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DiPeso L, Pendyala S, Huang HZ, Fowler DM, Hatch EM. Image-based identification and isolation of micronucleated cells to dissect cellular consequences. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.04.539483. [PMID: 37205341 PMCID: PMC10187275 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in isolating cells based on visual phenotypes have transformed our ability to identify the mechanisms and consequences of complex traits. Micronucleus (MN) formation is a frequent outcome of genome instability, triggers extensive disease-associated changes in genome structure and signaling coincident with MN rupture, and is almost exclusively defined by visual analysis. Automated MN detection in microscopy images has proved extremely challenging, limiting unbiased discovery of the mechanisms and consequences of MN formation and rupture. In this study we describe two new MN segmentation modules: a rapid and precise model for classifying micronucleated cells and their rupture status (VCS MN), and a robust model for accurate MN segmentation (MNFinder) from a broad range of microscopy images. As a proof-of-concept, we define the transcriptome of non-transformed human cells with intact or ruptured MN after inducing chromosome missegregation by combining VCS MN with photoactivation-based cell isolation and RNASeq. Surprisingly, we find that neither MN formation nor rupture triggers a unique transcriptional response. Instead, transcriptional changes are correlated with increased aneuploidy in these cell classes. Our MN segmentation modules overcome a significant challenge to reproducible MN quantification, and, joined with visual cell sorting, enable the application of powerful functional genomics assays, including pooled CRISPR screens and time-resolved analyses of cellular and genetic consequences, to a wide-range of questions in MN biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian DiPeso
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Heather Z. Huang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Hatch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Wang L, Yilmaz F, Yildirim O, Schölermann B, Bag S, Greiner L, Pahl A, Sievers S, Scheel R, Strohmann C, Squire C, Foley DJ, Ziegler S, Grigalunas M, Waldmann H. Discovery of a Novel Pseudo-Natural Product Aurora Kinase Inhibitor Chemotype through Morphological Profiling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309202. [PMID: 38569218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The pseudo-natural product (pseudo-NP) concept aims to combine NP fragments in arrangements that are not accessible through known biosynthetic pathways. The resulting compounds retain the biological relevance of NPs but are not yet linked to bioactivities and may therefore be best evaluated by unbiased screening methods resulting in the identification of unexpected or unprecedented bioactivities. Herein, various NP fragments are combined with a tricyclic core connectivity via interrupted Fischer indole and indole dearomatization reactions to provide a collection of highly three-dimensional pseudo-NPs. Target hypothesis generation by morphological profiling via the cell painting assay guides the identification of an unprecedented chemotype for Aurora kinase inhibition with both its relatively highly 3D structure and its physicochemical properties being very different from known inhibitors. Biochemical and cell biological characterization indicate that the phenotype identified by the cell painting assay corresponds to the inhibition of Aurora kinase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Furkan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Okan Yildirim
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sukdev Bag
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Greiner
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS), 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS), 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Squire
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, 8041, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Meng Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Lv H, Xia F, Guo Q, Shi Q, Qiu C, Wang J. The biomedical application of inorganic metal nanoparticles in aging and aging-associated diseases. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00213-3. [PMID: 38821357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases (AAD), including neurodegenerative disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are inevitable process. With the gradual improvement of life style, life expectancy is gradually extended. However, the extended lifespan has not reduced the incidence of disease, and most elderly people are in ill-health state in their later years. Hence, understanding aging and AAD are significant for reducing the burden of the elderly. Inorganic metal nanoparticles (IMNPs) predominantly include gold, silver, iron, zinc, titanium, thallium, platinum, cerium, copper NPs, which has been widely used to prevent and treat aging and AAD due to their superior properties (essential metal ions for human body, easily synthesis and modification, magnetism). Therefore, a systematic review of common morphological alternations of senescent cells, altered genes and signal pathways in aging and AAD, and biomedical applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD is crucial for the further research and development of IMNPs in aging and AAD. This review focus on the existing research on cellular senescence, aging and AAD, as well as the applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD in the past decade. This review aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge involved with aging and AAD, the application of IMNPs in aging and AAD to promote the biomedical application of IMNPs in aging and AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haining Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qianli Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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4
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Patra S, Naik PP, Mahapatra KK, Alotaibi MR, Patil S, Patro BS, Sethi G, Efferth T, Bhutia SK. Recent advancement of autophagy in polyploid giant cancer cells and its interconnection with senescence and stemness for therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216843. [PMID: 38579893 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent chemotherapy-induced senescence and resistance are attributed to the polyploidization of cancer cells that involve genomic instability and poor prognosis due to their unique form of cellular plasticity. Autophagy, a pre-dominant cell survival mechanism, is crucial during carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic stress, favouring polyploidization. The selective autophagic degradation of essential proteins associated with cell cycle progression checkpoints deregulate mitosis fidelity and genomic integrity, imparting polyploidization of cancer cells. In connection with cytokinesis failure and endoreduplication, autophagy promotes the formation, maintenance, and generation of the progeny of polyploid giant cancer cells. The polyploid cancer cells embark on autophagy-guarded elevation in the expression of stem cell markers, along with triggered epithelial and mesenchymal transition and senescence. The senescent polyploid escapers represent a high autophagic index than the polyploid progeny, suggesting regaining autophagy induction and subsequent autophagic degradation, which is essential for escaping from senescence/polyploidy, leading to a higher proliferative phenotypic progeny. This review documents the various causes of polyploidy and its consequences in cancer with relevance to autophagy modulation and its targeting for therapeutic intervention as a novel therapeutic strategy for personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Prajna Paramita Naik
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India; Department of Zoology Panchayat College, Bargarh, 768028, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India; Department of Agriculture and Allied Sciences (Zoology), C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, 752054, Odisha, India
| | - Moureq Rashed Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, 84095, USA
| | - Birija Sankar Patro
- Chemical Biology Section, Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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5
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Herriage HC, Huang YT, Calvi BR. The antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:35-43. [PMID: 37331841 PMCID: PMC10724375 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the important functions of regulated cell death is to prevent cells from inappropriately acquiring extra copies of their genome, a state known as polyploidy. Apoptosis is the primary cell death mechanism that prevents polyploidy, and defects in this apoptotic response can result in polyploid cells whose subsequent error-prone chromosome segregation are a major contributor to genome instability and cancer progression. Conversely, some cells actively repress apoptosis to become polyploid as part of normal development or regeneration. Thus, although apoptosis prevents polyploidy, the polyploid state can actively repress apoptosis. In this review, we discuss progress in understanding the antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Despite recent advances, a key conclusion is that much remains unknown about the mechanisms that link apoptosis to polyploid cell cycles. We suggest that drawing parallels between the regulation of apoptosis in development and cancer could help to fill this knowledge gap and lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter C Herriage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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6
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Cook M, Stevenson B, Jacobs LA, Leocadio Victoria D, Cisneros B, Hobbs JK, Stewart CL, Winder SJ. The Role of β-Dystroglycan in Nuclear Dynamics. Cells 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38474395 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric cell-surface laminin receptor with roles in cell adhesion, signalling, and membrane stabilisation. More recently, the transmembrane β-subunit of dystroglycan has been shown to localise to both the nuclear envelope and the nucleoplasm. This has led to the hypothesis that dystroglycan may have a structural role at the nuclear envelope analogous to its role at the plasma membrane. The biochemical fraction of myoblast cells clearly supports the presence of dystroglycan in the nucleus. Deletion of the dystroglycan protein by disruption of the DAG1 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 leads to changes in nuclear size but not overall morphology; moreover, the Young's modulus of dystroglycan-deleted nuclei, as determined by atomic force microscopy, is unaltered. Dystroglycan-disrupted myoblasts are also no more susceptible to nuclear stresses including chemical and mechanical, than normal myoblasts. Re-expression of dystroglycan in DAG1-disrupted myoblasts restores nuclear size without affecting other nuclear parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cook
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- A*STAR Skin Research Laboratories, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ben Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura A Jacobs
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Colin L Stewart
- A*STAR Skin Research Laboratories, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Steve J Winder
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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7
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Tzoneva R. Special Issue "Role of Apoptosis and Cellular Senescence in Cancer and Aging". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2103. [PMID: 38396780 PMCID: PMC10889768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intention of this Special Issue is to elucidate the role of apoptosis and cellular senescence in different pathological processes, such as cancer and aging [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tzoneva
