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Chen G, Li Y, Jin C, Wang J, Wang L, Wu J. Physiological and Morphological Responses of Hydroponically Grown Pear Rootstock Under Phosphorus Treatment. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:696045. [PMID: 34858445 PMCID: PMC8631779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of fruit trees, playing an important role in photosynthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and enzyme activity regulation. The plasticity of plant phenotypic has been investigated in diverse species under conditions of P-deficiency or P-excess. Based on these researches, P level fluctuations in different species result in different characteristics of the response. Nevertheless, little is known about the response of pear seedling rootstock (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge) to the changing of P levels. To explore the effects of different levels of P on the growth of pear seedling rootstock, we performed the hydroponic assays to determine and analyze the biological indexes including growth parameters, photosynthetic rate, root and shoot morphological traits, and concentrations of macro- and micronutrients. The results show that either deficiency or excess of P inhibited the growth and development of pear seedling rootstock. Root growth (down 44.8%), photosynthetic rate (down 59.8%), and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity (down 44.4%) were inhibited under the P-deficiency conditions (0mM), compared with normal P conditions (1mM). On the other hand, dark green leaves, suppression of root elongation (down 18.8%), and photosynthetic rate (down 25%) were observed under regimes of excessive P, compared with normal P conditions (1mM). Furthermore, the root concentration of not only P, but also those of other mineral nutrients were affected by either P treatment. In brief, these results indicated that a careful choice of P fertilizer supply is crucial to ensuring normal growth and development of pear seedling rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Cong Jin
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Jizhong Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Sharma R, Vymazal J, Malaviya P. Application of floating treatment wetlands for stormwater runoff: A critical review of the recent developments with emphasis on heavy metals and nutrient removal. Sci Total Environ 2021; 777:146044. [PMID: 33689897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are increasingly gaining popularity due to a set of valuable features like wastewater remediation under varied conditions, ecosystem quality preservation, landscape conservation, and aesthetic benefits. FTW is a phyto-technology in which macrophytes grow on a floating raft with their roots in permanent contact with water and remove pollutants via several physicochemical-biological processes. FTW is highly capable of overcoming technical and operational challenges that come way in stormwater treatment due to the erratic nature of hydrologic and input pollutant loads because this innovative buoyant hydroponic design can move up and down with fluctuating water levels in the stormwater pond and can treat highly variable flows. Plants and biofilms attached to the roots hanging beneath the floating mat play a pivotal role in FTWs. The present review encompasses the concept of FTWs, their structural designs, relevance in stormwater management, and mechanism of plant uptake for pollutant removal. The role of FTWs to remove heavy metals and nutrients is also critically analyzed. Understanding hydraulics and other parameters of FTW is vital to effective design. Hence, the role of vegetation coverage, vegetation type, sorption media, aeration frequency, and intensity, and plant density to enhance system efficiency is also highlighted. Due to their operational flexibility and environmentally friendly working with no additional burden on existing urban land use, FTWs entice broad international interest and offer a coherent solution for stormwater management. MAIN FINDINGS: The review delivers state-of-the-art analysis of the current understanding of hydraulics and other parameters of FTWs, and associated mechanisms to enhance the treatment efficiency of FTWs for nutrients and heavy metals removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozi Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, J&K, India
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Piyush Malaviya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, J&K, India.
