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Goodrich HR, Wood CM, Wilson RW, Clark TD, Last KB, Wang T. Specific dynamic action: the energy cost of digestion or growth? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246722. [PMID: 38533751 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The physiological processes underlying the post-prandial rise in metabolic rate, most commonly known as the 'specific dynamic action' (SDA), remain debated and controversial. This Commentary examines the SDA response from two opposing hypotheses: (i) the classic interpretation, where the SDA represents the energy cost of digestion, versus (ii) the alternative view that much of the SDA represents the energy cost of growth. The traditional viewpoint implies that individuals with a reduced SDA should grow faster given the same caloric intake, but experimental evidence for this effect remains scarce and inconclusive. Alternatively, we suggest that the SDA reflects an organism's efficacy in allocating the ingested food to growth, emphasising the role of post-absorptive processes, particularly protein synthesis. Although both viewpoints recognise the trade-offs in energy allocation and the dynamic nature of energy distribution among physiological processes, we argue that equating the SDA with 'the energy cost of digestion' oversimplifies the complexities of energy use in relation to the SDA and growth. In many instances, a reduced SDA may reflect diminished nutrient absorption (e.g. due to lower digestive efficiency) rather than increased 'free' energy available for somatic growth. Considering these perspectives, we summarise evidence both for and against the opposing hypotheses with a focus on ectothermic vertebrates. We conclude by presenting a number of future directions for experiments that may clarify what the SDA is, and what it is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Goodrich
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Katja B Last
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Wang Q, Ren X, Liu P, Li J, Lv J, Wang J, Zhang H, Wei W, Zhou Y, He Y, Li J. Improved genome assembly of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) suggests adaptation to the environment during evolution and domestication. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:334-344. [PMID: 34240531 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high-quality reference genome is necessary to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying important biological phenomena; therefore, in the present study, a chromosome-level genome assembly of the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was performed. Muscle of a male shrimp was sequenced using PacBio platform, and assembled by Hi-C technology. The assembled F. chinensis genome was 1.47 Gb with contig N50 of 472.84 Kb, including 57.73% repetitive sequences, and was anchored to 43 pseudochromosomes, with scaffold N50 of 36.87 Mb. In total, 25,026 protein-coding genes were predicted. The genome size of F. chinensis showed significant contraction in comparison with that of other penaeid species, which is likely related to migration observed in this species. However, the F. chinensis genome included several expanded gene families related to cellular processes and metabolic processes, and the contracted gene families were associated with virus infection process. The findings signify the adaptation of F. chinensis to the selection pressure of migration and cold environment. Furthermore, the selection signature analysis identified genes associated with metabolism, phototransduction, and nervous system in cultured shrimps when compared with wild population, indicating targeted, artificial selection of growth, vision, and behavior during domestication. The construction of the genome of F. chinensis provided valuable information for the further genetic mechanism analysis of important biological processes, and will facilitate the research of genetic changes during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianyun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianjian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Haien Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuying He
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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3
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Wang Q, He Y, Li J. Conjoint Analysis of SMRT- and Illumina-Based RNA-Sequencing Data of Fenneropenaeus chinensis Provides Insight Into Sex-Biased Expression Genes Involved in Sexual Dimorphism. Front Genet 2019; 10:1175. [PMID: 31803244 PMCID: PMC6872642 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenneropenaeus chinensis (F. chinensis) is one of the most commercially important cultured shrimps in China. The adult F. chinensis exhibit sexual dimorphism in growth and body color. In this research, we profiled the whole transcriptome of F. chinensis by using single molecule real-time-based full-length transcriptome sequencing. We further performed Illumina-based short reads RNA-seq on muscle and gonad of two sexes to detect the sex-biased expression genes. In muscle, we observed significantly more female-biased transcripts. With the differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in