- Laboratory of Transmembrane Signaling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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8
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Hughes BK, Wallis R, Bishop CL. Yearning for machine learning: applications for the classification and characterisation of senescence. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:1-16. [PMID: 37016180 PMCID: PMC10558380 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a widely appreciated tumour suppressive mechanism, which acts as a barrier to cancer development by arresting cell cycle progression in response to harmful stimuli. However, senescent cell accumulation becomes deleterious in aging and contributes to a wide range of age-related pathologies. Furthermore, senescence has beneficial roles and is associated with a growing list of normal physiological processes including wound healing and embryonic development. Therefore, the biological role of senescent cells has become increasingly nuanced and complex. The emergence of sophisticated, next-generation profiling technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, has accelerated our understanding of the heterogeneity of senescence, with distinct final cell states emerging within models as well as between cell types and tissues. In order to explore data sets of increasing size and complexity, the senescence field has begun to employ machine learning (ML) methodologies to probe these intricacies. Most notably, ML has been used to aid the classification of cells as senescent, as well as to characterise the final senescence phenotypes. Here, we provide a background to the principles of ML tasks, as well as some of the most commonly used methodologies from both traditional and deep ML. We focus on the application of these within the context of senescence research, by addressing the utility of ML for the analysis of data from different laboratory technologies (microscopy, transcriptomics, proteomics, methylomics), as well as the potential within senolytic drug discovery. Together, we aim to highlight both the progress and potential for the application of ML within senescence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Hughes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ryan Wallis
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Cleo L Bishop
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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9
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Mattiello L, Soliman Abdel Rehim S, Manic G, Vitale I. Assessment of cell cycle progression and mitotic slippage by videomicroscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 181:43-58. [PMID: 38302243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest accompanied by the acquisition of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is activated in response to a variety of damaging stimuli, including genotoxic therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitotic stress also promotes entry into senescence. This occurs via a mechanism involving defective mitoses and mitotic arrest, followed by abortion of cell division and slippage in the G1 phase. In this process, mitotic slippage leads to the generation of senescent cells characterized by a large cell body and a multinucleated and/or enlarged nuclear size. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the assessment of cell proliferation and mitotic slippage in colorectal cancer cells upon pharmacological inhibition of the mitotic kinesin KIF11, best known as EG5. This approach can be used for preliminary characterization of senescence induction by therapeutics, but requires validation with standard senescence assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mattiello
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Sara Soliman Abdel Rehim
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Ilio Vitale
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
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10
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Bertran-Alamillo J, Giménez-Capitán A, Román R, Talbot S, Whiteley R, Floc'h N, Martínez-Pérez E, Martin MJ, Smith PD, Sullivan I, Terp MG, Saeh J, Marino-Buslje C, Fabbri G, Guo G, Xu M, Tornador C, Aguilar-Hernández A, Reguart N, Ditzel HJ, Martínez-Bueno A, Nabau-Moretó N, Gascó A, Rosell R, Pease JE, Polanska UM, Travers J, Urosevic J, Molina-Vila MA. BID expression determines the apoptotic fate of cancer cells after abrogation of the spindle assembly checkpoint by AURKB or TTK inhibitors. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:110. [PMID: 37443114 PMCID: PMC10339641 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs targeting the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), such as inhibitors of Aurora kinase B (AURKB) and dual specific protein kinase TTK, are in different stages of clinical development. However, cell response to SAC abrogation is poorly understood and there are no markers for patient selection. METHODS A panel of 53 tumor cell lines of different origins was used. The effects of drugs were analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry. Copy number status was determined by FISH and Q-PCR; mRNA expression by nCounter and RT-Q-PCR and protein expression by Western blotting. CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used for gene knock-out (KO) and a doxycycline-inducible pTRIPZ vector for ectopic expression. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed by implanting cultured cells or fragments of tumors into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Tumor cells and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) sensitive to AURKB and TTK inhibitors consistently showed high expression levels of BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID), while cell lines and PDXs with low BID were uniformly resistant. Gene silencing rendered BID-overexpressing cells insensitive to SAC abrogation while ectopic BID expression in BID-low cells significantly increased sensitivity. SAC abrogation induced activation of CASP-2, leading to cleavage of CASP-3 and extensive cell death only in presence of high levels of BID. Finally, a prevalence study revealed high BID mRNA in 6% of human solid tumors. CONCLUSIONS The fate of tumor cells after SAC abrogation is driven by an AURKB/ CASP-2 signaling mechanism, regulated by BID levels. Our results pave the way to clinically explore SAC-targeting drugs in tumors with high BID expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bertran-Alamillo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, C/ Sabino Arana 5-19, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Giménez-Capitán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, C/ Sabino Arana 5-19, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Román
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, C/ Sabino Arana 5-19, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Talbot
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Rebecca Whiteley
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Nicolas Floc'h
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Martin
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Paul D Smith
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ivana Sullivan
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08025, Spain
- Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Mikkel G Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, 5000, Denmark
| | - Jamal Saeh
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Giulia Fabbri
- Translational Medicine, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Man Xu
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Noemí Reguart
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, 5000, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Amaya Gascó
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - J Elizabeth Pease
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Urszula M Polanska
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jon Travers
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jelena Urosevic
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Miguel A Molina-Vila
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, C/ Sabino Arana 5-19, 08913, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Serna-Salas SA, Soto-Gámez AA, Wu Z, Klaver M, Moshage H. Studying Hepatic Stellate Cell Senescence. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:79-109. [PMID: 37247056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the key effector cells in liver fibrosis. They are the main producers of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix components during fibrogenesis and therefore a potential target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Induction of senescence in HSCs may be a promising strategy to slow down, stop, or even reverse fibrogenesis. Senescence is a complex and heterogeneous process linked to fibrosis and cancer, but the exact mechanism and relevant markers can be cell-type dependent. Therefore, many markers of senescence have been proposed, and many methods to detect senescence have been developed. In this chapter, we review relevant methods and biomarkers to detect cellular senescence in hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Serna-Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abel A Soto-Gámez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zongmei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Klaver
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Welch N, Singh SS, Musich R, Mansuri MS, Bellar A, Mishra S, Chelluboyina AK, Sekar J, Attaway AH, Li L, Willard B, Hornberger TA, Dasarathy S. Shared and unique phosphoproteomics responses in skeletal muscle from exercise models and in hyperammonemic myotubes. iScience 2022; 25:105325. [PMID: 36345342 PMCID: PMC9636548 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle generation of ammonia, an endogenous cytotoxin, is increased during exercise. Perturbations in ammonia metabolism consistently occur in chronic diseases, and may blunt beneficial skeletal muscle molecular responses and protein homeostasis with exercise. Phosphorylation of skeletal muscle proteins mediates cellular signaling responses to hyperammonemia and exercise. Comparative bioinformatics and machine learning-based analyses of published and experimentally derived phosphoproteomics data identified differentially expressed phosphoproteins that were unique and shared between hyperammonemic murine myotubes and skeletal muscle from exercise models. Enriched processes identified in both hyperammonemic myotubes and muscle from exercise models with selected experimental validation included protein kinase A (PKA), calcium signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and protein homeostasis. Our approach of feature extraction from comparative untargeted "omics" data allows for selection of preclinical models that recapitulate specific human exercise responses and potentially optimize functional capacity and skeletal muscle protein homeostasis with exercise in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Welch
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shashi Shekhar Singh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan Musich
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - M. Shahid Mansuri
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Annette Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Jinendiran Sekar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amy H. Attaway
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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13
