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Walker TJ, Reyes-Alvarez E, Hyndman BD, Sugiyama MG, Oliveira LCB, Rekab AN, Crupi MJF, Cabral-Dias R, Guo Q, Dahia PLM, Richardson DS, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Loss of tumor suppressor TMEM127 drives RET-mediated transformation through disrupted membrane dynamics. eLife 2024; 12:RP89100. [PMID: 38687678 PMCID: PMC11060712 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Internalization from the cell membrane and endosomal trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important regulators of signaling in normal cells that can frequently be disrupted in cancer. The adrenal tumor pheochromocytoma (PCC) can be caused by activating mutations of the rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase, or inactivation of TMEM127, a transmembrane tumor suppressor implicated in trafficking of endosomal cargos. However, the role of aberrant receptor trafficking in PCC is not well understood. Here, we show that loss of TMEM127 causes wildtype RET protein accumulation on the cell surface, where increased receptor density facilitates constitutive ligand-independent activity and downstream signaling, driving cell proliferation. Loss of TMEM127 altered normal cell membrane organization and recruitment and stabilization of membrane protein complexes, impaired assembly, and maturation of clathrin-coated pits, and reduced internalization and degradation of cell surface RET. In addition to RTKs, TMEM127 depletion also promoted surface accumulation of several other transmembrane proteins, suggesting it may cause global defects in surface protein activity and function. Together, our data identify TMEM127 as an important determinant of membrane organization including membrane protein diffusability and protein complex assembly and provide a novel paradigm for oncogenesis in PCC where altered membrane dynamics promotes cell surface accumulation and constitutive activity of growth factor receptors to drive aberrant signaling and promote transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Walker
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Brandy D Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Michael G Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Larissa CB Oliveira
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Aisha N Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Mathieu JF Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Rebecca Cabral-Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Patricia LM Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Douglas S Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Scientific Image Analysis Group, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
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2
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Walker TJ, Reyes-Alvarez E, Hyndman BD, Sugiyama MG, Oliveira LC, Rekab AN, Crupi MJ, Cabral-Dias R, Guo Q, Dahia PL, Richardson DS, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Loss of Tumour Suppressor TMEM127 Drives RET-mediated Transformation Through Disrupted Membrane Dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.28.546955. [PMID: 37425958 PMCID: PMC10327082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Internalization from the cell membrane and endosomal trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are important regulators of signaling in normal cells that can frequently be disrupted in cancer. The adrenal tumour pheochromocytoma (PCC) can be caused by activating mutations of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, or inactivation of TMEM127, a transmembrane tumour suppressor implicated in trafficking of endosomal cargos. However, the role of aberrant receptor trafficking in PCC is not well understood. Here, we show that loss of TMEM127 causes wildtype RET protein accumulation on the cell surface, where increased receptor density facilitates constitutive ligand-independent activity and downstream signaling, driving cell proliferation. Loss of TMEM127 altered normal cell membrane organization and recruitment and stabilization of membrane protein complexes, impaired assembly, and maturation of clathrin coated pits, and reduced internalization and degradation of cell surface RET. In addition to RTKs, TMEM127 depletion also promoted surface accumulation of several other transmembrane proteins, suggesting it may cause global defects in surface protein activity and function. Together, our data identify TMEM127 as an important determinant of membrane organization including membrane protein diffusability, and protein complex assembly and provide a novel paradigm for oncogenesis in PCC where altered membrane dynamics promotes cell surface accumulation and constitutive activity of growth factor receptors to drive aberrant signaling and promote transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Walker
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brandy D. Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael G. Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Larissa C.B. Oliveira
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Aisha N. Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cabral-Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Patricia L.M. Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Douglas S. Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard Center for Biological Imaging; Scientific Image Analysis Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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3
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Saeed-Vafa D, Chatzopoulos K, Hernandez-Prera J, Cano P, Saller JJ, Hallanger Johnson JE, McIver B, Boyle TA. RET splice site variants in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Front Genet 2024; 15:1377158. [PMID: 38566816 PMCID: PMC10985236 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1377158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an aggressive cancer that is often caused by driver mutations in RET. Splice site variants (SSV) reflect changes in mRNA processing, which may alter protein function. RET SSVs have been described in thyroid tumors in general but have not been extensively studied in MTC. Methods: The prevalence of RET SSVs was evaluated in 3,624 cases with next generation sequence reports, including 25 MTCs. Fisher exact analysis was performed to compare RET SSV frequency in cancers with/without a diagnosis of MTC. Results: All 25 MTCs had at least one of the two most common RET SSVs versus 0.3% of 3,599 cancers with other diagnoses (p < 0.00001). The 11 cancers with non-MTC diagnoses that had the common RET SSVs were 4 neuroendocrine cancers, 4 non-small cell lung carcinomas, 2 non-MTC thyroid cancers, and 1 melanoma. All 25 MTCs analyzed had at least one of the two most common RET SSVs, including 4 with no identified mutational driver. Discussion: The identification of RET SSVs in all MTCs, but rarely in other cancer types, demonstrates that these RET SSVs distinguish MTCs from other cancer types. Future studies are needed to investigate whether these RET SSVs play a pathogenic role in MTC.
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Gou X, Kim BJ, Anurag M, Lei JT, Young MN, Holt MV, Fandino D, Vollert CT, Singh P, Alzubi MA, Malovannaya A, Dobrolecki LE, Lewis MT, Li S, Foulds CE, Ellis MJ. Kinome Reprogramming Is a Targetable Vulnerability in ESR1 Fusion-Driven Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3237-3251. [PMID: 37071495 PMCID: PMC10543968 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptionally active ESR1 fusions (ESR1-TAF) are a potent cause of breast cancer endocrine therapy (ET) resistance. ESR1-TAFs are not directly druggable because the C-terminal estrogen/anti-estrogen-binding domain is replaced with translocated in-frame partner gene sequences that confer constitutive transactivation. To discover alternative treatments, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based kinase inhibitor pulldown assay (KIPA) was deployed to identify druggable kinases that are upregulated by diverse ESR1-TAFs. Subsequent explorations of drug sensitivity validated RET kinase as a common therapeutic vulnerability despite remarkable ESR1-TAF C-terminal sequence and structural diversity. Organoids and xenografts from a pan-ET-resistant patient-derived xenograft model that harbors the ESR1-e6>YAP1 TAF were concordantly inhibited by the selective RET inhibitor pralsetinib to a similar extent as the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Together, these findings provide preclinical rationale for clinical evaluation of RET inhibition for the treatment of ESR1-TAF-driven ET-resistant breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Kinome analysis of ESR1 translocated and mutated breast tumors using drug bead-based mass spectrometry followed by drug-sensitivity studies nominates RET as a therapeutic target. See related commentary by Wu and Subbiah, p. 3159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Gou
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan T. Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meggie N. Young
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew V. Holt
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Diana Fandino
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig T. Vollert
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Employee of Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Purba Singh
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammad A. Alzubi
- Employee of Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lacey E. Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles E. Foulds
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew J. Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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5
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Guo Q, Cheng ZM, Gonzalez-Cantú H, Rotondi M, Huelgas-Morales G, Ethiraj P, Qiu Z, Lefkowitz J, Song W, Landry BN, Lopez H, Estrada-Zuniga CM, Goyal S, Khan MA, Walker TJ, Wang E, Li F, Ding Y, Mulligan LM, Aguiar RCT, Dahia PLM. TMEM127 suppresses tumor development by promoting RET ubiquitination, positioning, and degradation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113070. [PMID: 37659079 PMCID: PMC10637630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The TMEM127 gene encodes a transmembrane protein of poorly known function that is mutated in pheochromocytomas, neural crest-derived tumors of adrenomedullary cells. Here, we report that, at single-nucleus resolution, TMEM127-mutant tumors share precursor cells and transcription regulatory elements with pheochromocytomas carrying mutations of the tyrosine kinase receptor RET. Additionally, TMEM127-mutant pheochromocytomas, human cells, and mouse knockout models of TMEM127 accumulate RET and increase its signaling. TMEM127 contributes to RET cellular positioning, trafficking, and lysosome-mediated degradation. Mechanistically, TMEM127 binds to RET and recruits the NEDD4 E3 ubiquitin ligase for RET ubiquitination and degradation via TMEM127 C-terminal PxxY motifs. Lastly, increased cell proliferation and tumor burden after TMEM127 loss can be reversed by selective RET inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Our results define TMEM127 as a component of the ubiquitin system and identify aberrant RET stabilization as a likely mechanism through which TMEM127 loss-of-function mutations cause pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zi-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hector Gonzalez-Cantú
