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Liu X, Gao Y, Fu L, Li X, Ma J. Cutaneous Melanoma and 486 Human Blood Metabolites: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03873-x. [PMID: 38438761 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma (CM) has long been recognized as a lethal form of cancer. Despite persistent research endeavors, the precise underlying pathological mechanisms remain largely unclear, and the optimal treatment for this patient population remains undetermined. OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the causal associations between CM and 486 metabolites. METHODS A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to ascertain the causal relationship between blood metabolites and CM. The causality analysis involved the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, followed by the MR-Egger and weighted median (WM) methods. To increase the robustness of our findings, several sensitivity analyses, including the MR-Egger intercept, Cochran's Q test, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), were performed. The robustness of our results was further validated in independent outcome samples followed by a meta-analysis. Additionally, a metabolic pathway analysis was carried out. RESULTS The two-sample MR analysis yielded a total of 27 metabolites as potential causal metabolites. After incorporating the outcomes of the sensitivity analyses, seven causal metabolites remained. Palmitoylcarnitine (OR 0.9903 95% CI 0.9848-0.9958, p = 0.0005) emerged as the sole metabolite with a significant causality after Bonferroni correction. Furthermore, the reverse MR analysis provided no evidence of reverse causality from CM to the identified metabolites. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested a causal relationship between seven human blood metabolites and the development of CM, thereby offering novel insights into the underlying mechanisms involved. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanchen Liu
- Department of Facial and Cervical Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Facial and Cervical Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Facial and Cervical Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Facial and Cervical Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Zhou S, Li P, Qin L, Huang S, Dang N. Transcription factor YY1 contributes to human melanoma cell growth through modulating the p53 signaling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1563-1578. [PMID: 35730240 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has a higher mortality rate than any other skin cancer, and its cases are increasing. The transcription factor YY1 has been proven to be involved in tumor progression; however, the role of YY1 in melanoma is not well understood. METHODS This study investigates how YY1 functions in melanoma progression, and it also elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved. RESULTS We have found that in clinical human melanoma tissues, YY1 is overexpressed compared to YY1 expression in normal melanocytes and skin tissues. Cellular immunofluorescence shows that YY1 is mainly located in the nucleus. YY1 knockdown reduces proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cell lines. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of cells is significantly increased in low-YY1 environments. The overexpression of YY1 resulted in decreased apoptotic rates in melanoma cells. YY1 also affects the expression of EMT-related proteins. Additional experiments reveal that YY1 knockdown disrupts the interaction of MDM2-p53, and that it both stabilizes and increases p53 activity. The upregulation of p53 expression in turn stimulates p21 expression just as it suppresses CDK4 expression, which then induces cells that were arrested in the G1 phase. The effect then is to constrain cell proliferation in melanoma cells. Upon activation of the p53 pathway, Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, is upregulated, and Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was downregulated in A375 cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide novel insights into the pathology of melanoma as well as the role that YY1 plays in tumor progression. The findings also suggest that targeting YY1 has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Linyi people's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Pin Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Li Qin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Markiewicz A, Donizy P, Nowak M, Krzyziński M, Elas M, Płonka PM, Orłowska-Heitzmann J, Biecek P, Hoang MP, Romanowska-Dixon B. Amelanotic Uveal Melanomas Evaluated by Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Reveal Better Long-Term Prognosis Than Pigmented Primary Tumours-A Single Centre Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112753. [PMID: 35681733 PMCID: PMC9179456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There is a constant search for new prognostic factors that would allow us to accurately determine the prognosis, select the type of treatment, and monitor the patient diagnosed with uveal melanoma in a minimally invasive and easily accessible way. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the prognostic role of its pigmentation in a clinical assessment. (2) Methods: The pigmentation of 154 uveal melanomas was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Two groups of tumours were identified: amelanotic and pigmented. The statistical relationships between these two groups and clinical, pathological parameters and the long-term survival rate were analyzed. (3) Results: There were 16.9% amelanotic tumours among all and they occurred in younger patients (p = 0.022). In pigmented melanomas, unfavourable prognostic features such as: epithelioid cells (p = 0.0013), extrascleral extension (p = 0.027), macronucleoli (p = 0.0065), and the absence of BAP1 expression (p = 0.029) were statistically more frequently observed. Kaplan−Meier analysis demonstrated significantly better overall (p = 0.017) and disease-free (p < 0.001) survival rates for patients with amelanotic tumours. However, this relationship was statistically significant for lower stage tumours (AJCC stage II), and was not present in larger and more advanced stages (AJCC stage III). (4) Conclusions: The results obtained suggested that the presence of pigmentation in uveal melanoma by indirect ophthalmoscopy was associated with a worse prognosis, compared to amelanotic lesions. These findings could be useful in the choice of therapeutic and follow-up options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-124247540; Fax: +48-124247563
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Nowak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Krzyziński
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-628 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.E.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Przemysław M. Płonka
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.E.); (P.M.P.)