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The Effect of Circumscribed Exposure to the Pan-Aurora Kinase Inhibitor VX-680 on Proliferating Euploid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012104. [PMID: 36292957 PMCID: PMC9603438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of aurora kinases are currently being investigated in oncology clinical trials. The long-term effects of these inhibitors on proliferating euploid cells have not been adequately studied. We examined the effect of the reversible pan-aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 on p53-competent human euploid cells. Circumscribed treatment with VX-680 blocked cytokinesis and arrested cells in G1 or a G1-like status. Approximately 70% of proliferatively arrested cells had 4N DNA content and abnormal nuclei. The remaining 30% of cells possessed 2N DNA content and normal nuclei. The proliferative arrest was not due to the activation of the tumor suppressor Rb and was instead associated with rapid induction of the p53–p21 pathway and p16. The induction was particularly evident in cells with nuclear abnormalities but was independent of activation of the DNA damage response. All of these effects were correlated with the potent inhibition of aurora kinase B. After release from VX-680, the cells with normal nuclei robustly resumed proliferation whereas the cells with abnormal nuclei underwent senescence. Irrespective of their nuclear morphology or DNA content, cells pre-treated with VX-680 failed to grow in soft agar or form tumors in mice. Our findings indicate that an intermittent treatment strategy might minimize the on-target side effects of Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) inhibitory therapies. The strategy allows a significant fraction of dividing normal cells to resume proliferation.
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14
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Wallis R, Milligan D, Hughes B, Mizen H, López-Domínguez JA, Eduputa U, Tyler EJ, Serrano M, Bishop CL. Senescence-associated morphological profiles (SAMPs): an image-based phenotypic profiling method for evaluating the inter and intra model heterogeneity of senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4220-4246. [PMID: 35580013 PMCID: PMC9186762 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence occurs in response to a number of damaging stimuli to limit oncogenic transformation and cancer development. As no single, universal senescence marker has been discovered, the confident classification of senescence induction requires the parallel assessment of a series of hallmarks. Therefore, there is a growing need for “first-pass” tools of senescence identification to streamline experimental workflows and complement conventional markers. Here, we utilise a high content, multidimensional phenotypic profiling-based approach, to assess the morphological profiles of senescent cells induced via a range of stimuli. In the context of senescence, we refer to these as senescence-associated morphological profiles (SAMPs), as they facilitate distinction between senescent and proliferating cells. The complexity of the profiles generated also allows exploration of the heterogeneity both between models of senescence and within an individual senescence model, providing a level of insight at the single cell level. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that these models are applicable to the assessment of senescence in vivo, which remains a key challenge for the field. Therefore, we believe SAMPs has the potential to serve as a useful addition in the repertoire of senescence researchers, either as a first-pass tool or as part of the established senescence hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wallis
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Milligan
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bethany Hughes
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Mizen
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - José Alberto López-Domínguez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugochim Eduputa
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor J Tyler
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cleo L Bishop
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Liu Y, Lou W, Chen G, Ding B, Kuang J, Zhang Y, Wang C, Duan S, Deng Y, Lu X. Genome-wide screening for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway-related therapeutic gene RGS19 (regulator of G protein signaling 19) in bladder cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5892-5903. [PMID: 34482807 PMCID: PMC8806424 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1971035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most severe genitourinary cancers, causing high morbidity worldwide. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear, and it is urgent to find target genes for treatment. G-protein-coupled receptors are currently a target of high interest for drug design. Thus, we aimed to identify a target gene-related to G-protein-coupled receptors for therapy. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and DepMap databases to obtain the expression and clinical data of RGS19. The results showed that RGS19 was overexpressed in a wide range of tumor, especially bladder cancer. We also explored its effect on various types of cancer. High expression of RGS19 was also shown to be significantly associated with poor prognosis. Cell models were constructed for cell cycle detection. shRGS19 can halt the cell cycle at a polyploid point. RGS19 is a G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway-related gene with a significant effect on survival. We chose RGS19 as a therapeutic target gene in bladder cancer. The drug GSK1070916 was found to inhibit the effect of RGS19 via cell rescue experiments in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Queen Mary School, Medical Collage of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiming Lou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Kuang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yize Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Sainan Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiongbing Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Koo S, Won M, Li H, Kim WY, Li M, Yan C, Sharma A, Guo Z, Zhu WH, Sessler JL, Lee JY, Kim JS. Harnessing α-l-fucosidase for in vivo cellular senescence imaging. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10054-10062. [PMID: 34377399 PMCID: PMC8317655 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise detection of cellular senescence may allow its role in biological systems to be evaluated more effectively, while supporting studies of therapeutic candidates designed to evade its detrimental effect on physical function. We report here studies of α-l-fucosidase (α-fuc) as a biomarker for cellular senescence and the development of an α-fuc-responsive aggregation induced emission (AIE) probe, termed QM-NHαfuc designed to complement more conventional probes based on β-galactosidase (β-gal). Using QM-NHαfuc, the onset of replicative-, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, ultraviolet A (UVA)-, and drug-induced senescence could be probed effectively. QM-NHαfuc also proved capable of identifying senescent cells lacking β-gal expression. The non-invasive real-time senescence tracking provided by QM-NHαfuc was validated in an in vivo senescence model. The results presented in this study lead us to suggest that the QM-NHαfuc could emerge as a useful tool for investigating senescence processes in biological systems. Evidence of close association of α-fuc with senescence induction highlights the potential of α-fuc as a novel biomarker for cellular senescence. Here, an α-fuc-responsive AIE probe (QM-NHαfuc) allows for the identification of senescent cell in vivo.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Won Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Mingle Li
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Chenxu Yan
- Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Amit Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation Sector-30C Chandigarh 160030 India
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
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17
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Wallis R, Josipovic N, Mizen H, Robles‐Tenorio A, Tyler EJ, Papantonis A, Bishop CL. Isolation methodology is essential to the evaluation of the extracellular vesicle component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12041. [PMID: 33659050 PMCID: PMC7892802 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of senescence is the acquisition of an enhanced secretome comprising inflammatory mediators and tissue remodelling agents - the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Through the SASP, senescent cells are hypothesised to contribute to both ageing and pathologies associated with age. Whilst soluble factors have been the most widely investigated components of the SASP, there is growing evidence that small extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise functionally important constituents. Thus, dissecting the contribution of the soluble SASP from the vesicular component is crucial to elucidating the functional significance of senescent cell derived EVs. Here, we take advantage of a systematic proteomics based approach to determine that soluble SASP factors co-isolate with EVs following differential ultracentrifugation (dUC). We present size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) as a method for separation of the soluble and vesicular components of the senescent secretome and thus EV purification. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SEC EVs isolated from senescent cells contribute to non-cell autonomous paracrine senescence. Therefore, this work emphasises the requirement for methodological rigor due to the propensity of SASP components to co-isolate during dUC and provides a framework for future investigations of the vesicular component of the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wallis
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Hannah Mizen
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
| | - Arturo Robles‐Tenorio
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
| | - Eleanor J. Tyler
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Cleo L. Bishop
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
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18
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Inhibition of Aurora Kinase B activity disrupts development and differentiation of salivary glands. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33462217 PMCID: PMC7814035 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the key molecules that regulate cell division during organogenesis. Here we determine the role of the cell cycle promoter aurora kinase B (AURKB) during development, using embryonic salivary glands (E-SGs) as a model. AURKB is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates key events in mitosis, which makes it an attractive target for tailored anticancer therapy. Many reports have elaborated on the role of AURKB in neoplasia and cancer; however, no previous study has shown its role during organ development. Our previous experiments have highlighted the essential requirement for AURKB during adult exocrine regeneration. To investigate if AURKB is similarly required for progression during embryonic development, we pharmacologically inhibited AURKB in developing submandibular glands (SMGs) at embryonic day (E)13.5 and E16.5, using the highly potent and selective drug Barasertib. Inhibition of AURKB interfered with the expansion of the embryonic buds. Interestingly, this effect on SMG development was also seen when the mature explants (E16.5) were incubated for 24 h with another cell cycle inhibitor Aphidicolin. Barasertib prompted apoptosis, DNA damage and senescence, the markers of which (cleaved caspase 3, γH2AX, SA-βgal and p21, respectively), were predominantly seen in the developing buds. In addition to a reduction in cell cycling and proliferation of the epithelial cells in response to AURKB inhibition, Barasertib treatment led to an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resulted in downregulation of the acinar differentiation marker Mist1. Importantly, inhibition of ROS was able to rescue this loss of identity, with Mist1 expression maintained despite loss of AURKB. Together, these data identify AURKB as a key molecule in supporting embryonic development and differentiation, while inhibiting senescence-inducing signals during organogenesis.