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Rotondi
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gabriela Huelgas-Morales
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Purushoth Ethiraj
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Lefkowitz
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wan Song
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bethany N Landry
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hector Lopez
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia M Estrada-Zuniga
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shivi Goyal
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Aasif Khan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy J Walker
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Exing Wang
- Department Cell Structure and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yanli Ding
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Science Center at Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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6
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Soshnikova NV, Simonov YP, Feoktistov AV, Khamidullina AI, Yastrebova MA, Bayramova DO, Tatarskiy VV, Georgieva SG. New Approach for Studying of Isoforms and High-Homology Proteins in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12153. [PMID: 37569530 PMCID: PMC10419129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a large number of proteins are expressed as more than one isoform, resulting in the increased diversity of their proteome. Understanding the functions of isoforms is very important, since individual isoforms of the same protein can have oncogenic or pathogenic properties, or serve as disease markers. The high homology of isoforms with ubiquitous expression makes it difficult to study them. In this work, we propose a new approach for the study of protein isoforms in mammalian cells, which makes it possible to individually detect and investigate the functions of an individual isoform. The approach was developed to study the functions of isoforms of the PHF10 protein, a chromatin subunit of the PBAF remodeling complex. We demonstrated the possibility of induced simultaneous suppression of all endogenous PHF10 isoforms and the expression of a single recombinant FLAG-tagged isoform. For this purpose, we created constructs based on the pSLIK plasmid with a cloned cassette containing the recombinant gene of interest and miR30 with the corresponding shRNAs. The doxycycline-induced activation of the cassette allows on and off switching. Using this construct, we achieved the preferential expression of only one recombinant PHF10 isoform with a simultaneously reduced number of all endogenous isoforms. Our approach can be used to study the role of point mutations, the functions of individual domains and important sites, or to individually detect untagged isoforms with knockdown of all endogenous isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya V. Soshnikova
- Department of Transcription Factors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuriy P. Simonov
- Department of Transcription Factors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Feoktistov
- Department of Transcription Factors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alvina I. Khamidullina
- Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Margarita A. Yastrebova
- Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Darya O. Bayramova
- Department of Transcription Factors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor V. Tatarskiy
- Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Sofia G. Georgieva
- Department of Transcription Factors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Pecar G, Liu S, Hooda J, Atkinson JM, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. RET signaling in breast cancer therapeutic resistance and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:26. [PMID: 36918928 PMCID: PMC10015789 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RET, a single-pass receptor tyrosine kinase encoded on human chromosome 10, is well known to the field of developmental biology for its role in the ontogenesis of the central and enteric nervous systems and the kidney. In adults, RET alterations have been characterized as drivers of non-small cell lung cancer and multiple neuroendocrine neoplasms. In breast cancer, RET signaling networks have been shown to influence diverse functions including tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. While RET is known to drive the development and progression of multiple solid tumors, therapeutic agents selectively targeting RET are relatively new, though multiple multi-kinase inhibitors have shown promise as RET inhibitors in the past; further, RET has been historically neglected as a potential therapeutic co-target in endocrine-refractory breast cancers despite mounting evidence for a key pathologic role and repeated description of a bi-directional relationship with the estrogen receptor, the principal driver of most breast tumors. Additionally, the recent discovery of RET enrichment in breast cancer brain metastases suggests a role for RET inhibition specific to advanced disease. This review assesses the status of research on RET in breast cancer and evaluates the therapeutic potential of RET-selective kinase inhibitors across major breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Pecar
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Simeng Liu
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jagmohan Hooda
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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8
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RET rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer: Evolving treatment landscape and future challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Estrada-Zuniga CM, Cheng ZM, Ethiraj P, Guo Q, Gonzalez-Cantú H, Adderley E, Lopez H, Landry BN, Zainal A, Aronin N, Ding Y, Wang X, Aguiar RCT, Dahia PLM. A RET::GRB2 fusion in pheochromocytoma defies the classic paradigm of RET oncogenic fusions. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100686. [PMID: 35858593 PMCID: PMC9381411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The RET kinase receptor is a target of mutations in neural crest tumors, including pheochromocytomas, and of oncogenic fusions in epithelial cancers. We report a RET::GRB2 fusion in a pheochromocytoma in which RET, functioning as the upstream partner, retains its kinase domain but loses critical C-terminal motifs and is fused to GRB2, a physiological RET interacting protein. RET::GRB2 is an oncogenic driver that leads to constitutive, ligand-independent RET signaling; has transforming capability dependent on RET catalytic function; and is sensitive to RET inhibitors. These observations highlight a new driver event in pheochromocytomas potentially amenable for RET-driven therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Estrada-Zuniga
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zi-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Purushoth Ethiraj
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hector Gonzalez-Cantú
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elaina Adderley
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector Lopez
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bethany N Landry
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abir Zainal
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Neil Aronin
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yanli Ding
- Department of Pathology, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, USA; Greehey Children's Cancer Research, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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10
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The Role of NEDD4 E3 Ubiquitin–Protein Ligases in Parkinson’s Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030513. [PMID: 35328067 PMCID: PMC8950476 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that causes a great clinical burden. However, its exact molecular pathologies are not fully understood. Whilst there are a number of avenues for research into slowing, halting, or reversing PD, one central idea is to enhance the clearance of the proposed aetiological protein, oligomeric α-synuclein. Oligomeric α-synuclein is the main constituent protein in Lewy bodies and neurites and is considered neurotoxic. Multiple E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, including the NEDD4 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4) family, parkin, SIAH (mammalian homologues of Drosophila seven in absentia), CHIP (carboxy-terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein), and SCFFXBL5 SCF ubiquitin ligase assembled by the S-phase kinase-associated protein (SKP1), cullin-1 (Cul1), a zinc-binding RING finger protein, and the F-box domain/Leucine-rich repeat protein 5-containing protein FBXL5), have been shown to be able to ubiquitinate α-synuclein, influencing its subsequent degradation via the proteasome or lysosome. Here, we explore the link between NEDD4 ligases and PD, which is not only via α-synuclein but further strengthened by several additional substrates and interaction partners. Some members of the NEDD4 family of ligases are thought to crosstalk even with PD-related genes and proteins found to be mutated in familial forms of PD. Mutations in NEDD4 family genes have not been observed in PD patients, most likely because of their essential survival function during development. Following further in vivo studies, it has been thought that NEDD4 ligases may be viable therapeutic targets in PD. NEDD4 family members could clear toxic proteins, enhancing cell survival and slowing disease progression, or might diminish beneficial proteins, reducing cell survival and accelerating disease progression. Here, we review studies to date on the expression and function of NEDD4 ubiquitin ligases in the brain and their possible impact on PD pathology.
