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Estévez Manso Galán L, Antonetti M, Ibañez AC, Sérsic AN, Cocucci AA. Phenotypic selection patterns in a hybrid zone between two Calceolaria species with contrasting pollinators: insights from field surveys and fitness assessments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:440-450. [PMID: 38655668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid zones provide natural experimental settings to test hypotheses about species divergence. We concentrated on a hybrid swarm in which oil-collecting bees and flower-pecking birds act as pollinators of two Calceolaria species. We asked whether both pollinators contributed to flower divergence by differentially promoting prezygotic fitness at the phenotypic extremes that represent parentals. We studied pollinator-mediated selection on phenotypic traits critical in plant-pollinator mechanical interaction, namely plant height, reward-to-stigma distance, and flower shape. We utilised the quantity and quality of pollen deposited as fitness measures and distinguished between the contribution of the two pollinator types. Results showed uni- and bivariate disruptive selection for most traits through pollen grains deposited by both pollinators. Bird-mediated fitness favoured low plants with a long reward-to-stigma distance and a straight corolla, while bee-mediated fitness favoured tall plants with a short reward-to-stigma distance and curved corolla. In addition, stabilising selection at one end of the phenotypic range showed a bird-mediated reproductive asymmetry within the swarm. The disruptive pattern was countered, albeit weakly, by hybrids receiving higher-quality pollen on the stigmas. Results suggest that pollinator-mediated selection promotes divergence of integrated flower phenotypes mechanically adjusted either to bees or birds underscoring the importance of pollinator specialisation in diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Estévez Manso Galán
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, 1611(X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marco Antonetti
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, 1611(X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, 1611(X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia N Sérsic
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, 1611(X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, 1611(X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
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2
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Liang Z, Liu T, Chen X, Xu W, Dong T, Liu Q, Xu X. Twigs of dove tree in high-latitude region tend to increase biomass accumulation in vegetative organs but decrease it in reproductive organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1088955. [PMID: 36714716 PMCID: PMC9880204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1088955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive traits are an important dimension for studying the interactions between rare plants and environment. Although the endangered mechanism of rare plants has been reported in many studies, how their twigs adapt to heterogeneous environments associated with latitude is still poorly known. Dove tree (Davidia involucrata Baill.), a monotypic rare species in China, was employed as a model species in our study, and the differences in functional traits, growth relationships and resource allocation among components of annual twig were investigated in three latitudinal regions (32°19' N, 30°08' and 27°55') in the Sichuan, Southwest China. Compared with low- and middle-latitude regions, the twig diameter in high-latitude region decreased by 36% and 26%, and dry mass decreased by 32% and 35%, respectively. Moreover, there existed an allometric growth between flower mass and stem mass or leaf mass in high-latitude region but an isometric growth in low- and middle-latitude regions. At the flower level, an isometric growth between bract area and flower stalk mass was detected among in three latitudinal regions, and the flower stalk mass in the low-latitude region was higher than in the middle- and high-latitude regions for a given bract area and flower mass. At the leaf level, the growth rate of petiole mass was significantly higher than those of leaf area, lamina mass and leaf mass among three latitudinal regions, and the petiole mass in the low-latitude region was higher than in the other two regions for a given leaf mass. Our research demonstrated that the twigs of dove tree in high-latitude region tend to become smaller, and resource input increase in stems and leaves but decrease in flowers, which reflects that dove tree can adapt to the environmental changes across different latitudes by adjusting phenotypic traits growth and biomass allocation of twigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchuan Liang
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Scientific Research and Testing Unit, Sichuan Mabian Dafengding National Nature Reserve Protection Center, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingfa Dong