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19
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IER2-induced senescence drives melanoma invasion through osteopontin. Oncogene 2021; 40:6494-6512. [PMID: 34611309 PMCID: PMC8616759 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the immediate-early response gene IER2 has been associated with the progression of several types of cancer, but its functional role is poorly understood. We found that increased IER2 expression in human melanoma is associated with shorter overall survival, and subsequently investigated the mechanisms through which IER2 exerts this effect. In experimental melanoma models, sustained expression of IER2 induced senescence in a subset of melanoma cells in a p53/MAPK/AKT-dependent manner. The senescent cells produced a characteristic secretome that included high levels of the extracellular phosphoglycoprotein osteopontin. Nuclear localization of the IER2 protein was critical for both the induction of senescence and osteopontin secretion. Osteopontin secreted by IER2-expressing senescent cells strongly stimulated the migration and invasion of non-senescent melanoma cells. Consistently, we observed coordinate expression of IER2, p53/p21, and osteopontin in primary human melanomas and metastases, highlighting the pathophysiological relevance of IER2-mediated senescence in melanoma progression. Together, our study reveals that sustained IER2 expression drives melanoma invasion and progression through stimulating osteopontin secretion via the stochastic induction of senescence.
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20
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Punt S, Malu S, McKenzie JA, Manrique SZ, Doorduijn EM, Mbofung RM, Williams L, Silverman DA, Ashkin EL, Dominguez AL, Wang Z, Chen JQ, Maiti SN, Tieu TN, Liu C, Xu C, Forget MA, Haymaker C, Khalili JS, Satani N, Muller F, Cooper LJN, Overwijk WW, Amaria RN, Bernatchez C, Heffernan TP, Peng W, Roszik J, Hwu P. Aurora kinase inhibition sensitizes melanoma cells to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1101-1113. [PMID: 33123754 PMCID: PMC7979613 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy has achieved impressive durable clinical responses, many cancers respond only temporarily or not at all to immunotherapy. To find novel, targetable mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy, patient-derived melanoma cell lines were transduced with 576 open reading frames, or exposed to arrayed libraries of 850 bioactive compounds, prior to co-culture with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The synergy between the targets and TILs to induce apoptosis, and the mechanisms of inhibiting resistance to TILs were interrogated. Gene expression analyses were performed on tumor samples from patients undergoing immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Finally, the effect of inhibiting the top targets on the efficacy of immunotherapy was investigated in multiple preclinical models. Aurora kinase was identified as a mediator of melanoma cell resistance to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in both complementary screens. Aurora kinase inhibitors were validated to synergize with T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. The Aurora kinase inhibition-mediated sensitivity to T-cell cytotoxicity was shown to be partially driven by p21-mediated induction of cellular senescence. The expression levels of Aurora kinase and related proteins were inversely correlated with immune infiltration, response to immunotherapy and survival in melanoma patients. Aurora kinase inhibition showed variable responses in combination with immunotherapy in vivo, suggesting its activity is modified by other factors in the tumor microenvironment. These data suggest that Aurora kinase inhibition enhances T-cell cytotoxicity in vitro and can potentiate antitumor immunity in vivo in some but not all settings. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of primary resistance to this therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Punt
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shruti Malu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Immunitas Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jodi A McKenzie
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Soraya Zorro Manrique
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elien M Doorduijn
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rina M Mbofung
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Leila Williams
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,KSQ Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Silverman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Emily L Ashkin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ana Lucía Dominguez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Nature Cell Biology, Springer Nature, Shanghai City, China
| | - Jie Qing Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,EMD Serono, Rockland, MA, USA
| | - Sourindra N Maiti
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Trang N Tieu
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,C4 Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Chengwen Liu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jahan S Khalili
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,SystImmune Inc., Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Nikunj Satani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Florian Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laurence J N Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rodabe N Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Willoughby JLS, George K, Roberto MP, Chin HG, Stoiber P, Shin H, Pedamallu CS, Schaus SE, Fitzgerald K, Shah J, Hansen U. Targeting the oncogene LSF with either the small molecule inhibitor FQI1 or siRNA causes mitotic delays with unaligned chromosomes, resulting in cell death or senescence. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:552. [PMID: 32539694 PMCID: PMC7296649 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncogene LSF (encoded by TFCP2) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for multiple cancers. LSF overexpression in patient tumors correlates with poor prognosis in particular for both hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. The limited treatment outcomes for these diseases and disappointing clinical results, in particular, for hepatocellular carcinoma in molecularly targeted therapies targeting cellular receptors and kinases, underscore the need for molecularly targeting novel mechanisms. LSF small molecule inhibitors, Factor Quinolinone Inhibitors (FQIs), have exhibited robust anti-tumor activity in multiple pre-clinical models, with no observable toxicity. METHODS To understand how the LSF inhibitors impact cancer cell proliferation, we characterized the cellular phenotypes that result from loss of LSF activity. Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were analyzed, using HeLa cells as a model cancer cell line responsive to FQI1. Cell cycle progression was studied either by time lapse microscopy or by bulk synchronization of cell populations to ensure accuracy in interpretation of the outcomes. In order to test for biological specificity of targeting LSF by FQI1, results were compared after treatment with either FQI1 or siRNA targeting LSF. RESULTS Highly similar cellular phenotypes are observed upon treatments with FQI1 and siRNA targeting LSF. Along with similar effects on two cellular biomarkers, inhibition of LSF activity by either mechanism induced a strong delay or arrest prior to metaphase as cells progressed through mitosis, with condensed, but unaligned, chromosomes. This mitotic disruption in both cases resulted in improper cellular division leading to multiple outcomes: multi-nucleation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support that cellular phenotypes observed upon FQI1 treatment are due specifically to the loss of LSF activity. Specific inhibition of LSF by either small molecules or siRNA results in severe mitotic defects, leading to cell death or senescence - consequences that are desirable in combating cancer. Taken together, these findings confirm that LSF is a promising target for cancer treatment. Furthermore, this study provides further support for developing FQIs or other LSF inhibitory strategies as treatment for LSF-related cancers with high unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L S Willoughby
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark P Roberto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Patrick Stoiber
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Data Science Institute, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Jagesh Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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22
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Nederveen JP, Joanisse S, Thomas ACQ, Snijders T, Manta K, Bell KE, Phillips SM, Kumbhare D, Parise G. Age‐related changes to the satellite cell niche are associated with reduced activation following exercise. FASEB J 2020; 34:8975-8989. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900787r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | | | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
- Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Center+ Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Katherine Manta
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Kirsten E. Bell
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | | | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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23
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Sun M, Veschi V, Bagchi S, Xu M, Mendoza A, Liu Z, Thiele CJ. Targeting the Chromosomal Passenger Complex Subunit INCENP Induces Polyploidization, Apoptosis, and Senescence in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4937-4950. [PMID: 31416840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) has been demonstrated to be a potential target of cancer therapy by inhibiting Aurora B or survivin in different types of cancer including neuroblastoma. However, chemical inhibition of either Aurora B or survivin does not target CPC specifically due to off-target effects or CPC-independent activities of these two components. In a previous chromatin-focused siRNA screen, we found that neuroblastoma cells were particularly vulnerable to loss of INCENP, a gene encoding a key scaffolding component of the CPC. In this study, INCENP was highly expressed by neuroblastoma cells, and its expression decreased following retinoic acid-induced neuroblastoma differentiation. Elevated levels of INCENP were significantly associated with poor prognosis in primary tumors of neuroblastoma patients with high-risk disease. Genetic silencing of INCENP reduced the growth of both MYCN-wild-type and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro and decreased the growth of neuroblastoma xenografts in vivo, with significant increases in murine survival. Mechanistically, INCENP depletion suppressed neuroblastoma cell growth by inducing polyploidization, apoptosis, and senescence. In most neuroblastoma cell lines tested in vitro, apoptosis was the primary cell fate after INCENP silencing due to induction of DNA damage response and activation of the p53-p21 axis. These results confirm that CPC is a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma, and targeting INCENP is a novel way to disrupt the activity of CPC and inhibit tumor progression in neuroblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE: Dysregulation of INCENP contributes to neuroblastoma tumorigenesis and targeting INCENP presents a novel strategy to disrupt the activity of chromosomal passenger complex and inhibit neuroblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Veronica Veschi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sukriti Bagchi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Man Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carol J Thiele
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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24
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AURKB as a target in non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1812. [PMID: 31000705 PMCID: PMC6472415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors harboring mutations in EGFR ultimately relapse to therapy with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs). Here, we show that resistant cells without the p.T790M or other acquired mutations are sensitive to the Aurora B (AURKB) inhibitors barasertib and S49076. Phospho-histone H3 (pH3), a major product of AURKB, is increased in most resistant cells and treatment with AURKB inhibitors reduces the levels of pH3, triggering G1/S arrest and polyploidy. Senescence is subsequently induced in cells with acquired mutations while, in their absence, polyploidy is followed by cell death. Finally, in NSCLC patients, pH3 levels are increased after progression on EGFR TKIs and high pH3 baseline correlates with shorter survival. Our results reveal that AURKB activation is associated with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs, and that AURKB constitutes a potential target in NSCLC progressing to anti-EGFR therapy and not carrying resistance mutations. Non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations are known to develop resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, the authors show AURKB activation to be associated with resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells, and that AURKB is a therapeutic target in resistant tumours that lack the p.T790M or other acquired mutations.
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25
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Abstract
Whole-genome and centrosome duplication as a consequence of cytokinesis failure can drive tumorigenesis in experimental model systems. However, whether cytokinesis failure is in fact an important cause of human cancers has remained unclear. In this Review, we summarize evidence that whole-genome-doubling events are frequently observed in human cancers and discuss the contribution that cytokinesis defects can make to tumorigenesis. We provide an overview of the potential causes of cytokinesis failure and discuss how tetraploid cells that are generated through cytokinesis defects are used in cancer as a transitory state on the route to aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss how cytokinesis defects can facilitate genetic diversification within the tumour to promote cancer development and could constitute the path of least resistance in tumour evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Division of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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26
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Guo X, Ni J, Liang Z, Xue J, Fenech MF, Wang X. The molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of micronuclei: New insights into an age-old problem. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:1-35. [PMID: 31097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN), the small nucleus-like bodies separated from the primary nucleus, can exist in cells with numerical and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in apparently normal tissues and more so in tumors in humans. While MN have been observed for over 100 years, they were merely and constantly considered as passive indicators of chromosome instability (CIN) for a long time. Relatively little is known about the molecular origins and biological consequences of MN. Rapid technological advances are helping to close these gaps. Very recent studies provide exciting evidence that MN act as key platform for chromothripsis and a trigger of innate immune response, suggesting that MN could affect cellular functions by both genetic and nongenetic means. These previously unappreciated findings have reawakened widespread interests in MN. In this review, the diverse mechanisms leading to MN generation and the complex fate profiles of MN are discussed, together with the evidence for their contribution to CIN, inflammation, senescence and cell death. Moreover, we put this knowledge together into a speculative perspective on how MN may be responsible for cancer development and how their presence may influence the choice of treatment. We suggest that the heterogeneous responses to MN may function physiological to ensure the arrestment, elimination and immune clearance of damaged cells, but pathologically, may enable the survival and oncogenic transformation of cells bearing CIN. These insights not only underscore the complexity of MN biology, but also raise a host of new questions and provide fertile ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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27
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β-Hydroxybutyrate Prevents Vascular Senescence through hnRNP A1-Mediated Upregulation of Oct4. Mol Cell 2018; 71:1064-1078.e5. [PMID: 30197300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) elevation during fasting or caloric restriction is believed to induce anti-aging effects and alleviate aging-related neurodegeneration. However, whether β-HB alters the senescence pathway in vascular cells remains unknown. Here we report that β-HB promotes vascular cell quiescence, which significantly inhibits both stress-induced premature senescence and replicative senescence through p53-independent mechanisms. Further, we identify heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) as a direct binding target of β-HB. β-HB binding to hnRNP A1 markedly enhances hnRNP A1 binding with Octamer-binding transcriptional factor (Oct) 4 mRNA, which stabilizes Oct4 mRNA and Oct4 expression. Oct4 increases Lamin B1, a key factor against DNA damage-induced senescence. Finally, fasting and intraperitoneal injection of β-HB upregulate Oct4 and Lamin B1 in both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in mice in vivo. We conclude that β-HB exerts anti-aging effects in vascular cells by upregulating an hnRNP A1-induced Oct4-mediated Lamin B1 pathway.
