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Samanta T, Jha TB, Ray S, Jha S. Comparative Cytogenetics and Fluorescent Chromosome Banding in Five Indian Species of Dipcadi Medik. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2534. [PMID: 37447096 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Dipcadi Medik. (Subfamily: Scilloideae) has a narrow distribution in India and several overlapping morphological traits make the genus taxonomically challenging at the species level. Cytogenetic characterization can provide additional taxonomic data and can be used to evaluate genetic diversity at the species level. We have accomplished comparative karyotype analysis and fluorescence banding patterns using 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Chromomycin A3 (CMA) in five Indian species for the first time. The karyotypes of D. concanense and D. goaense exhibited similar fluorochrome banding profiles. However, D. montanum, D. ursulae and D. erythraeum differ distinctly in their karyotypes. In all taxa, CMA+ve/DAPI-ve or DAPI0 (GC-rich) constitutive heterochromatin was located at the constriction region or terminal satellite of the nucleolar chromosome. DAPI+ve/CMA-ve or CMA0 (AT-rich) heterochromatin dominates in D. montanum, D. ursulae and D. erythraeum. However, D. erythraeum shows a distinct variation in fluorochrome banding pattern from all other species. The distribution of CMA and DAPI bands is a reflection of heterochromatin composition and variations acquired by different species. This characterization can be used to assess phylogenetic relationships in the understudied genus Dipcadi and may serve as a basis for other genomic analyses and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tundra Samanta
- Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Timir B Jha
- Department of Botany, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India
| | - Sudipta Ray
- Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Sumita Jha
- Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
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Llorent-Martínez EJ, Gordo-Moreno AI, Fernández-de Córdova ML, Salazar-Mendías C, Tercero-Araque A. Characterization of the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Cathissa reverchonii (Lange) Speta. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061979. [PMID: 35335340 PMCID: PMC8949354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathissa reverchonii (formerly Ornithogalum reverchonii) is a threatened species, constituting an endemism present in the south of Spain and northern Morocco. In Spain, it is only found in two disjoint populations in the region of Andalusia. The determination of its chemical composition and the influence that environmental factors have on it can contribute significantly to the development of appropriate protection and conservation plans. However, there are no previous reports about this species to date. Consequently, this research aimed to study the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of C. reverchonii and to assess the influence of environmental factors on the phenolic profile and bioactivity. The vegetal material was collected in seven places inhabited by the two separate populations in Spain. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts of the species was determined by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, and the antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the extracts of the aerial parts of C. reverchonii, revealing differences in the phytochemical profile between both populations analyzed, mainly in the saponin fraction. The main phenolics were flavone di-C-glucoside (lucenin-2), followed by a quercetin-di-C-glucoside. The composition of the extracts of C. reverchonii and their radical scavenging power were compared with those of other species of the genus Ornithogalum L., revealing significant differences between the latter and the genus Cathissa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.I.G.-M.); (M.L.F.-d.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana I. Gordo-Moreno
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.I.G.-M.); (M.L.F.-d.C.)
| | - María Luisa Fernández-de Córdova
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.I.G.-M.); (M.L.F.-d.C.)
| | - Carlos Salazar-Mendías
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (A.T.-A.)
| | - Amanda Tercero-Araque
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (A.T.-A.)