| | | | - Przemysław Biecek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-628 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Mai P. Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
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Yan N, Guo S, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Shen S, Li X. BRAF-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Treatment Status and Future Perspective. Front Oncol 2022; 12:863043. [PMID: 35433454 PMCID: PMC9008712 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.863043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) kinase, which was encoded by BRAF gene, plays critical roles in cell signaling, growth, and survival. Mutations in BRAF gene will lead to cancer development and progression. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), BRAF mutations commonly occur in never-smokers, women, and aggressive histological types and accounts for 1%-2% of adenocarcinoma. Traditional chemotherapy presents limited efficacy in BRAF-mutated NSCLC patients. However, the advent of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have greatly altered the treatment pattern of NSCLC. However, ICI monotherapy presents limited activity in BRAF-mutated patients. Hence, the current standard treatment of choice for advanced NSCLC with BRAF mutations are BRAF-targeted therapy. However, intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms of resistance to BRAF-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can emerge in patients. Hence, there are still some problems facing us regarding BRAF-mutated NSCLC. In this review, we summarized the BRAF mutation types, the diagnostic challenges that BRAF mutations present, the strategies to treatment for BRAF-mutated NSCLC, and resistance mechanisms of BRAF-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Xingya Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Brożyna AA, Hoffman RM, Slominski AT. Relevance of Vitamin D in Melanoma Development, Progression and Therapy. Anticancer Res 2020; 40:473-489. [PMID: 31892603 PMCID: PMC6948187 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal types of skin cancer, with a poor prognosis once the disease enters metastasis. The efficacy of currently available treatment schemes for advanced melanomas is low, expensive, and burdened by significant side-effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new treatment options. Skin cells are able to activate vitamin D via classical and non-classical pathways. Vitamin D derivatives have anticancer properties which promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation. The role of systemic vitamin D in patients with melanoma is unclear as epidemiological studies are not definitive. In contrast, experimental data have clearly shown that vitamin D and its derivatives have anti-melanoma properties. Furthermore, molecular and clinicopathological studies have demonstrated a correlation between defects in vitamin D signaling and progression of melanoma and disease outcome. Therefore, adequate vitamin D signaling can play a role in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Mason RS, Jetten AM, Guroji P, Reichrath J, Elmets C, Athar M. The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:257-283. [PMID: 32918223 PMCID: PMC7490773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers including basal and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC and BCC) represent a significant clinical problem due to their relatively high incidence, imposing an economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. It is accepted that ultraviolet radiation (UVR: λ = 290-400 nm) plays a crucial role in the initiation and promotion of BCC and SCC with UVB (λ = 290-320 nm) having a central role in this process. On the other hand, UVB is required for vitamin D3 (D3) production in the skin, which supplies >90% of the body's requirement for this prohormone. Prolonged exposure to UVB can also generate tachysterol and lumisterol. Vitamin D3 itself and its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 hydroxyderivatives show photoprotective functions in the skin. These include regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, induction of anti-oxidative responses, inhibition of DNA damage and induction of DNA repair mechanisms, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies in animals have demonstrated that D3 hydroxyderivatives can attenuate UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancerogenesis and inhibit growth of SCC and BCC. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action have been suggested. In addition, vitamin D3 itself inhibits hedgehog signaling pathways which have been implicated in many cancers. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor leads to increased propensity to develop UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancers. Other targets for vitamin D compounds include 1,25D3-MARRS, retinoic orphan receptors α and γ, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and Wnt signaling. Most recently, photoprotective effects of lumisterol hydroxyderivatives have been identified. Clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial role of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of actinic keratosis. In summary, recent advances in vitamin D biology and pharmacology open new exciting opportunities in chemoprevention and treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purushotham Guroji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Park S, Ahn ES, Kim Y. Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell-derived exosomes stimulate dendrite-like outgrowths and modify the differentiation of A375 melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:379-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Dongduk Women's University; Seoul 136-714 Korea