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28
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Jakhar R, Luijten MN, Wong AX, Cheng B, Guo K, Neo SP, Au B, Kulkarni M, Lim KJ, Maimaiti J, Chong HC, Lim EH, Tan TB, Ong KW, Sim Y, Wong JS, Khoo JB, Ho JT, Chua BT, Sinha I, Wang X, Connolly JE, Gunaratne J, Crasta KC. Autophagy Governs Protumorigenic Effects of Mitotic Slippage–induced Senescence. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1625-1640. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Jang S, Ryu SM, Lee J, Lee H, Hong SH, Ha KS, Park WS, Han ET, Yang SR. Bleomycin Inhibits Proliferation via Schlafen-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in Mouse Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2018; 82:133-142. [PMID: 29926548 PMCID: PMC6435923 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis involves irreversible alveolar destruction. Although alveolar epithelial type II cells are key functional participants within the lung parenchyma, how epithelial cells are affected upon bleomycin (BLM) exposure remains unknown. In this study, we determined whether BLM could induce cell cycle arrest via regulation of Schlafen (SLFN) family genes, a group of cell cycle regulators known to mediate growth-inhibitory responses and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial type II cells. Methods Mouse AE II cell line MLE-12 were exposed to 1–10 µg/mL BLM and 0.01–100 µM baicalein (Bai), a G1/G2 cell cycle inhibitor, for 24 hours. Cell viability and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by MTT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Apoptosis-related gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cellular morphology was determined after DAPI and Hoechst 33258 staining. To verify cell cycle arrest, propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed for MLE-12 after exposure to BLM. Results BLM decreased the proliferation of MLE-12 cells. However, it significantly increased expression levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β1. Based on Hoechst 33258 staining, BLM induced condensation of nuclear and fragmentation. Based on DAPI and PI staining, BLM significantly increased the size of nuclei and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that BLM increased mRNA levels of BAX but decreased those of Bcl2. In addition, BLM/Bai increased mRNA levels of p53, p21, SLFN1, 2, 4 of Schlafen family. Conclusion BLM exposure affects pulmonary epithelial type II cells, resulting in decreased proliferation possibly through apoptotic and cell cycle arrest associated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se Min Ryu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwon Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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30
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Martens S, Goossens V, Devisscher L, Hofmans S, Claeys P, Vuylsteke M, Takahashi N, Augustyns K, Vandenabeele P. RIPK1-dependent cell death: a novel target of the Aurora kinase inhibitor Tozasertib (VX-680). Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:211. [PMID: 29434255 PMCID: PMC5833749 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Aurora kinase family (Aurora A, B and C) are crucial regulators of several mitotic events, including cytokinesis. Increased expression of these kinases is associated with tumorigenesis and several compounds targeting Aurora kinase are under evaluation in clinical trials (a.o. AT9283, AZD1152, Danusertib, MLN8054). Here, we demonstrate that the pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor Tozasertib (VX-680 and MK-0457) not only causes cytokinesis defects through Aurora kinase inhibition, but is also a potent inhibitor of necroptosis, a cell death process regulated and executed by the RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL signalling axis. Tozasertib’s potency to inhibit RIPK1-dependent necroptosis and to block cytokinesis in cells is in the same concentration range, with an IC50 of 1.06 µM and 0.554 µM, respectively. A structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis of 67 Tozasertib analogues, modified at 4 different positions, allowed the identification of analogues that showed increased specificity for either cytokinesis inhibition or for necroptosis inhibition, reflecting more specific inhibition of Aurora kinase or RIPK1, respectively. These results also suggested that RIPK1 and Aurora kinases are functionally non-interacting targets of Tozasertib and its analogues. Indeed, more specific Aurora kinase inhibitors did not show any effect in necroptosis and Necrostatin-1s treatment did not result in cytokinesis defects, demonstrating that both cellular processes are not interrelated. Finally, Tozasertib inhibited recombinant human RIPK1, human Aurora A and human Aurora B kinase activity, but not RIPK3. The potency ranking of the newly derived Tozasertib analogues and their specificity profile, as observed in cellular assays, coincide with ADP-Glo recombinant kinase activity assays. Overall, we show that Tozasertib not only targets Aurora kinases but also RIPK1 independently, and that we could generate analogues with increased selectivity to RIPK1 or Aurora kinases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Martens
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Vera Goossens
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Lars Devisscher
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Sam Hofmans
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Polien Claeys
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Gnomixx, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.
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31
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Mitotic slippage and the subsequent cell fates after inhibition of Aurora B during tubulin-binding agent-induced mitotic arrest. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16762. [PMID: 29196757 PMCID: PMC5711930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin-binding agents (TBAs) are designed to target microtubule (MT) dynamics, resulting in compromised mitotic spindles and an unsatisfied spindle assembly checkpoint. The activity of Aurora B kinase is indispensable for TBA-induced mitotic arrest, and its inhibition causes mitotic slippage and postmitotic endoreduplication. However, the precise phenomenon underlying mitotic slippage, which is caused by treatment with both Aurora B inhibitors and TBAs, and the cell fate after postmitotic slippage are not completely understood. Here, we found that HeLa and breast cancer cells treated with the different types of TBAs, such as paclitaxel and eribulin (MT-stabilizing and MT-destabilizing agents, respectively), exhibited distinct behaviors of mitotic slippage on inhibition of Aurora B. In such conditions, the cell fates after postmitotic slippage vastly differed with respect to cell morphology, cell proliferation, and cytotoxicity in short-term culture; that is, the effects of inhibition of Aurora B were beneficial for cytotoxicity enhancement in eribulin treatment but not in paclitaxel. However, in long-term culture, the cells that survived after mitotic slippage underwent endoreduplication and became giant cells in both cases, resulting in cellular senescence. We propose that MT-destabilizing agents may be more appropriate than MT-stabilizing agents for treating cancer cells with a weakened Aurora B kinase activity.