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Coyotee Howard C, Crowl AA, Harvey TS, Cellinese N. Peeling Back the Layers: First Phylogenomic Insights into the Ledebouriinae (Scilloideae, Asparagaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bogdanović S, Brullo S, Salmeri C. Loncomelos koprulense (Asparagaceae), a new species from southern Turkey. PHYTOKEYS 2021; 175:33-44. [PMID: 33814950 PMCID: PMC7997860 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.175.62037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new species, Loncomelos koprulense (Asparagaceae), is described and illustrated from southern Turkey. It is a very rare endemic species growing on small semi-rocky escarpments within the Köprülü Kanyon in the province of Antalya. Morphologically for its hairy leaves, L. koprulense shows some relationships with L. malatyanum and L. tardum, species localized in Anatolia too. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 2x = 22. Geographical distribution map for L. koprulense, L. malatyanum and L. tardum is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bogdanović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCentre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant BreedingZagrebCroatia
| | - Salvatore Brullo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via A. Longo 19, 95125 Catania, ItalyUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Cristina Salmeri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Palermo University, Via Archirafi 38, 90123 Palermo, ItalyPalermo UniversityPalermoItaly
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Radenković S, Veličković N, Ssymank A, Obreht Vidaković D, Djan M, Ståhls G, Veselić S, Vujić A. Close relatives of Mediterranean endemo-relict hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in South Africa: Morphological and molecular evidence in the Merodon melanocerus subgroup. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200805. [PMID: 30028840 PMCID: PMC6054422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing study of the genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) has revealed the existence of new species related to M. melanocerus Bezzi, 1915. The M. melanocerus subgroup belongs to the Afrotropical lineage of the M. desuturinus group. Revision of all available material from museums and detailed analyses of newly -collected specimens from our own expeditions to RSA resulted in delimitation of five species: M. capensis Hurkmans sp. n., M. commutabilis Radenković et Vujić sp. n., M. drakonis Vujić et Radenković sp. n., M. flavocerus Hurkmans sp. n. and M. melanocerus. In addition to classical morphological characters, sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene are provided for four related taxa. Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses supports monophyly of the M. desuturinus group and confirmed delimitation between species. Links between Palaearctic and Afrotropical faunas of this group, as well as possible evolutionary paths, are discussed. Based on phylogenetic analyses, four lineages (putative subgenera) have been recognized within the genus Merodon; besides the three previously established ones, albifrons+desuturinus, aureus (sensu lato) and avidus-nigritarsis, one new lineage named natans is distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Radenković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nevena Veličković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | - Mihajla Djan
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gunilla Ståhls
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanja Veselić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ante Vujić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Vandelook F, Newton RJ, Carta A. Photophobia in Lilioid monocots: photoinhibition of seed germination explained by seed traits, habitat adaptation and phylogenetic inertia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:405-413. [PMID: 29293885 PMCID: PMC5838840 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Photoinhibition of seed germination, known to occur notably in species growing in dry and hot habitats, is considered an adaptation to avoid germination at the soil surface after unpredictable rainfall events during the dry season. Hence, the association of this ecophysiological response with plant life histories and the natural environment was investigated in Lilioid monocots, a group of plants where photoinhibition has been pre-eminently observed. Methods A data set including germination in light and darkness of about 150 monocots was compiled. Habitat preference, local climate conditions, seed traits and temperature conditions used during germination experiments were retrieved. Factors driving the evolution of photoinhibition were analysed within a phylogenetic framework. Key Results Significant phylogenetic signal was found in germination response (λ between 0.76 and 0.80) and photoinhibition (D = 0.406). Photoinhibition was mainly related to plant traits, namely seed coat colour, seed mass and plant height. A relationship with habitat light and moisture was also evident, but the association with climate as well as temperature conditions during incubation was rather poor. Conclusions Whilst photoinhibition is prevalent in open habitats, the relationship with habitat moisture conditions and hot and dry climate is weak. Indeed, photoinhibition is also commonly observed in temperate and alpine climate geophytes growing in habitats that are much less susceptible to drought. Hence, phylogenetic inertia, probably mediated by seed morphological traits such as seed coat colour, may explain why temperate climate species have retained photoinhibition inherited from their Mediterranean ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary J Newton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - Angelino Carta
