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Ke Y, Zhang YB, Zhang FP, Yang D, Wang Q, Peng XR, Huang XY, Sher J, Zhang JL. Monocots and eudicots have more conservative flower water use strategies than basal angiosperms. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:621-632. [PMID: 38477557 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Water balance is crucial for the growth and flowering of plants. However, the mechanisms by which flowers maintain water balance are poorly understood across different angiosperm branches. Here, we investigated 29 floral hydraulic and economic traits in 24 species from ANA grade, magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots. Our main objective was to compare differences in flower water use strategies between basal angiosperms (ANA grade and magnoliids) and derived group (monocots and eudicots). We found that basal angiosperms had richer petal stomatal density, higher pedicel hydraulic diameter, and flower mass per area, but lower pedicel vessel wall reinforcement and epidermal cell thickness compared to monocots and eudicots. We also observed significant trade-offs and coordination among different floral traits. Floral traits associated with reproduction, such as floral longevity and size, were strongly linked with physiological and anatomical traits. Our results systematically reveal the variation in flower economic and hydraulic traits from different angiosperm branches, deepening understanding of flower water use strategies among these plant taxa. We conclude that basal angiosperms maintain water balance with high water supply, whereas monocots and eudicots maintain a more conservative water balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y-B Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - F-P Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X-R Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - X-Y Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - J Sher
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - J-L Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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Nepal S, Trunschke J, Ren ZX, Burgess KS, Wang H. Flowering phenology differs among wet and dry sub-alpine meadows in southwestern China. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae002. [PMID: 38298756 PMCID: PMC10829081 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The effect of floral traits, floral rewards and plant water availability on plant-pollinator interactions are well-documented; however, empirical evidence of their impact on flowering phenology in high-elevation meadows remains scarce. In this study, we assessed three levels of flowering phenology, i.e. population-, individual- and flower-level (floral longevity), in two nearby but contrasting (wet versus dry) sub-alpine meadows on Yulong Snow Mountain, southwestern China. We also measured a series of floral traits (pollen number, ovule number, and the ratio of pollen to ovule number per flower, i.e. pollen:ovule ratio [P/O]) and floral rewards (nectar availability and pollen presentation) as plausible additional sources of variation for each phenological level. Floral longevity in the wet meadow was significantly longer than that for the dry meadow, whereas population- and individual-flowering duration were significantly shorter. Our results showed a significant positive relationship between flowering phenology with pollen number and P/O per flower; there was no relationship with ovule number per flower. Further, we found a significant effect of flowering phenology on nectar availability and pollen presentation. Our findings suggest that shorter floral longevity in dry habitats compared to wet might be due to water-dependent maintenance costs of flowers, where the population- and individual-level flowering phenology may be less affected by habitats. Our study shows how different levels of flowering phenology underscore the plausible effects of contrasting habitats on reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristhi Nepal
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Judith Trunschke
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str., 479106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA 31901, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
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3
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Zhao X, Yang G, Hou Q, Min W, Wang T, Bao X. Effects of continuous variation in vertical and lateral herkogamy on reproductive success in Euphorbia fischeriana (Euphorbiaceae). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9836. [PMID: 36818532 PMCID: PMC9929625 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous variation in herkogamy has been well reported, however, less attention has been paid to the phenomena that the consecutive expression of two types of herkogamy in the same flower. Euphorbia fischeriana, which have both vertical and lateral herkogamy, show vertical herkogamy during the female phase. However, their gynophores bend to one side with the male phase and show lateral herkogamy. In this study, we observed the effect of successive sexual organs movement on variation in herkogamy traits. By artificially manipulating the flower to present gynophore straightened in the floral center or bend to one side, we attempted to investigate whether herkogamy movement affects pollinator access efficiency, pollen removal and deposition, and seed set ratio. Furthermore, we conducted artificial pollination in the female phase to evaluate the effect of changes in pollination environment on the variations in herkogamy traits. The results showed that gynophore straightened in female phase favors pollen deposition, whereas gynophore bending in male phase was conducive to the removal of pollen. Visitation frequency, pollen deposition and removal, and seed set ratio decreased significantly when the gynophore movement was manipulated. Finally, the bending of gynophore was obviously promoted by pollination. Therefore, the continuous variation of herkogamy in the same flower of E. fischeriana caused by the bending of the gynophore could improve the accuracy of pollination and avoid the interference of the ovary with access efficiency. That may be an adaptive strategy when pollinators are scarce. Furthermore, our study also provides good support for the hypothesis that variations in herkogamy traits are strongly selected by differences in pollination environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Qinzheng Hou