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32
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Yu X, Liang Q, Liu W, Zhou L, Li W, Liu H. Deguelin, an Aurora B Kinase Inhibitor, Exhibits Potent Anti-Tumor Effect in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:100-111. [PMID: 29129699 PMCID: PMC5832566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase has emerged as a key regulator of mitosis and deregulation of Aurora B activity is closely related to the development and progression of human cancers. In the present study, we found that Aurora B is overexpressed in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), high levels of Aurora B protein were associated with a worse overall survival rate in ESCC patients. Depleting of Aurora B blunted the malignant phenotypes in ESCC cells. Importantly, we demonstrated that a natural compound, deguelin, has a profound anti-tumor effect on ESCC via inhibiting Aurora B activity. Deguelin potently inhibited in vitro Aurora B kinase activity. The in silico docking study further indicated that deguelin was docked into the ATP-binding pocket of Aurora B. Inhibition of Aurora B activity attenuated growth of ESCC cells, resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest, polyploidy cells formation, and apoptosis induction. Knocking down of Aurora B decreased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to deguelin. The in vivo results showed that deguelin blocked the phosphorylation of histone H3 and inhibited the growth of ESCC tumor xenografts. Overall, we identified deguelin as an effective Aurora B inhibitor, which deserves further studies in other animal models and ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China; Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China; Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
| | - Haidan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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33
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Lujambio A. To clear, or not to clear (senescent cells)? That is the question. Bioessays 2017; 38 Suppl 1:S56-64. [PMID: 27417123 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201670910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an anti-proliferative program that restricts the propagation of cells subjected to different kinds of stress. Cellular senescence was initially described as a cell-autonomous tumor suppressor mechanism that triggers an irreversible cell cycle arrest that prevents the proliferation of damaged cells at risk of neoplastic transformation. However, discoveries during the last decade have established that senescent cells can also impact the surrounding tissue microenvironment and the neighboring cells in a non-cell-autonomous manner. These non-cell-autonomous activities are, in part, mediated by the selective secretion of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, cytokines, chemokines and immune modulators, which collectively constitute the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. One of the key functions of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype is to attract immune cells, which in turn can orchestrate the elimination of senescent cells. Interestingly, the clearance of senescent cells seems to be critical to dictate the net effects of cellular senescence. As a general rule, the successful elimination of senescent cells takes place in processes that are considered beneficial, such as tumor suppression, tissue remodeling and embryonic development, while the chronic accumulation of senescent cells leads to more detrimental consequences, namely, cancer and aging. Nevertheless, exceptions to this rule may exist. Now that cellular senescence is in the spotlight for both anti-cancer and anti-aging therapies, understanding the precise underpinnings of senescent cell removal will be essential to exploit cellular senescence to its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Cairney CJ, Godwin LS, Bilsland AE, Burns S, Stevenson KH, McGarry L, Revie J, Moore JD, Wiggins CM, Collinson RS, Mudd C, Tsonou E, Sadaie M, Bennett DC, Narita M, Torrance CJ, Keith WN. A 'synthetic-sickness' screen for senescence re-engagement targets in mutant cancer backgrounds. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006942. [PMID: 28806777 PMCID: PMC5570495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a universal barrier to immortalisation and tumorigenesis. As such, interest in the use of senescence-induction in a therapeutic context has been gaining momentum in the past few years; however, senescence and immortalisation remain underserved areas for drug discovery owing to a lack of robust senescence inducing agents and an incomplete understanding of the signalling events underlying this complex process. In order to address this issue we undertook a large-scale morphological siRNA screen for inducers of senescence phenotypes in the human melanoma cell line A375P. Following rescreen and validation in a second cancer cell line, HCT116 colorectal carcinoma, a panel of 16 of the most robust hits were selected for further validation based on significance and the potential to be targeted by drug-like molecules. Using secondary assays for detection of senescence biomarkers p21, 53BP1 and senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SAβGal) in a panel of HCT116 cell lines carrying cancer-relevant mutations, we show that partial senescence phenotypes can be induced to varying degrees in a context dependent manner, even in the absence of p21 or p53 expression. However, proliferation arrest varied among genetic backgrounds with predominantly toxic effects in p21 null cells, while cells lacking PI3K mutation failed to arrest. Furthermore, we show that the oncogene ECT2 induces partial senescence phenotypes in all mutant backgrounds tested, demonstrating a dependence on activating KRASG13D for growth suppression and a complete senescence response. These results suggest a potential mechanism to target mutant KRAS signalling through ECT2 in cancers that are reliant on activating KRAS mutations and remain refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Godwin
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan E. Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Burns
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina H. Stevenson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- RNAi Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Revie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jon D. Moore
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri M. Wiggins
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca S. Collinson
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Mudd
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elpida Tsonou
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - W. Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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35
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Hwang HY, Cho SM, Kwon HJ. Approaches for discovering novel bioactive small molecules targeting autophagy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:909-923. [PMID: 28758515 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1349751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, development of novel bioactive small molecules targeting autophagy has been implicated for autophagy-related disease treatment. Screening new small molecules regulating autophagy allows for the discovery of novel autophagy machinery and therapeutic agents. Areas covered: Two major screening methods for novel autophagy modulators are introduced in this review, namely target based screening and phenotype based screening. With increasing attention focused on chemical compound libraries, coupled with the development of new assay systems, this review attempts to provide an efficient strategy to explore autophagy biology and discover small molecules for the treatment of autophagy-related diseases. Expert opinion: Adopting an appropriate autophagy screening strategy is important for developing small molecules capable of treating neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. Phenotype based screening and target based screening were both used for developing effective small molecules. However, each of these methods has many pros and cons. An efficient approach is suggested to screen for novel lead compounds targeting autophagy, which could provide new hits with better efficiency and rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Hwang
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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36
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Martin D, Fallaha S, Proctor M, Stevenson A, Perrin L, McMillan N, Gabrielli B. Inhibition of Aurora A and Aurora B Is Required for the Sensitivity of HPV-Driven Cervical Cancers to Aurora Kinase Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1934-1941. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kural KC, Tandon N, Skoblov M, Kel-Margoulis OV, Baranova AV. Pathways of aging: comparative analysis of gene signatures in replicative senescence and stress induced premature senescence. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1030. [PMID: 28105936 PMCID: PMC5249001 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In culturing normal diploid cells, senescence may either happen naturally, in the form of replicative senescence, or it may be a consequence of external challenges such as oxidative stress. Here we present a comparative analysis aimed at reconstruction of molecular cascades specific for replicative (RS) and stressinduced senescence (SIPS) in human fibroblasts. Results An involvement of caspase-3/keratin-18 pathway and serine/threonine kinase Aurora A/ MDM2 pathway was shared between RS and SIPS. Moreover, stromelysin/MMP3 and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme MGAT1, which initiates the synthesis of hybrid and complex Nglycans, were identified as key orchestrating components in RS and SIPS, respectively. In RS only, Aurora-B driven cell cycle signaling was deregulated in concert with the suppression of anabolic branches of the fatty acids and estrogen metabolism. In SIPS, Aurora-B signaling is deprioritized, and the synthetic branches of cholesterol metabolism are upregulated, rather than downregulated. Moreover, in SIPS, proteasome/ubiquitin ligase pathways of protein degradation dominate the regulatory landscape. This picture indicates that SIPS proceeds in cells that are actively fighting stress which facilitates premature senescence while failing to completely activate the orderly program of RS. The promoters of genes differentially expressed in either RS or SIPS are unusually enriched by the binding sites for homeobox family proteins, with particular emphasis on HMX1, IRX2, HDX and HOXC13. Additionally, we identified Iroquois Homeobox 2 (IRX2) as a master regulator for the secretion of SPP1-encoded osteopontin, a stromal driver for tumor growth that is overexpressed by both RS and SIPS fibroblasts. The latter supports the hypothesis that senescence-specific de-repression of SPP1 aids in SIPS-dependent stromal activation. Conclusions Reanalysis of previously published experimental data is cost-effective approach for extraction of additional insignts into the functioning of biological systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3352-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil C Kural
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | | | - Mikhail Skoblov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | | | - Ancha V Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA. .,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
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38