- Department of Biology, Unit of Botany, University of Pisa, Via Derna, Pisa, Italy
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Gale SW, Duangjai S, Li J, Ito Y, Watthana S, Termwutthipreecha P, Cheuk ML, Suddee S. Integrative analyses of Nervilia (Orchidaceae) section Linervia reveal further undescribed cryptic diversity in Thailand. SYST BIODIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1415233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W. Gale
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Sutee Duangjai
- Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jihong Li
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Ito
- Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation Group, Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Santi Watthana
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Phatsara Termwutthipreecha
- Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mang Lung Cheuk
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Somran Suddee
- Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Lipsky A, Cohen A, Ion A, Yedidia I. Genetic transformation of Ornithogalum via particle bombardment and generation of Pectobacterium carotovorum-resistant plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:150-158. [PMID: 25438795 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is one of the most devastating diseases of Ornithogalum species. No effective control measures are currently available to use against this pathogen; thus, introduction of resistant genes via genetic transformation into this crop is a promising approach. Tachyplesin I, an antimicrobial peptide, has been shown to effectively control numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Pcc. In this study, liquid-grown cell clusters of Ornithogalum dubium and Ornithogalum thyrsoides were bombarded with a pCAMBIA2301 vector containing a celI leader sequence fused to a gene encoding tachyplesin I, a neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene that served as a selectable marker and a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene that served as a reporter. Selection was carried out in the dark in liquid medium containing 80mg/L kanamycin. Regeneration was executed in the light after 6-14 months depending on the cultivar. Hundreds of transgenic plantlets were produced and their identity was confirmed through GUS activity assays. PCR and RT-PCR were used to confirm the presence of the target, reporter and selection genes in the divergent lines of plantlets. The resistance of the O. dubium plants to Pcc was evaluated in vitro, following infection with a highly virulent isolate from calla lily. Although control plantlets were completely macerated within a week, 87 putative transgenic subclones displayed varying levels of disease resistance. During three growing seasons in the greenhouse, the transgenic O. dubium lines grew poorly, whereas the transgenic O. thyrsoides plants grew similarly to non-transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lipsky
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Avner Cohen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Aurel Ion
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Mavrodiev EV, Martínez-Azorín M, Dranishnikov P, Crespo MB. At least 23 genera instead of one: the case of Iris L. s.l. (Iridaceae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106459. [PMID: 25170935 PMCID: PMC4149580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iris L. s.l. is one of the most diverse and well-known genera in the Asparagales, with approximately 250-300 circumscribed species and significant economic impact. The taxonomy of the genus has suffered dramatic changes in the last century, particularly in the last decades after the application of molecular techniques. As a result several contrasting systematic arrangements are currently available to taxonomists. Many genera that were split from Iris s.str. in the past, on the basis of morphology (e.g., Hermodactylus, Iridodictyum, Juno, Pardanthopsis, and Xiphion, among others), are now a priori re-included in a very widely circumscribed Iris s.l. (incl. Belamcanda). This resulted in a more heterogeneous genus that is more difficult to define on morphological grounds. Testing congruence between taxonomic treatments and the results of recent molecular studies of Iris has never been performed, mostly due to the lack of proper taxonomic context. RESULTS We generated several conventional phylogenies for Iris & outgroups using extensive sampling of taxa (187) and characters (10 plastid loci). We demonstrate that the natural history of Iris, written either as conventional molecular phylogenies or, if viewing in the context of the comparative approach, as a nested most parsimonious hierarchy of patterns, appear to be fully congruent with the narrow taxonomical treatment of the genus, restricted to the rhizomatous "bearded" taxa. The resulting topologies place Belamcanda, Pardanthopsis, and Gattenhofia as sisters to Iris s.str. and genus Siphonostylis as sister to Iris s.l. CONCLUSION The present study clearly justifies the splitting of Iris s.l. into at least 23 genera, 18 of which have already been accepted in the past by numerous authorities. These genera are characterized by unique combinations of partly overlapping morphological characters and biogeography. Moreover, nearly the same entities, which we here recognize at a generic rank, were for centuries frequently referred to by horticulturists as "working-name" groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V. Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mario Martínez-Azorín
