1
|
Harrison JF, Biewener A, Bernhardt JR, Burger JR, Brown JH, Coto ZN, Duell ME, Lynch M, Moffett ER, Norin T, Pettersen AK, Smith FA, Somjee U, Traniello JFA, Williams TM. White Paper: An Integrated Perspective on the Causes of Hypometric Metabolic Scaling in Animals. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac136. [PMID: 35933126 PMCID: PMC9724154 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger animals studied during ontogeny, across populations, or across species, usually have lower mass-specific metabolic rates than smaller animals (hypometric scaling). This pattern is usually observed regardless of physiological state (e.g. basal, resting, field, maximally-active). The scaling of metabolism is usually highly correlated with the scaling of many life history traits, behaviors, physiological variables, and cellular/molecular properties, making determination of the causation of this pattern challenging. For across-species comparisons of resting and locomoting animals (but less so for across populations or during ontogeny), the mechanisms at the physiological and cellular level are becoming clear. Lower mass-specific metabolic rates of larger species at rest are due to a) lower contents of expensive tissues (brains, liver, kidneys), and b) slower ion leak across membranes at least partially due to membrane composition, with lower ion pump ATPase activities. Lower mass-specific costs of larger species during locomotion are due to lower costs for lower-frequency muscle activity, with slower myosin and Ca++ ATPase activities, and likely more elastic energy storage. The evolutionary explanation(s) for hypometric scaling remain(s) highly controversial. One subset of evolutionary hypotheses relies on constraints on larger animals due to changes in geometry with size; for example, lower surface-to-volume ratios of exchange surfaces may constrain nutrient or heat exchange, or lower cross-sectional areas of muscles and tendons relative to body mass ratios would make larger animals more fragile without compensation. Another subset of hypotheses suggests that hypometric scaling arises from biotic interactions and correlated selection, with larger animals experiencing less selection for mass-specific growth or neurolocomotor performance. A additional third type of explanation comes from population genetics. Larger animals with their lower effective population sizes and subsequent less effective selection relative to drift may have more deleterious mutations, reducing maximal performance and metabolic rates. Resolving the evolutionary explanation for the hypometric scaling of metabolism and associated variables is a major challenge for organismal and evolutionary biology. To aid progress, we identify some variation in terminology use that has impeded cross-field conversations on scaling. We also suggest that promising directions for the field to move forward include: 1) studies examining the linkages between ontogenetic, population-level, and cross-species allometries, 2) studies linking scaling to ecological or phylogenetic context, 3) studies that consider multiple, possibly interacting hypotheses, and 4) obtaining better field data for metabolic rates and the life history correlates of metabolic rate such as lifespan, growth rate and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Andrew Biewener
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joanna R Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Zach N Coto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meghan E Duell
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Emma R Moffett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua | National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felisa A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Terrie M Williams
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
New biophysical theory and electronic databases raise the prospect of deriving fundamental rules of life, a conceptual framework for how the structures and functions of molecules, cells and individual organisms give rise to emergent patterns and processes of ecology, evolution and biodiversity. This framework is very general, applying across taxa of animals from 10-10 g protists to 108 g whales, and across environments from deserts and abyssal depths to rain forests and coral reefs. It has several hallmarks: 1) Energy is the ultimate limiting resource for organisms and the currency of biological fitness. 2) Most organisms are nearly equally fit, because in each generation at steady state they transfer an equal quantity of energy (22.4 kJ/g) and biomass (1 g/g) to surviving offspring. This is the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) of Brown et al. (2018). 3) The enormous diversity of life histories is due largely to variation in metabolic rates (e.g., energy uptake and expenditure via assimilation, respiration and production) and biological times (e.g., generation time). As in standard allometric and metabolic theory, most physiological and life history traits scale approximately as quarter-power functions of body mass, m (rates as ∼m-1/4 and times as ∼m1/4), and as exponential functions of temperature. 4) Time is the fourth dimension of life. Generation time is the pace of life. 5) There is, however, considerable variation not accounted for by the above scalings and existing theories. Much of this "unexplained" variation is due to natural selection on life history traits to adapt the biological times of generations to the clock times of geochronological environmental cycles. 7) Most work on biological scaling and metabolic ecology has focused on respiration rate. The emerging synthesis applies conceptual foundations of energetics and the EFP to shift the focus to production rate and generation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131USA
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506USA
| | - Chen Hou
- Department of Biological Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409USA
| | - Charles A S Hall
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology and Program in Environmental Science, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse NY, 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robert Burger J, Hou C, A S Hall C, Brown JH. Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1262-1281. [PMID: 33884749 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~ 22.4 kJ/g/generation to the production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism - the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy - links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organisation from: (1) structure and function of individual organisms, (2) life history and dynamics of populations, and (3) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behaviour and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Robert Burger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Chen Hou
- Department of Biological Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Charles A S Hall
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology and Program in Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The life histories of animals reflect the allocation of metabolic energy to traits that determine fitness and the pace of living. Here, we extend metabolic theories to address how demography and mass-energy balance constrain allocation of biomass to survival, growth, and reproduction over a life cycle of one generation. We first present data for diverse kinds of animals showing empirical patterns of variation in life-history traits. These patterns are predicted by theory that highlights the effects of 2 fundamental biophysical constraints: demography on number and mortality of offspring; and mass-energy balance on allocation of energy to growth and reproduction. These constraints impose 2 fundamental trade-offs on allocation of assimilated biomass energy to production: between number and size of offspring, and between parental investment and offspring growth. Evolution has generated enormous diversity of body sizes, morphologies, physiologies, ecologies, and life histories across the millions of animal, plant, and microbe species, yet simple rules specified by general equations highlight the underlying unity of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Robert Burger
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Chen Hou