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11
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Mulè C, Ciampi R, Ramone T, Prete A, Matrone A, Cappagli V, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Elisei R, Romei C. Higher RET Gene Expression Levels Do Not Represent anAlternative RET Activation Mechanism in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101542. [PMID: 34680178 PMCID: PMC8533768 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether RET (rearranged during transfection) mRNA over-expression could be considered an alternative driver event for the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and if different RET isoforms could play a role in MTC tumorigenesis. Eighty-three MTC patients, whose mutational profile was previously identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) IONS5, were included in this study. Expression analysis was performed by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. RET expression levels were found to be significantly higher in cases with RET somatic mutations than in cases that were negative for RET somatic mutations (p = 0.003) as well as in cases with a somatic mutation, either in RET or RAS than in cases negative for both these mutations (p = 0.01). All cases were positive for the RET51 isoform expression while only 72/83 (86.7%) were positive for RET9 isoform expression. A statistically significant higher expression of the RET51 isoform was found in cases positive for RET somatic mutation than in cases either positive for RAS mutation (p = 0.0006) or negative for both mutations (p = 0.001). According to our data, RET gene over-expression does not play a role in MTC tumorigenesis, neither as an entire gene or as an isoform. At variance, the RET gene, and in particular the RET51 isoform, is expressed higher in RET mutated cases. On the basis of these results we can hypothesize that the overexpression of RET, and in particular of RET51, could potentiate the transforming activity of mutated RET, making these cases more aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mulè
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Teresa Ramone
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Antonio Matrone
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050995120
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
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12
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Sunardi M, Ito K, Enomoto H. Live visualization of a functional RET-EGFP chimeric receptor in homozygous knock-in mice. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:285-294. [PMID: 34324195 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The GDNF Family Ligands (GFLs) regulate neural development and kidney organogenesis by activating the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Many RET-dependent developmental processes involve long-distance cell-cell communications or cell polarity, which includes cell migration and axon guidance. This suggests that spatiotemporally regulated subcellular localization of RET protein and appropriate propagation of RET signaling in cells are essential for the physiological function of the GFLs. Little is known, however, about the dynamics of RET protein in cells. Addressing this issue requires development of a system that allows visualization of RET in living cells. In this study, we report generation of a novel knock-in mouse line in which the RET-EGFP chimeric receptor is expressed under the Ret promoter. Unlike Ret-deficient mice that die after birth due to the absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and kidneys, RetRET-EGFP/RET-EGFP mice were viable and grew to adulthood with no overt abnormality, which indicated that RET-EGFP exerts function comparable to RET. In neurons and ENS progenitors, RET-EGFP signals were detected both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm, the latter of which appeared as a punctate pattern. Time-lapse imaging of cultured neural cells and embryos revealed active transport of RET-EGFP puncta in neuronal axons and cell bodies. Immunohistochemical analyses detected RET-EGFP signals in early and recycling endosomes, indicating that RET-EGFP is trafficked via the endocytic pathway. RetRET-EGFP/RET-EGFP mice enable visualization of functional RET protein in vivo for the first time and provide a unique platform to examine the dynamics and physiology of RET trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Sunardi
- Division for Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Division for Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Division for Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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13
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Zhang Z, Sun GY, Ding S. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Focal Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2638-2650. [PMID: 33591443 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal ischemic stroke (FIS) is a leading cause of human debilitation and death. Following the onset of a FIS, the brain experiences a series of spatiotemporal changes which are exemplified in different pathological processes. One prominent feature of FIS is the development of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation in the peri-infarct region (PIR). During the subacute phase, astrocytes in PIR are activated, referred to as reactive astrocytes (RAs), exhibit changes in morphology (hypotrophy), show an increased proliferation capacity, and altered gene expression profile, a phenomenon known as reactive astrogliosis. Subsequently, the morphology of RAs remains stable, and proliferation starts to decline together with the formation of glial scars. Reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation eventually cause substantial tissue remodeling and changes in permanent structure around the PIR. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was originally isolated from a rat glioma cell-line and regarded as a potent survival neurotrophic factor. Under normal conditions, GDNF is expressed in neurons but is upregulated in RAs after FIS. This review briefly describes properties of GDNF, its receptor-mediated signaling pathways, as well as recent studies regarding the role of RAs-derived GDNF in neuronal protection and brain recovery. These results provide evidence suggesting an important role of RA-derived GDNF in intrinsic brain repair and recovery after FIS, and thus targeting GDNF in RAs may be effective for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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14
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Kajihara D, Hon CC, Abdullah AN, Wosniak J, Moretti AIS, Poloni JF, Bonatto D, Hashimoto K, Carninci P, Laurindo FRM. Analysis of splice variants of the human protein disulfide isomerase (P4HB) gene. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:766. [PMID: 33148170 PMCID: PMC7640458 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein Disulfide Isomerases are thiol oxidoreductase chaperones from thioredoxin superfamily with crucial roles in endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis, implicated in many diseases. The family prototype PDIA1 is also involved in vascular redox cell signaling. PDIA1 is coded by the P4HB gene. While forced changes in P4HB gene expression promote physiological effects, little is known about endogenous P4HB gene regulation and, in particular, gene modulation by alternative splicing. This study addressed the P4HB splice variant landscape. RESULTS Ten protein coding sequences (Ensembl) of the P4HB gene originating from alternative splicing were characterized. Structural features suggest that except for P4HB-021, other splice variants are unlikely to exert thiol isomerase activity at the endoplasmic reticulum. Extensive analyses using FANTOM5, ENCODE Consortium and GTEx project databases as RNA-seq data sources were performed. These indicated widespread expression but significant variability in the degree of isoform expression among distinct tissues and even among distinct locations of the same cell, e.g., vascular smooth muscle cells from different origins. P4HB-02, P4HB-027 and P4HB-021 were relatively more expressed across each database, the latter particularly in vascular smooth muscle. Expression of such variants was validated by qRT-PCR in some cell types. The most consistently expressed splice variant was P4HB-021 in human mammary artery vascular smooth muscle which, together with canonical P4HB gene, had its expression enhanced by serum starvation. CONCLUSIONS Our study details the splice variant landscape of the P4HB gene, indicating their potential role to diversify the functional reach of this crucial gene. P4HB-021 splice variant deserves further investigation in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kajihara
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex 2, 9th floor, Sao Paulo, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.,Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Laboratory for Genome Information Analysis, Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aimi Naim Abdullah
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - João Wosniak
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex 2, 9th floor, Sao Paulo, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Iochabel S Moretti
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex 2, 9th floor, Sao Paulo, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Joice F Poloni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kosuke Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory of Computational Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex 2, 9th floor, Sao Paulo, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
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15
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RET isoforms contribute differentially to invasive processes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:6493-6510. [PMID: 32884116 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a therapeutically challenging disease with poor survival rates, owing to late diagnosis and early dissemination. These tumors frequently undergo perineural invasion, spreading along nerves regionally and to distant sites. The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in increased aggressiveness, local invasion, and metastasis in multiple cancers, including PDAC. RET mediates directional motility and invasion towards sources of its neurotrophic factor ligands, suggesting that it may enhance perineural invasion of tumor cells towards nerves. RET is expressed as two main isoforms, RET9 and RET51, which differ in their protein interactions and oncogenic potentials, however, the contributions of RET isoforms to neural invasion have not been investigated. In this study, we generated total RET and isoform-specific knockdown PDAC cell lines and assessed the contributions of RET isoforms to PDAC invasive spread. Our data show that RET activity induces cell polarization and actin remodeling through activation of CDC42 and RHOA GTPases to promote directional motility in PDAC cells. Further, we show that RET interacts with the adaptor protein TKS5 to induce invadopodia formation, enhance matrix degradation and promote tumor cell invasion through a SRC and GRB2-dependent mechanism. Finally, we show that RET51 is the predominant isoform contributing to these RET-mediated invasive processes in PDAC. Together, our work suggests that RET expression in pancreatic cancers may enhance tumor aggressiveness by promoting perineural invasion, and that RET expression may be a valuable marker of invasiveness, and a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these cancers.
