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Mickenautsch S, Rupf S, Yengopal V. Application of the Composite Quality Score (CQS-2B) versus Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool (Version 2) in systematic reviews of clinical trials - an exploratory study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1307815. [PMID: 38756938 PMCID: PMC11096475 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1307815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore whether systematic review conclusions generated from Cochrane's second version of its Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2) for trial appraisal differ when the Composite Quality Score, Version 2.B (CQS-2B) is used instead and to develop a testable hypothesis based on these findings. Methods PubMed was searched for one single systematic review. From the review's accepted trials, data concerning effect estimates and overall bias risk according to the RoB 2 tool were extracted. All trial reports were appraised again using the CQS-2B. Datasets were stratified according to overall bias risk (RoB 2) or corroboration (C-) level (CQS-2B). The effect estimates from trials with 'low bias risk' (RoB 2) and with highest C-level (CQS-2B) were pooled separately. These pooled effect estimates were statistically and all clinical conclusions qualitatively compared. Results The pooled effect estimates for trials with 'low bias risk' (RoB 2) were -0.07, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.04 (I2 = 0.0%) and for the highest C-levels (CQS-2B) 0.08, 95% CI: -0.12 to -0.04 (I2 = 57.0%). The difference was statistically not significant (p = 0.70). Contrary to the RoB 2 tool, no clinical conclusions in line with the CQS-2B were made, because the effect estimates were judged to be erroneously overestimated, due to high risk of bias. Conclusion A testable hypothesis was generated suggesting that trial appraisal using the CQS-2B may provide more conservative conclusions based on similar data than with the RoB 2 tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mickenautsch
- Review Centre for Health Science Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Rupf
- Synoptic Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veerasamy Yengopal
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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2
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Iorizzo M, Di Martino C, Letizia F, Crawford TW, Paventi G. Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Review with Emphasis on Fermented Foods. Foods 2024; 13:975. [PMID: 38611281 PMCID: PMC11012127 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) refers generically to a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. Among the isomers of linoleic acid cis9, trans11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) and trans10, cis12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA) are found to be biologically active isomers, and they occur naturally in milk, dairy products and meat from ruminants. In addition, some vegetables and some seafoods have also been reported to contain CLA. Although the CLA levels in these natural sources are insufficient to confer the essential health benefits, anti-carcinogenic or anti-cancer effects are of current interest. In the rumen, CLA is an intermediate of isomerization and the biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid to stearic acid conducted by ruminal microorganisms. In addition to rumen bacteria, some other bacteria, such as Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium and some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are also capable of producing CLA. In this regard, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) has demonstrated the ability to produce CLA isomers from linoleic acid by multiple enzymatic activities, including hydration, dehydration, and isomerization. L. plantarum is one of the most versatile species of LAB and the bacterium is widely used in the food industry as a microbial food culture. Thus, in this review we critically analyzed the literature produced in the last ten years with the aim to highlight the potentiality as well as the optimal conditions for CLA production by L. plantarum. Evidence was provided suggesting that the use of appropriate strains of L. plantarum, as a starter or additional culture in the production of some fermented foods, can be considered a critical factor in the design of new CLA-enriched functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Catello Di Martino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesco Letizia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
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3
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Elisia I, Yeung M, Kowalski S, Shyp T, Tee J, Hollman S, Wong A, King J, Dyer R, Sorensen PH, Krystal G. A ketogenic diet rich in fish oil is superior to other fats in preventing NNK-induced lung cancer in A/J mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5610. [PMID: 38453966 PMCID: PMC10920871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Given that ketogenic diets (KDs) are extremely high in dietary fat, we compared different fats in KDs to determine which was the best for cancer prevention. Specifically, we compared a Western and a 15% carbohydrate diet to seven different KDs, containing either Western fats or fats enriched in medium chain fatty acids (MCTs), milk fat (MF), palm oil (PO), olive oil (OO), corn oil (CO) or fish oil (FO) for their ability to reduce nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced lung cancer in mice. While all the KDs tested were more effective at reducing lung nodules than the Western or 15% carbohydrate diet, the FO-KD was most effective at reducing lung nodules. Correlating with this, mice on the FO-KD had low blood glucose and the highest β-hydroxybutyrate level, lowest liver fatty acid synthase/carnitine palmitoyl-1a ratio and a dramatic increase in fecal Akkermansia. We found no liver damage induced by the FO-KD, while the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL was unchanged on the different diets. We conclude that a FO-KD is superior to KDs enriched in other fats in reducing NNK-induced lung cancer, perhaps by being the most effective at skewing whole-body metabolism from a dependence on glucose to fats as an energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Elisia
