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Porter J, Ward LC, Nguo K, Ward A, Davidson Z, Gibson S, Prentice R, Neuhouser ML, Truby H. Development and validation of age-specific predictive equations for total energy expenditure and physical activity levels for older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1111-1121. [PMID: 38503654 PMCID: PMC11347810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting energy requirements for older adults is compromised by the underpinning data being extrapolated from younger adults. OBJECTIVES To generate and validate new total energy expenditure (TEE) predictive equations specifically for older adults using readily available measures (age, weight, height) and to generate and test new physical activity level (PAL) values derived from 1) reference method of indirect calorimetry and 2) predictive equations in adults aged ≥65 y. METHODS TEE derived from "gold standard" methods from n = 1657 (n = 1019 females, age range 65-90 y), was used to generate PAL values. PAL ranged 1.28-2.05 for males and 1.26-2.06 for females. Physical activity (PA) coefficients were also estimated and categorized (inactive to very active) from population means. Nonlinear regression was used to develop prediction equations for estimating TEE. Double cross-validation in a randomized, sex-stratified, age-matched 50:50 split, and leave one out cross-validation were performed. Comparisons were made with existing equations. RESULTS Equations predicting TEE using the Institute of Medicine method are as follows: For males, TEE = -5680.17 - 17.50 × age (years) + PA coefficient × (6.96 × weight [kilograms] + 44.21 × height [centimeters]) + 1.13 × resting metabolic rate (RMR) (kilojoule/day). For females, TEE = -5290.72 - 8.38 × age (years) + PA coefficient × (9.77 × weight [kilograms] + 41.51 × height [centimeters]) + 1.05 × RMR (kilojoule/day), where PA coefficient values range from 1 (inactive) to 1.51 (highly active) in males and 1 to 1.44 in females respectively. Predictive performance for TEE from anthropometric variables and population mean PA was moderate with limits of agreement approximately ±30%. This improved to ±20% if PA was adjusted for activity category (inactive, low active, active, and very active). Where RMR was included as a predictor variable, the performance improved further to ±10% with a median absolute prediction error of approximately 4%. CONCLUSIONS These new TEE prediction equations require only simple anthropometric data and are accurate and reproducible at a group level while performing better than existing equations. Substantial individual variability in PAL in older adults is the major source of variation when applied at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Porter
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kay Nguo
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zoe Davidson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone Gibson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ross Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Helen Truby
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rollins CJ, Verdell A. Nutrition in Older Adults. GERIATRIC MEDICINE 2024:249-296. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74720-6_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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Teramoto K, Otoki K, Muramatsu E, Oya C, Kataoka Y, Igawa S. Determining total energy expenditure in 3–6-year-old Japanese pre-school children using the doubly labeled water method. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:28. [PMID: 35932089 PMCID: PMC9354372 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H218O) method for calculating the total production of CO2 over several days is currently considered to be the most accurate technique for the measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE), and the results obtained using this method have been used to review energy requirements. Presently, there is limited data available on TEE in Japanese children. The objective of this study was to assess the TEE in pre-school Japanese children using the DLW method. We used a cross-sectional population of 140 children (69 boys and 71 girls) aged 3–6 years. TEE was measured using the DLW method over 8 days under free-living conditions. The average weights (kg) of the boys and girls were 15.6 ± 2.5 and 15.0 ± 2.1 for the 3–4 years old and 19.8 ± 3.8 and 19.6 ± 2.7 for the 5–6 years old, respectively. The corresponding TEE (kcal/day) was 1260.9 ± 357.8 and 1265.2 ± 408.0, and 1682.3 ± 489.0 and 1693.1 ± 473.3, respectively, showing a significant difference with respect to age. Furthermore, TEE per body weight (kcal/kg/day) was 83.2 ± 29.2 and 84.9 ± 26.6, and 85.4 ± 23.2 and 86.7 ± 22.6, respectively. However, when TEE was adjusted for body weight or fat-free mass, there were no age or sex differences. We conclude that in Japanese children, TEE in those aged 3–4 years was similar to the current Ministry of Health recommendations. However, TEE in children aged 5–6 years was slightly higher than the recommendations. Based on these findings, the present results obtained from a large number of participants will provide valuable reference data for Japanese children.
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Relationship between Measured Aerobic Capacity and Total Energy Expenditure Obtained by the Doubly Labeled Water Method in Community-Dwelling, Healthy Adults Aged 81–94 Years. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7020048. [PMID: 35447851 PMCID: PMC9029020 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The doubly labeled water method is a gold-standard method for the measurement of total energy expenditure in daily life. We aimed to identify the relationship between measured aerobic capacity and total energy expenditure, activity energy expenditure, or physical activity level using the doubly labeled water method in adults of advanced old age. A total of 12 physically independent older adults (10 men and 2 women), aged 81–94 years, participated in this study. The aerobic capacity was evaluated according to the lactate threshold. Total energy expenditure under free-living conditions was assessed using the doubly labeled water method, and self-reported physical activity was obtained using the Japanese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The lactate threshold was significantly positively correlated with total energy expenditure, activity energy expenditure, and physical activity level after adjusting for age and sex. We found that the aerobic capacity of the lactate threshold was positively and independently correlated with total energy expenditure, activity energy expenditure, or physical activity level. The present results suggest that maintaining aerobic capacity is an important factor in preventing frailty, although further research is required.
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Boudou-Rouquette P, de Moura A, Martinez-Tapia C, Serrano AG, Chahwakilian A, Jouinot A, Ulmann G, Orvoën G, Chambraud C, Durand JP, Caillet P, Goldwasser F, Paillaud E, Canouï-Poitrine F, Aregui A, Baronn M, Bringuier M, Bouvard E, Caillet P, Cosqueric G, Corsin L, Cudennec T, Chahwakilian A, Djender A, Dupuydupin E, Ebadi N, Fossey-Diaz V, Gisselbrecht M, Goldstein C, Gonzalez B, Laurent M, Leguen J, Lefevre M, Lazarovici-Nagera C, Lorisson E, Massias J, Mebarki S, Orvoen G, Pamoukdjian F, Scain AL, de Lempdes GR, Rollot-Trad F, Varnier G, Vincent H, Paillaud E, Raynaud-Simon A, Boudou-Rouquette P, Brain E, Culine S, Frelaut M, Ghebriou D, Gligorov J, Lopez-Trabada-Ataz SHD, Mir O, Tournigand C, Aparicio T, Touboul C, Lagrange JL, Benyahia S, Bonhomme S, Mota A, Philocles G, Ouakinine C, Audureau E, Bastuji-Garin S, Canouï-Poitrine F, Loriot MA, Natella PA, Martinez-Tapia C, Reinald N, Rello S, Lafage M, Allain M, Chambraud C, Baudin A, Bobin M, Canovas J, Chaoui S, Iratni L, Garrigou S, Lacour S, Mabungu H, Morisset L, Saadaoui B. Energy expenditure profiles and the risk of early limiting toxicity in older patients with cancer: The ELCAPA-25 prospective cohort survey. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1073-1082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Paquin J, Lagacé JC, Brochu M, Dionne IJ. Exercising for Insulin Sensitivity - Is There a Mechanistic Relationship With Quantitative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass? Front Physiol 2021; 12:656909. [PMID: 34054574 PMCID: PMC8149906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) tissue has been repetitively shown to play a major role in whole-body glucose homeostasis and overall metabolic health. Hence, SM hypertrophy through resistance training (RT) has been suggested to be favorable to glucose homeostasis in different populations, from young healthy to type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. While RT has been shown to contribute to improved metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity surrogates, in multiple studies, a universal understanding of a mechanistic explanation is currently lacking. Furthermore, exercised-improved glucose homeostasis and quantitative changes of SM mass have been hypothesized to be concurrent but not necessarily causally associated. With a straightforward focus on exercise interventions, this narrative review aims to highlight the current level of evidence of the impact of SM hypertrophy on glucose homeostasis, as well various mechanisms that are likely to explain those effects. These mechanistic insights could provide a strengthened rationale for future research assessing alternative RT strategies to the current classical modalities, such as low-load, high repetition RT or high-volume circuit-style RT, in metabolically impaired populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Paquin
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated With CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagacé
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated With CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Brochu
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated With CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle J Dionne
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated With CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Total Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Step Count in Japanese Preschool Children: A Study Based on Doubly Labeled Water. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051223. [PMID: 32357525 PMCID: PMC7281979 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate energy intake is essential for the healthy development of children, and the estimated energy requirement of children is determined by total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy deposition for growth. A previous study in Japanese tweens indicated that TDEE could be estimated by fat-free mass (FFM) and step count. The aims of this study were to measure TDEE in Japanese preschool children and to confirm whether TDEE can be estimated by FFM and step count in preschool children. Twenty-one children aged 4-6 years old (11 girls and 10 boys; age, 5.1 (0.9) years; height, 107.2 (6.6) cm; weight, 17.5 (1.7) kg; BMI, 15.3 (1.3); mean (SD)) participated in this study. FFM and 7-day TDEE were obtained by doubly labeled water (DLW). Participants wore accelerometers during the DLW measurement period. No significant differences were observed in age-adjusted height, weight, BMI, FFM (13.0 (1.5) kg), or TDEE (1300 (174) kcal/day) between girls and boys. Girls had significantly higher percent fat and a lower daily step count than boys. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that FFM and step count were significant predictors of TDEE; TDEE (kcal/day) = 85.0 × FFM (kg) + 0.0135 × step count (steps/day). This accounted for 74% of TDEE variance. The current study confirmed that FFM and step count are major determinants of TDEE in Japanese preschool children as well as adolescents, although further research is needed to obtain precise equations.