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Hsu CC, Chang WC, Hsu TI, Liu JJ, Yeh SH, Wang JY, Liou JP, Ko CY, Chang KY, Chuang JY. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid represses glioma stem-like cells. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:81. [PMID: 27863490 PMCID: PMC5116136 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are proposed to be responsible for high resistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. In order to find new strategies aimed at reducing GSC stemness and improving GBM patient survival, we investigated the effects and mechanism of a histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), since HDAC activity has been linked to cancer stem-like cell (CSC) abundance and properties. Methods Human GBM cell lines were plated in serum-free suspension cultures allowed for sphere forming and CSC enrichment. Subsequently, upon SAHA treatment, the stemness markers, cell proliferation, and viability of GSCs as well as cellular apoptosis and senescence were examined in order to clarify whether inhibition of GSCs occurs. Results We demonstrated that SAHA attenuated cell proliferation and diminished the expression stemness-related markers (CD133 and Bmi1) in GSCs. Furthermore, at high concentrations (more than 5 μM), SAHA triggered apoptosis of GSCs accompanied by increases in both activation of caspase 8- and caspase 9-mediated pathways. Interestingly, we found that a lower dose of SAHA (1 μM and 2.5 μM) inhibited GSCs via cell cycle arrest and induced premature senescence through p53 up-regulation and p38 activation. Conclusion SAHA induces apoptosis and functions as a potent modulator of senescence via the p38-p53 pathway in GSCs. Our results provide a perspective on targeting GSCs via SAHA treatment, and suggest that SAHA could be used as a potent agent to overcome drug resistance in GBM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Jiun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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39
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Sahni JM, Gayle SS, Bonk KLW, Vite LC, Yori JL, Webb B, Ramos EK, Seachrist DD, Landis MD, Chang JC, Bradner JE, Keri RA. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Protein Inhibition Blocks Growth of Triple-negative Breast Cancers through the Suppression of Aurora Kinases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23756-23768. [PMID: 27650498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins are epigenetic "readers" that recognize acetylated histones and mark areas of the genome for transcription. BRD4, a BET family member protein, has been implicated in a number of types of cancer, and BET protein inhibitors (BETi) are efficacious in many preclinical cancer models. However, the drivers of response to BETi vary depending on tumor type, and little is known regarding the target genes conveying BETi activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we show that BETi repress growth of multiple in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC by inducing two terminal responses: apoptosis and senescence. Unlike in other cancers, response to BETi in TNBC is not dependent upon suppression of MYC Instead, both end points are preceded by the appearance of polyploid cells caused by the suppression of Aurora kinases A and B (AURKA/B), which are critical mediators of mitosis. In addition, AURKA/B inhibitors phenocopy the effects of BETi. These results indicate that Aurora kinases play an important role in the growth suppressive activity of BETi in TNBC. Elucidating the mechanism of response to BETi in TNBC should 1) facilitate the prediction of how distinct TNBC tumors will respond to BETi and 2) inform the rational design of drug combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Webb
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and
| | | | | | - Melissa D Landis
- the Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Jenny C Chang
- the Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - James E Bradner
- the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ruth A Keri
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and .,Genetics and Genome Sciences and General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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40
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Yoon KB, Park KR, Kim SY, Han SY. Induction of Nuclear Enlargement and Senescence by Sirtuin Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:183-8. [PMID: 27340387 PMCID: PMC4917402 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin family members with lysine deacetylase activity are known to play an important role in anti-aging and longevity. Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging, and downregulation of sirtuin is reported to induce premature senescence. In this study, we investigated the effects of small-molecule sirtuin inhibitors on cellular senescence. Various small molecules such as tenovin-1 and EX527 were employed for direct sirtuin activity inhibition. U251, SNB-75, and U87MG glioblastoma cells treated with sirtuin inhibitors exhibited phenotypes with nuclear enlargement. Furthermore, treatment of rat primary astrocytes with tenovin-1 also increased the size of the nucleus. The activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, a marker of cellular senescence, was induced by tenovin-1 and EX527 treatment in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Consistent with the senescent phenotype, treatment with tenovin-1 increased p53 expression in U87MG cells. This study demonstrated the senescence-inducing effect of sirtuin inhibitors, which are potentially useful tools for senescence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung B Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyeong R Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Soo Y Kim
- Division of Basic Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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41
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Nakayama Y, Inoue T. Antiproliferative Fate of the Tetraploid Formed after Mitotic Slippage and Its Promotion; A Novel Target for Cancer Therapy Based on Microtubule Poisons. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050663. [PMID: 27213315 PMCID: PMC6274067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule poisons inhibit spindle function, leading to activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and mitotic arrest. Cell death occurring in prolonged mitosis is the first target of microtubule poisons in cancer therapies. However, even in the presence of microtubule poisons, SAC and mitotic arrest are not permanent, and the surviving cells exit the mitosis without cytokinesis (mitotic slippage), becoming tetraploid. Another target of microtubule poisons-based cancer therapy is antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage. The ultimate goal of both the microtubule poisons-based cancer therapies involves the induction of a mechanism defined as mitotic catastrophe, which is a bona fide intrinsic oncosuppressive mechanism that senses mitotic failure and responds by driving a cell to an irreversible antiproliferative fate of death or senescence. This mechanism of antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage is not as well understood. We provide an overview of mitotic catastrophe, and explain new insights underscoring a causal association between basal autophagy levels and antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage, and propose possible improved strategies. Additionally, we discuss nuclear alterations characterizing the mitotic catastrophe (micronuclei, multinuclei) after mitotic slippage, and a possible new type of nuclear alteration (clustered micronuclei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Inoue
- Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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42
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Abstract
Size and shape are important aspects of nuclear structure. While normal cells maintain nuclear size within a defined range, altered nuclear size and shape are associated with a variety of diseases. It is unknown if altered nuclear morphology contributes to pathology, and answering this question requires a better understanding of the mechanisms that control nuclear size and shape. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nuclear morphology, focusing on nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear lamins, the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell cycle, and potential links between nuclear size and size regulation of other organelles. We then discuss the functional significance of nuclear morphology in the context of early embryonic development. Looking toward the future, we review new experimental approaches that promise to provide new insights into mechanisms of nuclear size control, in particular microfluidic-based technologies, and discuss how altered nuclear morphology might impact chromatin organization and physiology of diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richik N Mukherjee
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Wyoming , Laramie , WY USA
| | - Pan Chen
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Wyoming , Laramie , WY USA
| | - Daniel L Levy
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Wyoming , Laramie , WY USA
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43
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Bilsland AE, Pugliese A, Liu Y, Revie J, Burns S, McCormick C, Cairney CJ, Bower J, Drysdale M, Narita M, Sadaie M, Keith WN. Identification of a Selective G1-Phase Benzimidazolone Inhibitor by a Senescence-Targeted Virtual Screen Using Artificial Neural Networks. Neoplasia 2015; 17:704-715. [PMID: 26476078 PMCID: PMC4611071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a barrier to tumorigenesis in normal cells, and tumor cells undergo senescence responses to genotoxic stimuli, which is a potential target phenotype for cancer therapy. However, in this setting, mixed-mode responses are common with apoptosis the dominant effect. Hence, more selective senescence inducers are required. Here we report a machine learning-based in silico screen to identify potential senescence agonists. We built profiles of differentially affected biological process networks from expression data obtained under induced telomere dysfunction conditions in colorectal cancer cells and matched these to a panel of 17 protein targets with confirmatory screening data in PubChem. We trained a neural network using 3517 compounds identified as active or inactive against these targets. The resulting classification model was used to screen a virtual library of ~2M lead-like compounds. One hundred and forty-seven virtual hits were acquired for validation in growth inhibition and senescence-associated β-galactosidase assays. Among the found hits, a benzimidazolone compound, CB-20903630, had low micromolar IC50 for growth inhibition of HCT116 cells and selectively induced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in the entire treated cell population without cytotoxicity or apoptosis induction. Growth suppression was mediated by G1 blockade involving increased p21 expression and suppressed cyclin B1, CDK1, and CDC25C. In addition, the compound inhibited growth of multicellular spheroids and caused severe retardation of population kinetics in long-term treatments. Preliminary structure-activity and structure clustering analyses are reported, and expression analysis of CB-20903630 against other cell cycle suppressor compounds suggested a PI3K/AKT-inhibitor-like profile in normal cells, with different pathways affected in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Angelo Pugliese
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - John Revie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sharon Burns
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Carol McCormick
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Justin Bower
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Martin Drysdale
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Masashi Narita
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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