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michelle Yeung
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sara Kowalski
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Taras Shyp
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jason Tee
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Serena Hollman
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Amy Wong
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Janette King
- Analytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roger Dyer
- Analytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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4
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Firouzi M, Jabbarzadeh B, Mirrafiei A, Sadeghi S, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. Association of meal-specific protein intake and cardiometabolic risk factors: a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:2053-2060. [PMID: 37203588 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association of main meals' specific protein intake with cardiometabolic risk factors, including general and abdominal obesity, serum lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP). This cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 subjects aged 20-59 years. Dietary intakes were assessed by completing three 24-h recalls, and the protein intake of each meal was extracted. Anthropometric measures, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar and BP were measured. Multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, physical activity, sex, marital status, smoking status, BMI and energy intake was applied to obtain OR and CI. The mean age was 42 years, and the mean BMI of the participants was 27·2. The mean protein intake for breakfast, lunch and dinner was 12·5, 22·2 and 18·7 g/d, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, higher protein intake was not associated with any of the cardiometabolic risk factors, including LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), TAG, body weight, BP and fasting plasma glucose, in any of the three main meals consumed within a day. Adherence to a higher protein intake at each meal was not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian adults. Further prospective studies are needed to justify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Firouzi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
| | - Bahareh Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
| | - Amin Mirrafiei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
| | - Sara Sadeghi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran14167-53955, Iran
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5
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Pradeilles R, Norris T, Sellem L, Markey O. Effect of Isoenergetic Substitution of Cheese with Other Dairy Products on Blood Lipid Markers in the Fasted and Postprandial State: An Updated and Extended Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1579-1595. [PMID: 37717700 PMCID: PMC10721513 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fat as part of a cheese matrix may differentially affect blood lipid responses when compared with other dairy foods. This systematic review was conducted to compare the impact of consuming equal amounts of fat from cheese and other dairy products on blood lipid markers in the fasted and postprandial state. Searches of PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Central and Embase databases were conducted up to mid-June 2022. Eligible human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effect of isoenergetic substitution of hard or semi-hard cheese with other dairy products on blood lipid markers. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses assessed the effect of ≥2 similar dietary replacements on the same blood lipid marker. Of 1491 identified citations, 10 articles were included (RoB: all some concerns). Pooled analyses of 7 RCTs showed a reduction in fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations after ≥14 d mean daily intake of 135 g cheese (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.24 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.34, -0.15; I2 = 59.8%, WMD: -0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.12; I2 = 42.8%, and WMD: -0.04 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.00; I2 = 58.6%, respectively) relative to ∼52 g/d butter. We found no evidence of a benefit from replacing cheese for ≥14 d with milk on fasting blood lipid markers (n = 2). Limited postprandial RCTs, described in narrative syntheses, suggested that cheese-rich meals may induce differential fed-state lipid responses compared with some other dairy matrix structures, but not butter (n ≤ 2). In conclusion, these findings indicate that dairy fat consumed in the form of cheese has a differential effect on blood lipid responses relative to some other dairy food structures. However, owing to considerable heterogeneity and limited studies, further confirmation from RCTs is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This systematic review protocol was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42022299748.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pradeilles
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Montpellier Interdisciplinary Centre on Sustainable Agri-Food Systems (UMR MoISA), University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Tom Norris
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oonagh Markey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Carenity (ELSE CARE), Paris, France.