| | - Eun Sook Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Dongduk Women's University; Seoul 136-714 Korea
| | - Yunjoo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Dongduk Women's University; Seoul 136-714 Korea
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Jiang H, Wortsman J, Matsuoka L, Granese J, Carlson JA, Mihm M, Slominski A. Molecular spectrum of pigmented skin lesions: from nevus to melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.1.5.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chodurek E, Orchel A, Orchel J, Kurkiewicz S, Gawlik N, Dzierżewicz Z, Stępień K. Evaluation of melanogenesis in A-375 cells in the presence of DMSO and analysis of pyrolytic profile of isolated melanin. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:854096. [PMID: 22654640 PMCID: PMC3354665 DOI: 10.1100/2012/854096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of a skin malignant melanoma (melanoma malignum) incidence in the world has been observed in recent years. The tumour, especially in advanced stadium with metastases, is highly resistant to conventional treatment. One of the strategies is to modulate melanogenesis using chemical compounds. In this study, the processes of differentiation and melanogenesis induced by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in human melanoma cells (A-375) were investigated. Natural melanin isolated from A-375 melanoma cell line treated with 0.3% DMSO was analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method. The products derived from pheomelanin have not been stated in the pyrolytic profile of analyzed melanin. Within all products derived from eumelanins, 1,2-benzenediol has been predominated. It has been shown that in the melanoma cells stimulated with 0.3% and 1% DMSO, the increase of transcriptional activity of the tyrosinase gene took place. It was accompanied by the rise of tyrosinase activity and an accumulation of melanin in the cells. The better knowledge about the structure of melanins can contribute to establish the uniform criteria of malignant melanoma morbidity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzów 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Rito C, Pineiro-Maceira J. [Reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma]. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 84:636-42. [PMID: 20191175 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962009000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin melanoma is an international public health issue, with a considerable increase in frequency over the past few years. Early diagnosis and excision are essential for good patient prognosis. Over the past two decades dermoscopy has gained significance due to a major improvement in the accuracy of skin melanoma diagnosis in its early stage. However, there are some benign lesions of questionable dermoscopy, which may lead to the performance of unnecessary surgery. Recently, reflectance confocal microscopy has been introduced as a promising supplementary diagnostic method. It is a noninvasive, in vivo, simple, painless and quick exam. It is the only technique capable of identifying cellular structures and to examine the epidermis and papillary dermis with a resolution similar to that of histopathology, with a sensitivity of 97.3% and specificity of 72.3 % in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. This is an important diagnostic tool, because it does not substitute post-surgical histopathological examination and allows for the rational assessment of lesions of questionable dermoscopy, thus avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Rito
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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Bahrami S, Cheng L, Wang M, Jones TD, Malone JC, Billings SD. Clonal relationships between epidermotropic metastatic melanomas and their primary lesions: a loss of heterozygosity and X-chromosome inactivation-based analysis. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:821-7. [PMID: 17571079 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has previously been demonstrated at multiple chromosome microsatellites in primary and metastatic melanomas. Epidermotropic metastases of melanoma are unique in their varied histopathologic appearance, which can mimic a primary lesion. Our objective was to compare LOH profiles in primary and epidermotropic metastatic melanoma to delineate their clonal relationship. We examined the pattern of allelic loss in the primary melanomas of nine patients in addition to the 21 corresponding epidermotropic metastatic melanomas (average 2.3 metastases per patient). DNA samples were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections using laser capture microdissection. Eight DNA microsatellite markers on six different chromosomes were analyzed: D1S214 (1p), D6S305 (6q), D9S171 (9p), D9S157 (9p), IFNA (9p), D10S212 (10q), D11S258 (11q), D18S70 (18q). In addition, X-chromosome inactivation analysis was performed in tumors from four women. LOH was seen in 67% (6/9) of primary melanomas and 81% (17/21) of epidermotropic metastatic melanomas. The most frequent allelic losses in informative cases occurred at 10q (33%), 9p (22%), and 11q (22%) in primary melanomas, and at 10q (50%), 1p (44%), and 6q (39%) in epidermotropic metastatic melanomas. Primary lesions demonstrating LOH had concordant allelic loss in at least one locus in a corresponding epidermotropic metastatic melanoma in 83% (5/6) of cases. X-chromosome analysis showed nonrandom inactivation in 75% (3/4) and 71% (5/7) of primary melanoma and epidermotropic metastatic melanoma cases, respectively. Our LOH and X-chromosome inactivation analysis data suggest that epidermotropically metastatic melanomas are clonally related to their primary lesion in many cases. Our data also indicated that some cases diagnosed as epidermotropic metastatic melanoma might be divergent clones or new primaries rather than metastatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Epidermis/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/pathology