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16
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PTPRA Phosphatase Regulates GDNF-Dependent RET Signaling and Inhibits the RET Mutant MEN2A Oncogenic Potential. iScience 2020; 23:100871. [PMID: 32062451 PMCID: PMC7021549 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene encodes receptor tyrosine kinase, expressed primarily in tissues of neural crest origin. De-regulation of RET signaling is implicated in several human cancers. Recent phosphatome interactome analysis identified PTPRA interacting with the neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent RET-Ras-MAPK signaling-axis. Here, by identifying comprehensive interactomes of PTPRA and RET, we reveal their close physical and functional association. The PTPRA directly interacts with RET, and using the phosphoproteomic approach, we identify RET as a direct dephosphorylation substrate of PTPRA both in vivo and in vitro. The protein phosphatase domain-1 is indispensable for the PTPRA inhibitory role on RET activity and downstream Ras-MAPK signaling, whereas domain-2 has only minor effect. Furthermore, PTPRA also regulates the RET oncogenic mutant variant MEN2A activity and invasion capacity, whereas the MEN2B is insensitive to PTPRA. In sum, we discern PTPRA as a novel regulator of RET signaling in both health and cancer. PTPRA inhibits ligand (GDNF-GFRα1)-mediated RET activity on Ras-MAPK signaling axis PTPRA dephosphorylate RET on key functional phosphotyrosine sites PTPRA catalytic (PTPase) domain 1 regulates RET-driven signaling PTPRA suppresses RET oncogenic mutant MEN2A in both Ras-MAPK and cell invasion models
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17
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MacDonald ML, Garver M, Newman J, Sun Z, Kannarkat J, Salisbury R, Glausier J, Ding Y, Lewis DA, Yates N, Sweet RA. Synaptic Proteome Alterations in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Individuals With Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:86-95. [PMID: 31642882 PMCID: PMC6813579 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance Findings from unbiased genetic studies have consistently implicated synaptic protein networks in schizophrenia, but the molecular pathologic features within these networks and their contribution to the synaptic and circuit deficits thought to underlie disease symptoms remain unknown. Objective To determine whether protein levels are altered within synapses from the primary auditory cortex (A1) of individuals with schizophrenia and, if so, whether these differences are restricted to the synapse or occur throughout the gray matter. Design, Setting, and Participants This paired case-control study included tissue samples from individuals with schizophrenia obtained from the Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner. An independent panel of health care professionals made consensus DSM-IV diagnoses. Each tissue sample from an individual with schizophrenia was matched by sex, age, and postmortem interval with 1 sample from an unaffected control individual. Targeted mass spectrometry was used to measure protein levels in A1 gray matter homogenate and synaptosome preparations. All experimenters were blinded to diagnosis. Mass spectrometry data were collected from September 26 through November 4, 2016, and analyzed from November 3, 2016, to July 15, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary measures were homogenate and synaptosome protein levels and their coregulation network features. Hypotheses generated before data collection were (1) that levels of canonical postsynaptic proteins in A1 synaptosome preparations would differ between individuals with schizophrenia and controls and (2) that these differences would not be explained by changes in total A1 homogenate protein levels. Results Synaptosome and homogenate protein levels were investigated in 48 individuals with a schizophrenia diagnosis and 48 controls (mean age in both groups, 48 years [range, 17-83 years]); each group included 35 males (73%) and 13 females (27%). Robust alterations (statistical cutoff set at an adjusted Limma P < .05) were observed in synaptosome levels of canonical mitochondrial and postsynaptic proteins that were highly coregulated and not readily explained by postmortem interval, antipsychotic drug treatment, synaptosome yield, or underlying alterations in homogenate protein levels. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest a robust and highly coordinated rearrangement of the synaptic proteome. In line with unbiased genetic findings, alterations in synaptic levels of postsynaptic proteins were identified, providing a road map to identify the specific cells and circuits that are impaired in individuals with schizophrenia A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Garver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Kannarkat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill Glausier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Yates
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Crupi MJF, Maritan SM, Reyes-Alvarez E, Lian EY, Hyndman BD, Rekab AN, Moodley S, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. GGA3-mediated recycling of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase contributes to cell migration and invasion. Oncogene 2019; 39:1361-1377. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Li J, Shang G, Chen YJ, Brautigam CA, Liou J, Zhang X, Bai XC. Cryo-EM analyses reveal the common mechanism and diversification in the activation of RET by different ligands. eLife 2019; 8:e47650. [PMID: 31535977 PMCID: PMC6760901 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays essential roles in development and has been implicated in several human diseases. Different from most of RTKs, RET requires not only its cognate ligands but also co-receptors for activation, the mechanisms of which remain unclear due to lack of high-resolution structures of the ligand/co-receptor/receptor complexes. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the extracellular region ternary complexes of GDF15/GFRAL/RET, GDNF/GFRα1/RET, NRTN/GFRα2/RET and ARTN/GFRα3/RET. These structures reveal that all the four ligand/co-receptor pairs, while using different atomic interactions, induce a specific dimerization mode of RET that is poised to bring the two kinase domains into close proximity for cross-phosphorylation. The NRTN/GFRα2/RET dimeric complex further pack into a tetrameric assembly, which is shown by our cell-based assays to regulate the endocytosis of RET. Our analyses therefore reveal both the common mechanism and diversification in the activation of RET by different ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jen Liou
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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20
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Tuttle A, Drerup CM, Marra M, McGraw H, Nechiporuk AV. Retrograde Ret signaling controls sensory pioneer axon outgrowth. eLife 2019; 8:46092. [PMID: 31476133 PMCID: PMC6718271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking mechanisms and transcriptional targets downstream of long-range neurotrophic factor ligand/receptor signaling that promote axon growth are incompletely understood. Zebrafish carrying a null mutation in a neurotrophic factor receptor, Ret, displayed defects in peripheral sensory axon growth cone morphology and dynamics. Ret receptor was highly enriched in sensory pioneer neurons and Ret51 isoform was required for pioneer axon outgrowth. Loss-of-function of a cargo adaptor, Jip3, partially phenocopied Ret axonal defects, led to accumulation of activated Ret in pioneer growth cones, and reduced retrograde Ret51 transport. Jip3 and Ret51 were also retrogradely co-transported, ultimately suggesting Jip3 is a retrograde adapter of active Ret51. Finally, loss of Ret reduced transcription and growth cone localization of Myosin-X, an initiator of filopodial formation. These results show a specific role for Ret51 in pioneer axon growth, and suggest a critical role for long-range retrograde Ret signaling in regulating growth cone dynamics through downstream transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tuttle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Molly Marra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Hillary McGraw
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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21
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Ramone T, Romei C, Ciampi R, Tacito A, Piaggi P, Torregrossa L, Ugolini C, Elisei R. Differential expression of RET isoforms in normal thyroid tissues, papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Endocrine 2019; 65:623-629. [PMID: 31278686 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
POURPOSES We investigated the expression of RET9 and RET51 isoforms in medullary (MTC), papillary (PTC) thyroid carcinoma, normal thyroid tissues, and pheochromocytoma (PHEO) to verify if these isoforms are present also in follicular thyroid cell-derived tissues, and if there is a differential expression of RET9 and RET51 in MTC. METHODS Nineteen patients with MTC, 18 patients with PTC, 18 samples of contralateral normal thyroid tissues, and 5 cases of PHEO were included in this study. RET isoform expression was studied by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS All MTCs and PHEOs were positive for RET9 and RET51. Fourteen/eighteen (77.7%) PTC cases were positive for RET9 and/or RET51, and four were positive for only one of the genes. In normal thyroid tissues, 3/18 (16.7%) cases were negative for both isoforms, 4/18 (22.2%) were positive for both, and 11/18 (61.1%) were positive for only one. RET isoforms were expressed at different levels in MTC, PHEO, PTC, and normal thyroid tissues: RET9 expression was higher in PHEO than in MTC, PTC, and normal thyroid tissues. RET9 expression was also higher in MTC than in PTC and normal thyroid tissues. No difference was observed between PTC and normal thyroid tissues. A similar pattern of expression was observed for RET51. In addition, RET51 was significantly more expressed than RET9 in MTC, while RET9 was the predominant isoform in PHEO. CONCLUSIONS Our study documented the expression of the RET9 and RET51 isoforms in normal thyroid and PTC tissues. RET9 and RET51 isoforms were also present in MTC and PHEO. RET51 expression was higher than RET9 expression in MTC, while there was no difference in the expression of these two isoforms in PTC and normal thyroid tissues. RET9 was more highly expressed than RET51 in PHEOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ramone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Romei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Tacito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical and Medical Pathology, Unit of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Department of Surgical and Medical Pathology, Unit of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Ilieva M, Nielsen J, Korshunova I, Gotfryd K, Bock E, Pankratova S, Michel TM. Artemin and an Artemin-Derived Peptide, Artefin, Induce Neuronal Survival, and Differentiation Through Ret and NCAM. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:47. [PMID: 30853893 PMCID: PMC6396024 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a neurotrophic factor from the GDNF family ligands (GFLs) that is involved in development of the nervous system and neuronal differentiation and survival. ARTN signals through a complex receptor system consisting of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor GFL receptor α, GFRα3. We found that ARTN binds directly to neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and that ARTN-induced neuritogenesis requires NCAM expression and activation of NCAM-associated signaling partners, thus corroborating that NCAM is an alternative receptor for ARTN. We designed a small peptide, artefin, that could interact with GFRα3 and demonstrated that this peptide agonist induces RET phosphorylation and mimics the biological functions of ARTN – neuroprotection and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, artefin mimicked the binding of ARTN to NCAM and required NCAM expression and activation for its neurite elongation effect, thereby suggesting that artefin represents a binding site for NCAM within ARTN. We showed that biological effects of ARTN and artefin can be inhibited by abrogation of both NCAM and RET, suggesting a more complex signaling mechanism that previously thought. As NCAM plays a significant role in neurodevelopment, regeneration, and synaptic plasticity we suggest that ARTN and its mimetics are promising candidates for treatment of neurological disorders and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Janne Nielsen
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina Korshunova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bock
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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23
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Image-based modeling of kidney branching morphogenesis reveals GDNF-RET based Turing-type mechanism and pattern-modulating WNT11 feedback. Nat Commun 2019; 10:239. [PMID: 30651543 PMCID: PMC6484223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching patterns and regulatory networks differ between branched organs. It has remained unclear whether a common regulatory mechanism exists and how organ-specific patterns can emerge. Of all previously proposed signalling-based mechanisms, only a ligand-receptor-based Turing mechanism based on FGF10 and SHH quantitatively recapitulates the lung branching patterns. We now show that a GDNF-dependent ligand-receptor-based Turing mechanism quantitatively recapitulates branching of cultured wildtype and mutant ureteric buds, and achieves similar branching patterns when directing domain outgrowth in silico. We further predict and confirm experimentally that the kidney-specific positive feedback between WNT11 and GDNF permits the dense packing of ureteric tips. We conclude that the ligand-receptor based Turing mechanism presents a common regulatory mechanism for lungs and kidneys, despite the differences in the molecular implementation. Given its flexibility and robustness, we expect that the ligand-receptor-based Turing mechanism constitutes a likely general mechanism to guide branching morphogenesis and other symmetry breaks during organogenesis. Many organs develop through branching morphogenesis, but whether the underlying mechanisms are shared is unknown. Here, the authors show that a ligand-receptor based Turing mechanisms, similar to that observed in lung development, likely underlies branching morphogenesis of the kidney.