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Lytrivi M, Gomes Da Silveira Cauduro C, Kibanda J, Kristanto P, Paesmans M, Cnop M. Impact of saturated compared with unsaturated dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function and glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:739-753. [PMID: 37500058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the dietary fat type on type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function, and glucose tolerance, as surrogate endpoints for T2D. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that replaced ≥5% of total energy intake provided by SFA with MUFA or PUFA and reported indexes of insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and/or glucose tolerance. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) up to 9 January, 2023. Eligible interventions had to be isocaloric, with no significant difference in other macronutrients. Data were synthesized using random-effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS Of 6355 records identified, 10 parallel and 20 crossover trials with 1586 participants were included. The mean age of the participants was 42 years, 47% were male, mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) was 26.8, median baseline fasting glucose was 5.13 mmol/L, and the median duration of interventions was 5 weeks. Replacing SFA with MUFA or PUFA had no significant effects on insulin sensitivity [standardized mean difference (SMD) SFA compared with MUFA: 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.06 to 0.09, I2 = 0% and SMD SFA compared with PUFA: 0, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.14, I2 = 0%]. Replacing SFA with MUFA did not significantly impact the β-cell function, evaluated by the disposition index (mean difference: -12, 95% CI: -158 to 133, I2=0%). Evidence on glucose tolerance (SFA compared with MUFA or PUFA) and on β-cell function when SFA were replaced with PUFA was scant. CONCLUSIONS Short-term substitution of saturated with unsaturated fat does not significantly affect insulin sensitivity nor β-cell function (the latter in the SFA compared with MUFA comparison). Future studies are needed to elucidate longer term effects of dietary fat saturation on glucose homeostasis. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020178382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lytrivi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Carolina Gomes Da Silveira Cauduro
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Radiotherapy Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jésabelle Kibanda
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Gonçalinho GHF, Sampaio GR, Soares-Freitas RAM, Damasceno NRT. Stearic Acid, but not Palmitic Acid, is Associated with Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers in Individuals at Cardiovascular Risk. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220598. [PMID: 37672472 PMCID: PMC10519248 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have associated dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with cardiovascular risk but there are still many controversies. Most of these studies have focused on the effects of palmitic acid on circulating lipids. Stearic acid usually shows a neutral effect on blood lipids, however, there is a lack of clinical studies assessing the link with inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of red blood cell (RBC) SFA (palmitic and stearic acids) with circulating inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 79 adults of both sexes with at least one cardiovascular risk factor but without previous events (acute myocardial infarction or stroke). Plasma biomarkers - lipids, glucometabolic markers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) - and RBC palmitic and stearic fatty acids were analyzed. The associations were assessed by correlation and multiple linear regression analyses, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Palmitic acid showed no significant associations with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or inflammatory markers. Stearic acid, on the other hand, was inversely correlated with blood cholesterol and triglycerides, but independently associated with hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. CONCLUSION Stearic acid is associated with inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in individuals with at least one cardiovascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Henrique Ferreira Gonçalinho
- Universidade de São PauloDepartamento de NutriçãoSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo
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Departamento de Nutrição
,
São Paulo
,
SP
–
Brasil
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Universidade de São PauloDepartamento de NutriçãoSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo
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Departamento de Nutrição
,
São Paulo
,
SP
–
Brasil
| | | | - Nágila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno
- Universidade de São PauloDepartamento de NutriçãoSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo
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Departamento de Nutrição
,
São Paulo
,
SP
–
Brasil
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8
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Givens DI. Dairy foods and cardiometabolic diseases: an update and a reassessment of the impact of SFA. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:329-345. [PMID: 36740241 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD are major causes of mortality and chronic morbidity. Whilst mortality from CVD has decreased they remain the largest cause of death in Europe and the prevalence of T2D is increasing rapidly. A consistent component of public health advice is to reduce intake of SFA to reduce CVD in particular, which implies limiting dairy food consumption. The prospective studies and randomised controlled trials included in this review show that for dairy foods at least, SFA are not consistently associated with CVD or T2D risk. For CVD the association with dairy foods is generally neutral despite dairy foods being the major source of SFA in many diets. This creates considerable doubt, at least for dairy foods, concerning the validity of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis which positively relates SFA intake to increased serum LDL-cholesterol and subsequent increased CVD. There is now emerging evidence to explain this which is highly relevant to dairy foods. These include the potentially counterbalancing effect of SFA-stimulated HDL-cholesterol and specific food matrix factors. In addition, SFA are associated with the less atherogenic large buoyant LDL particles and possible counterbalancing hypotensive effects of dairy proteins. Overall, dairy foods have either a neutral or beneficial association with CVD and T2D. Beneficial associations are seen for blood pressure and the reduced T2D risk linked to yoghurt consumption, a subject that needs urgent attention given the sharp rise in T2D prevalence in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
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9
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Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A, Ghods K, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37632423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2251583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Emadi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghods
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Sun Y, Guo S, Wu T, Zhang J, Kwok LY, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang J. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach unveils biochemical changes in compound probiotic fermented milk during fermentation. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:21. [PMID: 37225736 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic functional products have drawn wide attention because of their increasing popularity. However, few studies have analyzed probiotic-specific metabolism in the fermentation process. This study applied UPLC-QE-MS-based metabolomics to track changes in the milk metabolomes in the course of fermentation by two probiotic strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-01 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis B8589. We observed substantial changes in the probiotic fermented milk metabolome between 0 and 36 h of fermentation, and the differences between the milk metabolomes at the interim period (36 h and 60 h) and the ripening stage (60 h and 72 h) were less obvious. A number of time point-specific differential metabolites were identified, mainly belonging to organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids. Nine of the identified differential metabolites are linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. The contents of pyruvic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, and capric acid increased at the end of fermentation, which can contribute to the nutritional quality and functional properties of the probiotic fermented milk. This time-course metabolomics study analyzed probiotic-specific fermentative changes in milk, providing detailed information of probiotic metabolism in a milk matrix and the potential beneficial mechanism of probiotic fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China.