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Wenrui Min
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Taihong Wang
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyan Bao
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
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Li JW, Zhou Y, Zhang ZB, Cui XQ, Li HY, Ou MJ, Cao KF, Zhang SB. Complementary water and nutrient utilization of perianth structural units help maintain long floral lifespan in Dendrobium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1123-1139. [PMID: 36462194 PMCID: PMC9899416 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most orchids have high ornamental value with long-lived flowers. However, the mechanisms by which orchids maintain floral longevity are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that floral longevity in Dendrobium is maintained by high resource investment and complementary water and nutrient utilization in different structural units of the perianth. To test this hypothesis, we determined which water- and nutrient-related traits are correlated with flower longevity in 23 Dendrobium species or cultivars, and examined variations of the related traits during flower development of one long-lived cultivar. We found that floral longevity was correlated with dry mass per unit area of perianths and total flower biomass, which indicates that maintaining floral longevity requires increased resource investment. During development of long-lived flowers, labella showed a high capacity for water storage and nutrient reutilization, which could partly remedy high water demand and biomass investment. Sepals and petals, in contrast, had stronger desiccation avoidance and higher metabolic activity with lower biomass investment. These findings indicate that Dendrobium flowers maintain longevity by complementary water and nutrient utilization strategies in the sepals, petals and labella, with labella consuming more water and nutrients to extend flower display, and sepals and petals using a more conservative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Cui
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Mei-Jing Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
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5
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Li JW, Zhou Y, Zhang ZB, Cui XQ, Li HY, Ou MJ, Cao KF, Zhang SB. Complementary water and nutrient utilization of perianth structural units help maintain long floral lifespan in Dendrobium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1123-1139. [PMID: 36462194 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s4mw6m99f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most orchids have high ornamental value with long-lived flowers. However, the mechanisms by which orchids maintain floral longevity are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that floral longevity in Dendrobium is maintained by high resource investment and complementary water and nutrient utilization in different structural units of the perianth. To test this hypothesis, we determined which water- and nutrient-related traits are correlated with flower longevity in 23 Dendrobium species or cultivars, and examined variations of the related traits during flower development of one long-lived cultivar. We found that floral longevity was correlated with dry mass per unit area of perianths and total flower biomass, which indicates that maintaining floral longevity requires increased resource investment. During development of long-lived flowers, labella showed a high capacity for water storage and nutrient reutilization, which could partly remedy high water demand and biomass investment. Sepals and petals, in contrast, had stronger desiccation avoidance and higher metabolic activity with lower biomass investment. These findings indicate that Dendrobium flowers maintain longevity by complementary water and nutrient utilization strategies in the sepals, petals and labella, with labella consuming more water and nutrients to extend flower display, and sepals and petals using a more conservative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Cui
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Mei-Jing Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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6
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Martínez-Harms J, Guerrero PC, Martínez-Harms MJ, Poblete N, González K, Stavenga DG, Vorobyev M. Mechanisms of flower coloring and eco-evolutionary implications of massive blooming events in the Atacama Desert. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.957318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth, holds a rich biodiversity that becomes most appreciable in years when unusual rainfall accumulation triggers a phenomenon of explosive development of ephemeral herbaceous and woody desert species known as “desierto florido” or “blooming desert.” Despite the scientific importance of this unique phenomenon only few studies have addressed the mechanisms of flower phenotypic divergence under the fluctuating environment provided by this recurrent event. We investigated the mechanisms of floral color diversity in Cistanthe longiscapa (Montiaceae), a dominant species across the ephemeral blooming landscape of Atacama Desert. Our analyses show that the variation in colors of C. longiscapa flowers result from petals containing betalain pigments with different absorption spectra. The different pigment composition of petals causes flower color differences in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum. Through color vision models we show that C. longiscapa flowers are highly polymorphic in their color appearance for insect pollinators. Our results highlight the variable nature in flower color of C. longiscapa varieties blooming simultaneously in a geographical restricted area. Given the importance of color in attracting floral visitors, the observed color variability could contribute to increased cross pollination in extreme desert conditions, while accounting for complex and fluctuating histories of plant-pollinator interactions.