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Nsenga Kumwimba M, Batool A, Li X. How to enhance the purification performance of traditional floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) at low temperatures: Strengthening strategies. Sci Total Environ 2021; 766:142608. [PMID: 33082049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of freshwaters poses a major threat to water quality and human health and thus, nutrients have been targeted for mitigation. One such control measure is floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which are designed to employ vigorous macrophytes above the water surface and extensive plant root system below the water surface to increase plant uptake of nutrients. The efficacy of FTWs in purifying different water systems has been widely studied and reviewed, but most studies have been performed in warm periods when FTW macrophytes are actively growing. In low-temperature conditions, the metabolic processes of macrophytes and microbial activity are usually weakened or reduced by the winter months and are not actively assimilating pollutants. These circumstances hamper the purification ability of FTWs to perform as designed. Furthermore, decayed macrophytes could release pollutants into the water column. Hence, this paper aimed to systematically summarize strategies for use of enhanced FTWs in eutrophic water improvement at low temperature and identify future directions to be addressed in intensifying FTW performance in low-temperature conditions. Low-temperature FTW show variable nutrient removal efficiencies ranging from 22% to 98%. Current amendments to enhance FTW purification performance, ranging from direct strategies for internal components to indirect enhancement of external operation environments encourage the FTW efficacy to some extent. However, the sustainability and sufficiency of water purification efficiency remain a great challenge. Keeping in mind the need for optimizing the FTW components and dealing with high organic and inorganic chemicals, future research should be carried out at the large field-scale and focus on macrophyte- benthos- microorganism synergistic enhancement, breeding of cold-tolerant macrophytes, and combination of FTWs with many strategies, as well as rational design and operational approaches under cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ammara Batool
- National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xuyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ejiri M, Sawazaki Y, Shiono K. Some Accessions of Amazonian Wild Rice ( Oryza glumaepatula) Constitutively Form a Barrier to Radial Oxygen Loss along Adventitious Roots under Aerated Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9070880. [PMID: 32668711 PMCID: PMC7412225 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL), which reduces the loss of oxygen transported via the aerenchyma to the root tips, enables the roots of wetland plants to grow into anoxic/hypoxic waterlogged soil. However, little is known about its genetic regulation. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping can help to understand the factors that regulate barrier formation. Rice (Oryza sativa) inducibly forms an ROL barrier under stagnant conditions, while a few wetland plants constitutively form one under aerated conditions. Here, we evaluated the formation of a constitutive ROL barrier in a total of four accessions from two wild rice species. Three of the accessions were wetland accessions of O. glumaepatula, and the fourth was a non-wetland species of O. rufipogon. These species have an AA type genome, which allows them to be crossed with cultivated rice. The three O. glumaepatula accessions (W2165, W2149, and W1183) formed an ROL barrier under aerated conditions. The O. rufipogon accession (W1962) did not form a constitutive ROL barrier, but it formed an inducible ROL barrier under stagnant conditions. The three O. glumaepatula accessions should be useful for QTL mapping to understand how a constitutive ROL barrier forms. The constitutive barrier of W2165 was closely associated with suberization and resistance to penetration by an apoplastic tracer (periodic acid) at the exodermis but did not include lignin at the sclerenchyma.
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Gao C, Wang M, Ding L, Chen Y, Lu Z, Hu J, Guo S. High water uptake ability was associated with root aerenchyma formation in rice: Evidence from local ammonium supply under osmotic stress conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 150:171-179. [PMID: 32146281 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root water uptake is strongly influenced by the morphology and anatomical structure of roots, which are regulated by nitrogen forms and environmental stimuli. To further illustrate the roles of different nitrogen forms on root water uptake under osmotic stress, a split-root system was supplied with different nitrogen forms and osmotic stress simulated by adding 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000). The local effects of nitrogen form and osmotic stress on root morphology, anatomical structure, root lignin content, and water uptake rate were investigated. Under osmotic stress conditions, ammonium markedly promoted the formation and elongation of the lateral root, whereas a significant decrease in numbers of lateral roots was observed under local nitrate supply. Under nitrate supply in split-root systems, osmotic stress significantly promoted root cell death and more aerenchyma formation, as well as accelerated the lignification of the root. However, osmotic stress had no negative effect on the root anatomical structure under ammonium supply. The root water uptake rate was significantly higher in split-root supplied with ammonium than nitrate under osmotic stress conditions. In conclusion, the high water uptake ability in local ammonium supply was associated with the more lateral roots development and the lower cell death, aerenchyma formation and lignification under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Yuanyang Experimental Station of Crop Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Yuanyang, 453514, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Ding
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Yupei Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Colares GS, Dell'Osbel N, Wiesel PG, Oliveira GA, Lemos PHZ, da Silva FP, Lutterbeck CA, Kist LT, Machado ÊL. Floating treatment wetlands: A review and bibliometric analysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136776. [PMID: 31991269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) have attained tremendous popularity for water purification purposes. Through this phyto-technology, naturally occurring macrophytes are allowed to grow on the water surface on a buoyant raft or a rigid support, keeping the plant roots permanently in contact with the water and removing pollutants via several processes. The objective of this study was to review studies that have developed FTWs and to perform a bibliometric analysis using three keywords: "Floating", "Treatment" and "Wetlands". From bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software and the Web of Science database, it was possible to verify the number of publications over the years and the countries and authors with the most published articles on these systems and other related terms. Subsequently, a review was performed on the main mechanisms of pollutant removal by FTWs as well as experiences and recommendations for major design and operating aspects for their application, such as water depth, hydraulic retention time (HRT), floating mat, water surface coverage, artificial aeration, plant selection and pruning or harvesting. It was verified that FTWs are a potential technology for treating several wastewater types and water remediation under different conditions. Even with the increasing number of publications in recent years, many design and operation aspects related to system performance still demand more research in order to better understand the relations between macrophytes and other pollutant removal mechanisms and to thereby improve the treatment efficiency of FTW systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S Colares
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Naira Dell'Osbel
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Patrik G Wiesel
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Gislayne A Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av, Bento Gonçalves, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Z Lemos
- Industrial Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Fagner P da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Lutterbeck
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Lourdes T Kist
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Ênio L Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil.