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinsong Liu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Laina D, Gfrerer E, Scheurecker V, Fuchs R, Schleifer M, Zittra C, Wagner R, Gibernau M, Comes HP, Hörger AC, Dötterl S. Local Insect Availability Partly Explains Geographical Differences in Floral Visitor Assemblages of Arum maculatum L. (Araceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838391. [PMID: 35350299 PMCID: PMC8957888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Geographical variation in abundance and composition of pollinator assemblages may result in variable selection pressures among plant populations and drive plant diversification. However, there is limited knowledge on whether differences in local visitor and pollinator assemblages are the result of site-specific strategies of plants to interact with their pollinators and/or merely reflect the pollinator availability at a given locality. To address this question, we compared locally available insect communities obtained by light-trapping with assemblages of floral visitors in populations of Arum maculatum (Araceae) from north vs. south of the Alps. We further investigated whether and how the abundance of different visitors affects plants' female reproductive success and examined the pollen loads of abundant visitors. Local insect availability explained inter-regional differences in total visitor abundance, but only partly the composition of visitor assemblages. Northern populations predominantly attracted females of Psychoda phalaenoides (Psychodidae, Diptera), reflecting the high availability of this moth fly in this region. More generalized visitor assemblages, including other psychodid and non-psychodid groups, were observed in the south, where the availability of P. phalaenoides/Psychodidae was limited. Fruit set was higher in the north than in the south but correlated positively in both regions with the abundance of total visitors and psychodids; in the north, however, this relationship disappeared when visitor abundances were too high. High pollen loads were recorded on both psychodids and other Diptera. We demonstrate for the first time that the quantitative assessment of floral visitor assemblages in relation to locally available insect communities is helpful to understand patterns of geographical variation in plant-pollinator interactions. This combined approach revealed that geographical differences in floral visitors of A. maculatum are only partly shaped by the local insect availability. Potential other factors that may contribute to the geographical pattern of visitor assemblages include the region-specific attractiveness of this plant species to flower visitors and the population-specific behavior of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Laina
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Gfrerer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Valerie Scheurecker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roman Fuchs
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marielle Schleifer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carina Zittra
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- Department of Limnology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Laboratory of Sciences for the Environment, CNRS – University of Corsica, Ajaccio, France
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja C. Hörger
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Murakami K, Katsuhara KR, Ushimaru A. Intersexual flower differences in an andromonoecious species: small pollen-rich staminate flowers under resource limitation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:259-265. [PMID: 34990065 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Andromonoecy, the presence of perfect and staminate flowers in the same individual, has evolved repeatedly in angiosperms. The staminate flowers are generally smaller than the perfect flowers in species that produce staminate flowers plastically when resources are limited. The smaller staminate flowers are expected to be less attractive to pollinators and have reduced size-matching with pollinators than perfect flowers. We hypothesized that these potential disadvantages of staminate versus perfect flowers facilitate the evolution of sex-specific floral morphology, such as allometric relationship between flower size and male reproductive organ. We compared six floral morphology traits, pollen production, pollinator visits and pollen removal from anthers between staminate and perfect flowers in several natural Commelina communis populations. Nectarless and zygomorphic C. communis flowers have polymorphic stamens with attracting, feeding and pollinating anthers and were visited by diverse pollinators. Staminate flowers were significantly smaller than perfect flowers, despite a large overlap in size between sexes. The lengths of pollinating stamens did not differ between staminate and perfect flowers, and staminate flowers produced significantly more pollen. We observed significantly more pollinator visits to perfect flowers than to staminate flowers. By contrast, pollen removal from pollinating stamens was significantly higher in staminate flowers than in perfect flowers. There is sexual dimorphism in flower morphology in C. communis. Staminate flowers with smaller attraction organs, similar pollinating stamens and higher pollen production assure higher pollen donor success relative to perfect flowers. Our results suggest that the morphological changes in staminate flowers enhance pollination success, even with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murakami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - K R Katsuhara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - A Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Karimi N, Saghafi S, Keefover‐Ring K, Venter SM, Ané C, Baum DA. Evidence for hawkmoth pollination in the chiropterophilous African baobab (
Adansonia digitata
). Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Karimi
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Samuel Saghafi
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Ken Keefover‐Ring
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Geography University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Sarah M. Venter