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Song B, Sun L, Barrett SCH, Moles AT, Luo YH, Armbruster WS, Gao YQ, Zhang S, Zhang ZQ, Sun H. Global analysis of floral longevity reveals latitudinal gradients and biotic and abiotic correlates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2054-2065. [PMID: 35611604 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The length of time a flower remains open and functional - floral longevity - governs important reproductive processes influencing pollination and mating and varies considerably among angiosperm species. However, little is known about large-scale biogeographic patterns and the correlates of floral longevity. Using published data on floral longevity from 818 angiosperm species in 134 families and 472 locations world-wide, we present the first global quantification of the latitudinal pattern of floral longevity and the relationships between floral longevity and a range of biotic and abiotic factors. Floral longevity exhibited a significant phylogenetic signal and was longer at higher latitudes in both northern and southern hemispheres, even after accounting for elevation. This latitudinal variation was associated with several biotic and abiotic variables. The mean temperature of the flowering season had the highest predictive power for floral longevity, followed by pollen number per flower. Surprisingly, compatibility status, flower size, pollination mode, and growth form had no significant effects on flower longevity. Our results suggest that physiological processes associated with floral maintenance play a key role in explaining latitudinal variation in floral longevity across global ecosystems, with potential implications for floral longevity under global climate change and species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ya-Huang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Yong-Qian Gao
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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8
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Du Y, Luo S, Zhao J, Feng Z, Chen X, Ren W, Liu X, Wang Z, Yu L, Li W, Qu Y, Liu J, Zhou L. Genome and transcriptome-based characterization of high energy carbon-ion beam irradiation induced delayed flower senescence mutant in Lotus japonicus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:510. [PMID: 34732128 PMCID: PMC8564971 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower longevity is closely related to pollen dispersal and reproductive success in all plants, as well as the commercial value of ornamental plants. Mutants that display variation in flower longevity are useful tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying this trait. Heavy-ion beam irradiation has great potential to improve flower shapes and colors; however, few studies are available on the mutation of flower senescence in leguminous plants. RESULTS A mutant (C416) exhibiting blossom duration eight times longer than that of the wild type (WT) was isolated in Lotus japonicus derived from carbon ion beam irradiation. Genetic assays supported that the delayed flower senescence of C416 was a dominant trait controlled by a single gene, which was located between 4,616,611 Mb and 5,331,876 Mb on chromosome III. By using a sorting strategy of multi-sample parallel genome sequencing, candidate genes were narrowed to the gene CUFF.40834, which exhibited high identity to ethylene receptor 1 in other model plants. A physiological assay demonstrated that C416 was insensitive to ethylene precursor. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of phytohormone regulatory network in petals at different developmental stages was compared by using RNA-seq. In brief, the ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways were negatively regulated in C416, whereas the brassinosteroid (BR) and cytokinin signaling pathways were positively regulated, and auxin exhibited dual effects on flower senescence in Lotus japonicus. The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is positively regulated in C416. CONCLUSION So far, C416 might be the first reported mutant carrying a mutation in an endogenous ethylene-related gene in Lotus japonicus, rather than through the introduction of exogenous genes by transgenic techniques. A schematic of the flower senescence of Lotus japonicus from the perspective of the phytohormone regulatory network was provided based on transcriptome profiling of petals at different developmental stages. This study is informative for elucidating the molecular mechanism of delayed flower senescence in C416, and lays a foundation for candidate flower senescence gene identification in Lotus japonicus. It also provides another perspective for the improvement of flower longevity in legume plants by heavy-ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwei Luo
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ren
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanzi Wang
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China.
