1
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Huang HN, Hung PF, Chen YP, Lee CH. Leucine Zipper Downregulated in Cancer-1 Interacts with Clathrin Adaptors to Control Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Internalization and Gefitinib Response in EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1374. [PMID: 38338651 PMCID: PMC10855387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common driver of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clathrin-mediated internalization (CMI) sustains EGFR signaling. AXL is associated with resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in EGFR-mutated (EGFRM) NSCLC. We investigated the effects of Leucine zipper downregulated in cancer-1 (LDOC1) on EGFR CMI and NSCLC treatment. Coimmunoprecipitation, double immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy analysis, cell surface labelling assays, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted. We revealed that LDOC1 interacts with clathrin adaptors through binding motifs. LDOC1 depletion promotes internalization and plasma membrane recycling of EGFR in EGFRM NSCLC PC9 and HCC827 cells. Membranous and cytoplasmic EGFR decreased and increased, respectively, in LDOC1 (-) NSCLC tumors. LDOC1 depletion enhanced and sustained activation of EGFR, AXL, and HER2 and enhanced activation of HER3 in PC9 and HCC827 cells. Sensitivity to first-generation EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib and erlotinib) was significantly reduced in LDOC1-depleted PC9 and HCC827 cells. Moreover, LDOC1 downregulation was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with poor overall survival in patients with EGFRM NSCLC receiving gefitinib (n = 100). In conclusion, LDOC1 may regulate the efficacy of first-generation EGFR-TKIs by participating in the CMI of EGFR. Accordingly, LDOC1 may function as a prognostic biomarker for EGFRM NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Neng Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Ln. 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, North Dist., Hsinchu 300195, Taiwan;
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Yai-Ping Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
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2
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Ram A, Murphy D, DeCuzzi N, Patankar M, Hu J, Pargett M, Albeck JG. A guide to ERK dynamics, part 1: mechanisms and models. Biochem J 2023; 480:1887-1907. [PMID: 38038974 PMCID: PMC10754288 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has long been studied as a key driver of both essential cellular processes and disease. A persistent question has been how this single pathway is able to direct multiple cell behaviors, including growth, proliferation, and death. Modern biosensor studies have revealed that the temporal pattern of ERK activity is highly variable and heterogeneous, and critically, that these dynamic differences modulate cell fate. This two-part review discusses the current understanding of dynamic activity in the ERK pathway, how it regulates cellular decisions, and how these cell fates lead to tissue regulation and pathology. In part 1, we cover the optogenetic and live-cell imaging technologies that first revealed the dynamic nature of ERK, as well as current challenges in biosensor data analysis. We also discuss advances in mathematical models for the mechanisms of ERK dynamics, including receptor-level regulation, negative feedback, cooperativity, and paracrine signaling. While hurdles still remain, it is clear that higher temporal and spatial resolution provide mechanistic insights into pathway circuitry. Exciting new algorithms and advanced computational tools enable quantitative measurements of single-cell ERK activation, which in turn inform better models of pathway behavior. However, the fact that current models still cannot fully recapitulate the diversity of ERK responses calls for a deeper understanding of network structure and signal transduction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Devan Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Nicholaus DeCuzzi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Madhura Patankar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Jason Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Michael Pargett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - John G. Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
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3
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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Ashby G, Keng KE, Hayden CC, Gollapudi S, Houser JR, Jamal S, Stachowiak JC. Selective Endocytic Uptake of Targeted Liposomes Occurs within a Narrow Range of Liposome Diameters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49988-50001. [PMID: 37862704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors facilitate signaling and nutrient uptake. These processes are dynamic, requiring receptors to be actively recycled by endocytosis. Due to their differential expression in disease states, receptors are often the target of drug-carrier particles, which are adorned with ligands that bind specifically to receptors. These targeted particles are taken into the cell by multiple routes of internalization, where the best-characterized pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Most studies of particle uptake have utilized bulk assays rather than observing individual endocytic events. As a result, the detailed mechanisms of particle uptake remain obscure. To address this gap, we employed a live-cell imaging approach to study the uptake of individual liposomes as they interact with clathrin-coated structures. By tracking individual internalization events, we find that the size of liposomes rather than the density of the ligands on their surfaces primarily determines their probability of uptake. Interestingly, targeting has the greatest impact on endocytosis of liposomes of intermediate diameters, with the smallest and largest liposomes being internalized or excluded, respectively, regardless of whether they are targeted. These findings, which highlight a previously unexplored limitation of targeted delivery, can be used to design more effective drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Ashby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kayla E Keng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carl C Hayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sadhana Gollapudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Justin R Houser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sabah Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Schultz DF, Billadeau DD, Jois SD. EGFR trafficking: effect of dimerization, dynamics, and mutation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1258371. [PMID: 37752992 PMCID: PMC10518470 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1258371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous dimerization of EGF receptors (EGFR) and dysregulation of EGFR signaling has been associated with the development of different cancers. Under normal physiological conditions and to maintain homeostatic cell growth, once EGFR signaling occurs, it needs to be attenuated. Activated EGFRs are rapidly internalized, sorted through early endosomes, and ultimately degraded in lysosomes by a process generally known as receptor down-regulation. Through alterations to EGFR trafficking, tumors develop resistance to current treatment strategies, thus highlighting the necessity for combination treatment strategies that target EGFR trafficking. This review covers EGFR structure, trafficking, and altered surface expression of EGFR receptors in cancer, with a focus on how therapy targeting EGFR trafficking may aid tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Seetharama D. Jois
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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6
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Leblanc JA, Sugiyama MG, Antonescu CN, Brown AI. Quantitative modeling of EGF receptor ligand discrimination via internalization proofreading. Phys Biol 2023; 20:056008. [PMID: 37557183 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aceecd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a central regulator of cell physiology that is stimulated by multiple distinct ligands. Although ligands bind to EGFR while the receptor is exposed on the plasma membrane, EGFR incorporation into endosomes following receptor internalization is an important aspect of EGFR signaling, with EGFR internalization behavior dependent upon the type of ligand bound. We develop quantitative modeling for EGFR recruitment to and internalization from clathrin domains, focusing on how internalization competes with ligand unbinding from EGFR. We develop two model versions: a kinetic model with EGFR behavior described as transitions between discrete states and a spatial model with EGFR diffusion to circular clathrin domains. We find that a combination of spatial and kinetic proofreading leads to enhanced EGFR internalization ratios in comparison to unbinding differences between ligand types. Various stages of the EGFR internalization process, including recruitment to and internalization from clathrin domains, modulate the internalization differences between receptors bound to different ligands. Our results indicate that following ligand binding, EGFR may encounter multiple clathrin domains before successful recruitment and internalization. The quantitative modeling we have developed describes competition between EGFR internalization and ligand unbinding and the resulting proofreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleesa A Leblanc
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan I Brown
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Feng S, Sanford JA, Weber T, Hutchinson-Bunch CM, Dakup PP, Paurus VL, Attah K, Sauro HM, Qian WJ, Wiley HS. A Phosphoproteomics Data Resource for Systems-level Modeling of Kinase Signaling Networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551714. [PMID: 37577496 PMCID: PMC10418157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Building mechanistic models of kinase-driven signaling pathways requires quantitative measurements of protein phosphorylation across physiologically relevant conditions, but this is rarely done because of the insensitivity of traditional technologies. By using a multiplexed deep phosphoproteome profiling workflow, we were able to generate a deep phosphoproteomics dataset of the EGFR-MAPK pathway in non-transformed MCF10A cells across physiological ligand concentrations with a time resolution of <12 min and in the presence and absence of multiple kinase inhibitors. An improved phosphosite mapping technique allowed us to reliably identify >46,000 phosphorylation sites on >6600 proteins, of which >4500 sites from 2110 proteins displayed a >2-fold increase in phosphorylation in response to EGF. This data was then placed into a cellular context by linking it to 15 previously published protein databases. We found that our results were consistent with much, but not all previously reported data regarding the activation and negative feedback phosphorylation of core EGFR-ERK pathway proteins. We also found that EGFR signaling is biphasic with substrates downstream of RAS/MAPK activation showing a maximum response at <3ng/ml EGF while direct substrates, such as HGS and STAT5B, showing no saturation. We found that RAS activation is mediated by at least 3 parallel pathways, two of which depend on PTPN11. There appears to be an approximately 4-minute delay in pathway activation at the step between RAS and RAF, but subsequent pathway phosphorylation was extremely rapid. Approximately 80 proteins showed a >2-fold increase in phosphorylation across all experiments and these proteins had a significantly higher median number of phosphorylation sites (~18) relative to total cellular phosphoproteins (~4). Over 60% of EGF-stimulated phosphoproteins were downstream of MAPK and included mediators of cellular processes such as gene transcription, transport, signal transduction and cytoskeletal arrangement. Their phosphorylation was either linear with respect to MAPK activation or biphasic, corresponding to the biphasic signaling seen at the level of the EGFR. This deep, integrated phosphoproteomics data resource should be useful in building mechanistic models of EGFR and MAPK signaling and for understanding how downstream responses are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - James A. Sanford