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - David A. Baum
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery Madison Wisconsin USA
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Rahim SA, Kodandaramaiah U, Kulkarni A, Barua D. Striking between-population floral divergences in a habitat specialized plant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253038. [PMID: 34181672 PMCID: PMC8238184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the habitat occupied by a specialist species is patchily distributed, limited gene flow between the fragmented populations may allow population differentiation and eventual speciation. 'Sky islands'-montane habitats that form terrestrial islands-have been shown to promote diversification in many taxa through this mechanism. We investigate floral variation in Impatiens lawii, a plant specialized on laterite rich rocky plateaus that form sky islands in the northern Western Ghats mountains of India. We focus on three plateaus separated from each other by ca. 7 to 17 km, and show that floral traits have diverged strongly between these populations. In contrast, floral traits have not diverged in the congeneric I. oppositifolia, which co-occurs with I. lawii in the plateaus, but is a habitat generalist that is also found in the intervening valleys. We conducted common garden experiments to test whether the differences in I. lawii are due to genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. There were strong differences in floral morphology between experimental plants sourced from the three populations, and the relative divergences between population pairs mirrored that seen in the wild, indicating that the populations are genetically differentiated. Common garden experiments confirmed that there was no differentiation in I. oppositifolia. Field floral visitation surveys indicated that the observed differences in floral traits have consequences for I. lawii populations, by reducing the number of visitors and changing the relative abundance of different floral visitor groups. Our results highlight the role of habitat specialization in diversification, and corroborates the importance of sky islands as centres of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayya Abdul Rahim
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aboli Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Barua
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Camps GA, Cosacov A, Sérsic AN. Centre-periphery approaches based on geography, ecology and historical climate stability: what explains the variation in morphological traits of Bulnesia sarmientoi? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:943-955. [PMID: 33640970 PMCID: PMC8225285 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The centre-periphery hypothesis posits that higher species performance is expected in geographic and ecological centres rather than in peripheral populations. However, this is not the commonly found pattern; therefore, alternative approaches, including the historical dimension of species geographical ranges, should be explored. Morphological functional traits are fundamental determinants of species performance, commonly related to environmental stability and productivity. We tested whether or not historical processes may have shaped variations in tree and leaf traits of the Chaco tree Bulnesia sarmientoi. METHODS Morphological variation patterns were analysed from three centre-periphery approaches: geographical, ecological and historical. Tree (stem and canopy) and leaf (leaf size and specific leaf area) traits were measured in 24 populations across the species range. A principal component analysis was performed on morphological traits to obtain synthetic variables. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test which of the implemented centre-periphery approaches significantly explained trait spatial patterns. KEY RESULTS The patterns retrieved from the three centre-periphery approaches were not concordant. The historical approach revealed that trees were shorter in centre populations than in the periphery. Significant differences in leaf traits were observed between the geographical centre and the periphery, mainly due to low specific leaf area values towards the geographical centre. We did not find any pattern associated with the ecological centre-periphery approach. CONCLUSIONS The decoupled response between leaf and tree traits suggests that these sets of traits respond differently to processes occurring at different times. The geographical and historical approaches showed centres with extreme environments in relation to their respective peripheries, but the historical centre has also been a climatically stable area since the Last Glacial Maximum. The historical approach allowed for the recovery of historical processes underlying variation in tree traits, highlighting that centre-periphery delimitations should be based on a multi-approach framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo A Camps
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), CIAP, INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Cosacov
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia N Sérsic
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba, Argentina