muscle, some pathways related to the energy metabolism were enriched, which may be responsible for the difference of growth. We also digged out a pathway named porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. It was speculated to relevant to the difference of body color between the two sexes of shrimp. Interestingly, almost all DETs in these pathways were female-biased expression in muscle, which could explain the phenomenon of better growth performance and darker body color in female. In gonad, several pathways involved in reproduction were enriched. For instance, some female-biased DETs participated in the arachidonic acid metabolism, which was reported crucial in female reproduction. In conclusion, our studies identified abundant sex-biased expression transcripts and important pathways involved in sexual dimorphism by using the RNA-seq method. It provided a basis for future researches on the sexual dimorphism of F. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuying He
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
All organisms face the problem of how to fuel ontogenetic growth. We present a model, empirically grounded in data from birds and mammals, that correctly predicts how growing animals allocate food energy between synthesis of new biomass and maintenance of existing biomass. Previous energy budget models have typically had their bases in rates of either food consumption or metabolic energy expenditure. Our model provides a framework that reconciles these two approaches and highlights the fundamental principles that determine rates of food assimilation and rates of energy allocation to maintenance, biosynthesis, activity, and storage. The model predicts that growth and assimilation rates for all animals should cluster closely around two universal curves. Data for mammals and birds of diverse body sizes and taxa support these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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McCue MD. Specific dynamic action: a century of investigation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:381-94. [PMID: 16716621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific dynamic action (SDA) is the term used to refer to the increased metabolic expenditure that occurs in postprandial animals. Postprandial increases in metabolism were first documented in animals over two hundred years ago, and have since been observed in every species thus far examined. Ironically, the ubiquity of this physiological response to feeding understates its complex nature. This review is designed to summarize both classical and modern hypotheses regarding the causality of SDA as well as to review important findings from the past century of scientific research into SDA. A secondary aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of carefully designed experiments and systematic hypothesis testing to make more rapid progress in understanding the physiological processes that contribute to SDA. I also identify three areas in SDA research that deserve more detailed investigation. The first area is identification of the causality of SDA in 'model' organisms. The second area is characterization of SDA responses in novel species. The third area is exploration of the ecological and potential evolutionary significance of SDA in energy budgets of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McCue
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas, 601 Science Engineering, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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6
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Grayson KL, Cook LW, Todd MJ, Pierce D, Hopkins WA, Gatten RE, Dorcas ME. Effects of prey type on specific dynamic action, growth, and mass conversion efficiencies in the horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:298-304. [PMID: 15985380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To be most energetically profitable, predators should ingest prey with the maximal nutritional benefit while minimizing the cost of processing. Therefore, when determining the quality of prey items, both the cost of processing and nutritional content must be considered. Specific dynamic action (SDA), the increase in metabolic rate associated with feeding in animals, is a significant processing cost that represents the total cost of digestion and assimilation of nutrients from prey. We examined the effects of an invertebrate diet (earthworms) and a vertebrate diet (newborn mice) on mass conversion efficiencies, growth, and SDA in the Chacoan horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli. We found the earthworm diet to be significantly lower in lipid, protein, and energy content when compared to the diet of newborn mice. Growth and mass conversion efficiencies were significantly higher in frogs fed newborn mice. However, mean SDA did not differ between frogs fed the two diets, a finding that contradicts many studies that indicate SDA increases with the protein content of the meal. Together, our results indicate that future studies evaluating the effect of meal type on bioenergetics of herpetofauna are warranted and may provide significant insight into the underlying factors driving SDA.