- Department of Biological Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grady JM, Maitner BS, Winter AS, Kaschner K, Tittensor DP, Record S, Smith FA, Wilson AM, Dell AI, Zarnetske PL, Wearing HJ, Alfaro B, Brown JH. Metabolic asymmetry and the global diversity of marine predators. Science 2019; 363:363/6425/eaat4220. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Species richness of marine mammals and birds is highest in cold, temperate seas—a conspicuous exception to the general latitudinal gradient of decreasing diversity from the tropics to the poles. We compiled a comprehensive dataset for 998 species of sharks, fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds to identify and quantify inverse latitudinal gradients in diversity, and derived a theory to explain these patterns. We found that richness, phylogenetic diversity, and abundance of marine predators diverge systematically with thermoregulatory strategy and water temperature, reflecting metabolic differences between endotherms and ectotherms that drive trophic and competitive interactions. Spatial patterns of foraging support theoretical predictions, with total prey consumption by mammals increasing by a factor of 80 from the equator to the poles after controlling for productivity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Morgan Ernest SK, Yenni GM, Allington G, Christensen EM, Geluso K, Goheen JR, Schutzenhofer MR, Supp SR, Thibault KM, Brown JH, Valone TJ. Long-term monitoring and experimental manipulation of a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem near Portal, Arizona (1977-2013). Ecology 2018; 97:1082. [PMID: 28792597 DOI: 10.1890/15-2115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Desert ecosystems have long served as model systems in the study of ecological concepts (e.g., competition, resource pulses, top-down/bottom-up dynamics). However, the inherent variability of resource availability in deserts, and hence consumer dynamics, can also make them challenging ecosystems to understand. Study of a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem near Portal, Arizona began in 1977. At this site, 24 experimental plots were established and divided among controls and experimental manipulations. Experimental manipulations over the years include removal of all or some rodent species, all or some ants, seed additions, and various alterations of the annual plant community. This dataset includes data previously available through an older data publication and adds 11 years of data. It also includes additional ant and weather data not previously available. These data have been used in a variety of publications documenting the effects of the experimental manipulations as well as the response of populations and communities to long-term changes in climate and habitat. Sampling is ongoing and additional data will be published in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Morgan Ernest
- Department of Biology, UMC 5305, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA.,Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Glenda M Yenni
- Department of Biology, UMC 5305, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA.,Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Ginger Allington
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Erica M Christensen
- Department of Biology, UMC 5305, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA.,Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Keith Geluso
- Department of Biology, The University of Nebraska at Kearney, 905 West 25th Street, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849, USA
| | - Jacob R Goheen
- Departments of Zoology & Physiology and Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | | | - Sarah R Supp
- School of Biology & Ecology, University of Maine, Deering Hall 303, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | | | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Thomas J Valone
- Department of Biology, St. Louis University, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suetomi T, Willeford A, Miyamoto S, Brown JH. P1797Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) initiates inflammation, inflammasome activation and immune cell infiltration in response to pressure overload through signaling in cardiomyocyte. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Suetomi
- University of San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - A Willeford
- University of San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - S Miyamoto
- University of San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - J H Brown
- University of San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sibly RM, Kodric-Brown A, Luna SM, Brown JH. The shark-tuna dichotomy: why tuna lay tiny eggs but sharks produce large offspring. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180453. [PMID: 30225033 PMCID: PMC6124039 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Teleosts such as tunas and billfish lay millions of tiny eggs weighing on the order of 0.001 g, whereas chondrichthyes such as sharks and rays produce a few eggs or live offspring weighing about 2% of adult body mass, as much as 10 000 g in some species. Why are the strategies so extreme, and why are intermediate ones absent? Building on previous work, we show quantitatively how offspring size reflects the relationship between growth and death rates. We construct fitness contours as functions of offspring size and number, and show how these can be derived from juvenile growth and survivorship curves. Convex contours, corresponding to Pearl Type 1 and 2 survivorship curves, select for extremes, either miniscule or large offspring; concave contours select for offspring of intermediate size. Of particular interest are what we call critical straight-line fitness contours, corresponding to log-linear Pearl Type 3 survivorship curves, which separate regimes that select for opposite optimal offspring sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Susan M. Luna
- FishBase Information and Research Group, Inc. (FIN), IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - James H. Brown
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dornelas M, Antão LH, Moyes F, Bates AE, Magurran AE, Adam D, Akhmetzhanova AA, Appeltans W, Arcos JM, Arnold H, Ayyappan N, Badihi G, Baird AH, Barbosa M, Barreto TE, Bässler C, Bellgrove A, Belmaker J, Benedetti‐Cecchi L, Bett BJ, Bjorkman AD, Błażewicz M, Blowes SA, Bloch CP, Bonebrake TC, Boyd S, Bradford M, Brooks AJ, Brown JH, Bruelheide H, Budy P, Carvalho F, Castañeda‐Moya E, Chen CA, Chamblee JF, Chase TJ, Siegwart Collier L, Collinge SK, Condit R, Cooper EJ, Cornelissen JHC, Cotano U, Kyle Crow S, Damasceno G, Davies CH, Davis RA, Day FP, Degraer S, Doherty TS, Dunn TE, Durigan G, Duffy JE, Edelist D, Edgar GJ, Elahi R, Elmendorf SC, Enemar A, Ernest SKM, Escribano R, Estiarte M, Evans BS, Fan T, Turini Farah F, Loureiro Fernandes L, Farneda FZ, Fidelis A, Fitt R, Fosaa AM, Daher Correa Franco GA, Frank GE, Fraser WR, García H, Cazzolla Gatti R, Givan O, Gorgone‐Barbosa E, Gould WA, Gries C, Grossman GD, Gutierréz JR, Hale S, Harmon ME, Harte J, Haskins G, Henshaw DL, Hermanutz L, Hidalgo P, Higuchi P, Hoey A, Van Hoey G, Hofgaard A, Holeck K, Hollister RD, Holmes R, Hoogenboom M, Hsieh C, Hubbell SP, Huettmann F, Huffard CL, Hurlbert AH, Macedo Ivanauskas N, Janík D, Jandt U, Jażdżewska A, Johannessen T, Johnstone J, Jones J, Jones FAM, Kang J, Kartawijaya T, Keeley EC, Kelt DA, Kinnear R, Klanderud K, Knutsen H, Koenig CC, Kortz AR, Král K, Kuhnz LA, Kuo C, Kushner DJ, Laguionie‐Marchais C, Lancaster LT, Min Lee C, Lefcheck JS, Lévesque E, Lightfoot D, Lloret F, Lloyd JD, López‐Baucells A, Louzao M, Madin JS, Magnússon B, Malamud S, Matthews I, McFarland KP, McGill B, McKnight D, McLarney WO, Meador J, Meserve PL, Metcalfe DJ, Meyer CFJ, Michelsen A, Milchakova N, Moens T, Moland E, Moore J, Mathias Moreira C, Müller J, Murphy G, Myers‐Smith IH, Myster RW, Naumov A, Neat F, Nelson JA, Paul Nelson M, Newton SF, Norden N, Oliver JC, Olsen EM, Onipchenko VG, Pabis K, Pabst RJ, Paquette A, Pardede S, Paterson DM, Pélissier R, Peñuelas J, Pérez‐Matus A, Pizarro O, Pomati F, Post E, Prins HHT, Priscu JC, Provoost P, Prudic KL, Pulliainen E, Ramesh BR, Mendivil Ramos O, Rassweiler A, Rebelo JE, Reed DC, Reich PB, Remillard SM, Richardson AJ, Richardson JP, van Rijn I, Rocha R, Rivera‐Monroy VH, Rixen C, Robinson KP, Ribeiro Rodrigues R, de Cerqueira Rossa‐Feres D, Rudstam L, Ruhl H, Ruz CS, Sampaio EM, Rybicki N, Rypel A, Sal S, Salgado B, Santos FAM, Savassi‐Coutinho AP, Scanga S, Schmidt J, Schooley R, Setiawan F, Shao K, Shaver GR, Sherman S, Sherry TW, Siciński J, Sievers C, da Silva AC, Rodrigues da Silva F, Silveira FL, Slingsby J, Smart T, Snell SJ, Soudzilovskaia NA, Souza GBG, Maluf Souza F, Castro Souza V, Stallings CD, Stanforth R, Stanley EH, Mauro Sterza J, Stevens M, Stuart‐Smith R, Rondon Suarez Y, Supp S, Yoshio Tamashiro J, Tarigan S, Thiede GP, Thorn S, Tolvanen A, Teresa Zugliani Toniato M, Totland Ø, Twilley RR, Vaitkus G, Valdivia N, Vallejo MI, Valone TJ, Van Colen C, Vanaverbeke J, Venturoli F, Verheye HM, Vianna M, Vieira RP, Vrška T, Quang Vu C, Van Vu L, Waide RB, Waldock C, Watts D, Webb S, Wesołowski T, White EP, Widdicombe CE, Wilgers D, Williams R, Williams SB, Williamson M, Willig MR, Willis TJ, Wipf S, Woods KD, Woehler EJ, Zawada K, Zettler ML, Hickler T. BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2018; 27:760-786. [PMID: 30147447 PMCID: PMC6099392 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. MAIN TYPES OF VARIABLES INCLUDED The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. SPATIAL LOCATION AND GRAIN BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2). TIME PERIOD AND GRAIN BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. MAJOR TAXA AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. SOFTWARE FORMAT .csv and .SQL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiroPortugal
| | - Faye Moyes
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda E. Bates
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Dušan Adam
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Ward Appeltans
- UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC Project Office for IODEOostendeBelgium
| | | | - Haley Arnold
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Gal Badihi
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Miguel Barbosa
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiroPortugal
| | - Tiago Egydio Barreto