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Xu K, Servedio MR. The evolution of flower longevity in unpredictable pollination environments. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1781-1792. [PMID: 34536252 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pollination requires a flower to remain open for long enough to allow for the arrival of pollinators. However, maintaining flowers costs energy and resources. Therefore, flower longevity, the length of time a flower remains viable, is critical for the outcome of plant reproduction. Although previous studies showed that the evolution of flower longevity depends on the rates of pollen deposition and removal, whether plants should increase or decrease flower life span when the pollination environment is unpredictable has not been explored. Moreover, the common hypothesis that an unpredictable pollination environment should select for increased flower longevity may be too simplistic since there is no distinction drawn between the effects of spatial and temporal variation. Adopting evolutionary game theory, we investigate the evolution of flower longevity under three types of variation: spatial heterogeneity, daily fluctuations within a flowering season and yearly fluctuations between flowering seasons. We find that spatial heterogeneity often selects for a shorter flower lifespan, while temporal fluctuations of fitness accrual rates at both daily and yearly time scales tends to favour greater longevity, although daily and yearly fluctuations have somewhat different effects. However, the presence of correlation between female and male fitness accrual rates seems to have no effect on flower longevity. Our work suggests that explicit measurements of spatial and temporal variation in both female and male functions may provide a better understanding of the evolution of flower longevity and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangyi Xu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Frazee LJ, Rifkin J, Maheepala DC, Grant AG, Wright S, Kalisz S, Litt A, Spigler R. New genomic resources and comparative analyses reveal differences in floral gene expression in selfing and outcrossing Collinsia sister species. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab177. [PMID: 34014319 PMCID: PMC8496223 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from outcross- to self-fertilization is one of the most common in angiosperms and is often associated with a parallel shift in floral morphological and developmental traits, such as reduced flower size and pollen to ovule ratios, known as the "selfing syndrome." How these convergent phenotypes arise, the extent to which they are shaped by selection, and the nature of their underlying genetic basis are unsettled questions in evolutionary biology. The genus Collinsia (Plantaginaceae) includes seven independent transitions from outcrossing or mixed mating to high selfing rates accompanied by selfing syndrome traits. Accordingly, Collinsia represents an ideal system for investigating this parallelism, but requires genomic resource development. We present a high quality de novo genome assembly for the highly selfing species Collinsia rattanii. To begin addressing the basis of selfing syndrome developmental shifts, we evaluate and contrast patterns of gene expression from floral transcriptomes across three stages of bud development for C. rattanii and its outcrossing sister species Collinsia linearis. Relative to C. linearis, total gene expression is less variable among individuals and bud stages in C. rattanii. In addition, there is a common pattern among differentially expressed genes: lower expression levels that are more constant across bud development in C. rattanii relative to C. linearis. Transcriptional regulation of enzymes involved in pollen formation specifically in early bud development may influence floral traits that distinguish selfing and outcrossing Collinsia species through pleiotropic functions. Future work will include additional Collinsia outcrossing-selfing species pairs to identify genomic signatures of parallel evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Frazee
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Joanna Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Dinusha C Maheepala
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alannie-Grace Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Stephen Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amy Litt
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rachel Spigler
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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11
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Zhang FP, Feng JQ, Huang JL, Huang W, Fu XW, Hu H, Zhang SB. Floral Longevity of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium Is Associated With Floral Morphology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637236. [PMID: 34135917 PMCID: PMC8200665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Floral longevity (FL) is an important trait influencing plant reproductive success by affecting the chance of insect pollination. However, it is still unclear which factors affect FL, and whether FL is evolutionarily associated with structural traits. Since construction costs and water loss by transpiration play a role in leaf longevity, we speculated that floral structures may affect the maintenance and loss of water in flowers and, therefore, FL. Here, we investigated the slipper orchid Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, which are closely related, but strongly differ in their FL. To understand the evolutionary association of floral anatomical traits with FL, we used a phylogenetic independent comparative method to examine the relationships between 30 floral anatomical traits and FL in 18 species of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium. Compared with Paphiopedilum species, Cypripedium species have lower values for floral traits related to drought tolerance and water retention capacity. Long FL was basically accompanied by the thicker epidermal and endodermal tissues of the floral stem, the thicker adaxial and abaxial epidermis of the flower, and low floral vein and stomatal densities. Vein density of the dorsal sepals and synsepals was negatively correlated with stomatal density. Our results supported the hypothesis that there was a correlation between FL and floral anatomical traits in slipper orchids. The ability to retain water in the flowers was associated with FL. These findings provide a new insight into the evolutionary association of floral traits with transpirational water loss for orchids under natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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12
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A half-day flowering pattern helps plants sharing pollinators in an oceanic island community. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe temporal pattern of flower opening and closure is a feature of the biology of many plant species, particularly those inhabiting oceanic islands where flowering generally lasts for only a few hours per day. Additionally, flower visitors often seek different floral sources on a timely basis, thus the relative timing of interactions is central to their status in pollination competition, or in the facilitation of pollination among co-flowering plants sharing pollinators. However, few studies have examined the impacts of daily temporal variation in flowering patterns on the pollinator network and competition on a community scale. In order to examine whether the daily pattern of flower opening and closure can impose temporal dynamics on interspecific interactions within a single day, plant–pollinator interaction networks (AM subweb and PM subweb) were quantified, and the relevant interactions between the two subwebs were compared using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of visitation frequencies in an oceanic island community (Paracel Islands, South China Sea). The role of species within networks and its variation between two subwebs were assessed by calculating the species-level specialization and species strength of each plant and pollinator species. The quantitative plant–pollinator interaction dissimilarity between morning and afternoon subsets was 0.69, and this value dropped to 0.58 when considering plant species flowering throughout the day. In our study, this dissimilarity between the two subwebs might be explained by the morning peak activity rather than a preference for morning flowers. No significant differences were detected in the species-level specialization and species strength of plants flowering all day from morning to afternoon at the community level. The flower visitation rates of native honeybee Apis cerana were not significantly different between morning and afternoon for most of the whole-day flowering plants. However, plant species only flowering either in the morning or the afternoon differed in the rate of visitation by A. cerana. The analyses of variation in the visitation rates of pollinators shared by plants within a single day in the studied community suggest that daily structuring at a community level and half-day staggered flowering during the morning or afternoon might reduce competitive interactions in oceanic insular habitats.