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Thomas Weber
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | | | - Panshak P. Dakup
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Vanessa L. Paurus
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Kwame Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Herbert M. Sauro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - H. Steven Wiley
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
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8
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Ashby G, Keng KE, Hayden CC, Gollapudi S, Houser JR, Jamal S, Stachowiak JC. Selective endocytic uptake of targeted liposomes occurs within a narrow range of liposome diameter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.06.548000. [PMID: 37461728 PMCID: PMC10350051 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.06.548000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors facilitate signaling and nutrient uptake. These processes are dynamic, requiring receptors to be actively recycled by endocytosis. Due to their differential expression in disease states, receptors are often the target of drug-carrier particles, which are adorned with ligands that bind specifically to receptors. These targeted particles are taken into the cell by multiple routes of internalization, where the best-characterized pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Most studies of particle uptake have utilized bulk assays, rather than observing individual endocytic events. As a result, the detailed mechanisms of particle uptake remain obscure. To address this gap, we have employed a live-cell imaging approach to study the uptake of individual liposomes as they interact with clathrin-coated structures. By tracking individual internalization events, we find that the size of liposomes, rather than the density of the ligands on their surfaces, primarily determines their probability of uptake. Interestingly, targeting has the greatest impact on endocytosis of liposomes of intermediate diameters, with the smallest and largest liposomes being internalized or excluded, respectively, regardless of whether they are targeted. These findings, which highlight a previously unexplored limitation of targeted delivery, can be used to design more effective drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Ashby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kayla E Keng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Carl C Hayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Sadhana Gollapudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Justin R Houser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Sabah Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
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9
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Peptide G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:957. [PMID: 37508387 PMCID: PMC10376828 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The ErbB RTKs (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4) have been well-studied in cancer. EGFR, HER2, and HER3 stimulate cancer proliferation, principally by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, resulting in increased cancer cell survival and proliferation. Cancer cells have high densities of the EGFR, HER2, and HER3 causing phosphorylation of tyrosine amino acids on protein substrates and tyrosine amino acids near the C-terminal of the RTKs. After transforming growth factor (TGF) α binds to the EGFR, homodimers or EGFR heterodimers form. HER2 forms heterodimers with the EGFR, HER3, and HER4. The EGFR, HER2, and HER3 are overexpressed in lung cancer patient tumors, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as Herceptin against HER2, are used to treat breast cancer patients. Patients with EGFR mutations are treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib or osimertinib. Peptide GPCRs, such as NTSR1, are present in many cancers, and neurotensin (NTS) stimulates the growth of cancer cells. Lung cancer proliferation is impaired by SR48692, an NTSR1 antagonist. SR48692 is synergistic with gefitinib at inhibiting lung cancer growth. Adding NTS to lung cancer cells increases the shedding of TGFα, which activates the EGFR, or neuregulin-1, which activates HER3. The transactivation process is impaired by SRC, matrix metalloprotease, and reactive oxygen species inhibitors. While the transactivation process is complicated, it is fast and occurs within minutes after adding NTS to cancer cells. This review emphasizes the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and SR48692 to impair transactivation and cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Aayush A, Darji S, Dhawan D, Enstrom A, Broman MM, Idrees MT, Kaimakliotis H, Ratliff T, Knapp D, Thompson D. Targeted elastin-like polypeptide fusion protein for near-infrared imaging of human and canine urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget 2022; 13:1004-1016. [PMID: 36082359 PMCID: PMC9447490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystoscopic visualization of bladder cancer is an essential method for initial bladder cancer detection and diagnosis, transurethral resection, and monitoring for recurrence. We sought to develop a new intravesical imaging agent that is more specific and sensitive using a polypeptide based NIR (near-infrared) probe designed to detect cells bearing epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) that are overexpressed in 80% of urothelial carcinoma (UC) cases. The NIR imaging agent consisted of an elastin like polypeptide (ELP) fused with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and conjugated to Cy5.5 to give Cy5.5-N24-EGF as a NIR contrast agent. In addition to evaluation in human cells and tissues, the agent was tested in canine cell lines and tissue samples with naturally occurring invasive UC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to test cell-associated fluorescence of the probe in T24 human UC cells, and in K9TCC-SH (high EGFR expression) and K9TCC-Original (low EGF expression) canine cell lines. The probe specifically engages these cells through EGFR within 15 min of incubation and reached saturation within a clinically relevant 1 h timeframe. Furthermore, ex vivo studies with resected canine and human bladder tissues showed minimal signal from normal adjacent tissue and significant NIR fluorescence labeling of tumor tissue, in good agreement with our in vitro findings. Differential expression of EGFR ex vivo was revealed by our probe and confirmed by anti-EGFR immunohistochemical staining. Taken together, our data suggests Cy5.5-ELP-EGF is a NIR probe with improved sensitivity and selectivity towards BC that shows excellent potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Aayush
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Saloni Darji
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexander Enstrom
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Meaghan M. Broman
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Muhammad T. Idrees
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hristos Kaimakliotis
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Timothy Ratliff
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Deborah Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 6 n-Terminal-like Protein (USP6NL) and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signaling Axis Regulates Ubiquitin-Mediated DNA Repair and Temozolomide-Resistance in Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071531. [PMID: 35884836 PMCID: PMC9312792 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant glioma, with a 30–60% epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. This mutation is associated with unrestricted cell growth and increases the possibility of cancer invasion. Patients with EGFR-mutated GBM often develop resistance to the available treatment modalities and higher recurrence rates. The drug resistance observed is associated with multiple genetic or epigenetic factors. The ubiquitin-specific protease 6 N-terminal-like protein (USP6NL) is a GTPase-activating protein that functions as a deubiquitinating enzyme and regulates endocytosis and signal transduction. It is highly expressed in many cancer types and may promote the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. We hypothesized that USP6NL affects GBM chemoresistance and tumorigenesis, and that its inhibition may be a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM treatment. The USP6NL level, together with EGFR expression in human GBM tissue samples and cell lines associated with therapy resistance, tumor growth, and cancer invasion, were investigated. Its pivotal roles and potential mechanism in modulating tumor growth, and the key mechanism associated with therapy resistance of GBM cells, were studied, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we found that deubiquitinase USP6NL and growth factor receptor EGFR were strongly associated with the oncogenicity and resistance of GBM, both in vitro and in vivo, toward temozolomide, as evidenced by enhanced migration, invasion, and acquisition of a highly invasive and drug-resistant phenotype by the GBM cells. Furthermore, abrogation of USP6NL reversed the properties of GBM cells and resensitized them toward temozolomide by enhancing autophagy and reducing the DNA damage repair response. Our results provide novel insights into the probable mechanism through which USP6NL/EGFR signaling might suppress the anticancer therapeutic response, induce cancer invasiveness, and facilitate reduced sensitivity to temozolomide treatment in GBM in an autolysosome-dependent manner. Therefore, controlling the USP6NL may offer an alternative, but efficient, therapeutic strategy for targeting and eradicating otherwise resistant and recurrent phenotypes of aggressive GBM cells.