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- X Chromosome Inactivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Bahrami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
A incidência do melanoma cutâneo tem aumentado mundialmente e, por tratar-se de neoplasia bastante agressiva e de difícil tratamento em estádios mais avançados, o diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para a cura do paciente. A dermatoscopia surgiu como exame auxiliar in vivo, que tem papel fundamental na realização do diagnóstico precoce e amplifica a acurácia diagnóstica do melanoma. Para a realização do método, é necessário utilizar o dermatoscópio, aparato que permite aumentar a lesão, no mínimo, 10 vezes. A imagem obtida é interpretada utilizando-se o método diagnóstico da preferência do examinador. O método de Análise de Padrões é atualmente o mais utilizado e o que possui maior acurácia para o diagnóstico do melanoma cutâneo, tendo-se demonstrado confiável para o ensino de residentes em dermatologia. Baseia-se em padrões globais e específicos que permitem diferenciar as lesões melanocíticas das não melanocíticas (também importantes no diagnóstico diferencial com o melanoma cutâneo), assim como identificar lesões melanocíticas consideradas benignas, suspeitas ou malignas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rogério Izar Neves
- Hospital do Câncer de São Paulo - A.C.Camargo, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo
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Halaschek-Wiener J, Kloog Y, Wacheck V, Jansen B. Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid chemosensitizes human melanoma in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:109-15. [PMID: 12535206 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is well known for its poor response to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Testing of numerous treatment strategies has identified dacarbazine as the most active single drug; however, its response rates in various clinical settings are quite limited. Defective apoptosis in combination with oncogenic proteins (such as activated Ras) in cell proliferation pathways plays a key part in both the development and disease progression of human melanoma. Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, a novel Ras inhibitor, dislodges Ras proteins from the cell membrane, leading to inhibition of cell transformation and tumor growth. In this study we evaluated the effect of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid treatment on established human melanoma xenografts grown in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency as well as the chemosensitizing effect of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid in combination with dacarbazine. Daily administration of 10, 20, or 40 mg per kg of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in tumor growth, with growth inhibition reaching a mean value of 45+/-7%, at the highest concentration. The combination of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (10 mg per kg per day) and dacarbazine (80 mg per kg per day) resulted in a significant reduction of 56%+/-9%, in mean tumor growth. Analysis of toxicologic parameters (mouse weight, blood cell counts, and blood chemistry) showed an acceptable and similar toxicity profile for both the single-agent farnesyl thiosalicylic acid treatment and the combination of farnesyl thiosalicylic acid plus dacarbazine treatment. Given the observed preclinical treatment responses and the low toxicity, our results support the notion that farnesyl thiosalicylic acid in combination with dacarbazine may qualify as a rational treatment approach for human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Halaschek-Wiener
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Serra M, Pastor J, Domenzain C, Bassols A. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta1, insulin-like growth factor-I, and hepatocyte growth factor on proteoglycan production and regulation in canine melanoma cell lines. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:1151-8. [PMID: 12171170 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify extracellular proteoglycans produced by canine melanoma cell lines and analyze the effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on these proteoglycans. SAMPLE POPULATION 3 canine melanoma cell lines (ie, CML-1, CML-6M, and CML-10c2). PROCEDURE Extracellular proteoglycans were analyzed by use of metabolic labeling and western immunoblot analysis. The effect of TGF-beta1 on cell proliferation was determined by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. RESULTS The CML-1 and CML-6M melanoma cell lines produced 2 main extracellular proteoglycans. One of them was identified as versican, a proteoglycan found in undifferentiated human melanoma cell lines. The CML-10c2 cells produced a small amount of extracellular proteoglycans. Addition of TGF-beta1 (1.25 to 6.25 ng/ml) increased the release of sulfated proteoglycans into the medium. The TGF-beta1 had mainly a posttranslational effect, because it increased the molecular mass of the sulfated bands. Addition of IGF-I (50 ng/ml) slightly increased production of proteoglycans in the CML-6M cell line, whereas HGF (50 ng/ml) did not have any effect on proteoglycan production. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The proteoglycan content and response toTGF-beta1 treatment for CML-1 and CML-6M canine melanoma cell lines are similar to that for undifferentiated human melanoma cell lines. In contrast, CML-10c2 cells produced a low amount of proteoglycans with high molecular weight. Because these extracellular proteoglycans are involved in the control of cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration, they may play an important role in the progression of melanomas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Serra