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13
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Rering CC, Franco JG, Yeater KM, Mallinger RE. Drought stress alters floral volatiles and reduces floral rewards, pollinator activity, and seed set in a global plant. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Rering
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology USDA‐Agricultural Research Service 1700 SW 23rd Drive Gainesville Florida32608USA
| | - Jose G. Franco
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory USDA‐Agricultural Research Service 1701 10th Avenue SW Mandan North Dakota58554USA
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center USDA‐Agricultural Research Service 6883 South State Highway 23 Booneville Arkansas72927USA
| | - Kathleen M. Yeater
- Plains Area, Office of the Director USDA‐Agricultural Research Service 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Suite 300 Fort Collins Colorado80526USA
| | - Rachel E. Mallinger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida 1881 Natural Areas Drive Gainesville Florida32611USA
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Telles FJ, Klunk CL, Maia FRD, de Brito VLG, Varassin IG. Towards a new understanding of the division of labour in heterantherous flowers: the case of Pterolepis glomerata (Melastomataceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pollen-flowers with heteromorphic stamens have been shown to promote an intrafloral division of labour as a solution to fitness costs arising from pollen consumption by bees, known as the pollen dilemma. Usually, the division is based on morphological differences in anther and pollen traits that correlate with stamen function: pollinating anthers are larger and contain more and higher-quality pollen grains than feeding anthers. Here, we present a new strategy based on a high investment in reward production and thus attraction, in the heterantherous Pterolepis glomerata, to overcome short flower longevity and maintain reproductive success. In P. glomerata small feeding anthers not only produced more pollen grains and more grains with cytoplasmic content, but also released more pollen than pollinating anthers after a single visit. This pattern was consistent until the end of floral anthesis, showing the existence of pollen-dosing mechanisms. Bees equally visited flowers with yellow feeding anthers and pollinating anthers with yellow connective appendages, indicating a visual similarity, as predicted by bee vision modelling. Our results demonstrate that the division of labour might have different outcomes. Instead of the classical expectation of more investment in reproductive pollen in pollinating stamens, P. glomerata invested more in attraction and reward in feeding stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francismeire Jane Telles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Sala, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristian Luan Klunk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Rodrigo da Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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15
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Zhao Z, Hou M, Wang Y, Du G. Phenological variation of flower longevity and duration of sex phases in a protandrous alpine plant: potential causes and fitness significance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:137. [PMID: 32245411 PMCID: PMC7118941 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower longevity plays an important role in pollen dispersal and reproductive success in plants. In dichogamous plants, the duration of anthesis as well as the time allocated to male and female functions can vary in response to intrinsic factors (e.g., flowering time and resource allocation) and pollination context along a growth season. However, the fitness consequences of phenological dynamics have rarely been examined. This study aims to unravel the potential causes driving variation in flower longevity, duration of sex phases, and phenotypic sex during a flowering season of strongly protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum, and particularly reproductive consequences of the phenological pattern. RESULTS Population floral sex ratio shifted from completely male at the beginning to completely female at the end of the season, as is common in other protandrous plants. Phenological dynamics of the floral sex ratio and the duration of sex phases caused a shift from femaleness to maleness in the mean phenotypic sex over the whole season. Floral longevity was negatively correlated with flower size and positively affected by temperature. Early flowers within inflorescences rather than early-flowering individuals emphasized the duration of female over male phase. Owing to the dominance of male-phase flowers, early flowering for individual flowers and plants, or female-biased sex resulted in higher pollen deposition per flower and seed set. At the flower level, flower longevity positively affected female reproductive success, while the effect of flower size was negative. By contrast, plant-level female reproductive success was negatively affected by flower longevity but positively correlated to flower size. CONCLUSIONS The major result of this study lies in elucidating the relationship between variation in phenological sex expression and floral longevity and their fitness consequences of protandrous A. gymnandrum. The contrasting results on female fitness for individual flowers and plants contribute to our current understanding of the adaptive significance of floral longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Meng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Guozhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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16