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Strelin MM, Cosacov A, Chalcoff VR, Maubecin CC, Sérsic AN, Benitez-Vieyra SM. The role of ontogenetic allometry and nonallometric flower shape variation in species-level adaptive diversification - Calceolaria polyrhiza (Calceolariaceae) as a case study. Evol Dev 2021; 23:231-243. [PMID: 33372721 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organism shape changes predictably during ontogeny, resulting in specific patterns of ontogenetic allometry. In several plant and animal lineages, among-species variation in the shape of mature organisms mirrors variation along their growth trajectories. Hence, ontogenetic allometry is an important bias in evolution. This bias should be stronger at reduced evolutionary time scales, in which among-trait correlations had less time to evolve. Nevertheless, it was shown that adaptation of organism shape frequently involved departures from the ancestral ontogenetic allometry. Moreover, only a moderate fraction of shape variation is correlated with size during ontogeny. Hence, nonallometric variation in shape (NAVSh) is likely to contribute to adaptation, even at reduced evolutionary time scales. We explored the contributions of allometric variation in shape (AVSh), NAVSh, and size variation to adaptive evolution in the angiosperm species Calceolaria polyrhiza. This strongly relies on oil-collecting bees for pollination and experienced transitions in the size of pollinators during the last 2 Ma. Using geometric morphometrics, we described corolla morphology in several populations across its distribution range. Variation in corolla shape was decomposed into an allometric and a nonallometric component, and corolla size was estimated. We then looked for the correlation between these aspects of morphology and the pollinator. Our results suggest that adaptation to pollinators with different sizes relied on NAVSh, which resulted from shifts in the allometric slope and from shape changes that occurred early in flower development. We conclude that NAVSh can contribute to adaptation in flowering plants, even at the species-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Strelin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Andrea Cosacov
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, IMBIV (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanina R Chalcoff
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Constanza C Maubecin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, IMBIV (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia N Sérsic
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, IMBIV (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago M Benitez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, IMBIV (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
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Ruchisansakun S, Mertens A, Janssens SB, Smets EF, van der Niet T. Evolution of pollination syndromes and corolla symmetry in Balsaminaceae reconstructed using phylogenetic comparative analyses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:267-280. [PMID: 33091107 PMCID: PMC7789113 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral diversity as a result of plant-pollinator interactions can evolve by two distinct processes: shifts between pollination systems or divergent use of the same pollinator. Although both are pollinator driven, the mode, relative importance and interdependence of these different processes are rarely studied simultaneously. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach using the Balsaminaceae (including the species-rich genus Impatiens) to simultaneously quantify shifts in pollination syndromes (as inferred from the shape and colour of the perianth), as well as divergent use of the same pollinator (inferred from corolla symmetry). METHODS For 282 species we coded pollination syndromes based on associations between floral traits and known pollination systems, and assessed corolla symmetry. The evolution of these traits was reconstructed using parsimony- and model-based approaches, using phylogenetic trees derived from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. KEY RESULTS A total of 71 % of studied species have a bee pollination syndrome, 22 % a bimodal syndrome (Lepidoptera and bees), 3 % a bird pollination syndrome and 5 % a syndrome of autogamy, while 19 % of species have an asymmetrical corolla. Although floral symmetry and pollination syndromes are both evolutionarily labile, the latter shifts more frequently. Shifts in floral symmetry occurred mainly in the direction towards asymmetry, but there was considerable uncertainty in the pattern of shift direction for pollination syndrome. Shifts towards asymmetrical flowers were associated with a bee pollination syndrome. CONCLUSION Floral evolution in Impatiens has occurred through both pollination syndrome shifts and divergent use of the same pollinator. Although the former appears more frequent, the latter is likely to be underestimated. Shifts in floral symmetry and pollination syndromes depend on each other but also partly on the region in which these shifts take place, suggesting that the occurrence of pollinator-driven evolution may be determined by the availability of pollinator species at large geographical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Ruchisansakun
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arne Mertens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan, Meise, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, Lab of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven B Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan, Meise, Belgium