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Bonnefoy M, Gilbert T, Normand S, Jauffret M, Roy P, Morio B, Cornu C, Roche S, Laville M. Energy Expenditure in Older People Hospitalized for an Acute Episode. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2946. [PMID: 31817061 PMCID: PMC6949974 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss and worsening of nutritional state is a frequent downfall of acute hospitalization in older people. It is usually accepted that acute inflammation is responsible for hypercatabolism. However, several studies suggest, on the contrary, a reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE). This study aimed to obtain a reliable measure of REE and total energy expenditure (TEE) in older patients hospitalized for an acute episode in order to better assess patients' energy requirements and help understand the mechanisms of weight loss in this situation. Nineteen hospitalized older patients (mean age 83 years) with C-reactive protein (CRP) level >20mg/L were recruited. REE and TEE were measured using gold standard methods of indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water (DLW), respectively. REE was then compared to data from a previous study on aged volunteers from nursing homes who were free of an acute stressor event. Energy requirements measured by DLW were confirmed at 1.3 × REE. Energy intake covered the needs but did not prevent weight loss in these patients. TEE was not increased in hospitalized patients and was not influenced by inflammation, while the relationship between REE and inflammation was uncertain. Our results suggest that lean mass remains the major determinant of REE in hospitalized older people and that weight loss may not be explained solely by a state of hypercatabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bonnefoy
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Bénite-Pierre CEDEX, France; (T.G.); (M.J.)
- CarMeN, U1060 INSERM, 69921 Oullins CEDEX, France; (B.M.); (M.L.)
- Rhône-Alpes Center for Research in Human Nutrition, European Center for Nutrition and Health, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite CEDEX, France;
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thomas Gilbert
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Bénite-Pierre CEDEX, France; (T.G.); (M.J.)
- HESPER, EA 7425 Université Claude Bernard lyon 1, 69373 Lyon 8 CEDEX, France
| | - Sylvie Normand
- Rhône-Alpes Center for Research in Human Nutrition, European Center for Nutrition and Health, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite CEDEX, France;
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc Jauffret
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Bénite-Pierre CEDEX, France; (T.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Pascal Roy
- Department of Biostatistics, Health sciences department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (P.R.); (S.R.)
- CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratory of Biometry and evolutive Biology, Biostatistics and health, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- CarMeN, U1060 INSERM, 69921 Oullins CEDEX, France; (B.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Catherine Cornu
- Center of clinical investigations, Hôpital Louis Pradel, 69500 Bron, France;
| | - Sylvain Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Health sciences department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (P.R.); (S.R.)
- CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratory of Biometry and evolutive Biology, Biostatistics and health, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martine Laville
- CarMeN, U1060 INSERM, 69921 Oullins CEDEX, France; (B.M.); (M.L.)
- Rhône-Alpes Center for Research in Human Nutrition, European Center for Nutrition and Health, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite CEDEX, France;
- Department of endocrinology and Nutrition, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, CHU de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite CEDEX, France
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Validity of a triaxial accelerometer and simplified physical activity record in older adults aged 64-96 years: a doubly labeled water study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2133-2146. [PMID: 30019086 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to examine the validity of a triaxial accelerometer (ACCTRI) and a simplified physical activity record (sPAR) in estimating total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) in older adults with the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. METHODS A total of 44 Japanese elderly individuals (64-96 years), of which 28 were community-dwelling healthy adults with or without sporting habits (S or NS group) and 16 were care home residents with frailty (F group), were included in the study. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, TEE was obtained by the DLW method, and PAL was calculated as TEE/BMR. Daily step count was monitored by a pedometer (Lifecorder). The 24-h average metabolic equivalent was assessed by ACCTRI and sPAR. RESULTS The TEEDLW in men was 2704 ± 353, 2308 ± 442, and 1795 ± 338 kcal d-1, and that in women was 2260 ± 208, 1922 ± 285, and 1421 ± 274 kcal d-1 for the S, NS, and F groups, respectively. ACCTRI and sPAR systematically underestimated actual TEE (- 14.2 ± 11.6 and - 15.3 ± 12.3% for ACCTRI and sPAR, respectively). After diet-induced thermogenesis was taken into account for ACCTRI and sPAR, TEEDLW was significantly correlated with TEEACCTRI (R2 = 0.714) and TEEsPAR (R2 = 0.668). PALDLW was also significantly correlated with PALACCTRI (R2 = 0.438) and PALsPAR (R2 = 0.402). CONCLUSIONS Age, living conditions, frailty, and sporting habits contribute to TEE and PAL in the elderly population. ACCTRI and sPAR underestimated TEE and PAL, and adequate corrections are required. The corrected ACCTRI and sPAR are both useful tools to estimate TEE and PAL.