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24
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Khatami F, Tavangar SM. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes from Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918785129. [PMID: 30013307 PMCID: PMC6043927 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918785129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are infrequent inherited disorders in which more than one endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. There are 3 famous and well-known forms of MEN syndromes (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B) and a newly documented one (MEN4). These syndromes are infrequent and occurred in all ages and both men and women. Usually, germ line mutations that can be resulted in neoplastic transformation of anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets in addition to gastrointestinal tract can be an indicator for MEN1. The medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in association with pheochromocytoma and/or multiple lesions of parathyroid glands with hyperparathyroidism can be pointer of MEN2 which can be subgrouped into the MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial MTC syndromes. There are no distinct biochemical markers that allow identification of familial versus nonfamilial forms of the tumors, but familial MTC usually happens at a younger age than sporadic MTC. The MEN1 gene (menin protein) is in charge of MEN 1 disease, CDNK1B for MEN 4, and RET proto-oncogene for MEN 2. The focus over the molecular targets can bring some hope for both diagnosis and management of MEN syndromes. In the current review, we look at this disease and responsible genes and their cell signaling pathway involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Doctor Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Bhinge K, Yang L, Terra S, Nasir A, Muppa P, Aubry MC, Yi J, Janaki N, Kovtun IV, Murphy SJ, Halling G, Rahi H, Mansfield A, de Andrade M, Yang P, Vasmatzis G, Peikert T, Kosari F. EGFR mediates activation of RET in lung adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation characterized by ASCL1 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27155-27165. [PMID: 28460442 PMCID: PMC5432325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) is a neuroendocrine transcription factor specifically expressed in 10-20% of lung adenocarcinomas (AD) with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation (NED). ASCL1 functions as an upstream regulator of the RET oncogene in AD with high ASCL1 expression (A+AD). RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase with two main human isoforms; RET9 (short) and RET51 (long). We found that elevated expression of RET51 associated mRNA was highly predictive of poor survival in stage-1 A+AD (p=0.0057). Functional studies highlighted the role of RET in promoting invasive properties of A+AD cells. Further, A+AD cells demonstrated close to 10 fold more sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, including gefitinib, than AD cells with low ASCL1 expression. Treatment with EGF robustly induced phosphorylation of RET at Tyr-905 in A+AD cells with wild type EGFR. This phosphorylation was blocked by gefitinib and by siRNA-EGFR. Immunoprecipitation experiments found EGFR in a complex with RET in the presence of EGF and suggested that RET51 was the predominant RET isoform in the complex. In the microarray datasets of stage-1 and all stages of A+AD, high levels of EGFR and RET RNA were significantly associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.01 in both analyses). These results implicate EGFR as a key regulator of RET activation in A+AD and suggest that EGFR inhibitors may be therapeutic in patients with A+AD tumors even in the absence of an EGFR or RET mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Bhinge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Simone Terra
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aqsa Nasir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Prasuna Muppa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Joanne Yi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nafiseh Janaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Irina V Kovtun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Murphy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Geoffrey Halling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hamed Rahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aaron Mansfield
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Farhad Kosari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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26
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Lian EY, Moodley S, Mulligan LM. Exploiting RET isoforms in managing medullary and papillary thyroid cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, & Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Serisha Moodley
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, & Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, & Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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27
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Mabruk ZA, Ahmed SBM, Thomas AC, Prigent SA. The role of the ShcD and RET interaction in neuroblastoma survival and migration. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:99-108. [PMID: 29556564 PMCID: PMC5857170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary screening data showed that the ShcD adaptor protein associates with the proto-oncogene RET receptor tyrosine kinase. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the molecular interaction between ShcD and RET in human neuroblastoma cells and study the functional impact of this interaction. We were able to show that ShcD immunoprecipitated with RET from SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cell lysates upon GDNF treatment. This result was validated by ShcD-RET co-localization, which was visualized using a fluorescence microscope. ShcD-RET coexpression promoted ShcD and RET endosomal localization, resulting in unexpected inhibition of the downstream ERK and AKT pathways. Interestingly, ShcD-RET association reduced the viability and migration of SK-N-AS cells. Although ShcD was previously shown to trigger melanoma cell migration and tumorigenesis, our data showed an opposite role for ShcD in neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cells via its association with RET in GDNF-treated cells. In conclusion, ShcD acts as a switch molecule that promotes contrasting biological responses depending on the stimulus ad cell type. The melanoma associated Shc adaptor, ShcD, is found to interact with Ret oncogene receptor in SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells. ShcD and Ret coexpression favoures their endosomal localization. ShcD-Ret association has suppressed ERK and AKT signalling. The functional consequence of ShcD and Ret interaction was shown to negatively affect cell survival and cellular migration in.