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De Bauw P, Vandamme E, Lupembe A, Mwakasege L, Senthilkumar K, Dramé KN, Merckx R. Anatomical root responses of rice to combined phosphorus and water stress - relations to tolerance and breeding opportunities. Funct Plant Biol 2019; 46:1009-1022. [PMID: 31543094 DOI: 10.1071/fp19002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought and low P availability are major limitations for rainfed rice (Oryza spp.) production. Root anatomy plays a key role in resource acquisition and tolerance to P and water limitations. Root anatomical responses of three contrasting rice varieties to combinations of different levels of P (deficient to non-limiting) and water availability (water stress to submergence) were evaluated in two pot trials. P availability was the dominant growth-limiting factor, but anatomical root responses to water availability were more prominent than responses to P availability. Cortical cell file number and number of xylem vessels decreased as a response to water stress, but stele and xylem diameter increased. Low P availability induced thinner xylem vessels and a thinner stele. Drought tolerance related to an overall thicker root stele, thicker xylem vessels and a larger water conductance. Some root traits were observed to be more responsive to water and P availability, whereas other traits were more robust to these environmental factors but highly determined by variety. The observed genotypic variation in root anatomy provides opportunities for trait-based breeding. The plasticity of several traits to multiple environmental factors highlights the need for strategic trait selection or breeding adapted to specific target environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan De Bauw
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Corresponding author.
| | - Elke Vandamme
- International Potato Center (CIP), PO Box 1269, Kigali, Rwanda; and Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), PO Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Allen Lupembe
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), PO Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Leah Mwakasege
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), PO Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kalimuthu Senthilkumar
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), PO Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), PO Box 1690, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Khady N Dramé
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 4029, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Roel Merckx
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang S, Wang J, Wei C. NH 4+-N alleviates iron deficiency in rice seedlings under calcareous conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12712. [PMID: 31481724 PMCID: PMC6722072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drip-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soil exhibits signs of iron (Fe) deficiency. This study aimed to explore whether NH4+ alleviates Fe deficiency in rice seedlings grown under calcareous conditions. Two rice varieties (cv. 'T43' Fe deficiency-tolerant variety and cv. 'T04' Fe deficiency-sensitive variety) were used to carry out two independent experiments with exposure to different nitrogen (N) forms (nitrate (NO3-) or NH4+) under calcareous conditions. In experiment 1, plants were precultured in a nutrient solution with excess Fe (40 µM Fe(II)-EDTA) for 14 d and then supplied NO3--N (AN) or NH4--N (NN) without Fe for 3, 6, or 12 d. In experiment 2, plants were fed AN or NN with 10 µM Fe(II)-EDTA for 18 d. Compared to plants exposed to AN, leaves of plants exposed to NN showed severe chlorosis and significantly decreased chlorophyll content during Fe starvation. The xylem sap pH and cell wall Fe fraction in both shoots and roots of rice fed NN were significantly higher than those fed AN. However, the Fe concentration in xylem sap, soluble and organelle Fe fractions in both shoots and roots, and the shoot/root Fe content ratio in rice exposed to AN were significantly higher than those in plants exposed to NN. AN reduced the root aerenchyma fraction and root porosity compared to NN, which induced greater water uptake and hydraulic conductance by roots, hence the stronger xylem sap flow rate with AN. The results indicated that NH4+-N alleviated Fe deficiency in rice under calcareous conditions by promoting Fe re-allocation in rice tissues and Fe transportation from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Zhang
- Key Lab of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832000, P.R. China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation, Wuyi Road No. 221, Shihezi, 832000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Lab of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832000, P.R. China
| | - Changzhou Wei
- Key Lab of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832000, P.R. China.