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Fundação Espaço Eco, Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | | | - Alecia Bellgrove
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | | | - Brian J. Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne D. Bjorkman
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Magdalena Błażewicz
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Shane A. Blowes
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Christopher P. Bloch
- Department of Biological SciencesBridgewater State UniversityBridgewaterMassachusetts
| | | | - Susan Boyd
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Matt Bradford
- CSIRO Land & WaterEcosciences Precinct, Dutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- Marine Science Institute, University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Phaedra Budy
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, US Geological Survey, UCFWRU and Utah State UniversityLoganUtah
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (PPG‐CA)CriciúmaSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Edward Castañeda‐Moya
- Southeast Environmental Research Center (OE 148), Florida International UniversityMiamiFlorida
| | - Chaolun Allen Chen
- Coral Reef Ecology and Evolution LabBiodiversity Research Centre, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Tory J. Chase
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | | | | | - Richard Condit
- Center for Tropical Forest ScienceWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Biosciences Fisheries and EconomicsUiT‐ The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Shannan Kyle Crow
- The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Gabriella Damasceno
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | | | - Robert A. Davis
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Frank P. Day
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia
| | - Steven Degraer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and ManagementBrusselsBelgium
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Deakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Giselda Durigan
- Divisão de Florestas e Estações Experimentais, Floresta Estadual de Assis, Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia Florestal, Instituto FlorestalSão PauloBrazil
| | - J. Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, District of Columbia
| | - Dor Edelist
- National Institute of Oceanography, Tel‐ShikmonaHaifaIsrael
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Robin Elahi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, StanfordCalifornia
| | | | - Anders Enemar
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - S. K. Morgan Ernest
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Rubén Escribano
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterraCataloniaSpain
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Brian S. Evans
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological ParkWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Tung‐Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and AquariumPingtung CountyTaiwan
| | - Fabiano Turini Farah
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luiz Loureiro Fernandes
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito SantoBrazil
| | - Fábio Z. Farneda
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Department of Ecology/PPGEFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - Robert Fitt
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Fosaa
- Botanical Department, Faroese Museum of Natural HistoryTorshavnFaroe Islands
| | | | - Grace E. Frank
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Hernando García
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | | | - Or Givan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Elizabeth Gorgone‐Barbosa
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - William A. Gould
- USDA Forest Service, 65 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical ForestrySan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Corinna Gries
- Center for Limnology, University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin
| | - Gary D. Grossman
- The Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Julio R. Gutierréz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La SerenaLa SerenaChile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA)La SerenaChile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Stephen Hale
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology DivisionNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Mark E. Harmon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - John Harte
- The Energy and Resources Group and The Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Gary Haskins
- Cetacean Research & Rescue UnitBanffUnited Kingdom
| | - Donald L. Henshaw
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research LaboratoryCorvallisOregon
| | - Luise Hermanutz
- Memorial University, St John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Pamela Hidalgo
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Pedro Higuchi
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia, Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Andrew Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Gert Van Hoey
- Department of Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodOostendeBelgium
| | | | - Kristen Holeck
- Department of Natural Resources and Cornell Biological Field StationCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | | | | | - Mia Hoogenboom
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | - Chih‐hao Hsieh
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Falk Huettmann
- EWHALE lab‐ Biology and Wildlife DepartmentInstitute of Arctic Biology, University of AlaskaFairbanksAlaska
| | | | - Allen H. Hurlbert
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | | | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Anna Jażdżewska
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | | | - Jill Johnstone
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Julia Jones
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Faith A. M. Jones
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Jungwon Kang
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Douglas A. Kelt
- Department of WildlifeFish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Rebecca Kinnear
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | | | - Alessandra R. Kortz
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Linda A. Kuhnz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss LandingCalifornia
| | - Chao‐Yang Kuo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - David J. Kushner
- Channel Islands National Park, U. S. National Park ServiceCalifornia, VenturaCalifornia
| | | | | | - Cheol Min Lee
- Forest and Climate Change Adaptation LaboratoryCenter for Forest and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest ScienceSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jonathan S. Lefcheck
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary, Gloucester PointVirginia
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnementUniversité du Québec à Trois‐Rivières and Centre d’études nordiquesQuébecCanada
| | - David Lightfoot
- Department of BiologyMuseum of Southwestern Biology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | | | - Adrià López‐Baucells
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de GranollersCatalunyaSpain
| | | | - Joshua S. Madin
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, KaneoheHawai‘iUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Shahar Malamud
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Iain Matthews
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and EcologySustainability Solutions Initiative, University of MaineOronoMaine
| | | | - William O. McLarney
- Stream Biomonitoring Program, Mainspring Conservation TrustFranklinNorth Carolina
| | - Jason Meador
- Stream Biomonitoring Program, Mainspring Conservation TrustFranklinNorth Carolina
| | | | | | - Christoph F. J. Meyer
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre (EERC), School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of SalfordSalfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nataliya Milchakova
- Laboratory of Phytoresources, Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS (IMBR)SevastopolRussia
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Even Moland
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | - Jon Moore
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. ASMLDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
| | - Grace Murphy
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | | | - Andrew Naumov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy SciencesSt PetersburgRussia
| | - Francis Neat
- Marine Scotland, Marine LaboratoryScottish GovernmentEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - James A. Nelson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | | | - Natalia Norden
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | - Jeffrey C. Oliver
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Esben M. Olsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | | | - Krzysztof Pabis
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Robert J. Pabst
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sinta Pardede
- Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia ProgramBogorIndonesia
| | - David M. Paterson