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12
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Wen C, Wang C, Hu C, Qi T, Jing R, Wang Y, Zhang M, Shao Y, Pei C. REPS2 downregulation facilitates FGF-induced adhesion and migration in human lens epithelial cells through FAK/Cdc42 signaling and contributes to posterior capsule opacification. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110378. [PMID: 35690292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) can cause postoperative visual loss after cataract surgery. Residual human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) are the entitative reasons for PCO. Low expression of Ral-binding protein 1-associated Eps domain-containing 2 (REPS2) and high levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) were observed in the lens and postoperative aqueous humor of cataract patients. REPS2 was identified as a negative regulator in growth factor signaling; however, its function in HLECs is unknown. This was first investigated in the present study by evaluating REPS2 expression in anterior lens capsules from cataract patients, a mouse cataract model, and HLE-b3 cells. The biological function of REPS2 in HLE-B3 cells was assessed by REPS2 silencing and Cell Counting Kit 8, wound healing, Transwell migration, F-actin staining, G-protein pulldown and western blot assays. In the present study, REPS2 was significantly downregulated in human and mouse cataract capsules and H2O2-treated HLE-B3 cells. REPS2 knockdown increased fibronectin, type I collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin expression levels and stimulated HLECs proliferation and migration; these effects were enhanced by FGF treatment and accompanied with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) activation, focal adhesion protein upregulation, and F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization. However, treatment with the FAK inhibitor PF573228 abolished these effects. Thus, REPS2 downregulation in cataract HLECs induces their proliferation and facilitates FGF-induced ECM synthesis, EMT, cell adhesion and migration by activating FAK/Cdc42 signaling, which may underlie PCO pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Conghui Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, second affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
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13
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogen that exploit host cellular machinery for their propagation. Extensive research on virus-host interaction have shed light on an alternative antiviral strategy that targets host cell factors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a versatile signal transducer that is involved in a range of cellular processes. Numerous studies have revealed how viruses exploit the function of EGFR in different stages of viral life cycle. In general, viruses attach onto the host cell surface and interacts with EGFR to facilitate viral entry, viral replication and spread as well as evasion from host immunosurveillance. Moreover, virus-induced activation of EGFR signalling is associated with mucin expression, tissue damage and carcinogenesis that contribute to serious complications. Herein, we review our current understanding of roles of EGFR in viral infection and its potential as therapeutic target in managing viral infection. We also discuss the available EGFR-targeted therapies and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Man Lai
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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14
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Su CJ, Murugan A, Linton JM, Yeluri A, Bois J, Klumpe H, Langley MA, Antebi YE, Elowitz MB. Ligand-receptor promiscuity enables cellular addressing. Cell Syst 2022; 13:408-425.e12. [PMID: 35421362 PMCID: PMC10897978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, secreted ligands selectively activate, or "address," specific target cell populations to control cell fate decision-making and other processes. Key cell-cell communication pathways use multiple promiscuously interacting ligands and receptors, provoking the question of how addressing specificity can emerge from molecular promiscuity. To investigate this issue, we developed a general mathematical modeling framework based on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway architecture. We find that promiscuously interacting ligand-receptor systems allow a small number of ligands, acting in combinations, to address a larger number of individual cell types, defined by their receptor expression profiles. Promiscuous systems outperform seemingly more specific one-to-one signaling architectures in addressing capability. Combinatorial addressing extends to groups of cell types, is robust to receptor expression noise, grows more powerful with increases in the number of receptor variants, and is maximized by specific biochemical parameter relationships. Together, these results identify design principles governing cellular addressing by ligand combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Su
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Arvind Murugan
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James M Linton
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Akshay Yeluri
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Justin Bois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Heidi Klumpe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Matthew A Langley
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yaron E Antebi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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15
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Rao TC, Beggs RR, Ankenbauer KE, Hwang J, Ma VPY, Salaita K, Bellis SL, Mattheyses AL. ST6Gal-I-mediated sialylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor modulates cell mechanics and enhances invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101726. [PMID: 35157848 PMCID: PMC8956946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity within the glycocalyx influences cell adhesion mechanics and signaling. However, the role of specific glycosylation subtypes in influencing cell mechanics via alterations of receptor function remains unexplored. It has been shown that the addition of sialic acid to terminal glycans impacts growth, development, and cancer progression. In addition, the sialyltransferase ST6Gal-I promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, and we have shown EGFR is an 'allosteric mechano-organizer' of integrin tension. Here, we investigated the impact of ST6Gal-I on cell mechanics. Using DNA-based tension gauge tether probes of variable thresholds, we found that high ST6Gal-I activity promotes increased integrin forces and spreading in Cos-7 and OVCAR3, OVCAR5, and OV4 cancer cells. Further, employing inhibitors and function-blocking antibodies against β1, β3, and β5 integrins and ST6Gal-I targets EGFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor, and Fas cell surface death receptor, we validated that the observed phenotypes are EGFR-specific. We found that while tension, contractility, and adhesion are extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway-dependent, spreading, proliferation, and invasion are phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt serine/threonine kinase dependent. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, we also show that high ST6Gal-I activity leads to sustained EGFR membrane retention, making it a key regulator of cell mechanics. Our findings suggest a novel sialylation-dependent mechanism orchestrating cellular mechanics and enhancing cell motility via EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine E Ankenbauer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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16
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Dynamic EGFR interactomes reveal differential association of signaling modules with wildtype and Exon19-del EGFR in NSCLC cell lines. J Proteomics 2022; 260:104555. [PMID: 35301141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction networks (PPIs) govern the majority of biological processes, but how oncogenic mutations impact these interactions and their functions at a network scale is poorly understood. Mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a pre-requisition for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. Identification of interaction partners that bind to mutated EGFR can help understand the mechanism of action and pathways that mediate drug resistance. In this study, we characterized the dynamic interaction network of a pair of EGFR wildtype and mutant NSCLC cell lines. We performed immunoprecipitation of endogenous EGFR at various time points following EGF treatment and analyzed the associated proteins by quantitative mass spectrometry. Our results showed that the core signaling modules and key downstream pathways are maintained in the mutant cell line, but receptor internalization and intracellular trafficking in the mutant is delayed. Furthermore, we identified mutant EGFR-associated proteins that could affect EGFR functions in lung adenocarcinoma. SIGNIFICANCE: We analyzed the dynamic EGFR interaction network in NSCLC cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant EGFR. By comparing the similarities and differences in the EGFR proteome, we gained a better understanding of EGFR signal transduction network, and identified new factors for further functional characterizations and clinical significance assessment.
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17
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Song J, Liu Y, Wan J, Zhao GN, Wang JC, Dai Z, Hu S, Yang L, Liu Z, Fu Y, Dong E, Tang YD. SIMPLE Is an Endosomal Regulator That Protects Against NAFLD by Targeting the Lysosomal Degradation of EGFR. Hepatology 2021; 74:3091-3109. [PMID: 34320238 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD has become a tremendous burden for public health; however, there is no drug for NAFLD therapy at present. Impaired endo-lysosome-mediated protein degradation is observed in a variety of metabolic disorders, such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and NAFLD. Small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) is a regulator of endosome-to-lysosome trafficking and cell signaling, but the role that SIMPLE plays in NAFLD progression remains unknown. Here we investigated SIMPLE function in NAFLD development and sophisticated mechanism therein. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study found that in vitro knockdown of SIMPLE significantly aggravated lipid accumulation and inflammation in hepatocytes treated with metabolic stimulation. Consistently, in vivo experiments showed that liver-specific Simple-knockout (Simple-HKO) mice exhibited more severe high-fat diet (HFD)-induced, high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (HFHC)-induced, and methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced steatosis, glucose intolerance, inflammation, and fibrosis than those fed with normal chow (NC) diet. Meanwhile, RNA-sequencing demonstrated the up-regulated signaling pathways and signature genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in Simple-HKO mice compared with control mice under metabolic stress. Mechanically, we found SIMPLE directly interact with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). SIMPLE deficiency results in dysregulated degradation of EGFR, subsequently hyperactivated EGFR phosphorylation, thus exaggerating NAFLD development. Moreover, we demonstrated that using EGFR inhibitor or silencing EGFR expression could ameliorate lipid accumulation induced by the knockdown of SIMPLE. CONCLUSIONS SIMPLE ameliorated NASH by prompting EGFR degradation and can be a potential therapeutic candidate for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Nian Zhao
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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18
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Krause HB, Bondarowicz H, Karls AL, McClean MN, Kreeger PK. Design and implementation of a microfluidic device capable of temporal growth factor delivery reveal filtering capabilities of the EGFR/ERK pathway. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:046101. [PMID: 34765858 PMCID: PMC8566012 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing microfluidics to mimic the dynamic temporal changes of growth factor and cytokine concentrations in vivo has greatly increased our understanding of how signal transduction pathways are structured to encode extracellular stimuli. To date, these devices have focused on delivering pulses of varying frequency, and there are limited cell culture models for delivering slowly increasing concentrations of stimuli that cells may experience in vivo. To examine this setting, we developed and validated a microfluidic device that can deliver increasing concentrations of growth factor over periods ranging from 6 to 24 h. Using this device and a fluorescent biosensor of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activity, we delivered a slowly increasing concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to human mammary epithelial cells and surprisingly observed minimal ERK activation, even at concentrations that stimulate robust activity in bolus delivery. The cells remained unresponsive to subsequent challenges with EGF, and immunocytochemistry suggested that the loss of an epidermal growth factor receptor was responsible. Cells were then challenged with faster rates of change of EGF, revealing an increased ERK activity as a function of rate of change. Specifically, both the fraction of cells that responded and the length of ERK activation time increased with the rate of change. This microfluidic device fills a gap in the current repertoire of in vitro microfluidic devices and demonstrates that slower, more physiological changes in growth factor presentation can reveal new regulatory mechanisms for how signal transduction pathways encode changes in the extracellular growth factor milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris B Krause
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hanna Bondarowicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Alexis L Karls
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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19
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Ballesteros‐Álvarez J, Andersen JK. mTORC2: The other mTOR in autophagy regulation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13431. [PMID: 34250734 PMCID: PMC8373318 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has gathered significant attention as a ubiquitously expressed multimeric kinase with key implications for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This kinase forms the central core of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which share the ability of integrating environmental, nutritional, and hormonal cues but which regulate separate molecular pathways that result in different cellular responses. Particularly, mTORC1 has been described as a major negative regulator of endosomal biogenesis and autophagy, a catabolic process that degrades intracellular components and organelles within the lysosomes and is thought to play a key role in human health and disease. In contrast, the role of mTORC2 in the regulation of autophagy has been considerably less studied despite mounting evidence this complex may regulate autophagy in a different and perhaps complementary manner to that of mTORC1. Genetic ablation of unique subunits is currently being utilized to study the differential effects of the two mTOR complexes. RICTOR is the best‐described subunit specific to mTORC2 and as such has become a useful tool for investigating the specific actions of this complex. The development of complex‐specific inhibitors for mTORC2 is also an area of intense interest. Studies to date have demonstrated that mTORC1/2 complexes each signal to a variety of exclusive downstream molecules with distinct biological roles. Pinpointing the particular effects of these downstream effectors is crucial toward the development of novel therapies aimed at accurately modulating autophagy in the context of human aging and disease.