- Institute of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
- CIBIO (Institute of Biodiversity), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Manuel B. Crespo
- CIBIO (Institute of Biodiversity), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Takamiya T, Wongsawad P, Sathapattayanon A, Tajima N, Suzuki S, Kitamura S, Shioda N, Handa T, Kitanaka S, Iijima H, Yukawa T. Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of morphologically diverse groups, Dendrobium section Dendrobium and allies. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu045. [PMID: 25107672 PMCID: PMC4172198 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is always difficult to construct coherent classification systems for plant lineages having diverse morphological characters. The genus Dendrobium, one of the largest genera in the Orchidaceae, includes ∼1100 species, and enormous morphological diversification has hindered the establishment of consistent classification systems covering all major groups of this genus. Given the particular importance of species in Dendrobium section Dendrobium and allied groups as floriculture and crude drug genetic resources, there is an urgent need to establish a stable classification system. To clarify phylogenetic relationships in Dendrobium section Dendrobium and allied groups, we analysed the macromolecular characters of the group. Phylogenetic analyses of 210 taxa of Dendrobium were conducted on DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA and the maturase-coding gene (matK) located in an intron of the plastid gene trnK using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The parsimony and Bayesian analyses revealed 13 distinct clades in the group comprising section Dendrobium and its allied groups. Results also showed paraphyly or polyphyly of sections Amblyanthus, Aporum, Breviflores, Calcarifera, Crumenata, Dendrobium, Densiflora, Distichophyllae, Dolichocentrum, Holochrysa, Oxyglossum and Pedilonum. On the other hand, the monophyly of section Stachyobium was well supported. It was found that many of the morphological characters that have been believed to reflect phylogenetic relationships are, in fact, the result of convergence. As such, many of the sections that have been recognized up to this point were found to not be monophyletic, so recircumscription of sections is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takamiya
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Pheravut Wongsawad
- Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Natsuko Tajima
- Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Saki Kitamura
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Shioda
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Handa
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iijima
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
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Ali SS, Pfosser M, Wetschnig W, Martínez-Azorín M, Crespo MB, Yu Y. Out of Africa: Miocene dispersal, vicariance, and extinction within Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:950-964. [PMID: 23675765 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Disjunct distribution patterns in plant lineages are usually explained according to three hypotheses: vicariance, geodispersal, and long-distance dispersal. The role of these hypotheses is tested in Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae), a subfamily disjunctly distributed in Africa, Madagascar, India, and the Mediterranean region. The potential ancestral range, dispersal routes, and factors responsible for the current distribution in Urgineoideae are investigated using divergence time estimations. Urgineoideae originated in Southern Africa approximately 48.9 Mya. Two independent dispersal events in the Western Mediterranean region possibly occurred during Early Oligocene and Miocene (29.9-8.5 Mya) via Eastern and Northwestern Africa. A dispersal from Northwestern Africa to India could have occurred between 16.3 and 7.6 Mya. Vicariance and extinction events occurred approximately 21.6 Mya. Colonization of Madagascar occurred between 30.6 and 16.6 Mya, after a single transoceanic dispersal event from Southern Africa. The current disjunct distributions of Urgineoideae are not satisfactorily explained by Gondwana fragmentation or dispersal via boreotropical forests, due to the younger divergence time estimates. The flattened winged seeds of Urgineoideae could have played an important role in long-distance dispersal by strong winds and big storms, whereas geodispersal could have also occurred from Southern Africa to Asia and the Mediterranean region via the so-called arid and high-altitude corridors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shujait Ali
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, A-8010, Austria; Biocenter Linz, Linz, A-4040, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan