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11
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van Vliet S, Blair AD, Hite LM, Cloward J, Ward RE, Kruse C, van Wietmarchsen HA, van Eekeren N, Kronberg SL, Provenza FD. Pasture-finishing of bison improves animal metabolic health and potential health-promoting compounds in meat. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:49. [PMID: 37004100 PMCID: PMC10067211 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With rising concerns regarding the effects of red meat on human and environmental health, a growing number of livestock producers are exploring ways to improve production systems. A promising avenue includes agro-ecological practices such as rotational grazing of locally adapted ruminants. Additionally, growing consumer interest in pasture-finished meat (i.e., grass-fed) has raised questions about its nutritional composition. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of two common finishing systems in North American bison-pasture-finished or pen-finished on concentrates for 146 d-on metabolomic, lipidomic, and fatty acid profiles of striploins (M. longissimus lumborum). RESULTS Six hundred and seventy-one (671) out of 1570 profiled compounds (43%) differed between pasture- and pen-finished conditions (n = 20 animals per group) (all, P < 0.05). Relative to pasture-finished animals, the muscle of pen-finished animals displayed elevated glucose metabolites (~ 1.6-fold), triglycerides (~ 2-fold), markers of oxidative stress (~ 1.5-fold), and proteolysis (~ 1.2-fold). In contrast, pasture-finished animals displayed improved mitochondrial (~ 1.3-fold higher levels of various Krebs cycle metabolites) and carnitine metabolism (~ 3-fold higher levels of long-chain acyl carnitines) (all P < 0.05). Pasture-finishing also concentrated higher levels of phenolics (~ 2.3-fold), alpha-tocopherol (~ 5.8-fold), carotene (~ 2.0-fold), and very long-chain fatty acids (~ 1.3-fold) in their meat, while having lower levels of a common advanced lipoxidation (4-hydroxy-nonenal-glutathione; ~ 2-fold) and glycation end-product (N6-carboxymethyllysine; ~ 1.7-fold) (all P < 0.05). In contrast, vitamins B5, B6, and C, gamma/beta-tocopherol, and three phenolics commonly found in alfalfa were ~ 2.5-fold higher in pen-finished animals (all P < 0.05); suggesting some concentrate feeding, or grazing plants rich in those compounds, may be beneficial. CONCLUSIONS Pasture-finishing (i.e., grass-fed) broadly improves bison metabolic health and accumulates additional potential health-promoting compounds in their meat compared to concentrate finishing in confinement (i.e., pen-finished). Our data, however, does not indicate that meat from pen-finished bison is therefore unhealthy. The studied bison meat-irrespective of finishing practice-contained favorable omega 6:3 ratios (< 3.2), and amino acid and vitamin profiles. Our study represents one of the deepest meat profiling studies to date (> 1500 unique compounds), having revealed previously unrecognized differences in animal metabolic health and nutritional composition because of finishing mode. Whether observed nutritional differences have an appreciable effect on human health remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition Studies, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84332, USA.