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20
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Kim SH, Cho JH, Park BO, Park BC, Kim JH, Park SG, Kim S. Phosphorylation of REPS1 at Ser709 by RSK attenuates the recycling of transferrin receptor. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33407999 PMCID: PMC8167248 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.5.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RalBP1 associated EPS domain containing 1 (REPS1) is conserved from Drosophila to humans and implicated in the endocytic system. However, an exact role of REPS1 remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-p90 ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) signaling pathway directly phosphorylated REPS1 at Ser709 upon stimulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and amino acid. While REPS2 is known to be involved in the endocytosis of EGF receptor (EGFR), REPS1 knockout (KO) cells did not show any defect in the endocytosis of EGFR. However, in the REPS1 KO cells and the KO cells reconstituted with a non-phosphorylatable REPS1 (REPS1 S709A), the recycling of transferrin receptor (TfR) was attenuated compared to the cells reconstituted with wild type REPS1. Collectively, we suggested that the phosphorylation of REPS1 at S709 by RSK may have a role of the trafficking of TfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin-hwa Cho
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bi-Oh Park
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Park
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung Goo Park
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sunhong Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Biological Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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21
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Perez Verdaguer M, Zhang T, Paulo JA, Gygi S, Watkins SC, Sakurai H, Sorkin A. Mechanism of p38 MAPK-induced EGFR endocytosis and its crosstalk with ligand-induced pathways. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212181. [PMID: 34032851 PMCID: PMC8155814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand binding triggers clathrin-mediated and, at high ligand concentrations, clathrin-independent endocytosis of EGFR. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of EGFR is also induced by stimuli activating p38 MAPK. Mechanisms of both ligand- and p38-induced endocytosis are not fully understood, and how these pathways intermingle when concurrently activated remains unknown. Here we dissect the mechanisms of p38-induced endocytosis using a pH-sensitive model of endogenous EGFR, which is extracellularly tagged with a fluorogen-activating protein, and propose a unifying model of the crosstalk between multiple EGFR endocytosis pathways. We found that a new locus of p38-dependent phosphorylation in EGFR is essential for the receptor dileucine motif interaction with the σ2 subunit of clathrin adaptor AP2 and concomitant receptor internalization. p38-dependent endocytosis of EGFR induced by cytokines was additive to CME induced by picomolar EGF concentrations but constrained to internalizing ligand-free EGFRs due to Grb2 recruitment by ligand-activated EGFRs. Nanomolar EGF concentrations rerouted EGFR from CME to clathrin-independent endocytosis, primarily by diminishing p38-dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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22
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Cerda-Troncoso C, Varas-Godoy M, Burgos PV. Pro-Tumoral Functions of Autophagy Receptors in the Modulation of Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 10:619727. [PMID: 33634029 PMCID: PMC7902017 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.619727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression involves a variety of pro-tumorigenic biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. A cellular pathway implicated in these pro-tumorigenic processes is autophagy, a catabolic route used for recycling of cytoplasmic components to generate macromolecular building blocks and energy, under stress conditions, to remove damaged cellular constituents to adapt to changing nutrient conditions and to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, cells form a double-membrane sequestering a compartment termed the phagophore, which matures into an autophagosome. Following fusion with the lysosome, the cargo is degraded inside the autolysosomes and the resulting macromolecules released back into the cytosol for reuse. Cancer cells use this recycling system during cancer progression, however the key autophagy players involved in this disease is unclear. Accumulative evidences show that autophagy receptors, crucial players for selective autophagy, are overexpressed during cancer progression, yet the mechanisms whereby pro-tumorigenic biological processes are modulated by these receptors remains unknown. In this review, we summarized the most important findings related with the pro-tumorigenic role of autophagy receptors p62/SQSTM1, NBR1, NDP52, and OPTN in cancer progression. In addition, we showed the most relevant cargos degraded by these receptors that have been shown to function as critical regulators of pro-tumorigenic processes. Finally, we discussed the role of autophagy receptors in the context of the cellular pathways implicated in this disease, such as growth factors signaling, oxidative stress response and apoptosis. In summary, we highlight that autophagy receptors should be considered important players of cancer progression, which could offer a niche for the development of novel diagnosis and cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Cerda-Troncoso
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Spinosa PC, Kinnunen PC, Humphries BA, Luker GD, Luker KE, Linderman JJ. Pre-existing Cell States Control Heterogeneity of Both EGFR and CXCR4 Signaling. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:49-64. [PMID: 33643466 PMCID: PMC7878609 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CXCR4 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represent two major families of receptors, G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, with central functions in cancer. While utilizing different upstream signaling molecules, both CXCR4 and EGFR activate kinases ERK and Akt, although single-cell activation of these kinases is markedly heterogeneous. One hypothesis regarding the origin of signaling heterogeneity proposes that intercellular variations arise from differences in pre-existing intracellular states set by extrinsic noise. While pre-existing cell states vary among cells, each pre-existing state defines deterministic signaling outputs to downstream effectors. Understanding causes of signaling heterogeneity will inform treatment of cancers with drugs targeting drivers of oncogenic signaling. METHODS We built a single-cell computational model to predict Akt and ERK responses to CXCR4- and EGFR-mediated stimulation. We investigated signaling heterogeneity through these receptors and tested model predictions using quantitative, live-cell time-lapse imaging. RESULTS We show that the pre-existing cell state predicts single-cell signaling through both CXCR4 and EGFR. Computational modeling reveals that the same set of pre-existing cell states explains signaling heterogeneity through both EGFR and CXCR4 at multiple doses of ligands and in two different breast cancer cell lines. The model also predicts how phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) targeted therapies potentiate ERK signaling in certain breast cancer cells and that low level, combined inhibition of MEK and PI3K ablates potentiated ERK signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that a conserved motif exists for EGFR and CXCR4 signaling and suggest potential clinical utility of the computational model to optimize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C. Spinosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800 USA
| | - Patrick C. Kinnunen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800 USA
| | - Brock A. Humphries
- Department of Radiology Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Gary D. Luker
- Department of Radiology Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA 48109
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA 48109
| | - Kathryn E. Luker
- Department of Radiology Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, A526 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200 USA
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA 48109
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24
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Chirdo FG, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Barone MV. The gliadin p31-43 peptide: Inducer of multiple proinflammatory effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:165-205. [PMID: 33707054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the prototype of an inflammatory chronic disease induced by food. In this context, gliadin p31-43 peptide comes into the spotlight as an important player of the inflammatory/innate immune response to gliadin in CD. The p31-43 peptide is part of the p31-55 peptide from α-gliadins that remains undigested for a long time, and can be present in the small intestine after ingestion of a gluten-containing diet. Different biophysical methods and molecular dynamic simulations have shown that p31-43 spontaneously forms oligomeric nanostructures, whereas experimental approaches using in vitro assays, mouse models, and human duodenal tissues have shown that p31-43 is able to induce different forms of cellular stress by driving multiple inflammatory pathways. Increased proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the crypts, enterocyte stress, activation of TG2, induction of Ca2+, IL-15, and NFκB signaling, inhibition of CFTR, alteration of vesicular trafficking, and activation of the inflammasome platform are some of the biological effects of p31-43, which, in the presence of appropriate genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may act together to drive CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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25