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinária, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Boyle JL, Haupt HM, Stern JB, Multhaupt HAB. Tyrosinase expression in malignant melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, and peripheral nerve tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126:816-22. [PMID: 12088451 DOI: 10.5858/2002-126-0816-teimmd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pathologists may encounter problems in the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma, spindle and epithelioid neoplasms of peripheral nerves, and fibrohistiocytic tumors. Tyrosinase has been demonstrated to be a sensitive marker for melanoma. OBJECTIVE To determine the specificity of tyrosinase expression in the differential diagnosis of melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. DESIGN Immunoreactivity for tyrosinase, HMB-45 (anti-gp100 protein), S100 protein, CD34, and vimentin was studied in 70 tumors, including 15 melanomas (5 desmoplastic, 4 amelanotic, 6 melanotic), 13 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors; 10 schwannomas (1 pigmented), 12 neurofibromas (4 pigmented), and 20 fibrohistiocytic tumors (10 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and 10 dermatofibromas). Microwave-based antigen retrieval was performed in 10mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 20 minutes at 121 degrees C. RESULTS All melanomas demonstrated positive immunostaining for tyrosinase, HMB-45, and S100 protein. Immunoreactivity for HMB-45 was generally stronger than that for tyrosinase in amelanotic lesions and significantly stronger in 1 of the desmoplastic lesions. The 4 pigmented neurofibromas were focally positive for tyrosinase, but did not stain for HMB-45. The pigmented schwannoma was focally positive for both tyrosinase and HMB-45. The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and dermatofibromas were nonreactive for tyrosinase and HMB-45. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the sensitivity of tyrosinase expression and demonstrate the relative specificity of tyrosinase as a marker for melanocytic lesions, including desmoplastic melanoma, although pigmented peripheral nerve tumors may demonstrate focal positive staining. Immunoreactivity for tyrosinase and HMB-45 may have been enhanced by the microwave-based antigen-retrieval technique used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Boyle
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Slominski A, Wortsman J, Carlson AJ, Matsuoka LY, Balch CM, Mihm MC. Malignant melanoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:1295-306. [PMID: 11570904 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-1295-mm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The rapidly developing fields of melanoma research are revolutionizing the current concepts on melanoma etiology and pathogenesis and are introducing newer diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVES To present the most current concepts on the etiology and pathogenesis of melanoma and to introduce the recent diagnostic techniques and the potential therapeutic approaches. METHODS Data sources were reports on melanoma published in the English language literature and observations made using specimens available at Harvard University, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Albany Medical College, Loyola University Medical Center, and University of Tennessee Health Science Center. RESULTS Studies on melanoma containing chromosomal or genetic evaluation were selected for further analysis. Current clinical and pathologic categories with the reported genetic abnormalities were related to the latest information on pigment biology. The data extracted were used to develop a conceptual framework on the pathogenesis of melanoma; the generated model was then evaluated and used to suggest potential therapeutic approaches. CONCLUSIONS (1) Melanoma is not genetically homogeneous, and the existing differences between the pathologic categories, particularly in areas such as type of growth phase (radial vs vertical growth), total vertical dimension, ulceration of primary tumor, and metastatic process, have profound prognostic and therapeutic implications. (2) Chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations are found in sporadic and familial melanomas; among the most important are those affecting the 9p21, which contains the p16 locus, a site known to be critical for normal progression of the cell cycle. Aberrant p16 expression is associated with more aggressive behavior. (3) Melanoma cells possess a remarkable repertoire of biosynthetic capacities represented by the production of hormones, growth factors, and their receptors that may sustain and accelerate tumor development and progression. For example, expression of the tumoral products alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone is regulated in vitro by ultraviolet light, a known carcinogen. (4) Melanomas differ from other tumors in their intrinsic capability to express melanogenic enzymes with the corresponding structural proteins to actually synthesize melanin. Melanogenesis-related proteins are rapidly entering the clinical arena, being used not only as diagnostic markers, but also as potential targets for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163, USA.