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Porter J, Nguo K, Gibson S, Huggins CE, Collins J, Kellow NJ, Truby H. Total energy expenditure in adults aged 65 years and over measured using doubly-labelled water: international data availability and opportunities for data sharing. Nutr J 2018; 17:40. [PMID: 29580255 PMCID: PMC5870239 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing population lifespan necessitates a greater understanding of nutritional needs in older adults (65 year and over). A synthesis of total energy expenditure in the older population has not been undertaken and is needed to inform nutritional requirements. We aimed to establish the extent of the international evidence for total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly-labelled water (DLW) in older adults (65 years and over), report challenges in obtaining primary data, and make recommendations for future data sharing. METHODS Four databases were searched to identify eligible studies; original research of any study design where participant level TEE was measured using DLW in participants aged ≥65 years. Once studies were identified for inclusion, authors were contacted where data were not publicly available. RESULTS Screening was undertaken of 1223 records; the review of 317 full text papers excluded 170 records. Corresponding or first authors of 147 eligible studies were contacted electronically. Participant level data were publicly available or provided by authors for 45 publications (890 participants aged ≥65 years, with 248 aged ≥80 years). Sixty-seven percent of the DLW data in this population were unavailable due to authors unable to be contacted or declining to participate, or data being irretrievable. CONCLUSIONS The lack of data access limits the value of the original research and its contribution to nutrition science. Openly accessible DLW data available through publications or a new international data repository would facilitate greater integration of current research with previous findings and ensure evidence is available to support the needs of the ageing population. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42016047549 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Porter
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health, 5 Arnold Street, 3128, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kay Nguo
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Simone Gibson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Catherine E Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jorja Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Helen Truby
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
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Garnotel M, Bastian T, Romero-Ugalde HM, Maire A, Dugas J, Zahariev A, Doron M, Jallon P, Charpentier G, Franc S, Blanc S, Bonnet S, Simon C. Prior automatic posture and activity identification improves physical activity energy expenditure prediction from hip-worn triaxial accelerometry. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:780-790. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00556.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is increasingly used to quantify physical activity (PA) and related energy expenditure (EE). Linear regression models designed to derive PAEE from accelerometry-counts have shown their limits, mostly due to the lack of consideration of the nature of activities performed. Here we tested whether a model coupling an automatic activity/posture recognition (AAR) algorithm with an activity-specific count-based model, developed in 61 subjects in laboratory conditions, improved PAEE and total EE (TEE) predictions from a hip-worn triaxial-accelerometer (ActigraphGT3X+) in free-living conditions. Data from two independent subject groups of varying body mass index and age were considered: 20 subjects engaged in a 3-h urban-circuit, with activity-by-activity reference PAEE from combined heart-rate and accelerometry monitoring (Actiheart); and 56 subjects involved in a 14-day trial, with PAEE and TEE measured using the doubly-labeled water method. PAEE was estimated from accelerometry using the activity-specific model coupled to the AAR algorithm (AAR model), a simple linear model (SLM), and equations provided by the companion-software of used activity-devices (Freedson and Actiheart models). AAR-model predictions were in closer agreement with selected references than those from other count-based models, both for PAEE during the urban-circuit (RMSE = 6.19 vs 7.90 for SLM and 9.62 kJ/min for Freedson) and for EE over the 14-day trial, reaching Actiheart performances in the latter (PAEE: RMSE = 0.93 vs. 1.53 for SLM, 1.43 for Freedson, 0.91 MJ/day for Actiheart; TEE: RMSE = 1.05 vs. 1.57 for SLM, 1.70 for Freedson, 0.95 MJ/day for Actiheart). Overall, the AAR model resulted in a 43% increase of daily PAEE variance explained by accelerometry predictions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although triaxial accelerometry is widely used in free-living conditions to assess the impact of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) on health, its precision and accuracy are often debated. Here we developed and validated an activity-specific model which, coupled with an automatic activity-recognition algorithm, improved the variance explained by the predictions from accelerometry counts by 43% of daily PAEE compared with models relying on a simple relationship between accelerometry counts and EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garnotel
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - T. Bastian
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - A. Maire
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - J. Dugas
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A. Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Doron
- CEA LETI MINATEC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - P. Jallon
- CEA LETI MINATEC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - G. Charpentier
- CERITD-BIOPARC GENOPOLE Evry, Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - S. Franc
- CERITD-BIOPARC GENOPOLE Evry, Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - S. Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - S. Bonnet
- CEA LETI MINATEC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - C. Simon
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Itoi A, Yamada Y, Yokoyama K, Adachi T, Kimura M. Validity of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy older adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2017; 22:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Valiani V, Sourdet S, Schoeller DA, Mackey DC, Bauer DC, Glynn NW, Yamada Y, Harris TB, Manini TM, for the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Surveying predictors of late-life longitudinal change in daily activity energy expenditure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186289. [PMID: 29040301 PMCID: PMC5645098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Total daily energy expenditure (TEE) is composed of resting metabolic rate (RMR), post-prandial thermogenesis and activity energy expenditure (AEE). Higher AEE is strongly associated with lower mortality and physical limitations among older adults, but factors that predict changes in AEE in septu and octogenarians are not clearly understood. Objective To identify factors associated with late-life longitudinal change in AEE. Design Energy expenditure was re-assessed in 83 participants (average age at baseline, 74.4±3.2 years)—an average of 7.5±0.54 years since the baseline measure. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and the thermic effect of meals was estimated at 10% of TEE. AEE was calculated as: TEE(0.9)-RMR. Participants were categorized into two groups according to the estimated day-to-day precision of the doubly-labeled water technique. Those who were within 10% or increased relative to their initial AEE measurement were categorized as having preserved AEE. Participants who declined greater than 10% of their initial measurement were categorized as having reduced AEE. A variety of socio-demographic, functional and mental factors, body composition, community and personal behaviors, blood measurements and health conditions were evaluated between groups at baseline and changes during follow-up. Results Daily AEE declined 106.61±293.25 kcal, which equated to a 14.63±40.57 kcal/d decrease per year. Fifty-nine percent (n = 49) preserved their AEE and 41% (n = 34) declined. Those who demonstrated a decline in AEE were older, had lower walking speed at baseline and showed a higher lean mass loss during follow up. Otherwise, groups were similar for socio-demographic characteristics, body composition, mental and physical function, health conditions and community and personal behaviors at baseline and change in these factors during follow-up. Conclusions This study demonstrates that AEE declines through the 8th decade of life and is associated with age, lower walking speed at baseline and lean mass loss. Additionally, there are a significant number of individuals who appear to be resilient to these declines despite having health events that are expected to have a negative impact on their physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Valiani
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Forida, United States of America
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Clinica Medica Cesare Frugoni, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dawn C. Mackey
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Douglas C. Bauer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy W. Glynn
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Deparment of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, IRP, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Forida, United States of America
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Lefai E, Blanc S, Momken I, Antoun E, Chery I, Zahariev A, Gabert L, Bergouignan A, Simon C. Exercise training improves fat metabolism independent of total energy expenditure in sedentary overweight men, but does not restore lean metabolic phenotype. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1728-1736. [PMID: 28669989 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a dietary fat storage disease. Although exercise prevents weight gain, effects of chronic training on dietary fat oxidation remains understudied in overweight adults. OBJECTIVE We tested whether 2 months of training at current guidelines increase dietary fat oxidation in sedentary overweight adults like in sedentary lean adults. DESIGN Sedentary lean (n=10) and overweight (n=9) men trained on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO2peak, 1 h day-1, four times per week, for 2 months while energy balance was clamped. Metabolic fate of [d31]palmitate and [1-13C]oleate mixed in standard meals, total substrate use, total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE) and key muscle proteins/enzymes were measured before and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS Conversely to lean subjects, TEE and AEE did not increase in overweight participants due to a spontaneous decrease in non-training AEE. Despite this compensatory behavior, aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation were improved by exercise training. The latter was not explained by changes in dietary fat trafficking but more likely by a coordinated response at the muscle level enhancing fat uptake, acylation and oxidation (FABPpm, CD36, FATP1, ACSL1, CPT1, mtGPAT). ACSL1 fold change positively correlated with total fasting (R2=0.59, P<0.0001) and post-prandial (R2=0.49, P=0.0006) fat oxidation whereas mtGPAT fold change negatively correlated with dietary palmitate oxidation (R2=0.40, P=0.009), suggesting modified fat trafficking between oxidation and storage within the muscle. However, for most of the measured parameters the post-training values observed in overweight adults remained lower than the pre-training values observed in the lean subjects. CONCLUSION Independent of energy balance and TEE, exercise training at current recommendations improved fitness and fat oxidation in overweight adults. However the improved metabolic phenotype of overweight adults was not as healthy as the one of their lean counterparts before the 2-month training, likely due to the spontaneous reduction in non-training AEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lefai
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
| | - S Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Momken
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice, Evry, France
| | - E Antoun
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Chery
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - L Gabert
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Simon
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Parker EA, Feinberg TM, Wappel S, Verceles AC. Considerations When Using Predictive Equations to Estimate Energy Needs Among Older, Hospitalized Patients: A Narrative Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2017; 6:102-110. [PMID: 28868211 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-017-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the accuracy of predictive equations used to estimate energy expenditure in older, hospitalized adults. More than 50% of patients admitted to intensive care units are older adults. Currently accepted prediction equations used to determine energy intake in the older, hospitalized patient were not specifically developed for the aging population. Rates of multimorbidity, polypharmacy and malnutrition, conditions that influence energy expenditure, are higher in older adults compared to younger adults. For these reasons, current equations may not accurately assess energy needs in this population. As the evidence demonstrating the importance of nutritional supplementation in older, hospitalized adults grows, more accurate energy assessment methods that account for age-related conditions are needed to predict nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Parker
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 520 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, (410) 706-6189,
| | - Termeh M Feinberg
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 520 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, (410) 706-6173,
| | - Stephanie Wappel
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, USA,
| | - Avelino C Verceles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, (410) 328-8141,
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Yamada Y, Yokoyama K, Noriyasu R, Osaki T, Adachi T, Itoi A, Naito Y, Morimoto T, Kimura M, Oda S. Erratum to: Calculation of total energy expenditure in publications on physical activity energy by Yamada et al. in 2009 and 2013. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1279-1280. [PMID: 27116320 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamada
- Laboratory of Sports Science and Human Motor Control, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Laboratory of Sports and Health Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan. .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Sports Science and Human Motor Control, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Risa Noriyasu
- Laboratory of Sports Science and Human Motor Control, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Osaki
- Laboratory of Sports Science and Human Motor Control, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Adachi
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Itoi
- Department of Human Life Studies, Kobe Women's Junior College, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Health, Sports and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Naito
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Morimoto
- Laboratory of Sports and Health Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Misaka Kimura
- Laboratory of Sports and Health Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Laboratory of Sports Science and Human Motor Control, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Madden AM, Mulrooney HM, Shah S. Estimation of energy expenditure using prediction equations in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:458-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
| | - H. M. Mulrooney
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, University of Kingston; Kingston Upon Thames UK
| | - S. Shah
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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18
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Abizanda P, Romero L, Sánchez-Jurado PM, Ruano TF, Ríos SS, Sánchez MF. Energetics of Aging and Frailty: The FRADEA Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:787-96. [PMID: 26463762 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) decrease with aging, but it is not known whether frailty modulates this association. We hypothesize that RMR and TDEE values are similar between younger and older nonfrail older adults, whereas they are lower in older prefrail and frail compared with younger adults. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the FRADEA study, Albacete (Spain), including 402 participants (213 women) older than 70 years (mean age 76 years; range 70-91), was conducted. Estimated RMR (eRMR), oxygen consumption (VO2), expired volume (Ve), and respiratory frequency (RF) were determined using indirect calorimetry; TDEE was determined with the Calcumed instrument; and fat-free mass was determined by bioimpedanciometry. General linear models were used for analysis. RESULTS Mean TDEE was 1,889 (SD 470) kcal and eRMR was 1,071 (SD 323) kcal. Both TDEE (B = -24 kcal/day; 95% confidence interval: -35.4 to -14.2; p < .001) and eRMR (B= -15.8 kcal/day; 95% confidence interval: -23.1 to -8.5; p < .001) diminished linearly with age, with lower values in frail and prefrail participants. There was a strong trend between frailty and lower eRMR (F = 2.9; p = .058), with a modifying effect between age and frailty (F = 3.6; p = .002). eRMR in prefrail and frail participants were on average 160 and 114 kcal/day less than that in the nonfrail participants, respectively, and taken together, 154 kcal/day less (F = 5.4; p = .020). Frail and prefrail participants also presented lower Ve and VO2 values that were partially compensated by an RF increase. CONCLUSION Frailty status modulates the energy requirements of aging. Frail and prefrail older adults present lower eRMR than nonfrail adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Abizanda
- Department of Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain.