| | - Amanda D Blair
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57707, USA
| | - Lydia M Hite
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57707, USA
| | - Jennifer Cloward
- Center for Human Nutrition Studies, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Robert E Ward
- Center for Human Nutrition Studies, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Carter Kruse
- Turner Institute of Ecoagriculture, Bozeman, MT, 59718, USA
| | | | | | - Scott L Kronberg
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, ND, 58554, USA
| | - Frederick D Provenza
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84332, USA
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, ND, 58554, USA
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12
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Kim H, Heo JH, Lim DH, Kim Y. Development of a Metabolic Syndrome Classification and Prediction Model for Koreans Using Deep Learning Technology: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2013-2018). Clin Nutr Res 2023; 12:138-153. [PMID: 37214780 PMCID: PMC10193438 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2023.12.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its cost are increasing due to lifestyle changes and aging. This study aimed to develop a deep neural network model for prediction and classification of MetS according to nutrient intake and other MetS-related factors. This study included 17,848 individuals aged 40-69 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2018). We set MetS (3-5 risk factors present) as the dependent variable and 52 MetS-related factors and nutrient intake variables as independent variables in a regression analysis. The analysis compared and analyzed model accuracy, precision and recall by conventional logistic regression, machine learning-based logistic regression and deep learning. The accuracy of train data was 81.2089, and the accuracy of test data was 81.1485 in a MetS classification and prediction model developed in this study. These accuracies were higher than those obtained by conventional logistic regression or machine learning-based logistic regression. Precision, recall, and F1-score also showed the high accuracy in the deep learning model. Blood alanine aminotransferase (β = 12.2035) level showed the highest regression coefficient followed by blood aspartate aminotransferase (β = 11.771) level, waist circumference (β = 10.8555), body mass index (β = 10.3842), and blood glycated hemoglobin (β = 10.1802) level. Fats (cholesterol [β = -2.0545] and saturated fatty acid [β = -2.0483]) showed high regression coefficients among nutrient intakes. The deep learning model for classification and prediction on MetS showed a higher accuracy than conventional logistic regression or machine learning-based logistic regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Heo
- Department of Information & Statistics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lim
- Department of Information & Statistics, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Schwingshackl L, Schlesinger S. Coconut Oil and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:231-236. [PMID: 36971981 PMCID: PMC10182109 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This narrative review summarizes the current peer-reviewed literature and mechanisms surrounding the cardiovascular health impact of coconut oil.
Recent Findings
No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or prospective cohort studies have investigated the effect or association of coconut oil with cardiovascular disease. Evidence from RCTs indicated that coconut oil seems to have less detrimental effects on total and LDL-cholesterol compared to butter, but not compared to cis-unsaturated vegetable oils, such as safflower, sunflower, or canola oil. The isocaloric replacement (by 1% of energy intake) of carbohydrates with lauric acid (the predominant fatty acid in coconut oil) increased total cholesterol by 0.029 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.014; 0.045), LDL-cholesterol by 0.017 mmol/L (0.003; 0.031), and HDL-cholesterol by 0.019 mmol/L (0.016; 0.023).
Summary
The current evidence from shorter term RCTs suggests that replacement of coconut oil with cis-unsaturated oils lowers total and LDL-cholesterol, whereas for the association between coconut oil intake and cardiovascular disease, less evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 86, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-, Neuherberg, Germany
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A Review of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Lowering Diets in the Age of Anti-Sense Technology. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051249. [PMID: 36904248 PMCID: PMC10005665 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review discusses an important issue, the primary role of diet in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) concentrations in polygenic hypercholesterolemia. Two effective drugs, statins, and ezetimibe, that lower LDLc > 20% are relatively inexpensive and potential competitors to strict dieting. Biochemical and genomic studies have shown that proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays an important role in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipid metabolism. Clinical trials have demonstrated that inhibitory monoclonal antibodies of PCSK9 dose-dependently lower LDLc up to 60%, with evidence of both regression and stabilization of coronary atherosclerosis and a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Recent approaches using RNA interference to achieve PCSK9 inhibition are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The latter presents an attractive option of twice-yearly injections. They are, however, currently expensive and unsuitable for moderate hypercholesterolemia, which is largely due to inappropriate patterns of eating. The best dietary approach, the substitution of saturated fatty acids by polyunsaturated fatty acids at 5% energy, yields > 10% lowering of LDLc. Foods such as nuts and brans, especially within a prudent, plant-based diet low in saturates complemented by supplements such as phytosterols, have the potential to reduce LDLc further. A combination of such foods has been shown to lower LDLc by 20%. A nutritional approach requires backing from industry to develop and market LDLc-lowering products before pharmacology replaces the diet option. Energetic support from health professionals is vital.