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erik F Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Timotheüs van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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Murúa M, Espíndola A, Pérez F. Self-Compatibility Not Associated with Morphological or Genetic Diversity Reduction in Oil-Rewarding Calceolaria Species. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101377. [PMID: 33081098 PMCID: PMC7602863 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common evolutionary transitions in angiosperms is the reproductive change from outcrossing to selfing, commonly associated with changes in floral biology and genetic diversity. Here, we aim to test whether self-compatibility leads to a reduction of floral traits and genetic diversity. For this, we experimentally estimate levels of self-compatibility, measure three floral traits and estimate four genetic diversity parameters using nine microsatellites in nine Calceolaria species. Our analysis indicated that four of the study species were self-incompatible. In addition, we found that self-compatible species did not show a reduction in floral traits size, but rather displayed larger corolla and elaiophore areas. Our analyses of genetic diversity identified larger allele number and observed heterozygosity in selfers than in outcrossers, but did not find larger inbreeding in the self-compatible species. Even though our results contradict our expectations, in the case of Calceolaria, their high dependence on only two genera of oil-bees puts the genus in a vulnerable reproductive position, probably facilitating the evolution of reproductive assurance mechanisms in the absence of pollinators. As a result, plants maintain their pollinator attraction traits while evolving the ability to self, possibly in a delayed way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murúa
- Centro GEMA, Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology, Plant Sciences Building 3138, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4454, USA;
| | - Fernanda Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
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Connection, isolation and reconnection: Quaternary climatic oscillations and the Andes shaped the phylogeographical patterns of the Patagonian bee Centris cineraria (Apidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe joint effect of the Andes as a geographical barrier and the Quaternary glaciations as promoters of genetic divergence remains virtually unexplored in southern South America. To help fill this knowledge gap, in this study we investigated the demographic history of Centris cineraria, a solitary bee mainly distributed in Patagonia. We used mitochondrial and nuclear markers and performed phylogeographical and dating analyses, adjusted spatio-temporal diffusion and species distribution models, and used Approximate Bayesian Computation to identify likely historical demographic scenarios. Our results revealed that during glacial periods the Andes represented a barrier due to the extent of the ice-sheets and the occurrence of unsuitable habitats, while interglacials allowed for gene flow across the Andes. Secondary contact between previously isolated lineages was evident across at least two low-altitude Andean areas, the northern one being a putative glacial refugium. Our findings also suggest that C. cineraria has persisted in situ in four periglacial refugia located along a north–south transect, congruent with the maximum extent of the ice sheet during the Greatest Patagonian Glaciation. As the first phylogeographical study of Patagonian insects, our work reveals that the interaction between Quaternary climatic oscillations and the Andes as a barrier was the main driver of the spatial and demographic history of C. cineraria.
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12
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Weber UK, Nuismer SL, Espíndola A. Patterns of floral morphology in relation to climate and floral visitors. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:433-445. [PMID: 31650169 PMCID: PMC7061174 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The diversity of floral morphology among plant species has long captured the interest of biologists and led to the development of a number of explanatory theories. Floral morphology varies substantially within species, and the mechanisms maintaining this diversity are diverse. One possibility is that spatial variation in the pollinator fauna drives the evolution of spatially divergent floral ecotypes adapted to the local suite of pollinators. Another possibility is that geographic variation in the abiotic environment and local climatic conditions favours different floral morphologies in different regions. Although both possibilities have been shown to explain floral variation in some cases, they have rarely been competed against one another using data collected from large spatial scales. In this study, we assess floral variation in relation to climate and floral visitors in four oil-reward-specialized pollination interactions. METHODS We used a combination of large-scale plant and pollinator samplings, morphological measures and climatic data. We analysed the data using spatial approaches, as well as traditional multivariate and structural equation modelling approaches. KEY RESULTS Our results indicate that the four species have different levels of specialization, and that this can be explained by their climatic niche breadth. In addition, our results show that, at least for some species, floral morphology can be explained by the identity of floral visitors, with climate having only an indirect effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that, even in very specialized interactions, both biotic and abiotic variables can explain a substantial amount of intraspecific variation in floral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs K Weber