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Key Words
- ALK,, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Akt,, Protein kinase B;
- CMV,, Cytomegalovirus
- DMEM,, Dulbecoo Modified Eagle's Medium;
- DNA,, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- ECL,, Enhanced Chemiluminescence;
- EGF,, Epidermal Growth Factor;
- EGFR,, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor;
- ERK,, Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinases;
- Endosomes
- FBS,, Fetal Bovine Serum
- FGFR,, fibroblast growth factor receptors
- GDNF
- GDNF,, Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotropic Factor;
- GFLs,, GDNF Family Ligands;
- GFP,, Green Fluorescent Protein
- GPCR,, G-Protein Coupled Receptor
- GRB2,, Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 2;
- HGFR,, hepatocyte growth factor receptor;
- HRP,, Horseradish Peroxidase
- IGF,, Insulin Growth Factor;
- LB,, Luria-Bertani
- MAP,, Mitogen-Activated Protein;
- MAPK,, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- MuSK,, Muscle Specific Kinase
- NFDM,, Non-Fat Dry Milk
- Neuroblastoma
- PBS,, Phosphate-Buffered Saline
- PBST,, Phosphate-Buffered Saline Tween
- PDGF,, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor;
- PI3K,, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
- PMSF,, Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
- PVDF,, Polyvinylidene Fluoride
- RET
- RET,, Rearranged During Transfection
- RT,, Room Temperature;
- RTKs,, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
- SDS-PAGE,, Sodium Dodecylsulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
- ShcD
- ShcD,, Src Homology And Collagen D
- Src,, Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src
- TKRs,, Tyrosine Kinase Receptor;
- TrkA/B/C,, Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Receptor A/B/C
- hrs,, Hours
- mAb,, Monoclonal Antibody
- min,, Minute
- pAb,, Polyclonal Antibody
- pTyr,, Phospho-Tyrosine
- rpm,, revolution per minute;
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeanap A Mabruk
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samrein B M Ahmed
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Caroline Thomas
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sally A Prigent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, UK
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28
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Identification of a novel partner gene, KIAA1217, fused to RET: Functional characterization and inhibitor sensitivity of two isoforms in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36101-36114. [PMID: 27150058 PMCID: PMC5094986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
REarranged during Transfection (RET) fusion genes are detected in approximately 1% of lung adenocarcinomas and known primarily as oncogenic driver factors. Here, we found a novel RET fusion gene, KIAA1217-RET, and examined the functional differences of RET51 and RET9 protein, fused with KIAA1217 in cancer progression and drug response. KIAA1217-RET, resulting from the rearrangement of chromosome 10, was generated by the fusion of KIAA1217 exon 11 and RET exon 11 from a non-small cell lung cancer patient. Expression of this gene led to increased cell growth and invasive properties through activations of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways and subsequently enabled oncogenic transformation of lung cells. We observed that cells expressing KIAA1217-RET9 fusion protein were more sensitive to vandetanib than those expressing KIAA1217-RET51 and both isoforms attenuated cellular growth via cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrated that KIAA1217-RET fusion represents a novel oncogenic driver gene, the products of which are sensitive to vandetanib treatment, and suggested that the KIAA1217-RET-fusion gene is a promising target for lung cancer treatment.
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29
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Sotoyama H, Iwakura Y, Oda K, Sasaoka T, Takei N, Kakita A, Enomoto H, Nawa H. Striatal hypodopamine phenotypes found in transgenic mice that overexpress glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci Lett 2017. [PMID: 28645787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) positively regulates the development and maintenance of in vitro dopaminergic neurons. However, the in vivo influences of GDNF signals on the brain dopamine system are controversial and not fully defined. To address this question, we analyzed dopaminergic phenotypes of the transgenic mice that overexpress GDNF under the control of the glial Gfap promoter. Compared with wild-type, the GDNF transgenic mice contained higher levels of GDNF protein and phosphorylated RET receptors in the brain. However, there were reductions in the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine, and its metabolite homovanillic acid in the striatum of transgenic mice. The TH reduction appeared to occur during postnatal development. Immunohistochemistry revealed that striatal TH density was reduced in transgenic mice with no apparent signs of neurodegeneration. In agreement with these neurochemical traits, basal levels of extracellular dopamine and high K+-induced dopamine efflux were decreased in the striatum of transgenic mice. We also explored the influences of GDNF overexpression on lomomotor behavior. GDNF transgenic mice exhibited lower stereotypy and rearing in a novel environment compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that chronic overexpression of GDNF in brain astrocytes exerts an opposing influence on nigrostriatal dopamine metabolism and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Kanako Oda
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Laboratory for Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan.
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30
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Abou-Fayçal C, Hatat AS, Gazzeri S, Eymin B. Splice Variants of the RTK Family: Their Role in Tumour Progression and Response to Targeted Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020383. [PMID: 28208660 PMCID: PMC5343918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) belong to a family of transmembrane receptors that display tyrosine kinase activity and trigger the activation of downstream signalling pathways mainly involved in cell proliferation and survival. RTK amplification or somatic mutations leading to their constitutive activation and oncogenic properties have been reported in various tumour types. Numerous RTK-targeted therapies have been developed to counteract this hyperactivation. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA has recently emerged as an important contributor to cancer development and tumour maintenance. Interestingly, RTKs are alternatively spliced. However, the biological functions of RTK splice variants, as well as the upstream signals that control their expression in tumours, remain to be understood. More importantly, it remains to be determined whether, and how, these splicing events may affect the response of tumour cells to RTK-targeted therapies, and inversely, whether these therapies may impact these splicing events. In this review, we will discuss the role of alternative splicing of RTKs in tumour progression and response to therapies, with a special focus on two major RTKs that control proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis, namely, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherine Abou-Fayçal
- Team RNA Splicing, Cell Signaling and Response to Therapies, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38702, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Hatat
- Team RNA Splicing, Cell Signaling and Response to Therapies, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38702, France.
| | - Sylvie Gazzeri
- Team RNA Splicing, Cell Signaling and Response to Therapies, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38702, France.
| | - Beatrice Eymin
- Team RNA Splicing, Cell Signaling and Response to Therapies, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38702, France.
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31
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Lian EY, Maritan SM, Cockburn JG, Kasaian K, Crupi MJF, Hurlbut D, Jones SJM, Wiseman SM, Mulligan LM. Differential roles of RET isoforms in medullary and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:53-69. [PMID: 27872141 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase mediates cell proliferation, survival and migration in embryogenesis and is implicated in the transformation and tumour progression in multiple cancers. RET is frequently mutated and constitutively activated in familial and sporadic thyroid carcinomas. As a result of alternative splicing, RET is expressed as two protein isoforms, RET9 and RET51, which differ in their unique C-terminal amino acids. These isoforms have distinct intracellular trafficking and associated signalling complexes, but functional differences are not well defined. We used shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of individual RET isoforms or of total RET to evaluate their functional contributions in thyroid carcinoma cells. We showed that RET is required for cell survival in medullary (MTC) but not papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells. In PTC cells, RET depletion reduced cell migration and induced a flattened epithelial-like morphology. RET KD decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers and matrix metalloproteinases and reduced anoikis resistance and invasive potential. Further, we showed that RET51 depletion had significantly greater effects on each of these processes than RET9 depletion in both MTC and PTC cells. Finally, we showed that expression of RET, particularly RET51, was correlated with malignancy in a panel of human thyroid tumour tissues. Together, our data show that RET expression promotes a more mesenchymal phenotype with reduced cell-cell adhesion and increased invasiveness in PTC cell models, but is more important for tumour cell survival, proliferation and anoikis resistance in MTC models. Our data suggest that the RET51 isoform plays a more prominent role in mediating these processes compared to RET9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah M Maritan
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica G Cockburn
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katayoon Kasaian
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hurlbut
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British Columbia, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam M Wiseman
- Department of SurgerySt Paul's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular MedicineQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Hyndman BD, Crupi MJF, Peng S, Bone LN, Rekab AN, Lian EY, Wagner SM, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Differential recruitment of E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes regulates RET isoform internalization. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3282-3296. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in normal development and cancer. RET is expressed as two isoforms, RET9 and RET51, with unique C-terminal tail sequences that recruit distinct protein complexes to mediate signals. Upon activation, RET isoforms are internalized with distinct kinetics, suggesting differences in regulation. Here, we demonstrate that RET9 and RET51 differ in their abilities to recruit E3-ubiquitin ligases to their unique C-termini. RET51, but not RET9, interacts with, and is ubiquitinated by CBL, which is recruited through interactions with the GRB2 adaptor protein. RET51 internalization was not affected by CBL knockout but was delayed in GRB2-depleted cells. In contrast, RET9 ubiquitination requires phosphodependent changes in accessibility of key RET9 C-terminal binding motifs that facilitate interactions with multiple adaptor proteins, including GRB10 and SHANK2, to recruit the NEDD4 ubiquitin ligase. We showed that NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination is required for RET9 localization to clathrin coated pits and subsequent internalization. Our data establish differences in the mechanisms of RET9 and RET51 ubiquitination and internalization that may influence the strength and duration of RET isoform signals and cellular outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy D. Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Susan Peng