| | - Luis Romero
- Department of Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro M Sánchez-Jurado
- Department of Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
| | - Teresa Flores Ruano
- Department of Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
| | - Sergio Salmerón Ríos
- Department of Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
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20
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Sabounchi NS, Rahmandad H, Ammerman A. Best-fitting prediction equations for basal metabolic rate: informing obesity interventions in diverse populations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1364-70. [PMID: 23318720 PMCID: PMC4278349 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the largest component of total energy expenditure and is a major contributor to energy balance. Therefore, accurately estimating BMR is critical for developing rigorous obesity prevention and control strategies. Over the past several decades, numerous BMR formulas have been developed targeted to different population groups. A comprehensive literature search revealed 248 BMR estimation equations developed using diverse ranges of age, gender, race, fat-free mass, fat mass, height, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and weight. A subset of 47 studies included enough detail to allow for development of meta-regression equations. Utilizing these studies, meta-equations were developed targeted to 20 specific population groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of available BMR equations and an estimate of their accuracy. An accompanying online BMR prediction tool (available at http://www.sdl.ise.vt.edu/tutorials.html) was developed to automatically estimate BMR based on the most appropriate equation after user-entry of individual age, race, gender and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim S. Sabounchi
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St.
Louis
| | | | - Alice Ammerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the
Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
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21
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Yamada Y, Colman RJ, Kemnitz JW, Baum ST, Anderson RM, Weindruch R, Schoeller DA. Long-term calorie restriction decreases metabolic cost of movement and prevents decrease of physical activity during aging in rhesus monkeys. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1226-35. [PMID: 23954367 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term (<1 year) calorie restriction (CR) has been reported to decrease physical activity and metabolic rate in humans and non-human primate models; however, studies examining the very long-term (>10 year) effect of CR on these parameters are lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine metabolic and behavioral adaptations to long-term CR longitudinally in rhesus macaques. DESIGN Eighteen (10 male, 8 female) control (C) and 24 (14 male, 10 female) age matched CR rhesus monkeys between 19.6 and 31.9 years old were examined after 13 and 18 years of moderate adult-onset CR. Energy expenditure (EE) was examined by doubly labeled water (DLW; TEE) and respiratory chamber (24 h EE). Physical activity was assessed both by metabolic equivalent (MET) in a respiratory chamber and by an accelerometer. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was also calculated. Age and fat-free mass were included as covariates. RESULTS Adjusted total and 24 h EE were not different between C and CR. Sleeping metabolic rate was significantly lower, and physical activity level was higher in CR than in C independent from the CR-induced changes in body composition. The duration of physical activity above 1.6 METs was significantly higher in CR than in C, and CR had significantly higher accelerometer activity counts than C. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was significantly lower in CR than in C. The accelerometer activity counts were significantly decreased after seven years in C animals, but not in CR animals. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that long-term CR decreases basal metabolic rate, but maintains higher physical activity with lower metabolic cost of movements compared with C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamada
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
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22
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Association between lifestyle and physical activity level in the elderly: a study using doubly labeled water and simplified physical activity record. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2461-71. [PMID: 23801238 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity level (PAL) is associated with all-cause mortality in the elderly. However, few studies have attempted to clarify the relationship between lifestyle and PAL in the elderly. This study aimed to examine the determinants of PAL in the elderly in terms of behavioral patterns and exercise intensity, and to validate the simplified physical activity record (sPAR). METHODS Thirty healthy, elderly individuals, aged 64-87 years, participated in the study. Total energy expenditure (TEEDLW), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEEDLW), and PAL (PALDLW) were calculated based on doubly labeled water (DLW) and measured basal metabolic rate. Physical activity was recorded using the sPAR. RESULTS PALDLW was significantly correlated with PAL estimated by sPAR (r = 0.588, P < 0.001). Good agreement was observed between TEEDLW (1,860 ± 373 kcal/day) and TEE estimated by sPAR (1,854 ± 377 kcal/day) (r = 0.825, P < 0.001). Good agreement was also observed between PAEEDLW (552 ± 242 kcal/day) and PAEE estimated by sPAR (562 ± 240 kcal/day) (r = 0.666, P < 0.001). The high PALDLW group had significantly shorter durations of 'sleeping time and rest periods' and 'daily life sedentary activities', and significantly longer durations of 'bicycling with moderate speed', 'housekeeping with standing', 'gymnastics, tai chi, stretching' and "swimming, hill climbing, fast jogging" than the low PAL group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The sPAR provides valid estimates of TEE and PAEE in the healthy elderly. The results suggest that engaging in housekeeping or sports activities for longer and being less sedentary may increase PALDLW in healthy elderly individuals.
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23
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Cooper JA, Manini TM, Paton CM, Yamada Y, Everhart JE, Cummings S, Mackey DC, Newman AB, Glynn NW, Tylavsky F, Harris T, Schoeller DA. Longitudinal change in energy expenditure and effects on energy requirements of the elderly. Nutr J 2013; 12:73. [PMID: 23742706 PMCID: PMC3679966 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very little is known about the longitudinal changes in energy requirements in late life. The purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the energy requirements in late life and how they changed during a 7 year time-span, (2) determine whether changes in fat free mass (FFM) were related to changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), and (3) determine the accuracy of predicted total energy expenditure (TEE) to measured TEE. Methods TEE was assessed via doubly labeled water (DLW) technique in older adults in both 1999 (n = 302; age: 74 ± 2.9 yrs) and again in 2006 (n = 87 age: 82 ± 3.1 yrs). RMR was measured with indirect calorimetry, and body composition was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results The energy requirements in the 9th decade of life were 2208 ± 376 kcal/d for men and 1814 ± 337 kcal/d for women. This was a significant decrease from the energy requirements in the 8th decade of life in men (2482 ± 476 kcal/d vs. 2208 ± 376 kcal/d) but not in women (1892 ± 271 kcal/d vs. 1814 ± 337 kcal/d). In addition to TEE, RMR, and activity EE (AEE) also decreased in men, but not women, while FFM decreased in both men and women. The changes in FFM were correlated with changes in RMR for men (r = 0.49, p < 0.05) but not for women (r = −0.08, ns). Measured TEE was similar to Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) predicted TEE for men (2208 ± 56 vs. 2305 ± 35 kcal/d) and women (1814 ± 42 vs. 1781 ± 20 kcal/d). However, measured TEE was different than the World Health Organization (WHO) predicted TEE in men (2208 ± 56 vs. 2915 ± 31 kcal/d (p < 0.05)) and women (1814 ± 42 vs. 2315 ± 21 kcal/d (p < 0.05)). Conclusions TEE, RMR and AEE decreased in men, but not women, from the 8th to 9th decade of life. The DRI equation to predict TEE was comparable to measured TEE, while the WHO equation over-predicted TEE in our elderly population.