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Pélissier
- UMR AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterraCataloniaSpain
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Alejandro Pérez‐Matus
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investigaciones MarinasFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoCasillaChile
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Australian Centre of Field Robotics, University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologySwitzerland
| | - Eric Post
- Department of WildlifeFish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | | | - John C. Priscu
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontana
| | - Pieter Provoost
- UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC Project Office for IODEOostendeBelgium
| | | | | | - B. R. Ramesh
- Department of EcologyFrench Institute of PondicherryPuducherryIndia
| | | | - Andrew Rassweiler
- Channel Islands National Park, U. S. National Park ServiceCalifornia, VenturaCalifornia
| | - Jose Eduardo Rebelo
- Ichthyology Laboratory, Fisheries and AquacultureUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Daniel C. Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Suzanne M. Remillard
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereQueensland, BioSciences Precinct (QBP)St Lucia, BrisbaneQldAustralia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Itai van Rijn
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Ricardo Rocha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Faculty of Biosciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Victor H. Rivera‐Monroy
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and EnvironmentLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Christian Rixen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchDavos DorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Denise de Cerqueira Rossa‐Feres
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESPCâmpus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio PretoBrazil
| | - Lars Rudstam
- Department of Natural Resources and Cornell Biological Field StationCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - Henry Ruhl
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Catalina S. Ruz
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investigaciones MarinasFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoCasillaChile
| | - Erica M. Sampaio
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Department of Animal Physiology, Eberhard Karls University TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nancy Rybicki
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological SurveyRestonVirginia
| | - Andrew Rypel
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Sofia Sal
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotBerkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Salgado
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | | | - Ana Paula Savassi‐Coutinho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Sara Scanga
- Department of BiologyUtica CollegeUticaNew York
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Robert Schooley
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IllinoisChampaignIllinois
| | | | - Kwang‐Tsao Shao
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia SinicaNankang, TaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | | | - Jacek Siciński
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Caya Sievers
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina da Silva
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia, Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | | | | | - Jasper Slingsby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and ConservationUniversity of CapeTownRondeboschSouth Africa
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation NetworkClaremontSouth Africa
| | - Tracey Smart
- Coastal Finfish Section, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research InstituteCharlestonSouth Carolina
| | - Sara J. Snell
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Conservation Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental Studies, CML, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gabriel B. G. Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Vinícius Castro Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Rowan Stanforth
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maarten Stevens
- INBO, Research Institute for Nature and ForestBrusselsBelgium
| | - Rick Stuart‐Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Yzel Rondon Suarez
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do SulDouradosMato Grosso do SulBrazil
| | - Sarah Supp
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaine
| | | | | | - Gary P. Thiede
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, US Geological Survey, UCFWRU and Utah State UniversityLoganUtah
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, University of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Ørjan Totland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Robert R. Twilley
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and EnvironmentLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | | | - Nelson Valdivia
- Universidad Austral de Chile and Centro FONDAP en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)ValdiviaChile
| | | | | | - Carl Van Colen
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Jan Vanaverbeke
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and ManagementBrusselsBelgium
| | - Fabio Venturoli
- Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
| | - Hans M. Verheye
- Department of Environmental AffairsOceans and Coastal ResearchCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Biological SciencesMarine Research InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Rui P. Vieira
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Vrška
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Con Quang Vu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VASTHanoiVietnam
| | - Lien Van Vu
- Vietnam National Museum of NatureHanoiVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VASTHanoiVietnam
| | - Robert B. Waide
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Conor Waldock
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dave Watts
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere FlagshipHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Sara Webb
- Biology Department, Drew UniversityMadisonNew Jersey
- Environmental Studies Department, Drew UniversityMadisonNew Jersey
| | | | - Ethan P. White
- Department of Wildlife Ecology & ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Informatics Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | | | - Dustin Wilgers
- Department of Natural SciencesMcPherson CollegeMcPhersonKansas
| | - Richard Williams
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel HighwayKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Stefan B. Williams
- Australian Centre of Field Robotics, University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Michael R. Willig
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Center for Environmental Sciences & EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutMansfieldConnecticut
| | - Trevor J. Willis
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | - Sonja Wipf
- Research Team Mountain Ecosystems, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavosSwitzerland
| | | | - Eric J. Woehler
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Kyle Zawada
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael L. Zettler
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, D‐18119 RostockGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brown JH, Hall CAS, Sibly RM. Equal fitness paradigm explained by a trade-off between generation time and energy production rate. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:262-268. [PMID: 29311701 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most plant, animal and microbial species of widely varying body size and lifestyle are nearly equally fit as evidenced by their coexistence and persistence through millions of years. All organisms compete for a limited supply of organic chemical energy, derived mostly from photosynthesis, to invest in the two components of fitness: survival and production. All organisms are mortal because molecular and cellular damage accumulates over the lifetime; life persists only because parents produce offspring. We call this the equal fitness paradigm. The equal fitness paradigm occurs because: (1) there is a trade-off between generation time and productive power, which have equal-but-opposite scalings with body size and temperature; smaller and warmer organisms have shorter lifespans but produce biomass at higher rates than larger and colder organisms; (2) the energy content of biomass is essentially constant, ~22.4 kJ g-1 dry body weight; and (3) the fraction of biomass production incorporated into surviving offspring is also roughly constant, ~10-50%. As organisms transmit approximately the same quantity of energy per gram to offspring in the next generation, no species has an inherent lasting advantage in the struggle for existence. The equal fitness paradigm emphasizes the central importance of energy, biological scaling relations and power-time trade-offs in life history, ecology and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. .,636 Piney Way, Morro Bay, CA, USA.