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Revaitis NT, Niepielko MG, Marmion RA, Klein EA, Piccoli B, Yakoby N. Quantitative analyses of EGFR localization and trafficking dynamics in the follicular epithelium. Development 2020; 147:dev.183210. [PMID: 32680934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative analyses of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tissues, we generated an sfGFP-tagged EGF receptor (EGFR-sfGFP) in Drosophila The homozygous fly appears similar to wild type with EGFR expression and activation patterns that are consistent with previous reports in the ovary, early embryo, and imaginal discs. Using ELISA, we quantified an average of 1100, 6200 and 2500 receptors per follicle cell (FC) at stages 8/9, 10 and ≥11 of oogenesis, respectively. Interestingly, the spatial localization of the EGFR to the apical side of the FCs at early stages depended on the TGFα-like ligand Gurken. At later stages, EGFR localized to basolateral positions of the FCs. Finally, we followed the endosomal localization of EGFR in the FCs. The EGFR colocalized with the late endosome, but no significant colocalization of the receptor was found with the early endosome. The EGFR-sfGFP fly is an exciting new resource for studying cellular localization and regulation of EGFR in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Revaitis
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Matthew G Niepielko
- New Jersey Center for Science, Technology & Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Robert A Marmion
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.,Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Benedetto Piccoli
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Nir Yakoby
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA .,Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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26
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Roles for receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor progression and implications for cancer treatment. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 147:1-57. [PMID: 32593398 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors and their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a group of transmembrane molecules harboring cytoplasm-facing tyrosine-specific kinase functions, play essential roles in migration of multipotent cell populations and rapid proliferation of stem cells' descendants, transit amplifying cells, during embryogenesis and tissue repair. These intrinsic functions are aberrantly harnessed when cancer cells undergo intertwined phases of cell migration and proliferation during cancer progression. For example, by means of clonal expansion growth factors fixate the rarely occurring driver mutations, which initiate tumors. Likewise, autocrine and stromal growth factors propel angiogenesis and penetration into the newly sprouted vessels, which enable seeding micro-metastases at distant organs. We review genetic and other mechanisms that preempt ligand-mediated activation of RTKs, thereby supporting sustained cancer progression. The widespread occurrence of aberrant RTKs and downstream signaling pathways in cancer, identifies molecular targets suitable for pharmacological intervention. We list all clinically approved cancer drugs that specifically intercept oncogenic RTKs. These are mainly tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, which can inhibit cancer but inevitably become progressively less effective due to adaptive rewiring processes or emergence of new mutations, processes we overview. Similarly important are patient treatments making use of radiation, chemotherapeutic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The many interfaces linking RTK-targeted therapies and these systemic or local regimens are described in details because of the great promise offered by combining pharmacological modalities.
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27
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H'ng CH, Camp E, Anderson PJ, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. CMTM8 Is a Suppressor of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation and Promoter of Proliferation Via EGFR Signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:823-834. [PMID: 32268840 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) exhibit a finite life span after ex vivo expansion leading to cellular senescence. Many factors can contribute to this. Recently, our group has identified for the first time expression of the chemokine-like factor superfamily 8 (CMTM8) gene in cultured human BMSCs. In this study, we examine the role of CMTM8 in BMSC proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Functional studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown of CMTM8 in human BMSCs resulted in decreased capacity to undergo proliferation and migration and an increased capacity for osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, reduced CMTM8 levels led to a decrease in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway during BMSC proliferation and migration, respectively. Supportive studies using retroviral mediated enforced expression of CMTM8 in BMSC resulted in an increased capacity for proliferation and migration but a decreased osteogenic differentiation potential. Collectively, these data suggest that CMTM8 promotes BMSC proliferation and BMSC migration through the EGFR/ERK1/2 pathway. This study provides insight into novel regulatory mechanisms of human BMSC growth and cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho H'ng
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Esther Camp
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Craniofacial Unit, Women and Children Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Myeloma Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
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28
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Getz M, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. Regulating cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate: "Sources," "sinks," and now, "tunable valves". WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1490. [PMID: 32323924 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of hormones and growth factors stimulate target cells via the second messenger pathways, which in turn regulate cellular phenotypes. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that facilitates numerous signal transduction pathways; its production in cells is tightly balanced by ligand-stimulated receptors that activate adenylate cyclases (ACs), that is, "source" and by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that hydrolyze it, that is, "sinks." Because it regulates various cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription and protein expression, the cAMP signaling pathway has been exploited for the treatment of numerous human diseases. Reduction in cAMP is achieved by blocking "sources"; however, elevation in cAMP is achieved by either stimulating "source" or blocking "sinks." Here we discuss an alternative paradigm for the regulation of cellular cAMP via GIV/Girdin, the prototypical member of a family of modulators of trimeric GTPases, Guanine nucleotide Exchange Modulators (GEMs). Cells upregulate or downregulate cellular levels of GIV-GEM, which modulates cellular cAMP via spatiotemporal mechanisms distinct from the two most often targeted classes of cAMP modulators, "sources" and "sinks." A network-based compartmental model for the paradigm of GEM-facilitated cAMP signaling has recently revealed that GEMs such as GIV serve much like a "tunable valve" that cells may employ to finetune cellular levels of cAMP. Because dysregulated signaling via GIV and other GEMs has been implicated in multiple disease states, GEMs constitute a hitherto untapped class of targets that could be exploited for modulating aberrant cAMP signaling in disease states. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Getz
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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29
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Chin TM, Boopathy GTK, Man EP, Clohessy JG, Csizmadia E, Quinlan MP, Putti T, Wan SC, Xie C, Ali A, Wai FC, Ong YS, Goh BC, Settleman J, Hong W, Levantini E, Tenen DG. Targeting microtubules sensitizes drug resistant lung cancer cells to lysosomal pathway inhibitors. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2727-2743. [PMID: 32194831 PMCID: PMC7052910 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-addicted cancers are predominantly driven by specific oncogenic pathways and display initial exquisite sensitivity to designer therapies, but eventually become refractory to treatments. Clear understanding of lung tumorigenic mechanisms is essential for improved therapies. Methods: Lysosomes were analyzed in EGFR-WT and mutant cells and corresponding patient samples using immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Microtubule organization and dynamics were studied using immunofluorescence analyses. Also, we have validated our findings in a transgenic mouse model that contain EGFR-TKI resistant mutations. Results: We herein describe a novel mechanism that a mutated kinase disrupts the microtubule organization and results in a defective endosomal/lysosomal pathway. This prevents the efficient degradation of phosphorylated proteins that become trapped within the endosomes and continue to signal, therefore amplifying downstream proliferative and survival pathways. Phenotypically, a distinctive subcellular appearance of LAMP1 secondary to microtubule dysfunction in cells expressing EGFR kinase mutants is seen, and this may have potential diagnostic applications for the detection of such mutants. We demonstrate that lysosomal-inhibitors re-sensitize resistant cells to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Identifying the endosome-lysosome pathway and microtubule dysfunction as a mechanism of resistance allows to pharmacologically intervene on this pathway. Conclusions: We find that the combination of microtubule stabilizing agent and lysosome inhibitor could reduce the tumor progression in EGFR TKI resistant mouse models of lung cancer.