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DeLany JP, Kelley DE, Hames KC, Jakicic JM, Goodpaster BH. High energy expenditure masks low physical activity in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:1006-11. [PMID: 23090575 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate energy expenditure in lean and obese individuals, focusing particularly on physical activity and severely obese individuals. DESIGN Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was assessed using doubly labeled water, resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry, activity energy expenditure (AEE) by difference and time spent in physical activity by multisensor activity monitors. SUBJECTS In all, 177 lean, Class I and severely obese individuals (age 31-56 years, body mass index 20-64 kg m(-2)) were analyzed. RESULTS All components of energy expenditure were elevated in obese individuals. For example, TDEE was 2404±95 kcal per day in lean and 3244±48 kcal per day in Class III obese individuals. After appropriate adjustment, RMR was similar in all groups. Analysis of AEE by body weight and obesity class indicated a lower AEE in obese individuals. Confirming lower physical activity, obese individuals spent less time engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (2.7±1.3, 1.8±0.6, 2.0±1.4 and 1.2±1.0 h per day in lean, Class I, Class II and Class III individuals) and more time in sedentary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS There was no indication of metabolic efficiency in even the severely obese, as adjusted RMR was similar across all groups. The higher AEE observed in the obese is consistent with a higher cost of activities due to higher body weight. However, the magnitude of the higher AEE (20-25% higher in obese individuals) is lower than expected (weight approximately 100% higher in Class III individuals). Confirming a lower volume of physical activity in the obese, the total time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and average daily metabolic equivalent of task level were lower with increasing obesity. These findings demonstrate that high body weight in obese individuals leads to a high TDEE and AEE, which masks the fact that they are less physically active, which can be influenced by duration or intensity of activity, than in lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Villars C, Bergouignan A, Dugas J, Antoun E, Schoeller DA, Roth H, Maingon AC, Lefai E, Blanc S, Simon C. Validity of combining heart rate and uniaxial acceleration to measure free-living physical activity energy expenditure in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1763-71. [PMID: 23019315 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining accelerometry (ACC) with heart rate (HR) monitoring is thought to improve activity energy expenditure (AEE) estimations compared with ACC alone to evaluate the validity of ACC and HR used alone or combined. The purpose of this study was to estimate AEE in free-living conditions compared with doubly labeled water (DLW). Ten-day free-living AEE was measured by a DLW protocol in 35 18- to 55-yr-old men (11 lean active; 12 lean sedentary; 12 overweight sedentary) wearing an Actiheart (combining ACC and HR) and a RT3 accelerometer. AEE was estimated using group or individual calibration of the HR/AEE relationship, based on an exercise-tolerance test. In a subset (n = 21), AEE changes (ΔAEE) were measured after 1 mo of detraining (active subjects) or an 8-wk training (sedentary subjects). Actiheart-combined ACC/HR estimates were more accurate than estimates from HR or ACC alone. Accuracy of the Actiheart group-calibrated ACC/HR estimates was modest [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.62], with no bias but high root mean square error (RMSE) and limits of agreement (LOA). The mean bias of the estimates was reduced by one-third, like RMSE and LOA, by individual calibration (ICC = 0.81). Contrasting with group-calibrated estimates, the Actiheart individual-calibrated ACC/HR estimates explained 40% of the variance of the DLW-ΔAEE (ICC = 0.63). This study supports a good level of agreement between the Actiheart ACC/HR estimates and DLW-measured AEE in lean and overweight men with varying fitness levels. Individual calibration of the HR/AEE relationship is necessary for AEE estimations at an individual level rather than at group scale and for ΔAEE evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Villars
- Carmen Inserm U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235/CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Lyon, France
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Tranah GJ, Lam ET, Katzman SM, Nalls MA, Zhao Y, Evans DS, Yokoyama JS, Pawlikowska L, Kwok PY, Mooney S, Kritchevsky S, Goodpaster BH, Newman AB, Harris TB, Manini TM, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation is associated with free-living activity energy expenditure in the elderly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1691-700. [PMID: 22659402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The decline in activity energy expenditure underlies a range of age-associated pathological conditions, neuromuscular and neurological impairments, disability, and mortality. The majority (90%) of the energy needs of the human body are met by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS is dependent on the coordinated expression and interaction of genes encoded in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. We examined the role of mitochondrial genomic variation in free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity levels (PAL) by sequencing the entire (~16.5 kilobases) mtDNA from 138 Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study participants. Among the common mtDNA variants, the hypervariable region 2 m.185G>A variant was significantly associated with AEE (p=0.001) and PAL (p=0.0005) after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Several unique nonsynonymous variants were identified in the extremes of AEE with some occurring at highly conserved sites predicted to affect protein structure and function. Of interest is the p.T194M, CytB substitution in the lower extreme of AEE occurring at a residue in the Qi site of complex III. Among participants with low activity levels, the burden of singleton variants was 30% higher across the entire mtDNA and OXPHOS complex I when compared to those having moderate to high activity levels. A significant pooled variant association across the hypervariable 2 region was observed for AEE and PAL. These results suggest that mtDNA variation is associated with free-living AEE in older persons and may generate new hypotheses by which specific mtDNA complexes, genes, and variants may contribute to the maintenance of activity levels in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Abstract
Population ageing affects the entire world population. Also at world level one can observe a sharp increase in the proportion of older people. The challenge posed by population ageing translates into ensuring that the extra years of life will be as good as possible, free from high-cost dependency. Omega-3 fatty acids are now generally recognized as potential key nutrients to prevent the pathological conditions associated to the aging process. Ageing physiological process, its association with quality of life and the impact of omega-3 fatty acids intake and/or status is the focus of the present review. This report deals with the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on normal aging of older adults ( ≥ 65 years) mainly on the effects such as nutritional status itself, cognition, bone health, muscle tonus, and general health status. The preliminary broad search of the literature on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on normal aging yielded 685 citations. Forty two full text papers were checked for inclusion and thirty six studies were finally included in this review. It may be concluded that paradoxically even though the elderly population is the largest one, the number of studies and the methodology employed clearly lacks of sufficient evidence to establish definite conclusions on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on aging metabolism without pathological conditions and on quality of life.