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Malagon DA, Roche MD, McElderry RM, Kalisz S. Pollen performance decreases with plant age for outcrosser but not selfer: evidence for cost of male performance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1271-1278. [PMID: 31442320 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Declines in reproductive capabilities with increasing age are common across the tree of life. However, in plants, mating system traits have rarely been tested for signs of senescence. Since reproduction is often resource limited, we might expect outcrossing and selfing taxa to allocate these resources differently, especially as a plant ages. Compared with selfers, outcrossers are expected to produce showy, rewarding flowers that attract pollinators and high-quality pollen that can successfully compete for ovules. Yet, this resource-intensive strategy of outcrossers may result in declines in floral allocation and pollen performance metrics, relative to selfers. METHODS To explore age-related changes in reproduction, we measured flower size and pollen germinability over the flowering period for multiple populations of an annual sister species pair, Collinsia linearis (outcrosser) and C. rattanii (selfer), in a growth chamber experiment. RESULTS We found that flower size decreased significantly with age in both species. The outcrosser expressed a significant and dramatic (88%) decline in pollen germinability with age, while the selfer's pollen germinability decline was non-significant and low (17%). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that the higher total cost of reproduction in outcrossers can deplete available resources more rapidly than in selfers, manifesting as a decline in male performance with plant age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Malagon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Morgan D Roche
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Robert M McElderry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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17
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Jaca J, Rodríguez N, Nogales M, Traveset A. Impact of alien rats and honeybees on the reproductive success of an ornithophilous endemic plant in Canarian thermosclerophyllous woodland relicts. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Spigler RB, Woodard AJ. Context-dependency of resource allocation trade-offs highlights constraints to the evolution of floral longevity in a monocarpic herb. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2298-2307. [PMID: 30256414 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral longevity is a critical component of floral display, yet there is a conspicuous paucity of empirical research on its evolution within species. Evolutionary models of floral longevity are grounded in resource allocation theory and propose that selection acts on heritable variation to optimize longevity in light of competing floral construction and maintenance costs. Key assumptions remain untested within wild species. We measured maximum floral longevity alongside protandry, flower size, flower number and flowering rate across families of the monocarpic herb Sabatia angularis grown under high and low resources. We evaluated genetic variation, plasticity and correlations between display traits, including fundamental resource-allocation trade-offs and their interactions with resource availability. All display traits showed significant genetic variation. Resource availability influenced mean floral longevity and flower number, with genetic variation in these responses. Importantly, both floral longevity-flower number and flower number-size trade-offs were significant and stronger under low resources. This study reinforces the application of resource allocation theory to floral display trait evolution. Our work highlights the context-dependency of trade-offs and the potential importance of plasticity in resource allocation, with plants investing in the construction of new flowers at faster rates when resources are high rather than in the maintenance of longer-lived flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Spigler
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Alyssa J Woodard
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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19
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Zhang FP, Yang YJ, Yang QY, Zhang W, Brodribb TJ, Hao GY, Hu H, Zhang SB. Floral Mass per Area and Water Maintenance Traits Are Correlated with Floral Longevity in Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:501. [PMID: 28439283 PMCID: PMC5383722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral longevity (FL) determines the balance between pollination success and flower maintenance. While a longer floral duration enhances the ability of plants to attract pollinators, it can be detrimental if it negatively affects overall plant fitness. Longer-lived leaves display a positive correlation with their dry mass per unit area, which influences leaf construction costs and physiological functions. However, little is known about the association among FL and floral dry mass per unit area (FMA) and water maintenance traits. We investigated whether increased FL might incur similar costs. Our assessment of 11 species of Paphiopedilum (slipper orchids) considered the impact of FMA and flower water-maintenance characteristics on FL. We found a positive relationship between FL and FMA. Floral longevity showed significant correlations with osmotic potential at the turgor loss and bulk modulus of elasticity but not with FA. Neither the size nor the mass per area was correlated between leaves and flowers, indicating that flower and leaf economic traits evolved independently. Therefore, our findings demonstrate a clear relationship between FL and the capacity to maintain water status in the flower. These economic constraints also indicate that extending the flower life span can have a high physiological cost in Paphiopedilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Flower BreedingKunming, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tim J. Brodribb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Institute of Applied Ecology of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Hu, Shi-Bao Zhang,