- Department of Entomology, Plant Sciences Building 3138, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Scott L Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 3051, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology, Plant Sciences Building 3138, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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13
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Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Soteras F, Rubini Pisano MA, Bariles JB, Moré M, Cocucci AA. Phenotypic selection mosaic for flower length influenced by geographically varying hawkmoth pollinator proboscis length and abiotic environment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:985-998. [PMID: 31514238 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic context may affect the intensity of interspecific interactions and subsequently drive locally particular phenotypic selection patterns on interacting traits. We evaluated the geographical variation of matching traits of the brush-type flowers of Caesalpinia gilliesii and of the proboscis length of its guild of hawkmoth pollinators, as well as their relationship with environmental variables. We assessed the geographical variation of interacting traits (style and filament vs mean proboscis length of the guild of hawkmoths) across seven populations and estimated phenotypic selection on the plant side. Interacting traits showed similar relationships with environmental variables. Phenotypic selection on the plant side was influenced by proboscis length and by environmental conditions. Mean proboscis length of the guild was shorter than previously recorded for the same study area, thus probably shifting the selective optima of flower length. We observed two presumptive coevolutionary cold spots where one-sided negative directional selection is acting on style length. The lack of selection on the pollinator side should be further confirmed. We provided joint evidence, mostly lacking, about the geographical variation of selective pressures on the plant side associated with both proboscis length and abiotic conditions. We suggest that recent environmental change may be shifting floral length optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Soteras
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Malén Aluhé Rubini Pisano
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Belén Bariles
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcela Moré
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Arístides Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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15
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Kahnt B, Hattingh WN, Theodorou P, Wieseke N, Kuhlmann M, Glennon KL, Niet T, Paxton R, Cron GV. Should I stay or should I go? Pollinator shifts rather than cospeciation dominate the evolutionary history of South African
Rediviva
bees and their
Diascia
host plants. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4118-4133. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kahnt
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Wesley N. Hattingh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nicolas Wieseke
- Institute for Informatics University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum Kiel University Kiel Germany
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
| | - Kelsey L. Glennon
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
| | - Timotheüs Niet
- School of Life Sciences Centre for Functional Biodiversity University of Kwazulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Robert Paxton
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Glynis V. Cron
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
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16
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Zych M, Junker RR, Nepi M, Stpiczyńska M, Stolarska B, Roguz K. Spatiotemporal variation in the pollination systems of a supergeneralist plant: is Angelica sylvestris (Apiaceae) locally adapted to its most effective pollinators? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:415-428. [PMID: 30059963 PMCID: PMC6344219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In terms of pollination systems, umbellifers (plants of the carrot family, Apiaceae) are regarded as generalists, since their (usually dichogamous) flowers are visited by a wide range of insects representing several taxonomic orders. However, recent analyses of insect effectiveness revealed that these plants may be pollinated effectively by a narrow assemblage of insect visitors. Of particular interest was whether populations of an umbellifer species varied in pollinator assemblages and whether this could lead to local specialization of the pollination system. We also explored whether variation in pollinator assemblages was associated with variation in floral traits, and whether this variation influences reproductive output. METHODS The focus was on Angelica sylvestris, a common European species visited by a taxonomically diverse insect assemblage. In three populations, located along an ~700-km transect, over three growth seasons insect visitors were identified, their effectiveness was assessed by surveying pollen loads present on the insect body, insect activity on umbels, nectar and scent composition was studied, and transplantation experiments were performed. KEY RESULTS The populations investigated in this study differed in their nectar and scent profiles and, despite the similar taxonomic composition of insect visitor assemblages, were effectively pollinated by disparate pollinator morphogroups, i.e. flies and beetles. Although this suggested local adaptations to the most effective pollinators, analyses of body pollen loads and behaviour on umbels demonstrated functional equivalency of the