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Bergouignan A, Habold C, Rudwill F, Gauquelin-Koch G, Normand S, Simon C, Blanc S. Urinary C-peptide is not an accurate bioindicator of energy balance in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:683-8. [PMID: 21566564 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The apprehension of the factors that affect long term regulation of energy balance is indispensable to understand the rise in obesity prevalence as well as to delineate levers to prevent it. Accurate measurements of energy balance are however challenging during free-living conditions. Recent studies proposed urinary C-peptide, a metabolic byproduct of insulin synthesis, as reliable noninvasive assessment of energy balance. These studies were in fact essentially based on correlations between urinary C-peptide and energy intake and only focused on nonhuman primates. During a bed-rest study conducted in 16 healthy women in a controlled environment, we tested the existence of a relationship between 24 h-urinary C-peptide and energy balance in humans. Daily energy intake and body mass, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) and total energy expenditure (doubly labeled water (DLW) method) was measured and energy balance was calculated as the difference between energy intake and expenditure. Urinary C-peptide was positively correlated with bed-rest-induced changes in fat mass (r(2) = 0.285; P = 0.03) and energy balance assessed at the end of the bed-rest (r(2) = 0.302; P = 0.027). However, in this tightly controlled environment, urinary C-peptide only accounted for 30% of variations in energy balance. No relationship was noted between urinary C-peptide and body or fat mass both at baseline and at the end of the bed-rest. These results indicate that urinary C-peptide cannot be used as an accurate biomarker of energy balance in the general human population in free-living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien-Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Total energy value and percentage contribution of calories from macronutrients in the diet of elderly individuals from Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(12)70152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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de Menezes TN, Nunes Marucci MDF. Valor energético total e contribuição percentual de calorias por macronutrientes da alimentação de idosos domiciliados em Fortaleza – CE. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302012000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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TABATA I, EBINE N, KAWASHIMA Y, ISHIKAWA-TAKATA K, TANAKA S, HIGUCHI M, YOSHITAKE Y. Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Energy. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tranah GJ, Manini TM, Lohman KK, Nalls MA, Kritchevsky S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Miljkovic I, Biffi A, Cummings SR, Liu Y. Mitochondrial DNA variation in human metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:855-61. [PMID: 21586348 PMCID: PMC3998521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of climate in driving selection of mtDNA as Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa into Eurasia remains controversial. We evaluated the role of mtDNA variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total energy expenditure (TEE) among 294 older, community-dwelling African and European American adults from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Common African haplogroups L0, L2 and L3 had significantly lower RMRs than European haplogroups H, JT and UK with haplogroup L1 RMR being intermediate to these groups. This study links mitochondrial haplogroups with ancestry-associated differences in metabolic rate and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
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Middleton LE, Manini TM, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Barnes DE, Tylavsky F, Brach JS, Everhart JE, Yaffe K. Activity energy expenditure and incident cognitive impairment in older adults. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 171:1251-7. [PMID: 21771893 PMCID: PMC3923462 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that physically active people have reduced risk of incident cognitive impairment in late life. However, these studies are limited by reliance on self-reports of physical activity, which only moderately correlate with objective measures and often exclude activity not readily quantifiable by frequency and duration. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between activity energy expenditure (AEE), an objective measure of total activity, and incidence of cognitive impairment. METHODS We calculated AEE as 90% of total energy expenditure (assessed during 2 weeks using doubly labeled water) minus resting metabolic rate (measured using indirect calorimetry) in 197 men and women (mean age, 74.8 years) who were free of mobility and cognitive impairments at study baseline (1998-1999). Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and 2 or 5 years later using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. Cognitive impairment was defined as a decline of at least 1.0 SD (9 points) between baseline and follow-up evaluations. RESULTS After adjustment for baseline Modified Mini-Mental State Examination scores, demographics, fat-free mass, sleep duration, self-reported health, and diabetes mellitus, older adults in the highest sex-specific tertile of AEE had lower odds of incident cognitive impairment than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio, 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.79). There was also a significant dose response between AEE and incidence of cognitive impairment (P = .05 for trend over tertiles). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that greater AEE may be protective against cognitive impairment in a dose-response manner. The significance of overall activity in contrast to vigorous or light activity should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Middleton
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, A421, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
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Mackey DC, Manini TM, Schoeller DA, Koster A, Glynn NW, Goodpaster BH, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Validation of an armband to measure daily energy expenditure in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:1108-13. [PMID: 21734231 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective methods to measure daily energy expenditure in studies of aging are needed. We sought to determine the accuracy of total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) estimates from the SenseWear Pro armband (SWA) using software versions 6.1 (SWA 6.1) and 5.1 (SWA 5.1) relative to criterion methods in free-living older adults. METHODS Participants (n = 19, mean age 82.0 years) wore a SWA for a mean ± SD 12.5 ± 1.1 days, including while sleeping. During this same period, criterion values for TEE were assessed with doubly labeled water and for resting metabolic rate (RMR) with indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as 0.9 TEE - RMR. RESULTS For TEE, there was no difference in mean ± SD values from doubly labeled water (2,040 ± 472 kcal/day) versus SWA 6.1 (2,012 ± 497 kcal/day, p = .593) or SWA 5.1 (2,066 ± 474 kcal/day, p = .606); individual values were highly correlated between methods (SWA 6.1 r = .893, p < .001; SWA 5.1 r = .901, p < .001) and demonstrated strong agreement (SWA 6.1 intraclass correlation coefficient = .896; SWA 5.1 intraclass correlation coefficient = .904). For AEE, mean values from SWA 6.1 (427 ± 304 kcal/day) were lower by 26.8% than criterion values (583 ± 242 kcal/day, p = .003), and mean values from SWA 5.1 (475 ± 299 kcal/day) were lower by 18.5% than criterion values (p = .021); however, individual values were highly correlated between methods (SWA 6.1 r = .760, p < .001; SWA 5.1 r = .786, p < .001) and demonstrated moderate agreement (SWA 6.1 intraclass correlation coefficient = .645; SWA 5.1 intraclass correlation coefficient = .720). Bland-Altman plots identified no systematic bias for TEE or AEE. CONCLUSIONS Acceptable levels of agreement were observed between SWA and criterion measurements of TEE and AEE in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn C Mackey
- California Pacific Medical Center, 185 Berry Street, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Manini TM, Patel KV, Bauer DC, Ziv E, Schoeller DA, Mackey DC, Li R, Newman AB, Nalls M, Zmuda JM, Harris TB. European ancestry and resting metabolic rate in older African Americans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:663-7. [PMID: 21468093 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Resting metabolic rate (RMR) contributes 60-80% of total energy expenditure and is consistently lower in populations of African descent compared with populations of European populations. Determination of European ancestry (EA) through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis would provide an initial step for identifying genetic associations that contribute to low RMR. We sought to evaluate the association between RMR and EA in African Americans. SUBJECTS/METHODS RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 141 African American men and women (aged 74.7±3.0 years) enrolled in a substudy of the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Ancestry informative markers were used to estimate individual percent EA. Multivariate regression was used to assess the association between RMR and EA after adjustments for soft tissue fat-free mass (STFFM), fat mass, age, study site, physical activity level and sex. RESULTS Mean EA was 23.8±16% (range: 0.1-70.7%) and there were no differences by sex. Following adjustments, each percent EA was associated with a 1.6 kcal/day (95% Confidence interval: 0.42, 2.7 kcal/day) higher RMR (P=0.008). This equates to a 160 kcal/day lower RMR in a population of completely African ancestry, with one of completely European ancestry. Additional adjustment for trunk STFFM that partially accounts for high-metabolic rate organs did not affect this association. CONCLUSIONS EA in African Americans is strongly associated with higher RMR. The data suggest that population differences in RMR may be due to genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Institute on Aging, Gainesville, USA.
