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Anic V, Gaston KJ, Davies TW, Bennie J. Long-term effects of artificial nighttime lighting and trophic complexity on plant biomass and foliar carbon and nitrogen in a grassland community. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9157. [PMID: 35949540 PMCID: PMC9352868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of artificial nighttime lighting due to human settlements and transport networks is increasingly altering the timing, intensity, and spectra of natural light regimes worldwide. Much of the research on the impacts of nighttime light pollution on organisms has focused on animal species. Little is known about the impacts of daylength extension due to outdoor lighting technologies on wild plant communities, despite the fact that plant growth and development are under photoperiodic control. In a five-year field experiment, artificial ecosystems ("mesocosms") of grassland communities both alone or in combination with invertebrate herbivores and predators were exposed to light treatments that simulated street lighting technologies (low-pressure sodium, and light-emitting diode [LED]-based white lighting), at ground-level illuminance. Most of the plant species in the mesocosms did not exhibit changes in biomass accumulation after 5 years of exposure to the light treatments. However, the white LED treatment had a significant negative effect on biomass production in the herbaceous species Lotus pedunculatus. Likewise, the interaction between the white LED treatment and the presence of herbivores significantly reduced the mean shoot/root ratio of the grass species Holcus lanatus. Artificial nighttime lighting had no effect on the foliar carbon or nitrogen in most of the grassland species. Nevertheless, the white LED treatment significantly increased the leaf nitrogen content in Lotus corniculatus in the presence of herbivores. Long-term exposure to artificial light at night had no general effects on plant biomass responses in experimental grassland communities. However, species-specific and negative effects of cool white LED lighting at ground-level illuminance on biomass production and allocation in mixed plant communities are suggested by our findings. Further studies on the impacts of light pollution on biomass accumulation in plant communities are required as these effects could be mediated by different factors, including herbivory, competition, and soil nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinka Anic
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
| | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
| | - Thomas W. Davies
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Jonathan Bennie
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
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Rouet S, Barillot R, Leclercq D, Bernicot MH, Combes D, Escobar-Gutiérrez A, Durand JL. Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672156. [PMID: 34868095 PMCID: PMC8635016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In perennial grasses, the reproductive development consists of major phenological stages which highly determine the seasonal variations of grassland biomass production in terms of quantity and quality. The reproductive development is regulated by climatic conditions through complex interactions subjected to high genetic diversity. Understanding these interactions and their impact on plant development and growth is essential to optimize grassland management and identify the potential consequences of climate change. Here, we review the main stages of reproductive development, from floral induction to heading, i.e., spike emergence, considering the effect of the environmental conditions and the genetic diversity observed in perennial grasses. We first describe the determinants and consequences of reproductive development at individual tiller scale before examining the interactions between plant tillers and their impact on grassland perenniality. Then, we review the available grassland models through their ability to account for the complexity of reproductive development and genetic × environmental interactions. This review shows that (1) The reproductive development of perennial grasses is characterized by a large intraspecific diversity which has the same order of magnitude as the diversity observed between species or environmental conditions. (2) The reproductive development is determined by complex interactions between the processes of floral induction and morphogenesis of the tiller. (3) The perenniality of a plant is dependent on the reproductive behavior of each tiller. (4) Published models only partly explain the complex interactions between morphogenesis and climate on reproductive development. (5) Introducing more explicitly the underlying processes involved in reproductive development in models would improve our ability to anticipate grassland behavior in future growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Leclercq
- Groupe d’Etude et de Contrôle des Variétés Et des Semences (GEVES), Lusignan, France
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Ulum FB, Hadacek F, Hörandl E. Polyploidy Improves Photosynthesis Regulation within the Ranunculus auricomus Complex (Ranunculaceae). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080811. [PMID: 34440043 PMCID: PMC8389576 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Genome duplication or multiplication, polyploidy, has contributed substantially to the evolutionary success of plants. Polyploidy is often connected to a higher resilience to environmental stress. We have chosen the goldilocks, the Ranunculus auricomus complex, to study effects of light stress. In this species complex, diploid (2x), tetraploid (4x), and hexaploid (6x) cytotypes occur in Central Europe in both shaded and sun-exposed habitats. In this study, we exposed them to different photoperiods in climate growth chambers to explore how the efficiency of photosynthesis varied between the various ploidies (2x, 4x, and 6x). We used fluorescence experiments exploring the proportion of light that is captured for photosynthesis and the resulting energy fluxes. In addition, quenching coefficients can be calculated that inform about the capability of a plant to deal with excess light. We found that the polyploids can quench excess light better, which concurs with their adaptation to open habitats and their predominantly asexual mode of reproduction that is probably favored by low stress levels in the reproductive tissues. Abstract Polyploidy has substantially contributed to successful plant evolution, and is often connected to a higher resilience to environmental stress. We test the hypothesis that polyploids tolerate light stress better than diploids. The Ranunculus auricomus complex comprises diploid (2x), tetraploid (4x), and hexaploid (6x) cytotypes, the former of which occur in shaded habitats and the latter more in open, sun-exposed habitats in Central Europe. In this study, we experimentally explored the effects of ploidy and photoperiod extension on the efficiency of photosystem II in the three cytotypes in climate growth chambers. Quantum yields and various coefficients that can be calculated from light curve, Kautsky curve, and fluorescent transient OJIP experiments provided support for the hypothesis that, in comparison to diploids, the improved regulation of excess light by more efficient photochemical and non-chemical quenching in polyploids might have facilitated the adaptation to unshaded habitats. We suggest how lower stress levels in reproductive tissues of polyploids might have favored asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Bahrul Ulum
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
- Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Jember University, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Franz Hadacek