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Hu, Shi-Bao Zhang,
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20
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Pacheco DA, Dudley LS, Cabezas J, Cavieres LA, Arroyo MTK. Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166350. [PMID: 27861586 PMCID: PMC5115873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency for flower longevity to increase with altitude is believed by many alpine ecologists to play an important role in compensating for low pollination rates at high altitudes due to cold and variable weather conditions. However, current studies documenting an altitudinal increase in flower longevity in the alpine habitat derive principally from studies on open-pollinated flowers where lower pollinator visitation rates at higher altitudes will tend to lead to flower senescence later in the life-span of a flower in comparison with lower altitudes, and thus could confound the real altitudinal pattern in a species´ potential flower longevity. In a two-year study we tested the hypothesis that a plastic effect of temperature on flower longevity could contribute to an altitudinal increase in potential flower longevity measured in pollinator-excluded flowers in high Andean Rhodolirium montanum Phil. (Amaryllidaceae). Using supplemental warming we investigated whether temperature around flowers plastically affects potential flower longevity. We determined tightly temperature-controlled potential flower longevity and flower height for natural populations on three alpine sites spread over an altitudinal transect from 2350 and 3075 m a.s.l. An experimental increase of 3.1°C around flowers significantly decreased flower longevity indicating a plastic response of flowers to temperature. Flower height in natural populations decreased significantly with altitude. Although temperature negatively affects flower longevity under experimental conditions, we found no evidence that temperature around flowers explains site variation in flower longevity over the altitudinal gradient. In a wetter year, despite a 3.5°C temperature difference around flowers at the extremes of the altitudinal range, flower longevity showed no increase with altitude. However, in a drier year, flower longevity increased significantly with altitude. The emerging picture suggests an increase in flower longevity along the altitudinal gradient is less common for potential flower longevity than for open-pollination flower longevity. Independently of any selection that may occur on potential longevity, plastic responses of flowers to environmental conditions are likely to contribute to altitudinal variation in flower longevity, especially in dry alpine areas. Such plastic responses could push flowers of alpine species towards shorter life-lengths under climate change, with uncertain consequences for successful pollination and plant fitness in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrés Pacheco
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Leah S. Dudley
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Josefina Cabezas
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A. Cavieres
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mary T. K. Arroyo
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Lankinen Å, Hydbom S. Effects of soil resources on expression of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in a mixed-mating plant. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Plant Protection Biology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 102 SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Sofia Hydbom
- Plant Protection Biology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 102 SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
- Dept of Biology; Lund University; Ecology Building Lund Sweden
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22
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Ivey CT, Dudley LS, Hove AA, Emms SK, Mazer SJ. Outcrossing and photosynthetic rates vary independently within two Clarkia species: implications for the joint evolution of drought escape physiology and mating system. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:897-905. [PMID: 27443300 PMCID: PMC5055815 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Mating systems of plants are diverse and evolutionarily labile. Abiotic environmental factors, such as seasonal drought, may impose selection on physiological traits that could lead to transitions in mating system if physiological traits are genetically correlated with traits that influence mating system. Within Clarkia, self-fertilizing taxa have higher photosynthetic rates, earlier flowering phenology, faster individual floral development and more compressed flowering periods than their outcrossing sister taxa, potentially reducing the selfing taxa's exposure to drought. In theory, this contrast in trait combinations between sister taxa could have arisen via correlated evolution due to pleiotropy or genetic linkage. Alternatively, each trait may evolve independently as part of a life history that is adaptive in seasonally dry environments. Methods To evaluate these hypotheses, we examined relationships between photosynthetic rates (adjusted for plant height and leaf node position) and outcrossing rates (estimated by allozyme variation in progeny arrays) during two consecutive years in multiple wild populations of two mixed-mating Clarkia taxa, each of which is sister to a derived selfing taxon. If the negative association between photosynthetic rate and outcrossing previously observed between sister taxa reflects correlated evolution due to a strong negative genetic correlation between these traits, then a similarly negative relationship would be observed within populations of each taxon. By contrast, if the combination of elevated photosynthetic rates and reduced outcrossing evolved independently within taxa, we predicted no consistent relationship between photosynthetic rate and outcrossing rate. Key Results We found no significant difference in outcrossing rates within populations between groups of plants with high versus low photosynthetic rates. Conclusions Overall, these results provide support for the hypothesis that the joint divergence in photosynthetic rate and mating system observed between Clarkia sister taxa is the result of independent evolutionary transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Ivey
