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Çelikkanat Ş, Eminoğlu A, Güngörmüş Z. Determining the Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Risky Behaviors of Turkish Nursing Students. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:1761-1774. [PMID: 37452263 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nursing students' fasting during Ramadan on their risky behaviors. This study was conducted in a university located in 2022 using the prospective cohort study method. The data were collected from the nursing department students through face-to-face questionnaires. The sample of the study consisted of 186 nursing students. The data were obtained using a descriptive information form, which consists of questions regarding the descriptive characteristics of the nursing students, and the risky behaviors form, created by the researchers, to evaluate the effect of fasting during Ramadan on nursing students' risky behaviors. According to the findings of the research, it has been determined that the students who always fast during Ramadan have regular sahur. When the students' level of religious faith and fasting and having sahur status were compared with their risky behaviors, the mean scores of exercise and nutrition increased significantly, and the mean scores of interpersonal relationships decreased significantly. It was determined that the majority of students had a high level of religious faith, fasted and had sahur during Ramadan. Consequently, while Ramadan fasting negatively affected students' physical activity, nutrition and sleep patterns, it positively affected their interpersonal relationship status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şirin Çelikkanat
- Department of Nursing, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eminoğlu
- Department of Nursing, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Güngörmüş
- Department of Nursing, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Dagne K, Myers B, Mihretu A, Teferra S. Scoping review of assessment tools for, magnitudes of and factors associated with problem drinking in population-based studies. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080657. [PMID: 38458797 PMCID: PMC10928735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term "problem drinking" includes a spectrum of alcohol problems ranging from excessive or heavy drinking to alcohol use disorder. Problem drinking is a leading risk factor for death and disability globally. It has been measured and conceptualised in different ways, which has made it difficult to identify common risk factors for problem alcohol use. This scoping review aims to synthesise what is known about the assessment of problem drinking, its magnitude and associated factors. METHODS Four databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Global Index Medicus) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 25 November 2023. Studies were eligible if they focused on people aged 15 and above, were population-based studies reporting problem alcohol use and published in the English language. This review was reported based on guidelines from the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist'. Critical appraisal was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS From the 14 296 records identified, 10 749 underwent title/abstract screening, of which 352 full-text articles were assessed, and 81 articles were included for data extraction. Included studies assessed alcohol use with self-report quantity/frequency questionnaires, criteria to determine risky single occasion drinking, validated screening tools, or structured clinical and diagnostic interviews. The most widely used screening tool was the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Studies defined problem drinking in various ways, including excessive/heavy drinking, binge drinking, alcohol use disorder, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Across studies, the prevalence of heavy drinking ranged from <1.0% to 53.0%, binge drinking from 2.7% to 48.2%, alcohol abuse from 4.0% to 19.0%, alcohol dependence from 0.1% to 39.0% and alcohol use disorder from 2.0% to 66.6%. Factors associated with problem drinking varied across studies. These included sociodemographic and economic factors (age, sex, relationship status, education, employment, income level, religion, race, location and alcohol outlet density) and clinical factors (like medical problems, mental disorders, other substance use and quality of life). CONCLUSIONS Due to differences in measurement, study designs and assessed risk factors, the prevalence of and factors associated with problem drinking varied widely across studies and settings. The alcohol field would benefit from harmonised measurements of alcohol use and problem drinking as this would allow for comparisons to be made across countries and for meta-analyses to be conducted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Open Science Framework ID: https://osf.io/2anj3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Dagne
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Institute, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Awoke Mihretu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Horváth Z, Qirjako G, Pavlova D, Taut D, Vaičiūnas T, Melkumova M, Várnai D, Vieno A, Demetrovics Z, Urbán R, Németh Á. The information capacity of adolescent alcohol consumption indicators along a continuum of severity: A cross-national comparison of sixteen Central and Eastern European countries. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1840-1852. [PMID: 34342004 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is high variability between European countries in prevalence levels of various alcohol consumption forms. The informational value of adolescent's alcohol consumption indicators remains an issue. The present study aimed to examine information capacity and measurement invariance of different alcohol consumption indicators in adolescents coming from countries of the former Soviet (Eastern) Bloc in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). METHODS Data of 15-year-old adolescents who reported to have had consumed alcohol at least once in their lifetime were analysed. Data were collected in sixteen CEE countries, as part of the 2013/2014 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study wave. Four binary items were selected for the analyses and measured the presence (vs. absence) of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days, lifetime drunkenness, weekly drinking frequency and binge drinking on a typical occasion. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory analysis were used. RESULTS In most of the included countries, alcohol consumption in the last 30 days and lifetime drunkenness were indicative for lower severity levels, while binge drinking and weekly drinking frequency were informative at higher severity levels of alcohol use. A low proportion of the estimated intercepts and factor loadings were non-invariant which indicated approximate cross-national invariance of these indicators. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent alcohol consumption indicators are informative for different severity levels and provide a cross-nationally invariant measurement. However, diverging drinking cultures in the CEE regions was suggested by different indicators with the highest discrimination capacity at the lower and the higher ends of the continuum severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | | | - Daria Pavlova
- NGO "Ukrainian Institute for Social Research after Olexander Yaremenko", Ukraine
| | - Diana Taut
- Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Babeș-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Tomas Vaičiūnas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Health Research Institute, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marina Melkumova