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Dugas LR, Harders R, Merrill S, Ebersole K, Shoham DA, Rush EC, Assah FK, Forrester T, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Luke A. Energy expenditure in adults living in developing compared with industrialized countries: a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:427-41. [PMID: 21159791 PMCID: PMC3021434 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an assumption that people in developing countries have a higher total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) than do people in developed nations, but few objective data for this assertion exist. OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis of TEE and PAL by using data from countries that have a low or middle human development index (HDI) compared with those with a high HDI to better understand how energy-expenditure variables are associated with development status and population differences in body size. DESIGN We performed a literature search for studies in which energy expenditure was measured by using doubly labeled water. Mean data on age, weight, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), TEE, and PAL were extracted, and HDI status was assessed. Pooled estimates of the mean effect by sex were obtained, and the extent to which age, weight, HDI status, and year of publication explained heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS A total of 98 studies (14 studies from low- or middle-HDI countries) that represented 183 cohorts and 4972 individuals were included. Mean (±SE) BMI was lower in countries with a low or middle HDI than in those with a high HDI for both men and women (22.7 ± 1.0 compared with 26.0 ± 0.7, respectively, in men and 24.3 ± 0.7 compared with 26.6 ± 0.4, respectively, in women). In meta-regression models, there was an inverse association of age (P < 0.001) and a positive association of weight (P < 0.001) with TEE for both sexes; there was an association of age only in men with PAL (P < 0.001). There was no association of HDI status with either TEE or PAL. CONCLUSION TEE adjusted for weight and age or PAL did not differ significantly between developing and industrialized countries, which calls into question the role of energy expenditure in the cause of obesity at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Dugas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Shahar DR, Yu B, Houston DK, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Sellmeyer DE, Tylavsky FA, Lee JS, Harris TB. Misreporting of energy intake in the elderly using doubly labeled water to measure total energy expenditure and weight change. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 29:14-24. [PMID: 20595641 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major problems in dietary assessment is inaccuracy in reporting diet. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between self-reported energy intake (EI) by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and energy expenditure (EE), measured by doubly labeled water (DLW), among older persons. DESIGN EE was assessed in 298 high-functioning, community-dwelling older adults (70-79 years of age) over a 2-week period using DLW. Dietary intake was assessed using a Block FFQ. The ratio between reported EI and total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated. Misreporting was defined as follows: participants with an EI/TEE ratio of <0.77 were categorized as low energy reporters, while participants with an EI/TEE ratio >1.28 were categorized as high energy reporters. Participants with an EI/TEE ratio of 0.77-1.28 were categorized as "true" energy reporters. One-year percent weight change prior to EE visit was used as another validation indicator. Participants who were low energy reporters but lost >2% of their body weight were categorized as undereaters. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-six participants provided both FFQ and DLW measurements. Forty-three percent of participants were low energy reporters; among them, almost 30% lost weight and, therefore, were categorized as undereaters. The undereaters consumed significantly fewer calories. No difference in the frequency of low energy reporting was detected between genders or racial groups. Underreporters had significantly higher body weight than "true" or high reporters. Undereaters tended to have higher body mass index than the underreporters. CONCLUSIONS Undereating is prevalent in the elderly and may be falsely perceived as underreporting. It should be further addressed and characterized in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danit R Shahar
- The S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Speakman JR, Westerterp KR. Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:826-34. [PMID: 20810973 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between body composition and the energy expended on basal metabolism and activity are complex and age dependent. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine associations between body composition and daily (DEE), basal (BEE), and activity energy expenditure (AEE) throughout the adult life span. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in 529 adults aged 18-96 y. DEE was measured by using doubly labeled water, BEE by using respirometry, and body composition by isotope dilution. AEE was calculated as DEE - BEE, and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as DEE/BEE. RESULTS Up to age 52 y, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were positively associated with age in men, but no significant effect was observed in women. No effects of age on DEE and AEE were observed. The average DEE in men (14.1 MJ/d) was 27% greater than that in women (10.7 MJ/d). PAL averaged 1.84 in men and 1.75 in women. Above and including the age of 52 y, FFM, FM, DEE, BEE, and AEE were all negatively associated with greater age. The effect of age on AEE was greater than on BEE; consequently, PAL by the age of 95 y was only 1.36. PAL and AEE were both unrelated to FFM (both age adjusted). CONCLUSIONS PAL and AEE were not associated with age in subjects aged <52 y. AEE, BEE, and PAL were all negatively associated with age in subjects aged ≥52 y. An absence of a relation between age-adjusted PAL and FFM suggested that greater physical activity was not associated with higher FFM in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Bergouignan A, Momken I, Schoeller DA, Normand S, Zahariev A, Lescure B, Simon C, Blanc S. Regulation of energy balance during long-term physical inactivity induced by bed rest with and without exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1045-53. [PMID: 20061436 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term physical inactivity affects energy balance and is considered conducive to weigh gain. Long-term effects are unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to use a bed-rest model to determine the long-term effects of physical inactivity on energy balance regulation and test the effect of exercise training on energy balance adjustment to physical inactivity. DESIGN Sixteen lean women were divided into two groups (n = 8 each): a control group subjected to a strict 60-d bed rest and an exercise group subjected to a combined aerobic/resistive exercise training concomitantly to bed rest. Body composition, spontaneous energy intake, hunger, total energy expenditure (TEE), and fasting gut hormones were measured. RESULTS Based on bed-rest-induced body composition changes, the control group were in slight negative energy balance (-0.4 +/- 0.4 MJ/d; P = 0.01 vs. zero), essentially due to muscle atrophy (P < 0.001 vs. zero). The stable fat mass (P = 0.19 vs. zero), and the matching between spontaneous energy intake and TEE indicated, however, a stable energy balance. Hunger and gut hormones remained unchanged during the bed rest. In the exercise group, TEE was 24% higher than in the control group (P = 0.004). Unexpectedly, desire to consume food (P = 0.025) decreased and spontaneous energy intake (P = NS) was not stimulated, promoting a negative energy balance (-1.1 +/- 0.5 MJ/d, P = 0.0003 vs. zero). CONCLUSIONS Energy balance is regulated during 2 months of physical inactivity, contrasting with short-term experiments. Conversely, exercise-induced energy expenditure in bed-resting subjects who have no spontaneous physical activity did not induce hunger and promoted a negative energy balance, suggesting a potential role of nonexercise physical activities in energy balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, et Ethologie, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 23 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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Manini TM, Everhart JE, Anton SD, Schoeller DA, Cummings SR, Mackey DC, Delmonico MJ, Bauer DC, Simonsick EM, Colbert LH, Visser M, Tylavsky F, Newman AB, Harris TB. Activity energy expenditure and change in body composition in late life. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1336-42. [PMID: 19740971 PMCID: PMC2762160 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Change in body composition, specifically loss of fat-free mass and gain in fat mass, in older adults is a major pathway leading to the onset of functional decline and physical disability. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the association of activity-related energy expenditure with change in body mass and composition among older men and women. DESIGN Total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed over 2 wk by using the doubly labeled water method in 302 community-dwelling older adults aged 70-82 y. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by using indirect calorimetry, and the thermic effect of meals was estimated at 10% of TEE. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated as [TEE(0.9) - RMR]. Total body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually over a mean (+/-SD) of 4.9 +/- 1.3 y. RESULTS In multivariate models adjusted for baseline age, smoking status, and race, men and women had a decline (in kg/y) in body mass (men: -0.34, 95% CI: -0.71, 0.02; women: -0.45, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.19) and FFM (men: -0.48, 95% CI: -0.67, -0.29; women: -0.14, 95% CI: -0.026, -0.03). No changes (in kg/y) were observed in FM (men: 0.14, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.38; women: -0.28, 95% CI: -0.49, -0.07). In men and women, higher AEE at baseline was associated with greater FFM. The average change in these outcomes (ie, slope), however, was similar across tertiles of AEE. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that accumulated energy expenditure from all physical activities is associated with greater FFM, but the effect does not alter the trajectory of FFM change in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Manini
- University of Florida, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Gainesville, FL 32611-0107, USA.