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Márquez-Ruiz G, Velasco J, Holgado F. Major dietary lipids in nutrition and health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, an overview of the major lipids in the diet with emphasis in nutritional aspects is provided. Triacylglycerols, i.e., glycerol esterified with three fatty acids, are the predominant constituents in dietary lipids. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the nature and nutritional significance of the main fatty acids in the diet and their possible modifications during food processing and commercialization. The main fatty acids in dietary lipids are grouped into saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutritional implications, the latest intervention trials and health recommendations will be discussed. A brief description of the major sources of lipids in the diet is included, oils and fats standing out. Other food sources shortly commented are milk and dairy products, meat, poultry and eggs, fish, and structured lipids designed to improve functional and nutritional properties. Modifications of fatty acids as a result of processing and commercialization are discussed because of their great relevance for their health implications, especially oxidation compounds and trans fatty acids.
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Givens DI. Saturated fats, dairy foods and cardiovascular health: No longer a curious paradox? NUTR BULL 2022; 47:407-422. [PMID: 36285545 PMCID: PMC10091990 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of death and morbidity in many parts of the world, and many dietary guidelines limit the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) as they are regarded as an important risk factor for CVDs due to their association with increased blood cholesterol. Dairy foods are often a major contributor to dietary intake of SFA, and since many dietary guidelines contain restrictions on SFA intake, this can lead to a moderation of dairy food intake despite meta-analyses generally showing dairy to have a neutral or negative association with CVDs. Many prospective studies and randomised controlled trials do not support a simple positive association between SFA intake and the risk of atherosclerotic CVD and its components although some early studies had a number of methodological weakness. Studies that included blood cholesterol data do broadly support the positive relationship between SFA and blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but without increased CVD risk resulting, despite LDL being a causal factor in atherosclerotic CVD. These data suggest that LDL-C alone is not a consistently good predictor or cause of CVD risk, perhaps particularly in relation to dairy food consumption although some non-dairy food studies have also shown LDL-C reduction was not reflected in reduced CVD risk. This narrative review examines some reasons for these findings. Overall, restrictions on dairy food intake do not seem warranted, although there remains a need to further understand the association of different dairy food types with chronic diseases, perhaps particularly for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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17
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Sellem L, Antoni R, Koutsos A, Ozen E, Wong G, Ayyad H, Weech M, Schulze MB, Wernitz A, Fielding BA, Robertson MD, Jackson KG, Griffin BA, Lovegrove JA. Impact of a food-based dietary fat exchange model for replacing dietary saturated with unsaturated fatty acids in healthy men on plasma phospholipids fatty acid profiles and dietary patterns. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3669-3684. [PMID: 35668120 PMCID: PMC9464142 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE UK guidelines recommend dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) should not exceed 10% total energy (%TE) for cardiovascular disease prevention, with benefits observed when SFAs are replaced with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a dietary exchange model using commercially available foods to replace SFAs with UFAs. METHODS Healthy men (n = 109, age 48, SD 11 year) recruited to the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention-1 (RISSCI-1) study (ClinicalTrials.Gov n°NCT03270527) followed two sequential 4-week isoenergetic moderate-fat (34%TE) diets: high-SFA (18%TE SFAs, 16%TE UFAs) and low-SFA (10%TE SFAs, 24%TE UFAs). Dietary intakes were assessed using 4-day weighed diet diaries. Nutrient intakes were analysed using paired t-tests, fasting plasma phospholipid fatty acid (PL-FA) profiles and dietary patterns were analysed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analyses. RESULTS Participants exchanged 10.2%TE (SD 4.1) SFAs for 9.7%TE (SD 3.9) UFAs between the high and low-SFA diets, reaching target intakes with minimal effect on other nutrients or energy intakes. Analyses of dietary patterns confirmed successful incorporation of recommended foods from commercially available sources (e.g. dairy products, snacks, oils, and fats), without affecting participants' overall dietary intakes. Analyses of plasma PL-FAs indicated good compliance to the dietary intervention and foods of varying SFA content. CONCLUSIONS RISSCI-1 dietary exchange model successfully replaced dietary SFAs with UFAs in free-living healthy men using commercially available foods, and without altering their dietary patterns. Further intervention studies are required to confirm utility and feasibility of such food-based dietary fat replacement models at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laury Sellem
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | - Rona Antoni
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - Athanasios Koutsos
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK ,Present Address: Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
| | - Ezgi Ozen
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | - Gloria Wong
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | - Hasnaa Ayyad
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - Michelle Weech
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | | | - Andreas Wernitz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - M. Denise Robertson
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | - Bruce A. Griffin
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - Julie A. Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Harry Nursten Building, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
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