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Slominski A, Malarkey WB, Wortsman J, Asa SL, Carlson A. Human skin expresses growth hormone but not the prolactin gene. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2000; 136:476-81. [PMID: 11128749 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods, we showed the expression of mRNA for growth hormone (GH) but not prolactin (PRL) in whole human skin (normal and basal cell carcinoma (BCC)). These RNAs for PRL and GH were below detectability in human epidermal keratinocytes and in human and hamster malignant melanocytes. This is in agreement with previous studies showing GH gene expression in dermal fibroblasts. GH peptide was not detected (by immunocytochemistry) in human skin specimens (normal and pathologic) in either dermal or epidermal compartments. The mRNA coding for the GH mediator insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was detectable in whole skin and in malignant melanocytes. Therefore, in the present investigation of hormonal mediators of the cutaneous (epidermal) response to environmental stress, we have excluded the direct participation of PRL and GH in that reaction. Thus the analogy previously noted between the systemic (central) and skin responses to stress, as represented by cutaneous expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis components, does not extend to other pituitary hormones also involved in that response such as PRL and GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
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Karjalainen JM, Kellokoski JK, Mannermaa AJ, Kujala HE, Moisio KI, Mitchell PJ, Eskelinen MJ, Alhava EM, Kosma VM. Failure in post-transcriptional processing is a possible inactivation mechanism of AP-2alpha in cutaneous melanoma. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:2015-21. [PMID: 10864211 PMCID: PMC2363258 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of transcription factor AP-2alpha expression has been shown to associate with tumourigenicity of melanoma cell lines and poor prognosis in primary cutaneous melanoma. Altogether these findings suggest that the gene encoding AP-2alpha (TFAP2A) acts as a tumour suppressor in melanoma. To learn more of AP-2alpha's down-regulation mechanisms, we compared the immunohistochemical AP-2alpha protein expression patterns with the corresponding mRNA expression detected by in situ hybridization in 52 primary melanomas. Of the 25 samples with AP-2alpha protein negative areas, 16 (64%) expressed mRNA throughout the consecutive section. Nine specimens (36%) contained equally mRNA- and protein-negative areas, suggesting that the loss of AP-2alpha protein associated with lack of the mRNA transcript. The highly AP-2alpha protein-positive tumours (n = 27) were concordantly mRNA positive in 25 (92.6%) cases. Thirteen primary tumours were further analysed using microsatellite markers D6S470 and D6S263 for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of a locus harbouring TFAP2A. LOHs or chromosome 6 monosomy were found in four out of five (80%) informative AP-2alpha mRNA- and protein-negative tumour areas, but also within five out of 13 (38%) informative AP-2alpha mRNA-positive tumour areas. This chromosome region is thus suggestive of harbouring a putative tumour suppressor gene of cutaneous melanoma, but this referring specifically to TFAP2A could not be completely verified in this analysis. We conclude that a failure in post-transcriptional processing of AP-2alpha is a possible inactivation mechanism of AP-2alpha in cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Karjalainen
- Department of Surgery, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
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