujimura K, Okano H, Nakashima K. BMP-induced REST regulates the establishment and maintenance of astrocytic identity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:159-70. [PMID: 20351065 PMCID: PMC2854381 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte differentiation and maintenance is promoted by BMP signaling, which induces REST/NRSF to repress neuronal genes. Once they have differentiated, cells retain their individual character and repress genes that are specifically expressed in other cell lineages, but how alternative fate choice is restricted during and/or after differentiation remains unclear. In the mammalian central nervous system, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are generated throughout life from common tripotent neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well-known astrocyte-inducing cytokines. We show here that the expression of a transcriptional repressor, RE1 silencer of transcription (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), is up-regulated and sustained by BMP signal activation in the course of astrocytic differentiation of NPCs, and restricts neuronal differentiation. We further show that, in differentiated astrocytes, endogenous REST/NRSF associates with various neuronal genes and that disruption of its function resulted in their derepression, thereby explaining how ectopic neuronal gene expression is prevented in cells with astrocytic traits. Collectively, our results suggest that REST/NRSF functions as a molecular regulator of the nonneuronal phenotype in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kohyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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BabuRajendran N, Palasingam P, Narasimhan K, Sun W, Prabhakar S, Jauch R, Kolatkar PR. Structure of Smad1 MH1/DNA complex reveals distinctive rearrangements of BMP and TGF-beta effectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3477-88. [PMID: 20147459 PMCID: PMC2879523 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad1 is a downstream effector of the BMP signaling pathway that binds regulatory DNA to execute gene expression programs leading to, for example, the maintenance of pluripotency in mice. On the contrary, the TGF-β-activated Smad3 triggers strikingly different programs such as mesodermal differentiation in early development. Because Smad1 and Smad3 contain identical amino acids at the DNA contact interface it is unclear how they elicit distinctive bioactivities. Here, we report the crystal structure of the MH1 domain of Smad1 bound to a palindromic Smad binding element. Surprisingly, the DNA contact interface of Smad1 is drastically rearranged when compared to Smad3. The N-terminal helix 1 of Smad1 is dislodged from its intramolecular binding site and adopts a domain swapped arrangement with a symmetry-related molecule. As a consequence, helix 2 kinks away from the double helix disabling several key phosphate backbone interactions. Thermal melting analysis corroborates a decompacted conformation of Smad1 and DNA binding assays indicate a lower overall affinity of Smad1 to DNA but increased cooperativity when binding to palindromic DNA motifs. These findings suggest that Smad1 and Smad3 evolved differential qualities to assemble on composite DNA elements and to engage in co-factor interactions by remodeling their N-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya BabuRajendran
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore
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Cruzat F, Henriquez B, Villagra A, Hepp M, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Stein GS, Montecino M. SWI/SNF-independent nuclease hypersensitivity and an increased level of histone acetylation at the P1 promoter accompany active transcription of the bone master gene Runx2. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7287-95. [PMID: 19545172 DOI: 10.1021/bi9004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Runx2 transcription factor is essential for skeletal development as it regulates expression of several key bone-related genes. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that expression of the Runx2/p57 isoform in osteoblasts is controlled by the distal P1 promoter. Alterations of chromatin structure are often associated with transcription and can be mediated by members of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodeling complexes, or by transcriptional coactivators that possess enzymatic activities that covalently modify structural components of the chromatin. Here, we report that a specific chromatin remodeling process at the proximal region (residues -400 to 35) of the Runx2 gene P1 promoter accompanies transcriptional activity in osteoblasts. This altered chromatin organization is reflected by the presence of two DNase I hypersensitive sites that span key regulatory elements for Runx2/p57 transcription. Chromatin remodeling and transcription of the Runx2 gene are associated with elevated levels of histone acetylation at the P1 promoter region and binding of active RNA polymerase II and are independent of the activity of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Changes in chromatin organization at the P1 promoter are stimulated during differentiation of C2C12 mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage by treatment with BMP2. Together, our results support a model in which changes in chromatin organization occur at very early stages of mesenchymal differentiation to facilitate subsequent expression of the Runx2/p57 isoform in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cruzat
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Blitz IL, Cho KWY. Finding partners: how BMPs select their targets. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1321-31. [PMID: 19441058 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is a conserved and evolutionarily ancient regulatory module affecting a large variety of cellular behaviors. The evolutionary flexibility in using BMP responses presumably arose by co-option of a canonical BMP signaling cascade to regulate the transcription of diverse batteries of target genes. This begs the question of how seemingly interchangeable BMP signaling components elicit widely different outputs in different cell types, an important issue in the context of understanding how BMP signaling integrates with gene regulatory networks to control development. Because a molecular understanding of how BMP signaling activates different batteries of target genes is an essential prerequisite to comprehending the roles of BMPs in regulating cellular responses, here we review the current knowledge of how BMP-regulated target genes are selected by the signal transduction machinery. We highlight recent studies suggesting the evolutionary conservation of BMP target gene regulation signaling by Schnurri family zinc finger proteins. Developmental Dynamics 238:1321-1331, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and the Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Sehgal R, Sheibani N, Rhodes SJ, Belecky Adams TL. BMP7 and SHH regulate Pax2 in mouse retinal astrocytes by relieving TLX repression. Dev Biol 2009; 332:429-43. [PMID: 19505455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pax2 is essential for development of the neural tube, urogenital system, optic vesicle, optic cup and optic tract. In the eye, Pax2 deficiency is associated with coloboma, a loss of astrocytes in the optic nerve and retina, and abnormal axonal pathfinding of the ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Thus, appropriate expression of Pax2 is essential for astrocyte determination and differentiation. Although BMP7 and SHH have been shown to regulate Pax2 expression, the molecular mechanism by which this regulation occurs is not well understood. In this study, we determined that BMP7 and SHH activate Pax2 expression in mouse retinal astrocyte precursors in vitro. SHH appeared to play a dual role in Pax2 regulation; 1) SHH may regulate BMP7 expression, and 2) the SHH pathway cooperates with the BMP pathway to regulate Pax2 expression. BMP and SHH pathway members can interact separately or together with TLX, a repressor protein in the tailless transcription factor family. Here we show that the interaction of both pathways with TLX relieves the repression of Pax2 expression in mouse retinal astrocytes. Together these data reveal a new mechanism for the cooperative actions of signaling pathways in astrocyte determination and differentiation and suggest interactions of regulatory pathways that are applicable to other developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Sehgal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA
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