| | - Charles A S Hall
- Department of Forest and Environmental Biology and Program in Environmental Science, State University of New York - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA. .,26242 Montana Highway 35, Polson, MT, USA.
| | - Richard M Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Zoology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony K Lee
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Zoology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Maurer
- Department of Zoology Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Renee D. Rusler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brown JH, Feldmeth CR. EVOLUTION IN CONSTANT AND FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS: THERMAL TOLERANCES OF DESERT PUPFISH (CYPRINODON). Evolution 2017; 25:390-398. [PMID: 28563124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1970] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - C Robert Feldmeth
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Cody
- Department of Zoology University of California Los Angeles California 90024
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of Zoology University of California Los Angeles California 90024
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou J, Deng Y, Shen L, Wen C, Yan Q, Ning D, Qin Y, Xue K, Wu L, He Z, Voordeckers JW, Nostrand JDV, Buzzard V, Michaletz ST, Enquist BJ, Weiser MD, Kaspari M, Waide R, Yang Y, Brown JH. Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12083. [PMID: 27377774 PMCID: PMC4935970 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is increasingly leading to marked changes in plant and animal biodiversity, but it remains unclear how temperatures affect microbial biodiversity, particularly in terrestrial soils. Here we show that, in accordance with metabolic theory of ecology, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria, fungi and nitrogen fixers are all better predicted by variation in environmental temperature than pH. However, the rates of diversity turnover across the global temperature gradients are substantially lower than those recorded for trees and animals, suggesting that the diversity of plant, animal and soil microbial communities show differential responses to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the diversity of different microbial groups has significantly lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa, which has important implications for assessing the effects of human-caused changes in climate, land use and other factors. Climate warming has a wide range of effects on biodiversity. Here, Zhou et al. show that although variation in environmental temperature is a primary driver of soil microbial biodiversity, microbes show much lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.,Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, USA
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lina Shen
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Chongqing Wen
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Daliang Ning
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Yujia Qin
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Kai Xue
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - James W Voordeckers
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Vanessa Buzzard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, USA, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
| | - Michael D Weiser
- EEB Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Kaspari
- EEB Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Robert Waide
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stephens PR, Altizer S, Smith KF, Alonso Aguirre A, Brown JH, Budischak SA, Byers JE, Dallas TA, Jonathan Davies T, Drake JM, Ezenwa VO, Farrell MJ, Gittleman JL, Han BA, Huang S, Hutchinson RA, Johnson P, Nunn CL, Onstad D, Park A, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Schmidt JP, Poulin R. The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global-scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1159-71. [PMID: 27353433 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Identifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science, yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease distribution and emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Katherine F Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 0291, USA
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sarah A Budischak
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - John L Gittleman
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca A Hutchinson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Pieter Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Biological Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Onstad
- ITD Data Analysis and Modelling, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Experimental Station E353/317, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Andrew Park
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - John P Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tu Q, Deng Y, Yan Q, Shen L, Lin L, He Z, Wu L, Van Nostrand JD, Buzzard V, Michaletz ST, Enquist BJ, Weiser MD, Kaspari M, Waide RB, Brown JH, Zhou J. Biogeographic patterns of soil diazotrophic communities across six forests in North America. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2937-48. [PMID: 27085668 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soil diazotrophs play important roles in ecosystem functioning by converting atmospheric N2 into biologically available ammonium. However, the diversity and distribution of soil diazotrophic communities in different forests and whether they follow biogeographic patterns similar to macroorganisms still remain unclear. By sequencing nifH gene amplicons, we surveyed the diversity, structure and biogeographic patterns of soil diazotrophic communities across six North American forests (126 nested samples). Our results showed that each forest harboured markedly different soil diazotrophic communities and that these communities followed traditional biogeographic patterns similar to plant and animal communities, including the taxa-area relationship (TAR) and latitudinal diversity gradient. Significantly higher community diversity and lower microbial spatial turnover rates (i.e. z-values) were found for rainforests (~0.06) than temperate forests (~0.1). The gradient pattern of TARs and community diversity was strongly correlated (r(2) > 0.5) with latitude, annual mean temperature, plant species richness and precipitation, and weakly correlated (r(2) < 0.25) with pH and soil moisture. This study suggests that even microbial subcommunities (e.g. soil diazotrophs) follow general biogeographic patterns (e.g. TAR, latitudinal diversity gradient), and indicates that the metabolic theory of ecology and habitat heterogeneity may be the major underlying ecological mechanisms shaping the biogeographic patterns of soil diazotrophic communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Tu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Ye Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lina Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhili He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Liyou Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Vanessa Buzzard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Michael D Weiser
- Department of Biology, EEB Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Michael Kaspari
- Department of Biology, EEB Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Robert B Waide
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94270, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Hammond ST, Brown JH, Burger JR, Flanagan TP, Fristoe TS, Mercado-Silva N, Nekola JC, Okie JG. Food Spoilage, Storage, and Transport: Implications for a Sustainable Future. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
20
|
Brown JH, Lappin TR, Elder GE, Roberts GM, Bridges JM, McGeown MG. Serum peptides and protease activity following renal transplantation. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 83:104-9. [PMID: 2100698 DOI: 10.1159/000418783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Brown
- Renal Unit, Belfast City Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Marquet PA, Allen AP, Brown JH, Dunne JA, Enquist BJ, Gillooly JF, Gowaty PA, Harte J, Hubbell SP, Okie JG, Ostling A, Ritchie M, Storch D, West GB. On the Importance of First Principles in Ecological Theory Development. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
23
|
Marquet PA, Allen AP, Brown JH, Dunne JA, Enquist BJ, Gillooly JF, Gowaty PA, Green JL, Harte J, Hubbell SP, O’Dwyer J, Okie JG, Ostling A, Ritchie M, Storch D, West GB. On Theory in Ecology. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik B. Erhardt
- Dept of Mathematics and Statistics; Univ. of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Sean T. Hammond
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - James H. Brown