- Arabkir Medical Centre- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Dóra Várnai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Németh
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
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Cheah YK, Rasiah R. Analysis of the Determinants of Alcohol Consumption among Adult Males in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0972063416682548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to examine the socio-economic determinants of alcohol consumption among adult males in Malaysia. A nationally representative data consisting of 13,756 respondents are used. A logistic regression model is applied to examine the factors affecting the likelihood of consuming alcohol. The results show that younger individuals, higher income earners, ethnic Chinese, the well-educated, urban dwellers, private sector employees, the self-employed and smokers are associated with a higher likelihood of consuming alcohol. Studies of this topic appear to have important implications for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kang Cheah
- School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Rajah Rasiah
- Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
The literature shows that young people are more vulnerable than adults to substance use. Religiosity is one of the factors that has been considered to protect youth from substance use and has also been interpreted as contributing to the substance abuse recovery process. Conceptualizing religiosity as a multidimensional construct, this study aimed to investigate the influence of religiosity on substance use among youth. Three dimensions of religiosity-belief about religion, religious self-practice, and religious social environment-were examined as predictors of substance use. The survey data collected in 2010 by the Governance of Istanbul, Istanbul Department of Education, and Istanbul Police Department were used. Participants were high school students (n = 31,272) between 14 and 18 years old. Structural equation modeling was used for statistical analysis and hypothesis testing. The study found a negative relationship between the three dimensions of religiosity and substance use. Religious social environment was found to be the strongest of the three dimensions. The findings suggest that religion has the potential to reduce the risk of substance use among youth. Implications for future research and policymakers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Unlu
- a Sanliurfa Police Department , Turkish National Police , Sanliurfa City , Turkey
| | - Ismail Sahin
- b Ankara Police Department , Turkish National Police , Ankara , Turkey
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de Goeij MCM, Suhrcke M, Toffolutti V, van de Mheen D, Schoenmakers TM, Kunst AE. How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: a realist systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2015; 131:131-46. [PMID: 25771482 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Economic crises are complex events that affect behavioral patterns (including alcohol consumption) via opposing mechanisms. With this realist systematic review, we aimed to investigate evidence from studies of previous or ongoing crises on which mechanisms (How?) play a role among which individuals (Whom?). Such evidence would help understand and predict the potential impact of economic crises on alcohol consumption. Medical, psychological, social, and economic databases were used to search for peer-reviewed qualitative or quantitative empirical evidence (published January 1, 1990-May 1, 2014) linking economic crises or stressors with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. We included 35 papers, based on defined selection criteria. From these papers, we extracted evidence on mechanism(s), determinant, outcome, country-level context, and individual context. We found 16 studies that reported evidence completely covering two behavioral mechanisms by which economic crises can influence alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. The first mechanism suggests that psychological distress triggered by unemployment and income reductions can increase drinking problems. The second mechanism suggests that due to tighter budget constraints, less money is spent on alcoholic beverages. Across many countries, the psychological distress mechanism was observed mainly in men. The tighter budget constraints mechanism seems to play a role in all population subgroups across all countries. For the other three mechanisms (i.e., deterioration in the social situation, fear of losing one's job, and increased non-working time), empirical evidence was scarce or absent, or had small to moderate coverage. This was also the case for important influential contextual factors described in our initial theoretical framework. This realist systematic review suggests that among men (but not among women), the net impact of economic crises will be an increase in harmful drinking. Such a different net impact between men and women could potentially contribute to growing gender-related health inequalities during a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek C M de Goeij
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC) - University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Suhrcke
- Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom; Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Toffolutti
- Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dike van de Mheen
- IVO Addiction Research Institute, Heemraadssingel 194, 3021 DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Health Promotion, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim M Schoenmakers
- IVO Addiction Research Institute, Heemraadssingel 194, 3021 DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC) - University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cerkez I, Culjak Z, Zenic N, Sekulic D, Kondric M. Harmful Alcohol Drinking Among Adolescents: The Influence of Sport Participation, Religiosity, and Parental Factors. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.764372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Akhmedjonov A, Suvankulov F. Alcohol consumption and its impact on the risk of high blood pressure in Russia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012; 32:248-53. [PMID: 23061537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS This study aims to examine the causal effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of high blood pressure in Russia. DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, we estimated the influence of alcohol consumption on high blood pressure, controlling for social and other factors related to alcohol use. To address the issue of causality, we instrumented alcohol consumption by the number of frequent alcohol drinkers in the household. RESULTS We found that frequent consumption of vodka and beer has an adverse impact on health. In particular, frequent vodka consumption increases the likelihood of high blood pressure by 2.88% while frequent beer consumption increases it by 2.06%. Controlling for the endogeneity of frequent alcohol consumption using the instrumental variable method produces an even larger effect for frequent vodka consumption, with a marginal effect of 7.23%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Prevention policies as well as government programs aimed at treating alcohol-related health outcomes should take into consideration the significant adverse effect of alcohol consumption on high blood pressure. It is also recommended that policy interventions aimed to address alcohol addiction issues in Russia explicitly differentiate between vodka and beer drinkers.