- California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0515, USA
- *For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Leah S. Dudley
- University of Wisconsin, Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA
| | - Alisa A. Hove
- Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC 28815-6217, USA
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23
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Stojanova B, Maurice S, Cheptou PO. Is plasticity across seasons adaptive in the annual cleistogamous plant Lamium amplexicaule? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:681-91. [PMID: 26995537 PMCID: PMC4817529 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many angiosperms exhibit cleistogamy, the production of both cleistogamous flowers (CL), which remain closed and obligately self-pollinated, and chasmogamous flowers (CH), which are potentially open-pollinated. The CH proportion can be plastic. Plasticity is adaptive if environmental changes can be reliably assessed and responded to with an appropriate phenotype and if plastic genotypes have higher fitness in variable environments than non-plastic ones. METHODS We studied the plastic response of four natural populations from northern and southern France of an annual cleistogamous plant, Lamium amplexicaule, to predictable seasonal variation. Plants were grown in a semi-controlled environment in spring and in autumn. We assessed the variation in flower number, phenology and cleistogamy-related traits, which were all plastic with respect to season. The CH proportion was higher in spring than in autumn in all four populations. KEY RESULTS We showed significant stabilizing selection for cleistogamy traits, with higher optimal CH proportions and more pronounced stabilizing selection in spring than in autumn. Observed CH proportions were close to the predicted optimal CH proportions in each season except in autumn for southern populations, which do not experience the autumnal growing season in nature. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with adaptive plasticity across seasons of cleistogamy in L. amplexicaule.We propose that adaptive plasticity of cleistogamy could be driven by pollination environment variation, with CL flowers providing reproductive assurance when pollinators are scarce and CH flowers reducing the inbreeding depression in offspring when pollinators are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stojanova
- LBPV LUNAM Université de Nantes, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, 44000 Nantes, France, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE - C.C. 065, Place Eugène Bataillon - 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France and CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - 1919, route de Mende - 34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - S Maurice
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE - C.C. 065, Place Eugène Bataillon - 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France and
| | - P-O Cheptou
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - 1919, route de Mende - 34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Bontrager M, Angert AL. Effects of range-wide variation in climate and isolation on floral traits and reproductive output of Clarkia pulchella. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:10-21. [PMID: 26362193 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plant mating systems and geographic range limits are conceptually linked by shared underlying drivers, including landscape-level heterogeneity in climate and in species' abundance. Studies of how geography and climate interact to affect plant traits that influence mating system and population dynamics can lend insight to ecological and evolutionary processes shaping ranges. Here, we examined how spatiotemporal variation in climate affects reproductive output of a mixed-mating annual, Clarkia pulchella. We also tested the effects of population isolation and climate on mating-system-related floral traits across the range. METHODS We measured reproductive output and floral traits on herbarium specimens collected across the range of C. pulchella. We extracted climate data associated with specimens and derived a population isolation metric from a species distribution model. We then examined how predictors of reproductive output and floral traits vary among populations of increasing distance from the range center. Finally, we tested whether reproductive output and floral traits vary with increasing distance from the center of the range. KEY RESULTS Reproductive output decreased as summer precipitation decreased, and low precipitation may contribute to limiting the southern and western range edges of C. pulchella. High spring and summer temperatures are correlated with low herkogamy, but these climatic factors show contrasting spatial patterns in different quadrants of the range. CONCLUSIONS Limiting factors differ among different parts of the range. Due to the partial decoupling of geography and environment, examining relationships between climate, reproductive output, and mating-system-related floral traits reveals spatial patterns that might be missed when focusing solely on geographic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bontrager
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy L Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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