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Perera I, Seneweera S, Hirotsu N. Manipulating the Phytic Acid Content of Rice Grain Toward Improving Micronutrient Bioavailability. Rice (N Y) 2018; 11:4. [PMID: 29327163 PMCID: PMC5764899 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol hexaphosphate, also known as phytic acid (PA), is the most abundant storage form of phosphorus in seeds. PA acts as a strong chelator of metal cations to form phytate and is considered an anti-nutrient as it reduces the bioavailability of important micronutrients. Although the major nutrient source for more than one-half of the global population, rice is a poor source of essential micronutrients. Therefore, biofortification and reducing the PA content of rice have arisen as new strategies for increasing micronutrient bioavailability in rice. Furthermore, global climate change effects, particularly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, are expected to increase the PA content and reduce the concentrations of most of the essential micronutrients in rice grain. Several genes involved in PA biosynthesis have been identified and characterized in rice. Proper understanding of the genes related to PA accumulation during seed development and creating the means to suppress the expression of these genes should provide a foundation for manipulating the PA content in rice grain. Low-PA rice mutants have been developed that have a significantly lower grain PA content, but these mutants also had reduced yields and poor agronomic performance, traits that challenge their effective use in breeding programs. Nevertheless, transgenic technology has been effective in developing low-PA rice without hampering plant growth or seed development. Moreover, manipulating the micronutrient distribution in rice grain, enhancing micronutrient levels and reducing the PA content in endosperm are possible strategies for increasing mineral bioavailability. Therefore, a holistic breeding approach is essential for developing successful low-PA rice lines. In this review, we focus on the key determinants for PA concentration in rice grain and discuss the possible molecular methods and approaches for manipulating the PA content to increase micronutrient bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara Perera
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
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Larsen M, Santner J, Oburger E, Wenzel WW, Glud RN. O 2 dynamics in the rhizosphere of young rice plants ( Oryza sativa L.) as studied by planar optodes. Plant Soil 2015; 390:279-292. [PMID: 26166902 PMCID: PMC4495287 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-015-2382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Radial O2 loss (ROL) strongly affect the O2 availability in the rhizosphere of rice. The ROL create an oxic zone around the roots, protecting the plant from toxic reduced chemical species and regulates the redox chemistry in the soil. This study investigates the spatio-temporal variability in O2 dynamics in the rice rhizosphere. METHOD Applying high-resolution planar optode imaging, we investigated the O2 dynamics of plants grown in water saturated soil, as a function of ambient O2 level, irradiance and plant development, for submerged and emerged plants. RESULTS O2 leakage was heterogeneously distributed with zones of intense leakage around roots tips and young developing roots. While the majority of roots exhibited high ROL others remained surrounded by anoxic soil. ROL was affected by ambient O2 levels around the plant, as well as irradiance, indicating a direct influence of photosynthetic activity on ROL. At onset of darkness, oxia in the rhizosphere was drastically reduced, but subsequently oxia gradually increased, presumably as root and/or soil respiration declined. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates a high spatio-temporal heterogeneity in rhizosphere O2 dynamics and difference in ROL between different parts of the rhizosphere. The work documents that spatio-temporal measurements are important to fully understand and account for the highly variable O2 dynamics and associated biogeochemical processes and pathways in the rice rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Larsen
- Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense M, Denmark
- Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland PA37 1QA UK
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (CO Greenland Institute of National resources), Kivioq 2, Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jakob Santner
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Walter W. Wenzel
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ronnie N. Glud
- Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense M, Denmark
- Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland PA37 1QA UK