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saarinen JJ, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Costa DP, Ernest SKM, Evans AR, Fortelius M, Gittleman JL, Hamilton MJ, Harding LE, Lintulaakso K, Lyons SK, Okie JG, Sibly RM, Stephens PR, Theodor J, Uhen MD, Smith FA. Patterns of maximum body size evolution in Cenozoic land mammals: eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132049. [PMID: 24741007 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that macroevolutionary patterns of mammal evolution during the Cenozoic follow similar trajectories on different continents. This would suggest that such patterns are strongly determined by global abiotic factors, such as climate, or by basic eco-evolutionary processes such as filling of niches by specialization. The similarity of pattern would be expected to extend to the history of individual clades. Here, we investigate the temporal distribution of maximum size observed within individual orders globally and on separate continents. While the maximum size of individual orders of large land mammals show differences and comprise several families, the times at which orders reach their maximum size over time show strong congruence, peaking in the Middle Eocene, the Oligocene and the Plio-Pleistocene. The Eocene peak occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are high and is best explained as a result of niche expansion rather than abiotic forcing. Since the Eocene, there is a significant correlation between maximum size frequency and global temperature proxy. The Oligocene peak is not statistically significant and may in part be due to sampling issues. The peak in the Plio-Pleistocene occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are low, it is statistically the most robust one and it is best explained by global cooling. We conclude that the macroevolutionary patterns observed are a result of the interplay between eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha J Saarinen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, , Helsinki, Finland, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, , Knoxville, TN, USA, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM, USA, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, , Santa Cruz, CA, USA, Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, , Logan, UT, USA, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, , Victoria, Australia, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA, USA, Santa Fe Institute, , Santa Fe, NM, USA, Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, , Washington, DC, USA, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, , Tempe, Arizona, USA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, , Reading, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, , Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, , Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown JH, Burger JR, Burnside WR, Chang M, Davidson AD, Fristoe TS, Hamilton MJ, Hammond ST, Kodric-Brown A, Mercado-Silva N, Nekola JC, Okie JG. Macroecology Meets Macroeconomics: Resource Scarcity and Global Sustainability. Ecol Eng 2014; 65:24-32. [PMID: 24882946 PMCID: PMC4036828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The current economic paradigm, which is based on increasing human population, economic development, and standard of living, is no longer compatible with the biophysical limits of the finite Earth. Failure to recover from the economic crash of 2008 is not due just to inadequate fiscal and monetary policies. The continuing global crisis is also due to scarcity of critical resources. Our macroecological studies highlight the role in the economy of energy and natural resources: oil, gas, water, arable land, metals, rare earths, fertilizers, fisheries, and wood. As the modern industrial technological-informational economy expanded in recent decades, it grew by consuming the Earth's natural resources at unsustainable rates. Correlations between per capita GDP and per capita consumption of energy and other resources across nations and over time demonstrate how economic growth and development depend on "nature's capital". Decades-long trends of decreasing per capita consumption of multiple important commodities indicate that overexploitation has created an unsustainable bubble of population and economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
| | - Joseph R. Burger
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - William R. Burnside
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ana D. Davidson
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Trevor S. Fristoe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | | | - Sean T. Hammond
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Astrid Kodric-Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Norman Mercado-Silva
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Nekola
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jordan G. Okie
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
In mammals, the mass-specific rate of biomass production during gestation and lactation, here called maternal productivity, has been shown to vary with body size and lifestyle. Metabolic theory predicts that post-weaning growth of offspring, here termed juvenile productivity, should be higher than maternal productivity, and juveniles of smaller species should be more productive than those of larger species. Furthermore because juveniles generally have similar lifestyles to their mothers, across species juvenile and maternal productivities should be correlated. We evaluated these predictions with data from 270 species of placental mammals in 14 taxonomic/lifestyle groups. All three predictions were supported. Lagomorphs, perissodactyls and artiodactyls were very productive both as juveniles and as mothers as expected from the abundance and reliability of their foods. Primates and bats were unproductive as juveniles and as mothers, as expected as an indirect consequence of their low predation risk and consequent low mortality. Our results point the way to a mechanistic explanation for the suite of correlated life-history traits that has been called the slow-fast continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, , Reading, UK, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM, USA, Santa Fe Institute, , Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Known for centuries, the geographical pattern of increasing biodiversity from the poles to the equator is one of the most pervasive features of life on Earth. A longstanding goal of biogeographers has been to understand the primary factors that generate and maintain high diversity in the tropics. Many 'historical' and 'ecological' hypotheses have been proposed and debated, but there is still little consensus. Recent discussions have centred around two main phenomena: phylogenetic niche conservatism and ecological productivity. These two factors play important roles, but accumulating theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the single most important factor is kinetics: the temperature dependence of ecological and evolutionary rates. The relatively high temperatures in the tropics generate and maintain high diversity because 'the Red Queen runs faster when she is hot'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Correspondence: James H. Brown, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA., E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hammond ST, Brown JH, Burger JR, Chang MR, Flanagan TP, Fristoe TS, Kodric-Brown A, Okie JG. Bankrupting nature for the (temporary) wealth of nations. Trends Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
31
|
Brown JH. Personal Reflections on Environmental Science. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.8.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
32
|
Nekola JC, Brown JH, Kodric-Brown A, Okie JG. Global sustainability versus the Malthusian–Darwinian dynamic: a reply to Rull. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Okie JG, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Costa DP, Ernest SKM, Evans AR, Fortelius M, Gittleman JL, Hamilton MJ, Harding LE, Lintulaakso K, Lyons SK, Saarinen JJ, Smith FA, Stephens PR, Theodor J, Uhen MD, Sibly RM. Effects of allometry, productivity and lifestyle on rates and limits of body size evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131007. [PMID: 23760865 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size affects nearly all aspects of organismal biology, so it is important to understand the constraints and dynamics of body size evolution. Despite empirical work on the macroevolution and macroecology of minimum and maximum size, there is little general quantitative theory on rates and limits of body size evolution. We present a general theory that integrates individual productivity, the lifestyle component of the slow-fast life-history continuum, and the allometric scaling of generation time to predict a clade's evolutionary rate and asymptotic maximum body size, and the shape of macroevolutionary trajectories during diversifying phases of size evolution. We evaluate this theory using data on the evolution of clade maximum body sizes in mammals during the Cenozoic. As predicted, clade evolutionary rates and asymptotic maximum sizes are larger in more productive clades (e.g. baleen whales), which represent the fast end of the slow-fast lifestyle continuum, and smaller in less productive clades (e.g. primates). The allometric scaling exponent for generation time fundamentally alters the shape of evolutionary trajectories, so allometric effects should be accounted for in models of phenotypic evolution and interpretations of macroevolutionary body size patterns. This work highlights the intimate interplay between the macroecological and macroevolutionary dynamics underlying the generation and maintenance of morphological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G Okie