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Khalaj-Hedayati K, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Dittmar M. Validation of the BIOPAC indirect calorimeter for determining resting energy expenditure in healthy free-living older people. Nutr Res 2009; 29:531-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Manini TM, Everhart JE, Patel KV, Schoeller DA, Cummings S, Mackey DC, Bauer DC, Simonsick EM, Colbert LH, Visser M, Tylavsky F, Newman AB, Harris TB. Activity energy expenditure and mobility limitation in older adults: differential associations by sex. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:1507-16. [PMID: 19383938 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether higher activity energy expenditure, assessed by using doubly labeled water, was associated with a reduced decline in mobility limitation among 248 older community-dwelling US adults aged 70-82 years enrolled in 1998-1999. Activity energy expenditure was calculated as total energy expenditure (assessed over 2 weeks by using doubly labeled water) minus resting metabolic rate (measured with indirect calorimetry), with adjustment for the thermic effect of food. Across sex-specific tertiles of activity energy expenditure, men in the lowest activity group experienced twice the rate of mobility limitation as men in the highest activity group (41% (n = 18) vs. 18% (n = 8)). Conversely, women in the lowest and highest activity groups exhibited similarly high rates of mobility limitation (40% (n = 16) vs. 38% (n = 15)). After adjustment for potential confounders, men with higher activity energy expenditure levels continued to show reduced risk of mobility limitation (per standard deviation (284 kcal/day): hazard ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval: 0.41, 0.92). Women showed no association (per standard deviation (226 kcal/day): hazard ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.85). Greater energy expenditure from any and all physical activity was significantly associated with reduced risk of developing mobility limitation among men, but not among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Shahar DR, Yu B, Houston DK, Kritchevsky SB, Lee JS, Rubin SM, Sellmeyer DE, Tylavsky FA, Harris TB. Dietary factors in relation to daily activity energy expenditure and mortality among older adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:414-20. [PMID: 19390747 PMCID: PMC2757288 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between dietary factors to daily activity energy expenditure (DAEE) and mortality among older adults. DESIGN AND SETTING A sub-study of Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. PARTICIPANTS 298 older participants (aged 70-82 years) in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Energy Expenditure sub-study. MEASUREMENTS Dietary factors, DAEE, and all-cause mortality were measured in 298 older participants. Dietary factors include dietary intake assessed by the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and self-reported appetite and enjoyment of eating. DAEE was assessed using doubly labeled water. All-cause mortality was evaluated over a 9 year period. RESULTS Participants in the highest tertile of DAEE were more likely to be men and to report having a 'good' appetite; BMI among men, proportion married, IL-6 and CRP levels and energy intake were also higher. Fewer black participants were in the 'good' HEI category. Participants in the 'good' HEI category had higher cognitive scores and a higher education level. Participants who reported improvement in their appetite as well as participants who reported a 'good' appetite were at lower risk for mortality (HR (95% CI): 0.42 (0.24-0.74) and 0.50 (0.26-0.88), respectively) even after adjusting for DAEE, demographic, nutritional and health indices. CONCLUSIONS We showed an association between DAEE and appetite and mortality among well-functioning, community-dwelling older adults. These findings may have some practical use for the health providers. Inclusion of a question regarding appetite of an elderly patient may provide important information regarding risk for health deterioration and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shahar
- Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Cooper JA, Watras AC, O'Brien MJ, Luke A, Dobratz JR, Earthman CP, Schoeller DA. Assessing validity and reliability of resting metabolic rate in six gas analysis systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 109:128-32. [PMID: 19103333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor (DTC) (VIASYS Healthcare Inc, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA), one of the most popular indirect calorimetry systems for measuring resting metabolic rate (RMR) in human subjects, is no longer being manufactured. This study compared five different gas analysis systems to the DTC. RMR was measured by the DTC and at least one other instrument at three study sites for a total of 38 participants. The five indirect calorimetry systems included the MedGraphics CPX Ultima (Medical Graphics Corp, St Paul, MN), the MedGem (Microlife USA, Golden, CO), Vmax Encore 29 System (VIASYS Healthcare Inc, Yorba Linda, CA), the TrueOne 2400 (Parvo Medics, Sandy, UT), and the Korr ReeVue (Korr Medical Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT). Validity was assessed using paired t tests to compare means; reliability was assessed by using both paired t tests and root mean square calculations with F tests for significance. Within-subject comparisons for validity of RMR revealed a significant difference between the DTC and the Ultima system. Bland-Altman plot analysis showed significant bias with increasing RMR values for the Korr and MedGem systems. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) analysis showed a significant difference between the DTC and the Ultima system and a trend for a difference with the Vmax system (P=0.09). Reliability assessment for RMR revealed that all instruments had a significantly larger coefficient of variation (CV) (ranging from 4.8% to 10.9%) for RMR compared to the 3.0% CV for the DTC. Reliability assessment for RER data showed none of the instrument CVs was significantly larger than the DTC CV. The results were quite disappointing because none of the instruments equaled the within-person reliability of the DTC. The TrueOne and Vmax systems were the most valid instruments in comparison with the DTC for both RMR and RER assessment. Further testing is needed to identify an instrument with the reliability and validity of the DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Longitudinal changes in energy expenditure in an elderly German population: a 12-year follow-up. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:986-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Light-intensity activities are important for estimating physical activity energy expenditure using uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:141-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Johannsen DL, DeLany JP, Frisard MI, Welsch MA, Rowley CK, Fang X, Jazwinski SM, Ravussin E. Physical activity in aging: comparison among young, aged, and nonagenarian individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:495-501. [PMID: 18556430 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90450.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is known to decline with age; however, there is a paucity of data on activity in persons who are in their nineties and beyond. We used objective and reliable methods to measure PA in nonagenarians (>or=90 yr; n=98) and hypothesized that activity would be similar to that of aged (60-74 yr; n=58) subjects but less than in young (20-34 yr; n=53) volunteers. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water over 14 days and resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry. Measures of PA included activity energy expenditure adjusted for body composition, TEE adjusted for RMR, physical activity level (PAL), and activity over 14 days by accelerometry expressed as average daily durations of light and moderate activity. RMR and TEE were lower with increasing age group (P<0.01); however, RMR was not different between aged and nonagenarian subjects after adjusting for fat-free mass, fat mass, and sex. Nonagenarians had a lower PAL and were more sedentary than the aged and young groups (P<0.01); however, the nonagenarians who were more active on a daily basis walked further during a timed test, indicating higher physical functionality. For all measures of activity, no differences were found between young and aged volunteers. PA was markedly lower in nonagenarians compared with young and aged adults. Interestingly, PA was similar between young volunteers and those who were in their 60s and 70s, likely due to the sedentary nature of our society, particularly in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy L Johannsen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Lichtenstein AH, Rasmussen H, Yu WW, Epstein SR, Russell RM. Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults. J Nutr 2008; 138:5-11. [PMID: 18156396 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1999 we proposed a Modified Food Guide Pyramid for adults aged 70+ y. It has been extensively used in a variety of settings and formats to highlight the unique dietary challenges of older adults. We now propose a Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults in a format consistent with the MyPyramid graphic. It is not intended to substitute for MyPyramid, which is a multifunctional Internet-based program allowing for the calculation of individualized food-based dietary guidance and providing supplemental information on food choices and preparation. Pedagogic issues related to computer availability, Web access, and Internet literacy of older adults suggests a graphic version of MyPyramid is needed. Emphasized are whole grains and variety within the grains group; variety and nutrient density, with specific emphasis on different forms particularly suited to older adults' needs (e.g. frozen) in the vegetables and fruits groups; low-fat and non-fat forms of dairy products including reduced lactose alternatives in the milk group; low saturated fat and trans fat choices in the oils group; and low saturated fat and vegetable choices in the meat and beans group. Underlying themes stress nutrient- and fiber-rich foods within each group and food sources of nutrients rather than supplements. Fluid and physical activity icons serve as the foundation of MyPyramid for Older Adults. A flag to maintain an awareness of the potential need to consider supplemental forms of calcium, and vitamins D and B-12 is placed at the top of the pyramid. Discussed are newer concerns about potential overnutrition in the current food landscape available to older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Tooze JA, Schoeller DA, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Schatzkin A, Troiano RP. Total daily energy expenditure among middle-aged men and women: the OPEN Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:382-7. [PMID: 17684209 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few large doubly labeled water (DLW) studies have provided an objective measure of total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living men and women. The committee that developed the 2002 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) estimated energy requirements (EER) noted that DLW studies in adults aged 40 to 60 y were limited. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe TEE and physical activity energy expenditure in middle-aged men and women by sex, age, menopausal status, and level of obesity, and to compare TEE to the DRI EER. DESIGN TEE was measured by the DLW method in 450 men and women aged 40-69 y from the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition Study. Resting metabolic rate was estimated by use of the Mifflin equation. RESULTS Unadjusted TEE was lower in women than in men (591 kcal/d); however, when the analysis was adjusted for fat-free mass, women had significantly higher TEE than did men (182 kcal/d). This difference appeared to be due to higher physical activity levels in women (physical activity energy expenditure adjusted for FFM was 188 kcal/d greater in women than in men). Mean TEE was lowest in the seventh decade. TEE from DLW was highly correlated (r = 0.93) with EER from the DRI equations. CONCLUSION In this population, TEE was higher in women than in men when adjusted for FFM, apparently because of higher physical activity levels in women. There were no significant differences in TEE, FFM, or physical activity levels in women by menopausal status. TEE was inversely associated with age and increased linearly with body mass index. This study corroborates the use of the DRI equations for EER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Tooze
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Gaillard C, Alix E, Sallé A, Berrut G, Ritz P. Energy requirements in frail elderly people: A review of the literature. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:16-24. [PMID: 17034905 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review collates studies of healthy, sick, underweight (BMI < or = 21 kg/m2) and very elderly people (> or = 90 yr), in whom resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry. We have observed the following: (1) REE, when adjusted for differences in both body weight and fat-free mass (FFM), is similar in healthy and in sick elderly people being 20 and 28 kcal/kg of FFM per day, respectively, (2) their nutritional status influences their energy requirements given that weight-adjusted REE increases in line with a decrease in BMI, (3) total energy expenditure is lower in sick elderly people given that their physical activity level, i.e. the ratio of total energy expenditure to REE, is reduced during disease averaging at 1.36, (4) energy intake (EI) being only 1.23 x REE is insufficient to cover energy requirements in sick elderly patients, whereas the EI of healthy elderly people appears sufficient to cover requirements, and finally, (5) gender ceases to be a determinant of REE in people aged 60 yr or over, with the Harris & Benedict equation capable of accurately predicting mean REE in this population, whether healthy or sick.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaillard
- Pôle de médecine interne et maladies métaboliques, Angers, France
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