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30
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Verdaguer MP, Larsen MB, Bruchez MP, Watkins SC, Sorkin A. Analysis of EGF Receptor Endocytosis Using Fluorogen Activating Protein Tagged Receptor. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3463. [PMID: 33654955 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional activities of many transmembrane proteins are controlled by their endocytosis. One of the most studied experimental models is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). However, endocytic trafficking of EGFR has been predominantly analyzed using labeled EGF, whereas quantitative analyses of the endocytosis of the receptor itself have been sparse. The fluorescence microscopy methods described here are designed to directly quantify EGFR internalization in living cells without labeled EGFR ligands or antibodies. These methods utilize an engineered EGFR chimera in which the fluorogen activating protein (FAP) is fused to the receptor extracellular domain (FAP-EGFR). Binding of malachite green (MG) based dyes to FAP results in a strong far-red fluorescence of MG, thus efficiently labeling FAP-EGFR. In particular, binding of the cell impermeant MG-Bis-SA dye to FAP produces the pH-sensitive dual-excitation fluorescence, which allows differentiation of the cell-surface and internalized pools of FAP-EGFR. Two modifications of the methodology are described: 1) single-cell three-dimensional confocal imaging; and 2) high-throughput assay in multi-well plates. These methodologies can be adopted to study endocytosis of any other transmembrane protein extracellularly tagged with FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Perez Verdaguer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mads B Larsen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Sharp Edge Laboratories, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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31
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The ESCRT-0 Protein HRS Interacts with the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Antisense Protein APH-2 and Suppresses Viral Replication. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01311-19. [PMID: 31597781 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01311-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The divergent clinical outcomes of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections have been attributed to functional differences in their antisense proteins. In contrast to HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), the role of the antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In previous studies, we identified the endosomal sorting complex required for transport 0 (ESCRT-0) subunit HRS as a novel interaction partner of APH-2 but not HBZ. HRS is a master regulator of endosomal protein sorting for lysosomal degradation and is hijacked by many viruses to promote replication. However, no studies to date have shown a link between HTLVs and HRS. In this study, we sought to characterize the interaction between HRS and APH-2 and to investigate the impact of HRS on the life cycle of HTLV-2. We confirmed a direct specific interaction between APH-2 and HRS and showed that the CC2 domain of HRS and the N-terminal domain of APH-2 mediate their interaction. We demonstrated that HRS recruits APH-2 to early endosomes, possibly furnishing an entry route into the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. We demonstrated that inhibition of this pathway using either bafilomycin or HRS overexpression substantially extends the half-life of APH-2 and stabilizes Tax2B expression levels. We found that HRS enhances Tax2B-mediated long terminal repeat (LTR) activation, while depletion of HRS enhances HTLV-2 production and release, indicating that HRS may have a negative impact on HTLV-2 replication. Overall, our study provides important new insights into the role of the ESCRT-0 HRS protein, and by extension the ESCRT machinery and the endosomal/lysosomal pathway, in HTLV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE While APH-2 is the only viral protein consistently expressed in infected carriers, its role in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the interaction between the ESCRT-0 component HRS and APH-2 and explored the role of HRS in HTLV-2 replication. HRS is a master regulator of protein sorting for lysosomal degradation, a feature that is manipulated by several viruses to promote replication. Unexpectedly, we found that HRS targets APH-2 and possibly Tax2B for lysosomal degradation and has an overall negative impact on HTLV-2 replication and release. The negative impact of interactions between HTLV-2 regulatory proteins and HRS, and by extension the ESCRT machinery, may represent an important strategy used by HTLV-2 to limit virus production and to promote persistence, features that may contribute to the limited pathogenic potential of this infection.
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32
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Jack S, Madhivanan K, Ramadesikan S, Subramanian S, Edwards DF, Elzey BD, Dhawan D, McCluskey A, Kischuk EM, Loftis AR, Truex N, Santos M, Lu M, Rabideau A, Pentelute B, Collier J, Kaimakliotis H, Koch M, Ratliff TL, Knapp DW, Aguilar RC. A novel, safe, fast and efficient treatment for Her2-positive and negative bladder cancer utilizing an EGF-anthrax toxin chimera. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:449-460. [PMID: 31584195 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States, and it exhibits an alarming 70% recurrence rate. Thus, the development of more efficient antibladder cancer approaches is a high priority. Accordingly, this work provides the basis for a transformative anticancer strategy that takes advantage of the unique characteristics of the bladder. Unlike mucin-shielded normal bladder cells, cancer cells are exposed to the bladder lumen and overexpress EGFR. Therefore, we used an EGF-conjugated anthrax toxin that after targeting EGFR was internalized and triggered apoptosis in exposed bladder cancer cells. This unique agent presented advantages over other EGF-based technologies and other toxin-derivatives. In contrast to known agents, this EGF-toxin conjugate promoted its own uptake via receptor microclustering even in the presence of Her2 and induced cell death with a LC50 < 1 nM. Furthermore, our data showed that exposures as short as ≈3 min were enough to commit human (T24), mouse (MB49) and canine (primary) bladder cancer cells to apoptosis. Exposure of tumor-free mice and dogs with the agent resulted in no toxicity. In addition, the EGF-toxin was able to eliminate cells from human patient tumor samples. Importantly, the administration of EGF-toxin to dogs with spontaneous bladder cancer, who had failed or were not eligible for other therapies, resulted in ~30% average tumor reduction after one treatment cycle. Because of its in vitro and in vivo high efficiency, fast action (reducing treatment time from hours to minutes) and safety, we propose that this EGF-anthrax toxin conjugate provides the basis for new, transformative approaches against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Jack
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kayalvizhi Madhivanan
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Swetha Ramadesikan
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Sneha Subramanian
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Daniel F Edwards
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - Erin M Kischuk
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Alexander R Loftis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicholas Truex
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Michael Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mike Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amy Rabideau
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bradley Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Koch Institute MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - John Collier
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Michael Koch
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ruben C Aguilar
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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33
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Thamm DH, Weishaar KM, Charles JB, Ehrhart EJ. Phosphorylated KIT as a predictor of outcome in canine mast cell tumours treated with toceranib phosphate or vinblastine. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:169-175. [PMID: 31365175 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumour in dogs and can exhibit variable biologic behaviour. Dysregulated signalling through the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) KIT can promote cell proliferation and survival, and assessment of its dysregulation via detection of activating c-kit gene mutations or assessment of KIT protein localization is associated with multiple features of malignancy. The aim of the current study was to use a previously validated immunohistochemical (IHC) assay to directly measure phosphorylated KIT (pKIT) in order to investigate its association with other established prognostic markers, response to therapy, progression free interval (PFI) and overall survival time (OST) in dogs treated medically for measurable MCT. Tumour tissue from 74 dogs enrolled in a prospective study comparing toceranib and vinblastine for MCT treatment were evaluated for pKIT immunoreactivity. pKIT was variably expressed, with some degree of positivity observed in 49/74 cases (66%). pKIT immunoreactivity was significantly associated with aberrant KIT localization, high mitotic index and high histologic grade. On univariate analysis, pKIT immunoreactivity predicted shorter PFI and OST in the entire patient population as well as shorter PFI in the toceranib treated group, and was the sole predictive factor for OST upon multivariate analysis, while mitotic index was the sole independent predictive factor for PFI. These results demonstrate that IHC detection of pKIT correlates with several features of aggressive behaviour, and may confer information that is complementary to other prognostic factors. However, the role of pKIT in predicting outcome needs to be studied further before recommendations can be made for its routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen M Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joseph B Charles
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - E J Ehrhart
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Modica TME, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Pisano C, Fabregat I, Giannelli G. Calcium Regulates HCC Proliferation as well as EGFR Recycling/Degradation and Could Be a New Therapeutic Target in HCC. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101588. [PMID: 31635301 PMCID: PMC6826902 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is the most abundant element in the human body. Its role is essential in physiological and biochemical processes such as signal transduction from outside to inside the cell between the cells of an organ, as well as the release of neurotransmitters from neurons, muscle contraction, fertilization, bone building, and blood clotting. As a result, intra- and extracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by the body. The liver is the most specialized organ of the body, as its functions, carried out by hepatocytes, are strongly governed by calcium ions. In this work, we analyze the role of calcium in human hepatoma (HCC) cell lines harboring a wild type form of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), particularly its role in proliferation and in EGFR downmodulation. Our results highlight that calcium is involved in the proliferative capability of HCC cells, as its subtraction is responsible for EGFR degradation by proteasome machinery and, as a consequence, for EGFR intracellular signaling downregulation. However, calcium-regulated EGFR signaling is cell line-dependent. In cells responding weakly to the epidermal growth factor (EGF), calcium seems to have an opposite effect on EGFR internalization/degradation mechanisms. These results suggest that besides EGFR, calcium could be a new therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Elisa Modica
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy.
- Biogem S.C.A.R.L., 83031 Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Odell
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.