visitor morphogroups, which is probably related to the fact that A. sylvestris bears few ovules per flower. The transplantation experiments confirmed that reproductive success was not related to the source of experimental plants and that the insects do not exhibit preferences towards local genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Angelica sylvestris is morphologically well adapted to ecological generalization, and there is little evidence that the surveyed populations represent distinct pollination ecotypes. Most likely, the observed variation in floral characters can be interpreted as 'adaptive wandering'. Specialization in this family seems possible only under very special circumstances, for example when the pollinator community comprises insect visitor groups that clearly differ in their pollination capacity (e.g. due to differences in their functional morphology) and/or have different perceptional biases (e.g. for colour or scent). However, the barrier to the evolution of morphological adaptations resulting in the fine-tuning of the flower towards particular pollinator types may arise from the architectural constraints on the floral bauplan that make umbellifers so uniform in their floral displays and so successful in attracting large numbers of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zych
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli, Siena, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Stolarska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
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17
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de Jager ML, Peakall R. Experimental examination of pollinator-mediated selection in a sexually deceptive orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:347-354. [PMID: 29878057 PMCID: PMC6344214 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Selection exerted by pollinators on flowers is predicted to occur along two distinct axes. While pollinator attraction to flowers is governed by pollinator preferences, pollen transfer efficiency is mediated by the mechanical fit of pollinators to flower morphology. Although pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids is typically underpinned by floral odour, morphological traits are expected to play a vital role in mechanical fit during floral contact with pollinators. METHODS Here we utilize a comprehensive and novel procedure to test for pollinator-mediated selection through mechanical fit with the flower labellum in the orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis. This approach combines detailed pollinator observations related to plant reproductive fitness with complementary experimental manipulation and phenotypic selection analysis. KEY RESULTS Experiments with virgin flowers revealed that pollen removal occurs only during vigorous pseudocopulation. This behaviour involves male wasps that grasp the insectiform callus structure on the labellum while probing the labellum tip in a forward orientation. Both orientation and duration of pseudocopulation were significant predictors of pollen removal, confirming a direct relationship between pollinator behaviour and plant fitness. Controlled floral manipulation that either shortened or elongated the distance between the callus and the labellum tip detected no change in pollinator attraction. The duration of pseudocopulation, however, was significantly reduced on flowers with shortened or elongated callus-tip distances, consistent with stabilizing selection. Phenotypic selection analysis confirmed this prediction in natural populations by uncovering evidence for stabilizing selection on the distance between the callus and the labellum tip. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental manipulations and selection analysis in natural populations thus demonstrate stabilizing selection on the distance from the callus to the labellum tip, and illustrate the utility of employing multiple approaches to confirm selection exerted by pollinators on floral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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18
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Species tree phylogeny, character evolution, and biogeography of the Patagonian genus Anarthrophyllum Benth. (Fabaceae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-017-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Jogesh T, Overson RP, Raguso RA, Skogen KA. Herbivory as an important selective force in the evolution of floral traits and pollinator shifts. AOB PLANTS 2016; 9:plw088. [PMID: 28011456 PMCID: PMC5499749 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Floral trait evolution is frequently attributed to pollinator-mediated selection but herbivores can play a key role in shaping plant reproductive biology. Here we examine the role of florivores in driving floral trait evolution and pollinator shifts in a recently radiated clade of flowering plants, Oenothera sect. Calylophus We compare florivory by a specialist, internal feeder, Mompha, on closely related hawkmoth- and bee-pollinated species and document variation in damage based on floral traits within sites, species and among species. Our results show that flowers with longer floral tubes and decreased floral flare have increased Mompha damage. Bee-pollinated flowers, which have substantially smaller floral tubes, experience on average 13% less Mompha florivory than do hawkmoth-pollinated flowers. The positive association between tube length and Mompha damage is evident even within sites of some species, suggesting that Mompha can drive trait differentiation at microevolutionary scales. Given that there are at least two independent shifts from hawkmoth to bee pollination in this clade, florivore-mediated selection on floral traits may have played an important role in facilitating morphological changes associated with transitions from hawkmoth to bee pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Jogesh