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Burger JR, Allen CD, Brown JH, Burnside WR, Davidson AD, Fristoe TS, Hamilton MJ, Mercado-Silva N, Nekola JC, Okie JG, Zuo W. The macroecology of sustainability. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001345. [PMID: 22723741 PMCID: PMC3378595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global consumption rates of vital resources suggest that we have surpassed the capacity of the Earth to sustain current levels, much less future trajectories of growth in human population and economy. The discipline of sustainability science has emerged in response to concerns of natural and social scientists, policymakers, and lay people about whether the Earth can continue to support human population growth and economic prosperity. Yet, sustainability science has developed largely independently from and with little reference to key ecological principles that govern life on Earth. A macroecological perspective highlights three principles that should be integral to sustainability science: 1) physical conservation laws govern the flows of energy and materials between human systems and the environment, 2) smaller systems are connected by these flows to larger systems in which they are embedded, and 3) global constraints ultimately limit flows at smaller scales. Over the past few decades, decreasing per capita rates of consumption of petroleum, phosphate, agricultural land, fresh water, fish, and wood indicate that the growing human population has surpassed the capacity of the Earth to supply enough of these essential resources to sustain even the current population and level of socioeconomic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brown JH, Tellez J, Wilson V, Mackie IJ, Scully M, Tredger MM, Moore I, McDougall NI, Strain L, Marchbank KJ, Sheerin NS, O'Grady J, Harris CL, Goodship THJ. Postpartum aHUS secondary to a genetic abnormality in factor H acquired through liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1632-6. [PMID: 22420623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.03991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report here a young female who underwent a successful deceased donor liver transplant for hepatic vein thrombosis. Five years after transplantation she developed postpartum atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). She did not recover renal function. Mutation screening of complement genes in her DNA did not show any abnormality. Mutation screening of DNA available from the donor showed a nonsense CFH mutation leading to factor H deficiency. Genotyping of the patient showed that she was homozygous for an aHUS CD46 at-risk haplotype. In this individual, the development of aHUS has been facilitated by the combination of a trigger (pregnancy), an acquired rare genetic variant (CFH mutation) and a common susceptibility factor (CD46 haplotype).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Brown
- Renal Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and phylogenetic reconstruction have the potential to transform ecology by providing new insights into the historical evolution of ecological communities. This study by Stevens and collaborators complements decades of previous research on desert rodents, by combining data from a field study and a phylogenetic tree for Mojave Desert rodents to address patterns and processes of community assembly. The number of coexisting rodent species is positively correlated, and the average phylogenetic distance among these species is negatively correlated with perennial plant species richness. As rodent species diversity increases along a gradient of increasing environmental heterogeneity, communities are composed of increasingly related species: there is a consistent pattern of phylogenetic structure from over-dispersed through random to clumped. I discuss this pattern in the light of complementary results of previous studies. This paper is noteworthy for calling attention to still unanswered questions about how the historical events of speciation, colonization, extinction, and trait evolution and their relationship to past climates and vegetation have given rise to current patterns of community organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sibly RM, Zuo W, Kodric-Brown A, Brown JH. Rensch’s Rule in Large Herbivorous Mammals Derived from Metabolic Scaling. Am Nat 2012; 179:169-77. [DOI: 10.1086/663686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
39
|
Zuo W, Moses ME, West GB, Hou C, Brown JH. A general model for effects of temperature on ectotherm ontogenetic growth and development. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1840-6. [PMID: 22130604 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature size rule (TSR) is the tendency for ectotherms to develop faster but mature at smaller body sizes at higher temperatures. It can be explained by a simple model in which the rate of growth or biomass accumulation and the rate of development have different temperature dependence. The model accounts for both TSR and the less frequently observed reverse-TSR, predicts the fraction of energy allocated to maintenance and synthesis over the course of development, and also predicts that less total energy is expended when developing at warmer temperatures for TSR and vice versa for reverse-TSR. It has important implications for effects of climate change on ectothermic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Zuo
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hechinger RF, Lafferty KD, Dobson AP, Brown JH, Kuris AM. A common scaling rule for abundance, energetics, and production of parasitic and free-living species. Science 2011; 333:445-8. [PMID: 21778398 DOI: 10.1126/science.1204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic theory of ecology uses the scaling of metabolism with body size and temperature to explain the causes and consequences of species abundance. However, the theory and its empirical tests have never simultaneously examined parasites alongside free-living species. This is unfortunate because parasites represent at least half of species diversity. We show that metabolic scaling theory could not account for the abundance of parasitic or free-living species in three estuarine food webs until accounting for trophic dynamics. Analyses then revealed that the abundance of all species uniformly scaled with body mass to the -¾ power. This result indicates "production equivalence," where biomass production within trophic levels is invariant of body size across all species and functional groups: invertebrate or vertebrate, ectothermic or endothermic, and free-living or parasitic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Hechinger
- Marine Science Institute and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Burnside WR, Brown JH, Burger O, Hamilton MJ, Moses M, Bettencourt LM. Human macroecology: linking pattern and process in big-picture human ecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:194-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
42
|
Hamilton MJ, Davidson AD, Sibly RM, Brown JH. Universal scaling of production rates across mammalian lineages. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:560-6. [PMID: 20798111 PMCID: PMC3025672 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over many millions of years of independent evolution, placental, marsupial and monotreme mammals have diverged conspicuously in physiology, life history and reproductive ecology. The differences in life histories are particularly striking. Compared with placentals, marsupials exhibit shorter pregnancy, smaller size of offspring at birth and longer period of lactation in the pouch. Monotremes also exhibit short pregnancy, but incubate embryos in eggs, followed by a long period of post-hatching lactation. Using a large sample of mammalian species, we show that, remarkably, despite their very different life histories, the scaling of production rates is statistically indistinguishable across mammalian lineages. Apparently all mammals are subject to the same fundamental metabolic constraints on productivity, because they share similar body designs, vascular systems and costs of producing new tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Payne JL, McClain CR, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Finnegan S, Kowalewski M, Krause RA, Lyons SK, McShea DW, Novack-Gottshall PM, Smith FA, Spaeth P, Stempien JA, Wang SC. The evolutionary consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis: a body size perspective. Photosynth Res 2011; 107:37-57. [PMID: 20821265 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The high concentration of molecular oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is arguably the most conspicuous and geologically important signature of life. Earth's early atmosphere lacked oxygen; accumulation began after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria around 3.0-2.5 billion years ago (Gya). Concentrations of oxygen have since varied, first reaching near-modern values ~600 million years ago (Mya). These fluctuations have been hypothesized to constrain many biological patterns, among them the evolution of body size. Here, we review the state of knowledge