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36
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Larsen MB, Perez Verdaguer M, Schmidt BF, Bruchez MP, Watkins SC, Sorkin A. Generation of endogenous pH-sensitive EGF receptor and its application in high-throughput screening for proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. eLife 2019; 8:46135. [PMID: 31066673 PMCID: PMC6533059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we used gene-editing to label endogenous EGF receptor (EGFR) with GFP and demonstrate that picomolar concentrations of EGFR ligand drive signaling and endocytosis of EGFR in tumors in vivo (Pinilla-Macua et al., 2017). We now use gene-editing to insert a fluorogen activating protein (FAP) in the EGFR extracellular domain. Binding of the tandem dye pair MG-Bis-SA to FAP-EGFR provides a ratiometric pH-sensitive model with dual fluorescence excitation and a single far-red emission. The excitation ratio of fluorescence intensities was demonstrated to faithfully report the fraction of FAP-EGFR located in acidic endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Coupling native FAP-EGFR expression with the high method sensitivity has allowed development of a high-throughput assay to measure the rates of clathrin-mediated FAP-EGFR endocytosis stimulated with physiological EGF concentrations. The assay was utilized to screen a phosphatase siRNA library. These studies highlight the utility of endogenous pH-sensitive FAP-receptor chimeras in high-throughput analysis of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Breum Larsen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mireia Perez Verdaguer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Brigitte F Schmidt
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Sharp Edge Laboratories, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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Mohan RR, Tripathi R, Sharma A, Sinha PR, Giuliano EA, Hesemann NP, Chaurasia SS. Decorin antagonizes corneal fibroblast migration via caveolae-mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor. Exp Eye Res 2019; 180:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Bashir AIJ, Kankipati CS, Jones S, Newman RM, Safrany ST, Perry CJ, Nicholl ID. A novel mechanism for the anticancer activity of aspirin and salicylates. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1256-1270. [PMID: 30720135 PMCID: PMC6411351 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that long‑term aspirin usage reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and may protect against other non‑CRC associated adenocarcinomas, including oesophageal cancer. A number of hypotheses have been proposed with respect to the molecular action of aspirin and other non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs in cancer development. The mechanism by which aspirin exhibits toxicity to CRC has been previously investigated by synthesising novel analogues and derivatives of aspirin in an effort to identify functionally significant moieties. Herein, an early effect of aspirin and aspirin‑like analogues against the SW480 CRC cell line was investigated, with a particular focus on critical molecules in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway. The present authors proposed that aspirin, diaspirin and analogues, and diflunisal (a salicylic acid derivative) may rapidly perturb EGF and EGF receptor (EGFR) internalisation. Upon longer incubations, the diaspirins and thioaspirins may inhibit EGFR phosphorylation at Tyr1045 and Tyr1173. It was additionally demonstrated, using a qualitative approach, that EGF internalisation in the SW480 cell line may be directed to endosomes by fumaryldiaspirin using early endosome antigen 1 as an early endosomal marker and that EGF internalisation may also be perturbed in oesophageal cell lines, suggestive of an effect not only restricted to CRC cells. Taken together and in light of our previous findings that the aspirin‑like analogues can affect cyclin D1 expression and nuclear factor‑κB localisation, it was hypothesized that aspirin and aspirin analogues significantly and swiftly perturb the EGFR axis and that the protective activity of aspirin may in part be explained by perturbed EGFR internalisation and activation. These findings may also have implications in understanding the inhibitory effect of aspirin and salicylates on wound healing, given the critical role of EGF in the response to tissue trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma'u I J Bashir
- Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Chandra S Kankipati
- Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Robert M Newman
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Perry
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Iain D Nicholl
- Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Abstract
The MAPK pathway is a prominent intracellular signaling pathway regulating various intracellular functions. Components of this pathway are mutated in a related collection of congenital syndromes collectively referred to as neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes (NCFC) or Rasopathies. Recently, it has been appreciated that these disorders are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, idiopathic ASD has also implicated the MAPK signaling cascade as a common pathway that is affected by many of the genetic variants that have been found to be linked to ASDs. This chapter describes the components of the MAPK pathway and how it is regulated. Furthermore, this chapter will highlight the various functions of the MAPK pathway during both embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) and its roles in neuronal physiology and ultimately, behavior. Finally, we will summarize the perturbations to MAPK signaling in various models of autism spectrum disorders and Rasopathies to highlight how dysregulation of this pivotal pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of autism.
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40
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Zhang H, Han B, Lu H, Zhao Y, Chen X, Meng Q, Cao M, Cai L, Hu J. USP22 promotes resistance to EGFR-TKIs by preventing ubiquitination-mediated EGFR degradation in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:186-198. [PMID: 29981430 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As a newly discovered deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) is predictive of therapeutic outcomes in individual cancer patients. However, its clinical effects on malignancy and its roles in conferring resistance to EGFR-TKIs (epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors) in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that USP22 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and contributes to resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR mutant lung ADC cells. Mechanistically, USP22 deubiquitinates EGFR localized on late endosomes, prevents ubiquitination mediated EGFR degradation and enhances recycling of EGFR after EGF stimulation. Additionally, USP22 sustained the activation of multiple EGFR downstream signaling pathways, including STAT3, AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways, in lung ADC cell lines H1975 and PC9. Furthermore, USP22 stabilizes EGFR protein expression, which correlates with USP22 expression in EGFR-mutant lung ADC patient samples. We are the first to demonstrate that silencing USP22 counteracts EGFR-TKIs resistance both in vitro and in vivo. We propose USP22 as a potential therapeutic target for EGFR-TKIs-resistant lung ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bing Han
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hailing Lu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengru Cao
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Cai
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jing Hu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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41
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Campion CG, Zaoui K, Verissimo T, Cossette S, Matsuda H, Solban N, Hamet P, Tremblay J. COMMD5/HCaRG Hooks Endosomes on Cytoskeleton and Coordinates EGFR Trafficking. Cell Rep 2018; 24:670-684.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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42
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Tábara LC, Vicente JJ, Biazik J, Eskelinen EL, Vincent O, Escalante R. Vacuole membrane protein 1 marks endoplasmic reticulum subdomains enriched in phospholipid synthesizing enzymes and is required for phosphoinositide distribution. Traffic 2018; 19:624-638. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Carlos Tábara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C.S.I.C./U.A.M.; Madrid Spain
| | - Juan-Jesús Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Olivier Vincent
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C.S.I.C./U.A.M.; Madrid Spain
| | - Ricardo Escalante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C.S.I.C./U.A.M.; Madrid Spain
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43
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Pennock S, Billing S, Wang Z, Wang Y. Two-Pulse Endosomal Stimulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Induces Cell Proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1652:127-133. [PMID: 28791639 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7219-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Signals transduced from ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) lead to a diverse array of biological outcomes, such as cell proliferation. Strict regulation of RTK activity is therefore necessary to prevent aberrancies in cell signaling that can lead to diseases such as cancer. RTKs are activated at the plasma membrane (PM) upon ligand binding. Contrary to the initial belief, RTK activity does not terminate immediately following endocytosis, instead RTKs remain active while being trafficked in endosomes. Here we describe a two-pulse endosomal stimulation approach which can specifically activate endosome-accumulated EGFR and drive cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pennock
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7.,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA, 10591
| | - Sukhmani Billing
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Yi Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7. .,Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, ON, Canada, K0J 1J0.
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44
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Durbin KR, Phipps C, Liao X. Mechanistic Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Internalization at the Cellular Level Reveals Inefficient Processing Steps. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1341-1351. [PMID: 29592884 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) offer an avenue for specific drug delivery to target cells. Here, parameters with important roles in the cellular processing of ADCs were quantitatively measured for Ab033, an antibody against EGFR. In EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines, Ab033 internalized at rates of 0.047/min and 0.15/min for A431 and H441 cells, respectively. Once internalized, Ab033 either trafficked to the lysosome or was recycled; up to 45% of internalized Ab033 returned to the cell surface. Despite such recycling, intracellular accumulation of Ab033 continually increased over 24 hours. Ab033 was conjugated to form a dual toxin ADC containing both cleavable and non-cleavable linker-drug payloads for release rate comparisons. Intracellular concentrations of freed drug from cleavable linker were greater than from non-cleavable linker and exceeded 5 × 106 drug molecules per A431 cell after 24 hours. Compared with intracellular antibody accumulation, formation of released drug was delayed, likely due to the time needed for endo-lysosomal trafficking and subsequent linker/antibody proteolysis. Informed by the quantitative data, a cellular ADC model was constructed and used to summarize processing inefficiencies. Modeling simulations were conducted to determine parameter sensitivity on intracellular drug concentrations, with rates of EGFR internalization and recycling as well as ADC trafficking found to be the most sensitive toward final intracellular drug concentrations. Overall, this study shows Ab033 ADCs to be a viable strategy for delivery of cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells with subsequent modeling efforts able to highlight key processing steps to be improved for increased drug delivery. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1341-51. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Durbin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Colin Phipps
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Process R&D Department, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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45
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Zuverink M, Barbieri JT. Protein Toxins That Utilize Gangliosides as Host Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:325-354. [PMID: 29747819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of protein toxins utilize gangliosides as host receptors. Gangliosides are preferred receptors due to their extracellular localization on the eukaryotic cell and due to their essential nature in host physiology. Glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, are mediators of signal transduction within and between eukaryotic cells. Protein toxins possess AB structure-function organization, where the A domain encodes a catalytic function for the posttranslational modification of a host macromolecule, including proteins and nucleic acids, and a B domain, which encodes host receptor recognition, including proteins and glycosphingolipids, alone or in combination. Protein toxins use similar strategies to bind glycans by pockets and loops, generally employing hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking to stabilize interactions with sugars. In some cases, glycan binding facilitates uptake, while in other cases, cross-linking or a second receptor is necessary to stimulate entry. The affinity that protein toxins have for host glycans is necessary for tissue targeting, but not always sufficient to cause disease. In addition to affinity for binding the glycan, the lipid moiety also plays an important role in productive uptake and tissue tropism. Upon endocytosis, the protein toxin must escape to another intracellular compartment or into cytosol to modify a host substrate, modulating host signaling, often resulting in cytotoxic or apoptotic events in the cell, and a unique morbidity for the organism. The study of protein toxins that utilize gangliosides as host receptors has illuminated numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, identified the basis for developing interventions to prevent disease through vaccines and control bacterial diseases through therapies. In addition, subsets of these protein toxins have been utilized as therapeutic agents to treat numerous human inflictions.