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Current address: Bio-Technical Resources, Manitowoc, WI, USA
| | - Leslie N. Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aisha N. Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Eric Y. Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Simona M. Wagner
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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Moyle LA, Blanc E, Jaka O, Prueller J, Banerji CR, Tedesco FS, Harridge SD, Knight RD, Zammit PS. Ret function in muscle stem cells points to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27841748 PMCID: PMC5108591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) involves sporadic expression of DUX4, which inhibits myogenesis and is pro-apoptotic. To identify target genes, we over-expressed DUX4 in myoblasts and found that the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret was significantly up-regulated, suggesting a role in FSHD. RET is dynamically expressed during myogenic progression in mouse and human myoblasts. Constitutive expression of either RET9 or RET51 increased myoblast proliferation, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ret induced myogenic differentiation. Suppressing RET activity using Sunitinib, a clinically-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rescued differentiation in both DUX4-expressing murine myoblasts and in FSHD patient-derived myoblasts. Importantly, Sunitinib also increased engraftment and differentiation of FSHD myoblasts in regenerating mouse muscle. Thus, DUX4-mediated activation of Ret prevents myogenic differentiation and could contribute to FSHD pathology by preventing satellite cell-mediated repair. Rescue of DUX4-induced pathology by Sunitinib highlights the therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of FSHD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11405.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Blanc
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane Jaka
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Prueller
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Rs Banerji
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Dr Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Knight
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Romei C, Ciampi R, Elisei R. A comprehensive overview of the role of the RET proto-oncogene in thyroid carcinoma. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:192-202. [PMID: 26868437 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene was identified in 1985 and, very soon thereafter, a rearrangement named RET/PTC was discovered in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). After this discovery, other RET rearrangements were found in PTCs, particularly in those induced by radiation. For many years, it was thought that these genetic alterations only occurred in PTC, but, in the past couple of years, some RET/PTC rearrangements have been found in other human tumours. 5 years after the discovery of RET/PTC rearrangements in PTC, activating point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene were discovered in both hereditary and sporadic forms of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In contrast to the alterations found in PTC, the activation of RET in MTC is mainly due to activating point mutations. Interestingly, in the past year, RET rearrangements that were different to those described in PTC were observed in sporadic MTC. The identification of RET mutations is relevant to the early diagnosis of hereditary MTC and the prognosis of sporadic MTC. The diagnostic and prognostic role of the RET/PTC rearrangements in PTC is less relevant but still important in patient management, particularly for deciding if a targeted therapy should be initiated. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenic, diagnostic and prognostic roles of the RET proto-oncogene in both PTC and MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ceolin L, Romitti M, Rodrigues Siqueira D, Vaz Ferreira C, Oliboni Scapineli J, Assis-Brazil B, Vieira Maximiano R, Dias Amarante T, de Souza Nunes MC, Weber G, Maia AL. Effect of 3'UTR RET Variants on RET mRNA Secondary Structure and Disease Presentation in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147840. [PMID: 26829565 PMCID: PMC4734678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RET S836S variant has been associated with early onset and increased risk for metastatic disease in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). However, the mechanism by which this variant modulates MTC pathogenesis is still open to discuss. Of interest, strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between RET S836S and 3'UTR variants has been reported in Hirschsprung's disease patients. Objective To evaluate the frequency of the RET 3’UTR variants (rs76759170 and rs3026785) in MTC patients and to determine whether these variants are in LD with S836S polymorphism. Methods Our sample comprised 152 patients with sporadic MTC. The RET S836S and 3’UTR (rs76759170 and rs3026785) variants were genotyped using Custom TaqMan Genotyping Assays. Haplotypes were inferred using the phase 2.1 program. RET mRNA structure was assessed by Vienna Package. Results The mean age of MTC diagnosis was 48.5±15.5 years and 57.9% were women. The minor allele frequencies of RET polymorphisms were as follows: S836S, 5.6%; rs76759170, 5.6%; rs3026785, 6.2%. We observed a strong LD among S836S and 3’UTR variants (|D’| = -1, r2 = 1 and |D’| = -1, r2 = 0,967). Patients harboring the S836S/3’UTR variants presented a higher percentage of lymph node and distant metastasis (P = 0.013 and P<0.001, respectively). Accordingly, RNA folding analyses demonstrated different RNA secondary structure predictions for WT(TCCGT), S836S(TTCGT) or 3’UTR(GTCAC) haplotypes. The S836S/3’UTR haplotype presented a greater number of double helices sections and lower levels of minimal free energy when compared to the wild-type haplotype, suggesting that these variants provides the most thermodynamically stable mRNA structure, which may have functional consequences on the rate of mRNA degradation. Conclusion The RET S836S polymorphism is in LD with 3’UTR variants. In silico analysis indicate that the 3’UTR variants may affect the secondary structure of RET mRNA, suggesting that these variants might play a role in posttranscriptional control of the RET transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucieli Ceolin
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Débora Rodrigues Siqueira
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Carla Vaz Ferreira
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jessica Oliboni Scapineli
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Assis-Brazil
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Vieira Maximiano
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tauanne Dias Amarante
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Miriam Celi de Souza Nunes
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerald Weber
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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36
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Kramer ER, Liss B. GDNF-Ret signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its implication for Parkinson disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3760-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Crupi MJF, Yoganathan P, Bone LN, Lian E, Fetz A, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Distinct Temporal Regulation of RET Isoform Internalization: Roles of Clathrin and AP2. Traffic 2015; 16:1155-73. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Piriya Yoganathan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Leslie N. Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Eric Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Andrew Fetz
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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Wang Y, Stokes A, Duan Z, Hui J, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen HW, Lam K, Zhou CJ. LDL Receptor-Related Protein 6 Modulates Ret Proto-Oncogene Signaling in Renal Development and Cystic Dysplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:417-27. [PMID: 26047795 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic and/or cystic kidneys have been found in both LDL receptor-related protein 6 (Lrp6)- and β-catenin-mutant mouse embryos, and these proteins are key molecules for Wnt signaling. However, the underlying mechanisms of Lrp6/β-catenin signaling in renal development and cystic formation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found evidence that diminished cell proliferation and increased apoptosis occur before cystic dysplasia in the renal primordia of Lrp6-deficient mouse embryos. The expression of Ret proto-oncogene (Ret), a critical receptor for the growth factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is required for early nephrogenesis, was dramatically diminished in the mutant renal primordia. The activities of other representative nephrogenic genes, including Lim1, Pax2, Pax8, GDNF, and Wnt11, were subsequently diminished in the mutant renal primordia. Molecular biology experiments demonstrated that Ret is a novel transcriptional target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Wnt agonist lithium promoted Ret expression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Lrp6-knockdown or lithium treatment in vitro led to downregulation or upregulation, respectively, of the phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 3, which act downstream of GDNF/Ret signaling. Mice with single and double mutations of Lrp6 and Ret were perinatal lethal and demonstrated gene dosage-dependent effects on the severity of renal hypoplasia during embryogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates or interacts with a signaling network consisting of Ret cascades and related nephrogenic factors for renal development, and the disruption of these genes or signaling activities may cause a spectrum of hypoplastic and cystic kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Arjun Stokes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Jordan Hui
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Kit Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California;
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Bagheri-Yarmand R, Sinha KM, Gururaj AE, Ahmed Z, Rizvi YQ, Huang SC, Ladbury JE, Bogler O, Williams MD, Cote GJ, Gagel RF. A novel dual kinase function of the RET proto-oncogene negatively regulates activating transcription factor 4-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11749-61. [PMID: 25795775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is widely known for its essential role in cell survival. Germ line missense mutations, which give rise to constitutively active oncogenic RET, were found to cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, a dominant inherited cancer syndrome that affects neuroendocrine organs. However, the mechanisms by which RET promotes cell survival and prevents cell death remain elusive. We demonstrate that in addition to cytoplasmic localization, RET is localized in the nucleus and functions as a tyrosine-threonine dual specificity kinase. Knockdown of RET by shRNA in medullary thyroid cancer-derived cells stimulated expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master transcription factor for stress-induced apoptosis, through activation of its target proapoptotic genes NOXA and PUMA. RET knockdown also increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. We observed that RET physically interacted with and phosphorylated ATF4 at tyrosine and threonine residues. Indeed, RET kinase activity was required to inhibit the ATF4-dependent activation of the NOXA gene because the site-specific substitution mutations that block threonine phosphorylation increased ATF4 stability and activated its targets NOXA and PUMA. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ATF4 occupancy increased at the NOXA promoter in TT cells treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or the ATF4 inducer eeyarestatin as well as in RET-depleted TT cells. Together these findings reveal RET as a novel dual kinase with nuclear localization and provide mechanisms by which RET represses the proapoptotic genes through direct interaction with and phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of ATF4 during the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna M Sinha