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Kraja B, Sina M, Mone I, Pupuleku F, Babameto A, Prifti S, Burazeri G. Predictive Value of the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease in Cirrhotic Patients with and without Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:539059. [PMID: 22474442 PMCID: PMC3296141 DOI: 10.1155/2012/539059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. We aimed to assess the predictive value of the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and fatal outcome. Methods. A cross-sectional study included 256 consecutive patients (199 men and 57 women) diagnosed with cirrhosis and ascites who were hospitalized at the University Hospital Center in Tirana from January 2008 to December 2009. SBP was defined as a neutrophil count of ≥250 cells/mm(3) in ascitic fluid. MELD score was based on laboratory parameters determined by UNOS Internet site MELD calculator. Results. In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, diabetes, and etiology, there was evidence of a positive association of SBP with MELD score: the odds ratio (OR) for SBP for one unit increment of MELD score was 1.06 (95% Cl = 1.02-1.09). MELD score was significantly higher in fatal cases than nonfatal patients (mean age-adjusted score was 32.7 versus 18.4 overall; 34.8 versus 18.0 in SBP patients, and 32.0 versus 18.5 in non-SBP patients; all P < 0.001). Conclusions. In this Albanian sample of hospitalized cirrhotic patients, MELD score was confirmed as a significant predictor of both SBP and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bledar Kraja
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Dibra Street No. 370, Tirana, Albania
| | - Marsela Sina
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Dibra Street No. 370, Tirana, Albania
| | - Iris Mone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Adriana Babameto
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Dibra Street No. 370, Tirana, Albania
| | - Skerdi Prifti
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Dibra Street No. 370, Tirana, Albania
| | - Genc Burazeri
- Department of International Health, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Moderate Alcohol Intake, Though Not Regular Heavy Drinking, Is Protective for Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study in Southeast Europe. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:564-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ferreira LN, Sales ZN, Casotti CA, Bispo Júnior JP, Braga Júnior ACR. Perfil do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e fatores associados em um município do Nordeste do Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2011; 27:1473-86. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudo transversal que objetivou verificar o perfil do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas de acordo com sexo, idade, renda e escolaridade na população urbana de Jequié, Bahia, Brasil. Amostra aleatória composta por 270 indivíduos maiores de 14 anos residentes na zona urbana, pesquisados entre janeiro e março de 2010. Como instrumento utilizou-se o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Os resultados mostraram que 21,8% consomem quatro ou mais doses em dia típico; 14,1% admitiram já terem causado algum prejuízo após ter bebido; 26,3% relataram que alguém já sugeriu que parasse de beber; entre os homens 40% bebem mais que quatro doses no dia típico; 50,5% dos jovens bebem com alguma frequência. A distribuição característica das variáveis estudadas é compatível com maior frequência e quantidade de uso de álcool entre os homens e entre os jovens. A ocorrência do padrão de consumo pesado episódico de álcool foi marcante. São apresentados grupos vulneráveis, ainda não considerados dependentes e que também devem ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção da saúde e prevenção.
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Burazeri G, Kark JD. Alcohol intake and its correlates in a transitional predominantly Muslim population in southeastern Europe. Addict Behav 2010; 35:706-13. [PMID: 20381259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess alcohol consumption and its correlates in Albania, a predominantly Muslim though largely secular Southeast European republic in transition from rigidly structured socialism to a market-oriented system. METHODS A population-based sample of Tirana residents aged 35-74 years was interviewed and examined in 2003-2006 (450 men and 235 women with data on alcohol intake, 65.5% response). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the association of drinking frequency, quantity and type of drink with socioeconomic, psychosocial and coronary risk characteristics. RESULTS 30.6% (95%CI=26.3%-34.9%) of men, age-standardized to the 2005 census, and 5.6% (95%CI=2.6%-8.6%) of women reported almost daily intake of alcohol, whereas 17.0% (95%CI=13.4%-20.5%) of men and 46.6% (95%CI=40.2%-53.1%) of women abstained. In men, frequent drinking was positively associated with age and not receiving financial support from close family emigrants, and was strongly inversely related to religious observance in both Muslims and Christians. In women it was associated with smoking and upward social mobility. Alcohol intake was not associated with religious affiliation in either sex. In men, intake of spirits (predominantly raki) and beer were associated with lower socioeconomic indices, smoking and obesity (beer only), whereas wine intake was associated with financial security, being secular, and not smoking. Among men, 11.3% (95%CI=8.3%-14.3%) reported high intakes (> or =210 g of pure alcohol/week) and 6.0% (95%CI=3.8%-8.3%) very high intakes (> or = 420 g/week). High intakes were associated with frequent, rather than episodic, drinking. CONCLUSIONS Our study may be the first to provide information on alcohol intake and its characteristics in an Albanian population sample, one of the few predominantly Muslim countries in Europe. Alcohol consumption in women was extremely low. However, consistent very heavy intake of alcohol appears to be more frequent among Albanian men than in many former communist countries in Europe, and is cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genc Burazeri
- Department of International Health, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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