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Mulholland DA, Schwikkard SL, Crouch NR. The chemistry and biological activity of the Hyacinthaceae. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1165-210. [PMID: 23892453 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hyacinthaceae (sensu APGII), with approximately 900 species in about 70 genera, can be divided into three main subfamilies, the Hyacinthoideae, the Urgineoideae and the Ornithogaloideae, with a small fourth subfamily the Oziroëoideae, restricted to South America. The plants included in this family have long been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of medicinal applications. This, together with some significant toxicity to livestock has led to the chemical composition of many of the species being investigated. The compounds found are, for the most part, subfamily-restricted, with homoisoflavanones and spirocyclic nortriterpenoids characterising the Hyacinthoideae, bufadienolides characterising the Urgineoideae, and cardenolides and steroidal glycosides characterising the Ornithogaloideae. The phytochemical profiles of 38 genera of the Hyacinthaceae will be discussed as well as any biological activity associated with both crude extracts and compounds isolated. The Hyacinthaceae of southern Africa were last reviewed in 2000 (T. S. Pohl, N. R. Crouch and D. A. Mulholland, Curr. Org. Chem., 2000, 4, 1287-1324; ref. 1); the current contribution considers the family at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcie A Mulholland
- Natural Products Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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von Staden L, Raimondo D, Dayaram A. Taxonomic research priorities for the conservation of the South African flora. S AFR J SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/sajs.2013/1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Johnson SD, Jürgens A, Kuhlmann M. Pollination function transferred: modified tepals of Albuca (Hyacinthaceae) serve as secondary stigmas. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:565-572. [PMID: 22652419 PMCID: PMC3400444 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stigma, a structure which serves as a site for pollen receipt and germination, has been assumed to have evolved once, as a modification of carpels, in early angiosperms. Here it is shown that a functional stigma has evolved secondarily from modified tepals in some Albuca species (Hyacinthaceae). METHODS Deposition of pollen on Albuca floral organs by bees was recorded. Pollen germination and fruit set was measured in flowers that had pollen deposited solely on their tepals or had their tepal tips experimentally isolated or removed after pollination. KEY RESULTS Leafcutter bees deposit pollen onto the papillate apices of the inner tepals of Albuca flowers. Pollen germinates in tepal-derived fluid secreted 2 or 3 d after anthesis and pollen tubes subsequently penetrate the style during flower wilting. Application of cross-pollen to the inner tepal apices of A. setosa flowers led to high fruit set. No fruits were produced in pollinated flowers in which the inner tepals were mechanically isolated or removed. CONCLUSIONS Pollen capture by tepals in the Albuca clade probably evolved in response to selection for floral morphology that maximizes the accuracy of pollen transfer. These findings show how pollination function can be transferred among floral organs, and shed light on how the original angiosperm stigma developed from sporophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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Blanco-Pastor JL, Vargas P, Pfeil BE. Coalescent simulations reveal hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in Mediterranean Linaria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39089. [PMID: 22768061 PMCID: PMC3387178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the phylogenetic history of Linaria with special emphasis on the Mediterranean sect. Supinae (44 species). We revealed extensive highly supported incongruence among two nuclear (ITS, AGT1) and two plastid regions (rpl32-trnLUAG, trnS-trnG). Coalescent simulations, a hybrid detection test and species tree inference in *BEAST revealed that incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may both be responsible for the incongruent pattern observed. Additionally, we present a multilabelled *BEAST species tree as an alternative approach that allows the possibility of observing multiple placements in the species tree for the same taxa. That permitted the incorporation of processes such as hybridization within the tree while not violating the assumptions of the *BEAST model. This methodology is presented as a functional tool to disclose the evolutionary history of species complexes that have experienced both hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. The drastic climatic events that have occurred in the Mediterranean since the late Miocene, including the Quaternary-type climatic oscillations, may have made both processes highly recurrent in the Mediterranean flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Blanco-Pastor
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Buerki S, Jose S, Yadav SR, Goldblatt P, Manning JC, Forest F. Contrasting biogeographic and diversification patterns in two Mediterranean-type ecosystems. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39377. [PMID: 22745743 PMCID: PMC3379972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The five Mediterranean regions of the world comprise almost 50,000 plant species (ca 20% of the known vascular plants) despite accounting for less than 5% of the world's land surface. The ecology and evolutionary history of two of these regions, the Cape Floristic Region and the Mediterranean Basin, have been extensively investigated, but there have been few studies aimed at understanding the historical relationships between them. Here, we examine the biogeographic and diversification processes that shaped the evolution of plant diversity in the Cape and the Mediterranean Basin using a large plastid data set for the geophyte family Hyacinthaceae (comprising ca. 25% of the total diversity of the group), a group found mainly throughout Africa and Eurasia. Hyacinthaceae is a predominant group in the Cape and the Mediterranean Basin both in terms of number of species and their morphological and ecological variability. Using state-of-the-art methods in biogeography