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Fu SJ, Xie XJ. Nutritional homeostasis in carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis): is there a mechanism for increased energy expenditure during carbohydrate overfeeding? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 139:359-63. [PMID: 15556392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous growth experiments with carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), the non-fecal energy lose was positively related to dietary carbohydrate level. To test whether metabolic energy expenditure accounts for such energy loss, an experiment was performed with southern catfish juveniles (33.2-71.9 g) to study the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on fasting metabolic rate and specific dynamic action (SDA) at 27.5 degrees C. The fasting metabolic rate in this catfish was increased with dietary carbohydrate level, and the specific dynamic action (SDA) coefficient (energy expended on SDA as percent of assimilated energy) was not affected by dietary carbohydrate level. The results suggest that in southern catfish, carbohydrate overfeeding increases metabolic rate to oxidize unwanted assimilated carbohydrate. A discussion on the poor capacity of intermediate metabolism for adapting dietary carbohydrate in carnivorous fish and its possible relationship with facultative component of SDA was also documented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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8
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Rosen DA, Trites AW. Metabolic effects of low-energy diet on steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72:723-31. [PMID: 10603336 DOI: 10.1086/316705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diets of six Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were switched between a high (herring) and a low (squid) energy density food for 14 d to determine the effects on ingested prey mass, body mass, resting metabolic rate, and the heat increment of feeding. Body mass was measured daily, and resting metabolism was measured weekly by gas respirometry. Ingested food mass did not differ significantly between the squid diet and the control or the recovery herring diet periods. As a result of differences in energy density, gross energy intake was significantly lower during the squid diet phase than during either the control or recovery periods. As a result, sea lions lost an average of 1.1 kg/d, totaling 12.2% of their initial body mass by the end of the experimental period. The heat increment of feeding for a 4-kg squid meal was significantly lower than for a similarly sized meal of herring. Decreases in both absolute (24.0 to 18.0 MJ/d, -24%) and mass-corrected (903 to 697 kJ/d/kg0.67, -20%) metabolism were observed by the end of the squid feedings. This study suggests that sea lions can depress their resting metabolism in response to decreases in energy intake or body mass, regardless of satiation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rosen
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 6248 Biological Science Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Rosen DA, Trites AW. Heat increment of feeding in Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 118:877-81. [PMID: 9406451 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The heat increment of feeding (HIF) was measured in six captive, juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), fed meals of either 2 or 4 kg of herring. HIF was calculated as the post-prandial increase in metabolism above baseline levels, and was measured using open-circuit (gas) respirometry. It averaged 12.4 +/- 0.9% (SE) of ingested energy intake for the 4-kg meal trials, and 9.9 +/- 0.9% for the 2-kg meal size. The effect lasted 8-10 hr for the larger meal size. Metabolism peaked 3.7 hr after feeding, and was 2.13 times higher than baseline levels. For the 2-kg meal size, the effect lasted 6-8 hr, with metabolism peaking 2.8 hr after ingestion at 1.76 times baseline levels. Our estimates of HIF for Steller sea lions are at the lower end of estimates for terrestrial mammals, and are consistent with estimates for other marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rosen
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Kaczanowski TC, Beamish FW. Dietary essential amino acids and heat increment in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 15:105-120. [PMID: 24194084 DOI: 10.1007/bf01875590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen consumption attributable to apparent heat increment (AHI) was measured in relation to varying essential amino acid proportions (EAA) infused into rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (250-450 g), induced to swim at ≈1 BL s(-1). Five diets, mimicking EAA concentrations in trout whole body protein, deficient in the branched chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine and valine), containing unbalanced proportions of EAAs and supplying lysine in excessive and limiting proportions, were tested. Following infusion of the experimental diets, a significant increase in oxygen consumption was observed. Changes in plasma EAAs following infusion paralleled the time course of AHI (i.e., oxygen consumption). AHI represented the equivalent of 15-32% of the gross energy intake depending on dietary EAA composition. Diets supplying EAAs similar to trout whole body protein and limiting in lysine produced the lowest AHI values, indicating efficient utilization of dietary amino acids. Higher AHI values were associated with diets deficient in the branched chain amino acids and diets supplying lysine in excess. Duration of elevated metabolism was independent of both dietary composition and energy intake. Different proportions of EAAs in the diet can increase the energy expended as AHI. In an attempt to reduce the energy liberated as AHI, attention must be paid to the quality, quantity and balance of dietary EAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Kaczanowski