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46
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Weddell JC, Imoukhuede PI. Integrative meta-modeling identifies endocytic vesicles, late endosome and the nucleus as the cellular compartments primarily directing RTK signaling. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:464-484. [PMID: 28436498 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, intracellular receptor signaling has been identified as a key component mediating cell responses for various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the extent each endocytic compartment (endocytic vesicle, early endosome, recycling endosome, late endosome, lysosome and nucleus) contributes to receptor signaling has not been quantified. Furthermore, our understanding of endocytosis and receptor signaling is complicated by cell- or receptor-specific endocytosis mechanisms. Therefore, towards understanding the differential endocytic compartment signaling roles, and identifying how to achieve signal transduction control for RTKs, we delineate how endocytosis regulates RTK signaling. We achieve this via a meta-analysis across eight RTKs, integrating computational modeling with experimentally derived cell (compartment volume, trafficking kinetics and pH) and ligand-receptor (ligand/receptor concentration and interaction kinetics) physiology. Our simulations predict the abundance of signaling from eight RTKs, identifying the following hierarchy in RTK signaling: PDGFRβ > IGFR1 > EGFR > PDGFRα > VEGFR1 > VEGFR2 > Tie2 > FGFR1. We find that endocytic vesicles are the primary cell signaling compartment; over 43% of total receptor signaling occurs within the endocytic vesicle compartment for these eight RTKs. Mechanistically, we found that high RTK signaling within endocytic vesicles may be attributed to their low volume (5.3 × 10-19 L) which facilitates an enriched ligand concentration (3.2 μM per ligand molecule within the endocytic vesicle). Under the analyzed physiological conditions, we identified extracellular ligand concentration as the most sensitive parameter to change; hence the most significant one to modify when regulating absolute compartment signaling. We also found that the late endosome and nucleus compartments are important contributors to receptor signaling, where 26% and 18%, respectively, of average receptor signaling occurs across the eight RTKs. Conversely, we found very low membrane-based receptor signaling, exhibiting <1% of the total receptor signaling for these eight RTKs. Moreover, we found that nuclear translocation, mechanistically, requires late endosomal transport; when we blocked receptor trafficking from late endosomes to the nucleus we found a 57% reduction in nuclear translocation. In summary, our research has elucidated the significance of endocytic vesicles, late endosomes and the nucleus in RTK signal propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Weddell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W Springfield Ave., 3233 Digital Computer Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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47
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Song JM, Anandharaj A, Upadhyaya P, Kirtane AR, Kim JH, Hong KH, Panyam J, Kassie F. Honokiol suppresses lung tumorigenesis by targeting EGFR and its downstream effectors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57752-57769. [PMID: 27458163 PMCID: PMC5295387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly deregulated in pre-malignant lung epithelium, targeting EGFR may arrest the development of lung cancer. Here, we showed that honokiol (2.5–7.5 μM), a bioactive compound of Magnolia officinalis, differentially suppressed proliferation (up to 93%) and induced apoptosis (up to 61%) of EGFR overexpressing tumorigenic bronchial cells and these effects were paralleled by downregulation of phospho-EGFR, phospho-Akt, phospho-STAT3 and cell cycle-related proteins as early as 6–12 h post-treatment. Autocrine secretion of EGF sensitized 1170 cells to the effects of honokiol. Molecular docking studies indicated that honokiol binds to the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR although it was less efficient than erlotinib. However, the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of honokiol were stronger than those of erlotinib. Upon combinatory treatment, honokiol sensitized bronchial cells and erlotinib resistant H1650 and H1975 cells to erlotinib. Furthermore, in a mouse lung tumor bioassay, intranasal instillation of liposomal honokiol (5 mg/kg) for 14 weeks reduced the size and multiplicity (49%) of lung tumors and the level of total- and phospho-EGFR, phospho-Akt and phospho-STAT3. Overall, our results indicate that honokiol is a promising candidate to suppress the development and even progression of lung tumors driven by EGFR deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Song
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ameya R Kirtane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jong-Hyuk Kim
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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48
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Spatio-temporal regulation of EGFR signaling by the Eps15 homology domain-containing protein 3 (EHD3). Oncotarget 2018; 7:79203-79216. [PMID: 27811356 PMCID: PMC5346708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor EGFR is a major receptor tyrosine kinase whose role in gliomagenesis is well established. We have recently identified EHD3 [Eps15 homology (EH) domain-containing protein 3], an endocytic trafficking regulatory protein, as a putative brain tumor suppressor. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanisms, by establishing a novel mechanistic and functional connection between EHD3 and the EGFR signaling pathway. We show that, in response to stimulation with the EGF ligand, EHD3 accelerates the rate of EGFR degradation by dramatically increasing its ubiquitination. As part of this process, EHD3 also regulates EGFR endosomal trafficking by diverting it away from the recycling route into the degradative pathway. Moreover, we found that upon EGF activation, rather than affecting the total MAPK and AKT downstream signaling, EHD3 decreases endosome-based signaling of these two pathways, thus suggesting the contribution of EHD3 in the spatial regulation of EGFR signaling. This function explains the higher sensitivity of EHD3-expressing cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of EGF. In summary, this is the first report supporting a mechanism of EHD3-mediated tumor suppression that involves the attenuation of endosomal signaling of the EGFR oncogene.
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49
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Discovery of High-Affinity PDGF-VEGFR Interactions: Redefining RTK Dynamics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16439. [PMID: 29180757 PMCID: PMC5704011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all studies of angiogenesis have focused on uni-family ligand-receptor binding, e.g., VEGFs bind to VEGF receptors, PDGFs bind to PDGF receptors, etc. The discovery of VEGF-PDGFRs binding challenges this paradigm and calls for investigation of other ligand-receptor binding possibilities. We utilized surface plasmon resonance to identify and measure PDGF-to-VEGFR binding rates, establishing cut-offs for binding and non-binding interactions. We quantified the kinetics of the recent VEGF-A:PDGFRβ interaction for the first time with KD = 340 pM. We discovered new PDGF:VEGFR2 interactions with PDGF-AA:R2 KD = 530 nM, PDGF-AB:R2 KD = 110 pM, PDGF-BB:R2 KD = 40 nM, and PDGF-CC:R2 KD = 70 pM. We computationally predict that cross-family PDGF binding could contribute up to 96% of VEGFR2 ligation in healthy conditions and in cancer. Together the identification, quantification, and simulation of these novel cross-family interactions posits new mechanisms for understanding anti-angiogenic drug resistance and presents an expanded role of growth factor signaling with significance in health and disease.
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50
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Abstract
Trophic factors control cellular physiology by activating specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). While the over activation of RTK signaling pathways is associated with cell growth and cancer, recent findings support the concept that impaired down-regulation or deactivation of RTKs may also be a mechanism involved in tumor formation. Under this perspective, the molecular determinants of RTK signaling inhibition may act as tumor-suppressor genes and have a potential role as tumor markers to monitor and predict disease progression. Here, we review the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms that attenuate RTK signaling and discuss evidence that implicates deregulation of these events in cancer.
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