and diversification, we found that the Old World members of the family originated in sub-Saharan Africa at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and that the two Mediterranean regions both have high diversification rates, but contrasting biogeographic histories. While the Cape diversity has been greatly influenced by its relationship with sub-Saharan Africa throughout the history of the family, the Mediterranean Basin had no connection with the latter after the onset of the Mediterranean climate in the region and the aridification of the Sahara. The Mediterranean Basin subsequently contributed significantly to the diversity of neighbouring areas, especially Northern Europe and the Middle East, whereas the Cape can be seen as a biogeographical cul-de-sac, with only a few dispersals toward sub-Saharan Africa. The understanding of the evolutionary history of these two important repositories of biodiversity would benefit from the application of the framework developed here to other groups of plants present in the two regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Buerki
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jose
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Goldblatt
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Manning
- Compton Herbarium, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa
| | - Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Ali SS, Yu Y, Pfosser M, Wetschnig W. Inferences of biogeographical histories within subfamily Hyacinthoideae using S-DIVA and Bayesian binary MCMC analysis implemented in RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:95-107. [PMID: 22039008 PMCID: PMC3241591 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Subfamily Hyacinthoideae (Hyacinthaceae) comprises more than 400 species. Members are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, India, eastern Asia, the Mediterranean region and Eurasia. Hyacinthoideae, like many other plant lineages, show disjunct distribution patterns. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Hyacinthoideae based on phylogenetic analyses, to find the possible ancestral range of Hyacinthoideae and to identify factors responsible for the current disjunct distribution pattern. METHODS Parsimony and Bayesian approaches were applied to obtain phylogenetic trees, based on sequences of the trnL-F region. Biogeographical inferences were obtained by applying statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis (S-DIVA) and Bayesian binary MCMC (BBM) analysis implemented in RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies). KEY RESULTS S-DIVA and BBM analyses suggest that the Hyacinthoideae clade seem to have originated in sub-Saharan Africa. Dispersal and vicariance played vital roles in creating the disjunct distribution pattern. Results also suggest an early dispersal to the Mediterranean region, and thus the northward route (from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean) of dispersal is plausible for members of subfamily Hyacinthoideae. CONCLUSIONS Biogeographical analyses reveal that subfamily Hyacinthoideae has originated in sub-Saharan Africa. S-DIVA indicates an early dispersal event to the Mediterranean region followed by a vicariance event, which resulted in Hyacintheae and Massonieae tribes. By contrast, BBM analysis favours dispersal to the Mediterranean region, eastern Asia and Europe. Biogeographical analysis suggests that sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean region have played vital roles as centres of diversification and radiation within subfamily Hyacinthoideae. In this bimodal distribution pattern, sub-Saharan Africa is the primary centre of diversity and the Mediterranean region is the secondary centre of diversity. Sub-Saharan Africa was the source area for radiation toward Madagascar, the Mediterranean region and India. Radiations occurred from the Mediterranean region to eastern Asia, Europe, western Asia and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shujait Ali
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Biocenter Linz, J.-W.-Klein-Str. 73, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Martin Pfosser
- Biocenter Linz, J.-W.-Klein-Str. 73, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wetschnig
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Martínez-Azorín M, Crespo MB, Dold AP, Barker NP. The identity of Albuca caudata Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae) and a description of a new related species: A. bakeri. PHYTOKEYS 2011; 5:5-19. [PMID: 22171189 PMCID: PMC3174447 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.5.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The name Albuca caudata Jacq. has been widely misunderstood or even ignored since its description in 1791. After studying herbarium specimens and living populations in South Africa, plants fitting Jacquin´s concept of that species are found to be widely distributed in the Eastern Cape, mainly in the Albany centre of Endemism. Furthermore, some divergent specimens matching Baker´s concept of Albuca caudata are described as a new related species: Albuca bakeri. Data on typification, morphology, ecology, and distribution are reported for both taxa. Affinities and divergences with other close allies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez-Azorín
- CIBIO (Instituto Universitario de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Manuel B. Crespo
- CIBIO (Instituto Universitario de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Anthony P. Dold
- Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Nigel P. Barker
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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