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mokhtarian A, Decrouy A, Chinet A, Even PC. Components of energy expenditure in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pflugers Arch 1996; 431:527-32. [PMID: 8596695 DOI: 10.1007/bf02191899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous observations showing that basal heat production rates and glucose metabolism were reduced in mdx mouse skeletal muscles incubated in vitro led us to study the components of total energy expenditure by open-circuit indirect calorimetry in the intact, free-moving mdx mouse. Our purpose was to verify if the mdx mouse exhibited whole-body alterations in energy metabolism. The results revealed that total and basal energy expenditure, as well as spontaneous activity, energetic cost of activity, and, therefore, energy expended in relation to activity were not significantly different in C57B1/10 (control) and in dystrophic (mdx) mice. In contrast, the thermic effect of food was 32% larger in mdx than in control mice and was accompanied by significant differences in post-prandial glucose and lipid oxidation. The present in vivo study could not show a direct demonstration that impaired glucose metabolism by skeletal muscles participated in this phenomenon. However, since post-prandial glucose metabolism by skeletal muscles contributes a significant part of the thermic effect of food, the present data are in line with previous studies in vitro that show that mdx mouse skeletal muscles probably suffer an impaired control of their energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mokhtarian
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Régulations, CNRS URA 1860, Collège de France, Paris
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12
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Abstract
In a crude fashion it can be said that metabolizable energy (M) is partitioned into metabolic work, paid for by 'oxidations' (R), and 'assimilation', i.e. production (P), so that M = R+P. However, a fraction of R is required to meet the expenses of production and if these expenses represent, Joule for Joule, a constant proportion of the amount produced, then Rt = Rm+cP, where Rt = total metabolic expenditures, Rm = metabolic expenditures for maintaining the non-producing organism, and cP = Rp = metabolic expenditures connected with the processes of production. The partitioning of metabolizable energy into R and P as well as into Rm and Rp may vary depending on the phylogeny and life-history of the species concerned and on ecological circumstances. Thus selection is expected to act on both ratios, R/P and Rm/Rp. By comparing the ratios P/(P+Rp) (the apparent efficiency of production) and Rp/P (the apparent metabolic cost of production) in different types of organisms, one finds that a value of P/(P+Rp) = 0.75, equal to 75% efficiency, 10 mgdbm/mmol ATP, and 16 mumolO2/mg dbm (when I mg identical to 22 J), can be used as a 'consensus value' for the average efficiency, or cost, of the transformation of metabolizable energy into production in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to mammals. This value corresponds to about three times the theoretical cost of synthesizing the same amount of tissue on the basis of known biochemical principles. The reasons why the empirical costs of production are higher than the theoretical costs of synthesis by what appears to be a common factor may be quite different in bacteria, small ectothermic and large endothermic organisms. Deviations from the consensus value may be due to differences in energy density of the nutrients assimilated and the tissues synthesized. Further complications arise because of interactions between P, Rp, and Rm. In microorganisms the existence of a constant and a variable component of maintenance metabolism has been postulated, the latter decreasing with increasing rate of production. In small ectothermic metazoans, on the other hand, the nonlinear relationship between growth metabolism and growth rate has led to the speculation that above a critical value of Pg certain energy consuming functions of maintenance are suppressed and the energy thus gained used for fuelling growth processes. There is some evidence that, at least in ectothermic metazoans, the apparent cost of growth decreases with the rate of growth, reaching a low plateau of about 10 mumolO2/mgdbm at growth rates exceeding about 8 mgdbm/g/h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wieser
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Carefoot TH. Specific dynamic action (SDA) in the supralittoral isopod, Ligia pallasii: Identification of components of apparent SDA and effects of dietary amino acid quality and content on SDA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90224-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Porrata-Maury C, Aust L, Noack R, Eschrich H. Studies on the postprandial thermogenic action of proteins and protein mixtures in rats. DIE NAHRUNG 1987; 31:311-9. [PMID: 3614338 DOI: 10.1002/food.19870310417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The postprandial thermogenic action of different proteins and their mixtures dependent on their biological value was estimated in rats by indirect calorimetry with special reference to the reproducibility of the evaluation of the postprandial metabolic rate. The absolute thermogenic action (related to the food energy intake) of casein, white-egg protein and gelatine, fed in combination with wheat starch (1:1), amounted to 11.4%, 14.5% and 17.8%, respectively. Mixtures of casein with gelatine (ratio 1:1 and 1:2) as well as the mixture of casein with glycine (in such amount as in the casein-gelatine mixture of 1:1) lead to a postprandial thermogenic action of 16.1%, 19.2% and 14.5%, respectively. If proteins of distinctly different biological value are compared an inverse correlation to their postprandial thermogenic action can be demonstrated which reflects partly theoretical approaches to the ATP yielding capacity, calculated from the amino-acid pattern of the proteins and their mixtures.
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15
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Costa DP, Kooyman GL. Contribution of Specific Dynamic Action to Heat Balance and Thermoregulation in the Sea Otter Enhydra lutris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.57.2.30163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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The relationship between specific dynamic action (SDA) and growth in the common starfish, Asterias rubens L. Oecologia 1984; 61:122-125. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1983] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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