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (CO Greenland Institute of National resources), Kivioq 2, Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Gray JM, Frolking S, Kort EA, Ray DK, Kucharik CJ, Ramankutty N, Friedl MA. Direct human influence on atmospheric CO2 seasonality from increased cropland productivity. Nature 2014; 515:398-401. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shiono K, Yamauchi T, Yamazaki S, Mohanty B, Malik AI, Nagamura Y, Nishizawa NK, Tsutsumi N, Colmer TD, Nakazono M. Microarray analysis of laser-microdissected tissues indicates the biosynthesis of suberin in the outer part of roots during formation of a barrier to radial oxygen loss in rice (Oryza sativa). J Exp Bot 2014; 65:4795-806. [PMID: 24913626 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Internal aeration is crucial for root growth in waterlogged soil. A barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) can enhance long-distance oxygen transport via the aerenchyma to the root tip; a higher oxygen concentration at the apex enables root growth into anoxic soil. The ROL barrier is formed within the outer part of roots (OPR). Suberin and/or lignin deposited in cell walls are thought to contribute to the barrier, but it is unclear which compound is the main constituent. This study describes gene expression profiles during ROL barrier formation in rice roots to determine the relative responses of suberin and/or lignin biosyntheses for the barrier. OPR tissues were isolated by laser microdissection and their transcripts were analysed by microarray. A total of 128 genes were significantly up- or downregulated in the OPR during the barrier formation. Genes associated with suberin biosynthesis were strongly upregulated, whereas genes associated with lignin biosynthesis were not. By an ab initio analysis of the promoters of the upregulated genes, the putative cis-elements that could be associated with transcription factors, WRKY, AP2/ERF, NAC, bZIP, MYB, CBT/DREB, and MADS, were elucidated. They were particularly associated with the expression of transcription factor genes containing WRKY, AP2, and MYB domains. A semiquantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis of genes associated with suberin biosynthesis (WRKY, CYP, and GPAT) confirmed that they were highly expressed during ROL barrier formation. Overall, these results suggest that suberin is a major constituent of the ROL barrier in roots of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjyojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - So Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Bijayalaxmi Mohanty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Al Imran Malik
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Nonoichimachi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Mongon J, Konnerup D, Colmer TD, Rerkasem B. Responses of rice to Fe 2+ in aerated and stagnant conditions: growth, root porosity and radial oxygen loss barrier. Funct Plant Biol 2014; 41:922-929. [PMID: 32481045 DOI: 10.1071/fp13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) encounters flooded soils that are anaerobic and chemically reduced. Exposure of the roots to high soil Fe2+ concentrations can result in toxicity. Internal aeration delivering O2 to submerged roots via the aerenchyma is well understood, but the effect of Fe2+ on O2 transport in roots is less studied. We aimed to evaluate the effects of Fe2+ on growth and root aeration. O. sativa var. Amaroo was grown in aerobic and deoxygenated solutions with 0mM, 0.18mM, 0.36mM, 0.54mM or 0.72mM Fe2+ using FeSO4.7H2O and a control with 0.05mM Fe-EDTA. The treatments were imposed on 14-day-old plants (28-30 days old when harvested). Dry mass, shoot Fe concentration, root porosity and patterns of radial O2 loss (ROL) along roots were determined. In the aerobic solution, where Fe2+ was oxidised in the bulk medium, root dry mass increased with higher Fe2+; this was not the case in stagnant solutions, which had no significant root growth response, although Fe oxidation near the root surface was visible as a precipitate. In the highest Fe2+ treatment, shoot Fe concentrations in aerobic (667mgkg-1) and stagnant (433mgkg-1) solutions were below the level for toxicity (700mgkg-1). Rice responded to high Fe2+ in aerobic conditions by increasing root porosity and inducing strong barriers to ROL. In stagnant conditions, root porosity was already high and the ROL barrier induced, so these root aeration traits were not further influenced by the Fe2+ concentrations applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenjira Mongon
- Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- School of Plant Biology and University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology and University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjavan Rerkasem
- Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Li S, Wang C, Zhou L, Shou H. Oxygen deficit alleviates phosphate overaccumulation toxicity in OsPHR2 overexpression plants. J Plant Res 2014; 127:433-440. [PMID: 24687599 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of OsPHR2 increases phosphate (Pi) uptake and causes overaccumulation of Pi in rice plants, which is toxic to rice plants when they are grown in media with a sufficient Pi supply. The toxicity that results from OsPHR2 overexpression can be significantly relieved by growing the plants in a waterlogged paddy field. A comparison of the Pi uptake and growth status of OsPHR2-overexpression plants (PHR2-Oe plants) grown in paddy fields or in a laboratory setting in aerated or stagnant hydroponic conditions indicated that the oxygen limitation that is present in paddy fields and in stagnant rice culture solutions inhibits the Pi overaccumulation toxicity of PHR2-Oe plants by reducing their Pi uptake. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of Pi-starvation-induced (PSI) genes was induced by oxygen limitation in both wild-type and PHR2-Oe plants. The induction of PSI genes is the consequence of reducing the Pi concentration in stagnant plants. Thus, when evaluating the efficiency of Pi use in rice germplasm or transgenic materials under hydroponic conditions, the impact of the low oxygen condition that exists in waterlogged paddies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Abiko T, Obara M. Enhancement of porosity and aerenchyma formation in nitrogen-deficient rice roots. Plant Sci 2014; 215-216:76-83. [PMID: 24388517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root aerenchyma provides oxygen from plant shoots to roots. In upland crops, aerenchyma formation is induced mainly by oxygen or nutrient deficiency. Unlike upland crops, rice forms root aerenchyma constitutively and also inductively in response to oxygen deficiency. However, the effects of nitrogen deficiency on aerenchyma formation in rice remain unknown although nitrogen deficiency is common in most of the world's soils. We aimed to clarify the spatiotemporal patterns of aerenchyma formation induced in rice roots by nitrogen deficiency upon establishment of reliable growth conditions. Rice was grown hydroponically to evaluate porosity and aerenchyma formation induced by nitrogen and oxygen deficiency. Reliable growth conditions for nitrogen and oxygen deficiency were successfully established, because seedling root elongation was significantly promoted by nitrogen deficiency and inhibited by oxygen deficiency. Porosity was higher in whole roots grown under nitrogen and oxygen deficiency than in the controls. Root aerenchyma production was induced extensively by nitrogen deficiency but partially by oxygen deficiency. Thus the physiological roles of aerenchyma induced by nitrogen deficiency likely differ from those under oxygen deficiency. It indicates a possibility that inducible aerenchyma formation in nitrogen deficiency might promote adaptation to this deficiency by reducing respiration and remobilizing nitrogen, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Abiko
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Obara
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan.
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Abiko T, Kotula L, Shiono K, Malik AI, Colmer TD, Nakazono M. Enhanced formation of aerenchyma and induction of a barrier to radial oxygen loss in adventitious roots of Zea nicaraguensis contribute to its waterlogging tolerance as compared with maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:1618-30. [PMID: 22471697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of oxygen transport from shoot to root tip by the formation of aerenchyma and also a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) in roots is common in waterlogging-tolerant plants. Zea nicaraguensis (teosinte), a wild relative of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), grows in waterlogged soils. We investigated the formation of aerenchyma and ROL barrier induction in roots of Z. nicaraguensis, in comparison with roots of maize (inbred line Mi29), in a pot soil system and in hydroponics. Furthermore, depositions of suberin in the exodermis/hypodermis and lignin in the epidermis of adventitious roots of Z. nicaraguensis and maize grown in aerated or stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution were studied. Growth of maize was more adversely affected by low oxygen in the root zone (waterlogged soil or stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution) compared with Z. nicaraguensis. In stagnant deoxygenated solution, Z. nicaraguensis was superior to maize in transporting oxygen from shoot base to root tip due to formation of larger aerenchyma and a stronger barrier to ROL in adventitious roots. The relationships between the ROL barrier formation and suberin and lignin depositions in roots are discussed. The ROL barrier, in addition to aerenchyma, would contribute to the waterlogging tolerance of Z. nicaraguensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Abiko
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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Shiono K, Ogawa S, Yamazaki S, Isoda H, Fujimura T, Nakazono M, Colmer TD. Contrasting dynamics of radial O2-loss barrier induction and aerenchyma formation in rice roots of two lengths. Ann Bot 2011; 107:89-99. [PMID: 21097947 PMCID: PMC3002478 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many wetland species form aerenchyma and a barrier to radial O(2) loss (ROL) in roots. These features enhance internal O(2) diffusion to the root apex. Barrier formation in rice is induced by growth in stagnant solution, but knowledge of the dynamics of barrier induction and early anatomical changes was lacking. METHODS ROL barrier induction in short and long roots of rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Nipponbare') was assessed using cylindrical root-sleeving O(2) electrodes and methylene blue indicator dye for O(2) leakage. Aerenchyma formation was also monitored in root cross-sections. Microstructure of hypodermal/exodermal layers was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). KEY RESULTS In stagnant medium, barrier to ROL formation commenced in long adventitious roots within a few hours and the barrier was well formed within 24 h. By contrast, barrier formation took longer than 48 h in short roots. The timing of enhancement