relating oxygen availability to body size. Laboratory studies increasingly illuminate the mechanisms by which organisms can adapt physiologically to the variation in oxygen availability, but the extent to which these findings can be extrapolated to evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood. Experiments confirm that animal size is limited by experimental hypoxia, but show that plant vegetative growth is enhanced due to reduced photorespiration at lower O(2):CO(2). Field studies of size distributions across extant higher taxa and individual species in the modern provide qualitative support for a correlation between animal and protist size and oxygen availability, but few allow prediction of maximum or mean size from oxygen concentrations in unstudied regions. There is qualitative support for a link between oxygen availability and body size from the fossil record of protists and animals, but there have been few quantitative analyses confirming or refuting this impression. As oxygen transport limits the thickness or volume-to-surface area ratio-rather than mass or volume-predictions of maximum possible size cannot be constructed simply from metabolic rate and oxygen availability. Thus, it remains difficult to confirm that the largest representatives of fossil or living taxa are limited by oxygen transport rather than other factors. Despite the challenges of integrating findings from experiments on model organisms, comparative observations across living species, and fossil specimens spanning millions to billions of years, numerous tractable avenues of research could greatly improve quantitative constraints on the role of oxygen in the macroevolutionary history of organismal size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Bldg. 320, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Brown JH, Burnside WR, Davidson AD, DeLong JP, Dunn WC, Hamilton MJ, Mercado-Silva N, Nekola JC, Okie JG, Woodruff WH, Zuo W. Energetic Limits to Economic Growth. Bioscience 2011. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
45
|
Davidson AD, Ponce E, Lightfoot DC, Fredrickson EL, Brown JH, Cruzado J, Brantley SL, Sierra-Corona R, List R, Toledo D, Ceballos G. Rapid response of a grassland ecosystem to an experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock. Ecology 2010; 91:3189-200. [PMID: 21141180 DOI: 10.1890/09-1277.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Megaherbivores and small burrowing mammals commonly coexist and play important functional roles in grassland ecosystems worldwide. The interactive effects of these two functional groups of herbivores in shaping the structure and function of grassland ecosystems are poorly understood. In North America's central grasslands, domestic cattle (Bos taurus) have supplanted bison (Bison bison), and now coexist with prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), a keystone burrowing rodent. Understanding the ecological relationships between cattle and prairie dogs and their independent and interactive effects is essential to understanding the ecology and important conservation issues affecting North American grassland ecosystems. To address these needs, we established a long-term manipulative experiment that separates the independent and interactive effects of prairie dogs and cattle using a 2 x 2 factorial design. Our study is located in the Janos-Casas Grandes region of northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, which supports one of the largest remaining complexes of black-tailed prairie dogs (C. ludovicianus). Two years of posttreatment data show nearly twofold increases in prairie dog abundance on plots grazed by cattle compared to plots without cattle. This positive effect of cattle on prairie dogs resulted in synergistic impacts when they occurred together. Vegetation height was significantly lower on the plots where both species co-occurred compared to where either or both species was absent. The treatments also significantly affected abundance and composition of other grassland animal species, including grasshoppers and banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis). Our results demonstrate that two different functional groups of herbivorous mammals, burrowing mammals and domestic cattle, have distinctive and synergistic impacts in shaping the structure and function of grassland ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Davidson
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Smith FA, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Costa DP, Dayan T, Ernest SKM, Evans AR, Fortelius M, Gittleman JL, Hamilton MJ, Harding LE, Lintulaakso K, Lyons SK, McCain C, Okie JG, Saarinen JJ, Sibly RM, Stephens PR, Theodor J, Uhen MD. The Evolution of Maximum Body Size of Terrestrial Mammals. Science 2010; 330:1216-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1194830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The extinction of dinosaurs at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary was the seminal event that opened the door for the subsequent diversification of terrestrial mammals. Our compilation of maximum body size at the ordinal level by sub-epoch shows a near-exponential increase after the K/Pg. On each continent, the maximum size of mammals leveled off after 40 million years ago and thereafter remained approximately constant. There was remarkable congruence in the rate, trajectory, and upper limit across continents, orders, and trophic guilds, despite differences in geological and climatic history, turnover of lineages, and ecological variation. Our analysis suggests that although the primary driver for the evolution of giant mammals was diversification to fill ecological niches, environmental temperature and land area may have ultimately constrained the maximum size achieved.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
It has been known for decades that the metabolic rate of animals scales with body mass with an exponent that is almost always <1, >2/3, and often very close to 3/4. The 3/4 exponent emerges naturally from two models of resource distribution networks, radial explosion and hierarchically branched, which incorporate a minimum of specific details. Both models show that the exponent is 2/3 if velocity of flow remains constant, but can attain a maximum value of 3/4 if velocity scales with its maximum exponent, 1/12. Quarter-power scaling can arise even when there is no underlying fractality. The canonical "fourth dimension" in biological scaling relations can result from matching the velocity of flow through the network to the linear dimension of the terminal "service volume" where resources are consumed. These models have broad applicability for the optimal design of biological and engineered systems where energy, materials, or information are distributed from a single source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth R. Banavar
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - John Damuth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard M. Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom; and
| | - Amos Maritan
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sez. Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thibault KM, Ernest SKM, White EP, Brown JH, Goheen JR. Long-term insights into the influence of precipitation on community dynamics in desert rodents. J Mammal 2010. [DOI: 10.1644/09-mamm-s-142.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
49
|
DeLong JP, Okie JG, Moses ME, Sibly RM, Brown JH. Shifts in metabolic scaling, production, and efficiency across major evolutionary transitions of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12941-5. [PMID: 20616006 PMCID: PMC2919978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007783107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversification of life involved enormous increases in size and complexity. The evolutionary transitions from prokaryotes to unicellular eukaryotes to metazoans were accompanied by major innovations in metabolic design. Here we show that the scalings of metabolic rate, population growth rate, and production efficiency with body size have changed across the evolutionary transitions. Metabolic rate scales with body mass superlinearly in prokaryotes, linearly in protists, and sublinearly in metazoans, so Kleiber's 3/4 power scaling law does not apply universally across organisms. The scaling of maximum population growth rate shifts from positive in prokaryotes to negative in protists and metazoans, and the efficiency of production declines across these groups. Major changes in metabolic processes during the early evolution of life overcame existing constraints, exploited new opportunities, and imposed new constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P. DeLong
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jordan G. Okie
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Richard M. Sibly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom; and
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Three kinds of evidence indicate that desert rodents and ants compete for seeds: (i) extensive overlaps in diet, (ii) reciprocal increases when one taxon is experimentally excluded, and (iii) complementay patterns of diversity and biomass in georadients of productivity. The effect on seed resources and annual plan geoseems to be similar whether rodents, ants, or both are foraging.
Collapse
|