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-7843
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Mølmann JAB, Dalmannsdottir S, Hykkerud AL, Hytönen T, Samkumar A, Jaakola L. Influence of Arctic light conditions on crop production and quality. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1931-1940. [PMID: 33837963 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural light conditions above the Arctic Circle are unique in terms of annual variation creating special growth conditions for crop production. These include low solar elevations, very long daily photosynthetic light periods, midnight sun/absence of dark nights, and altered spectral distribution depending on solar elevation. All these factors are known to affect the growth and the metabolism of plants, although their influence on northern crop plants has not yet been reviewed. The ongoing global warming is especially affecting the temperature × light interactions in the Arctic, and understanding the impact on crop production and plant metabolism will be important for an Arctic contribution to global food production. Arctic light conditions have a strong influence on the timing of plant development, which together with temperature limits the number of cultivars suitable for Arctic agriculture. This review compiles information from the reports about the effects of light conditions at high latitudes on growth, biomass production, flowering and quality of the crop plants and discusses the gained knowledge and the key gaps to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen A B Mølmann
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Sigridur Dalmannsdottir
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Linn Hykkerud
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, UK
| | - Amos Samkumar
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Dalmannsdottir S, Jørgensen M, Rapacz M, Østrem L, Larsen A, Rødven R, Rognli OA. Cold acclimation in warmer extended autumns impairs freezing tolerance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:266-281. [PMID: 28144950 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of variable autumn temperatures in combination with decreasing irradiance and daylength on photosynthesis, growth cessation and freezing tolerance was investigated in northern- and southern-adapted populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense) intended for use in regions at northern high latitudes. Plants were subjected to three different acclimation temperatures; 12, 6 and 9/3°C (day/night) for 4 weeks, followed by 1 week of cold acclimation at 2°C under natural light conditions. This experimental setup was repeated at three different periods during autumn with decreasing sums of irradiance and daylengths. Photoacclimation, leaf elongation and freezing tolerance were studied. The results showed that plants cold acclimated during the period with lowest irradiance and shortest day had lowest freezing tolerance, lowest photosynthetic activity, longest leaves and least biomass production. Higher acclimation temperature (12°C) resulted in lower freezing tolerance, lower photosynthetic activity, faster leaf elongation rate and higher biomass compared with the other temperatures. Photochemical mechanisms were predominant in photoacclimation. The northern-adapted populations had a better freezing tolerance than the southern-adapted except when grown during the late autumn period and at the highest temperature; then there were no differences between the populations. Our results indicate that the projected climate change in the north may reduce freezing tolerance in grasses as acclimation will take place at higher temperatures and shorter daylengths with lower irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Dalmannsdottir
- Department of Grassland and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Holt, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås
| | - Marit Jørgensen
- Department of Grassland and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Holt, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marcin Rapacz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-239, Krakow, Poland
| | - Liv Østrem
- Department of Grassland and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Fureneset, 6967, Hellevik i Fjaler, Norway
| | - Arild Larsen
- Graminor AS, Bjørke gård, Hommelstadvegen 60, 2322, Ridabu, Norway
| | - Rolf Rødven
- Department of Grassland and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Holt, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Odd Arne Rognli
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås
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Optimal Regulation of the Balance between Productivity and Overwintering of Perennial Grasses in a Warmer Climate. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Plasticity of plant form and function sustains productivity and dominance along environment and competition gradients. A modeling experiment with Gemini. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bonesmo H, Beauchemin KA, Harstad OM, Skjelvåg AO. Greenhouse gas emission intensities of grass silage based dairy and beef production: A systems analysis of Norwegian farms. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Skjelvåg AO, Arnoldussen AH, Klakegg O, Tveito OE. Farm specific natural resource base data for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.777092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Migliavacca M, Cremonese E, Colombo R, Busetto L, Galvagno M, Ganis L, Meroni M, Pari E, Rossini M, Siniscalco C, Morra di Cella U. European larch phenology in the Alps: can we grasp the role of ecological factors by combining field observations and inverse modelling? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2008; 52:587-605. [PMID: 18437430 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-008-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation phenology is strongly influenced by climatic factors. Climate changes may cause phenological variations, especially in the Alps which are considered to be extremely vulnerable to global warming. The main goal of our study is to analyze European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) phenology in alpine environments and the role of the ecological factors involved, using an integrated approach based on accurate field observations and modelling techniques. We present 2 years of field-collected larch phenological data, obtained following a specifically designed observation protocol. We observed that both spring and autumn larch phenology is strongly influenced by altitude. We propose an approach for the optimization of a spring warming model (SW) and the growing season index model (GSI) consisting of a model inversion technique, based on simulated look-up tables (LUTs), that provides robust parameter estimates. The optimized models showed excellent agreement between modelled and observed data: the SW model predicts the beginning of the growing season (B(GS)) with a mean RMSE of 4 days, while GSI gives a prediction of the growing season length (L(GS)) with a RMSE of 5 days. Moreover, we showed that the original GSI parameters led to consistent errors, while the optimized ones significantly increased model accuracy. Finally, we used GSI to investigate interactions of ecological factors during springtime development and autumn senescence. We found that temperature is the most effective factor during spring recovery while photoperiod plays an important role during autumn senescence: photoperiod shows a contrasting effect with altitude decreasing its influence with increasing altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Migliavacca
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, Dip. Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy.
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