of aerenchyma formation was the same in short and long roots. Comparison of ROL data and subsequent methylene blue staining determined the apparent ROL threshold for the dye method, and the dye method confirmed that barrier induction was faster for long roots than for short roots. Barrier formation might be related to deposition of new electron-dense materials in the cell walls at the peripheral side of the exodermis. Histochemical staining indicated suberin depositions were enhanced prior to increases in lignin. CONCLUSIONS As root length affected formation of the barrier to ROL, but not aerenchyma, these two acclimations are differentially regulated in roots of rice. Moreover, ROL barrier induction occurred before histochemically detectable changes in putative suberin and lignin deposits could be seen, whereas TEM showed deposition of new electron-dense materials in exodermal cell walls, so structural changes required for barrier functioning appear to be more subtle than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- JSPS Research Fellow, 8 Ichibancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | | | - So Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Haase K, Rätsch G. The Morphology and Anatomy of Tree Roots and Their Aeration Strategies. In: Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Parolin P, editors. Amazonian Floodplain Forests. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011. pp. 141-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Faiyue B, Vijayalakshmi C, Nawaz S, Nagato Y, Taketa S, Ichii M, Al-Azzawi MJ, Flowers TJ. Studies on sodium bypass flow in lateral rootless mutants lrt1 and lrt2, and crown rootless mutant crl1 of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Environ 2010; 33:687-701. [PMID: 19930131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An apoplastic pathway, the so-called bypass flow, is important for Na+ uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under saline conditions; however, the precise site of entry is not yet known. We report the results of our test of the hypothesis that bypass flow of Na+ in rice occurs at the site where lateral roots emerge from the main roots. We investigated Na+ uptake and bypass flow in lateral rootless mutants (lrt1, lrt2), a crown rootless mutant (crl1), their wild types (Oochikara, Nipponbare and Taichung 65, respectively) and in seedlings of rice cv. IR36. The results showed that shoot Na+ concentration in lrt1, lrt2 and crl1 was lower (by 20-23%) than that of their wild types. In contrast, the bypass flow quantified using trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS) was significantly increased in the mutants, from an average of 1.1% in the wild types to 3.2% in the mutants. Similarly, bypass flow in shoots of IR36 where the number of lateral and crown roots had been reduced through physical and hormonal manipulations was dramatically increased (from 5.6 to 12.5%) as compared to the controls. The results suggest that the path of bypass flow in rice is not at the sites of lateral root emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bualuang Faiyue
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK.
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ZHAO F, WANG DY, XU CM, ZHANG WJ, LI FB, MAO HJ, ZHANG XF. Response of Morphological, Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Rice (<I>Oryza sativa</I> L.) to Different Oxygen-Increasing Patterns in Rhizosphere. A A S 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2010.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jackson MB. Ethylene-promoted elongation: an adaptation to submergence stress. Ann Bot 2008; 101:229-48. [PMID: 17956854 PMCID: PMC2711016 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sizeable minority of taxa is successful in areas prone to submergence. Many such plants elongate with increased vigour when underwater. This helps to restore contact with the aerial environment by shortening the duration of inundation. Poorly adapted species are usually incapable of this underwater escape. SCOPE Evidence implicating ethylene as the principal factor initiating fast underwater elongation by leaves or stems is evaluated comprehensively along with its interactions with other hormones and gases. These interactions make up a sequence of events that link the perception of submergence to a prompt acceleration of extension. The review encompasses whole plant physiology, cell biology and molecular genetics. It includes assessments of how submergence threatens plant life and of the extent to which the submergence escape demonstrably improves the likelihood of survival. CONCLUSIONS Experimental testing over many years establishes ethylene-promoted underwater extension as one of the most convincing examples of hormone-mediated stress adaptation by plants. The research has utilized a wide range of species that includes numerous angiosperms, a fern and a liverwort. It has also benefited from detailed physiological and molecular studies of underwater elongation by rice (Oryza sativa) and the marsh dock (Rumex palustris). Despite complexities and interactions, the work reveals that the signal transduction pathway is initiated by the simple expediency of physical entrapment of ethylene within growing cells by a covering of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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