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | | | - Zamal Ahmed
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, and
| | - Yasmeen Q Rizvi
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - Su-Chen Huang
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - John E Ladbury
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, and
| | | | - Michelle D Williams
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gilbert J Cote
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - Robert F Gagel
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
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40
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Inácio AR, Duarte EP, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Brain ischemia downregulates the neuroprotective GDNF-Ret signaling by a calpain-dependent mechanism in cultured hippocampal neurons. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1645. [PMID: 25675305 PMCID: PMC4669807 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has an important role in neuronal survival through binding to the GFRα1 (GDNF family receptor alpha-1) receptor and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Transient brain ischemia alters the expression of the GDNF signaling machinery but whether the GDNF receptor proteins are also affected, and the functional consequences, have not been investigated. We found that excitotoxic stimulation of cultured hippocampal neurons leads to a calpain-dependent downregulation of the long isoform of Ret (Ret51), but no changes were observed for Ret9 or GFRα1 under the same conditions. Cleavage of Ret51 by calpains was selectively mediated by activation of the extrasynaptic pool of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and leads to the formation of a stable cleavage product. Calpain-mediated cleavage of Ret51 was also observed in hippocampal neurons subjected to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), a model of global brain ischemia, as well as in the ischemic region in the cerebral cortex of mice exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Although the reduction of Ret51 protein levels decreased the total GDNF-induced receptor activity (as determined by assessing total phospho-Ret51 protein levels) and their downstream signaling activity, the remaining receptors still showed an increase in phosphorylation after incubation of hippocampal neurons with GDNF. Furthermore, GDNF protected hippocampal neurons when present before, during or after OGD, and the effects under the latter conditions were more significant in neurons transfected with human Ret51. These results indicate that the loss of Ret51 in brain ischemia partially impairs the neuroprotective effects of GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Curcio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - I L Salazar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A R Inácio
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - E P Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - L M T Canzoniero
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - C B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
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41
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Crupi MJF, Richardson DS, Mulligan LM. Cell surface biotinylation of receptor tyrosine kinases to investigate intracellular trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1233:91-102. [PMID: 25319892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1789-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface biotinylation is a biochemical approach to covalently bind membrane-impermeable biotin to the extracellular domain of membrane proteins, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Subsequent to ligand incubation periods, activated biotinylated receptors may internalize from the cell surface into early endosomes and then travel through intracellular compartments to either recycle back to the membrane or degrade in lysosomes. The biotin-labeled proteins may be detected through affinity purification with streptavidin agarose resins. This chapter describes methods for cell surface biotinylation to assess RTK trafficking steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J F Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Botterell Hall Rm A315, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
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Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is crucial for normal development but also contributes to pathologies that reflect both the loss and the gain of RET function. Activation of RET occurs via oncogenic mutations in familial and sporadic cancers - most notably, those of the thyroid and the lung. RET has also recently been implicated in the progression of breast and pancreatic tumours, among others, which makes it an attractive target for small-molecule kinase inhibitors as therapeutics. However, the complex roles of RET in homeostasis and survival of neural lineages and in tumour-associated inflammation might also suggest potential long-term pitfalls of broadly targeting RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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43
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Kales SC, Nau MM, Merchant AS, Lipkowitz S. Enigma prevents Cbl-c-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of RETMEN2A. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87116. [PMID: 24466333 PMCID: PMC3900716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cbl proteins (Cbl, Cbl-b, and Cbl-c) are a highly conserved family of RING finger ubiquitin ligases (E3s) that function as negative regulators of tyrosine kinases in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. In this study, we identify a new Cbl-c interacting protein, Enigma (PDLIM7). This interaction is specific to Cbl-c as Enigma fails to bind either of its closely related homologues, Cbl and Cbl-b. The binding between Enigma and Cbl-c is mediated through the LIM domains of Enigma as removal of all three LIM domains abrogates this interaction, while only LIM1 is sufficient for binding. Here we show that Cbl-c binds wild-type and MEN2A isoforms of the receptor tyrosine kinase, RET, and that Cbl-c enhances ubiquitination and degradation of activated RET. Enigma blocks Cbl-c-mediated RETMEN2A ubiquitination and degradation. Cbl-c decreased downstream ERK activation by RETMEN2A and co-expression of Enigma blocked the Cbl-c-mediated decrease in ERK activation. Enigma showed no detectable effect on Cbl-c-mediated ubiquitination of activated EGFR suggesting that this effect is specific to RET. Through mapping studies, we show that Cbl-c and Enigma bind RETMEN2A at different residues. However, binding of Enigma to RETMENA prevents Cbl-c recruitment to RETMEN2A. Consistent with these biochemical data, exploratory analyses of breast cancer patients with high expression of RET suggest that high expression of Cbl-c correlates with a good outcome, and high expression of Enigma correlates with a poor outcome. Together, these data demonstrate that Cbl-c can ubiquitinate and downregulate RETMEN2A and implicate Enigma as a positive regulator of RETMEN2A through blocking of Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Kales
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marion M. Nau
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anand S. Merchant
- Center for Cancer Research Bioinformatics Core, Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Calco GN, Stephens OR, Donahue LM, Tsui CC, Pierchala BA. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) enhances casitas B lineage lymphoma-3/c (Cbl-3/c)-mediated Ret isoform-specific ubiquitination and degradation via its amino-terminal Src homology 3 domains. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7307-19. [PMID: 24425877 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ret is the receptor tyrosine kinase for the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neuronal growth factors. Upon activation by GDNF, Ret is rapidly polyubiquitinated and degraded. This degradation process is isoform-selective, with the longer Ret51 isoform exhibiting different degradation kinetics than the shorter isoform, Ret9. In sympathetic neurons, Ret degradation is induced, at least in part, by a complex consisting of the adaptor protein CD2AP and the E3-ligase Cbl-3/c. Knockdown of Cbl-3/c using siRNA reduced the GDNF-induced ubiquitination and degradation of Ret51 in neurons and podocytes, suggesting that Cbl-3/c was a predominant E3 ligase for Ret. Coexpression of CD2AP with Cbl-3/c augmented the ubiquitination of Ret51 as compared with the expression of Cbl-3/c alone. Ret51 ubiquitination by the CD2AP·Cbl-3/c complex required a functional ring finger and TKB domain in Cbl-3/c. The SH3 domains of CD2AP were sufficient to drive the Cbl-3/c-dependent ubiquitination of Ret51, whereas the carboxyl-terminal coiled-coil domain of CD2AP was dispensable. Interestingly, activated Ret induced the degradation of CD2AP, but not Cbl-3/c, suggesting a potential inhibitory feedback mechanism. There were only two major ubiquitination sites in Ret51, Lys(1060) and Lys(1107), and the combined mutation of these lysines almost completely eliminated both the ubiquitination and degradation of Ret51. Ret9 was not ubiquitinated by the CD2AP·Cbl-3/c complex, suggesting that Ret9 was down-regulated by a fundamentally different mechanism. Taken together, these results suggest that only the SH3 domains of CD2AP were necessary to enhance the E3 ligase activity of Cbl-3/c toward Ret51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina N Calco
- From the Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
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Miaczynska M. Effects of membrane trafficking on signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009035. [PMID: 24186066 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking machinery contributes to the spatial and temporal control of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The primary role in this process is played by endocytic trafficking, which regulates the localization of RTKs and their downstream effectors, as well as the duration and the extent of their activity. The key regulatory points along the endocytic pathway are internalization of RTKs from the plasma membrane, their sorting to degradation or recycling, and their residence in various endosomal compartments. Here I will review factors and mechanisms that modulate RTK signaling by (1) affecting receptor internalization, (2) regulating the balance between degradation and recycling of RTK, and (3) compartmentalization of signals in endosomes and other organelles. Cumulatively, these mechanisms illustrate a multilayered control of RTK signaling exerted by the trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miaczynska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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