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe, IL 60022 USA
| | - Rick P Overson
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe, IL 60022 USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe, IL 60022 USA
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20
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Watts S, Dormann CF, Martín González AM, Ollerton J. The influence of floral traits on specialization and modularity of plant-pollinator networks in a biodiversity hotspot in the Peruvian Andes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:415-29. [PMID: 27562649 PMCID: PMC4998976 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Modularity is a ubiquitous and important structural property of ecological networks which describes the relative strengths of sets of interacting species and gives insights into the dynamics of ecological communities. However, this has rarely been studied in species-rich, tropical plant-pollinator networks. Working in a biodiversity hotspot in the Peruvian Andes we assessed the structure of quantitative plant-pollinator networks in nine valleys, quantifying modularity among networks, defining the topological roles of species and the influence of floral traits on specialization. METHODS A total of 90 transects were surveyed for plants and pollinators at different altitudes and across different life zones. Quantitative modularity (QuanBiMo) was used to detect modularity and six indices were used to quantify specialization. KEY RESULTS All networks were highly structured, moderately specialized and significantly modular regardless of size. The strongest hubs were Baccharis plants, Apis mellifera, Bombus funebris and Diptera spp., which were the most ubiquitous and abundant species with the longest phenologies. Species strength showed a strong association with the modular structure of plant-pollinator networks. Hubs and connectors were the most centralized participants in the networks and were ranked highest (high generalization) when quantifying specialization with most indices. However, complementary specialization d' quantified hubs and connectors as moderately specialized. Specialization and topological roles of species were remarkably constant across some sites, but highly variable in others. Networks were dominated by ecologically and functionally generalist plant species with open access flowers which are closely related taxonomically with similar morphology and rewards. Plants associated with hummingbirds had the highest level of complementary specialization and exclusivity in modules (functional specialists) and the longest corollas. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the topology of networks in this tropical montane environment was non-random and highly organized. Our findings underline that specialization indices convey different concepts of specialization and hence quantify different aspects, and that measuring specialization requires careful consideration of what defines a specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Watts
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Northampton, Avenue Campus, St George's Avenue, Northampton NN2 6JD, UK
| | - Carsten F Dormann
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana M Martín González
- Pacific Ecoinformatics Computational Ecology Lab, 1604 McGee Ave., 94703 Berkeley, CA, USA Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Northampton, Avenue Campus, St George's Avenue, Northampton NN2 6JD, UK
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21
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Paudel BR, Shrestha M, Burd M, Adhikari S, Sun YS, Li QJ. Coevolutionary elaboration of pollination-related traits in an alpine ginger (Roscoea purpurea) and a tabanid fly in the Nepalese Himalayas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1402-11. [PMID: 27112321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Geographical variation in the interacting traits of plant-pollinator mutualism can lead to local adaptive differentiation. We tested Darwin's hypothesis of reciprocal selection as a key driving force for the evolution of floral traits of an alpine ginger (Roscoea purpurea) and proboscis length of a tabanid fly (Philoliche longirostris). We documented the pattern of trait variation in R. purpurea and P. longirostris across five populations. At each site, we quantified pollinator-mediated selection on floral display area, inflorescence height and corolla length of R. purpurea by comparing selection gradients for flowers exposed to natural pollination and to supplemental hand pollination. Reciprocal selection between plant and fly was examined at two sites via the relationship between proboscis length and nectar consumption (fly benefit) and corolla length and pollen deposition (plant benefit). Local corolla tube length was correlated with local fly proboscis length among the five sites. We found strong linear selection imposed by pollinators on corolla tube length at all sites, but there was no consistent relationship of fitness to inflorescence height or floral display area. Selection between corolla length and proboscis length was reciprocal at the two experimental sites examined. The geographical pattern of trait variation and the evidence of selection is consistent with a mosaic of local, species-specific reciprocal selection acting as the major driving force for the evolution of corolla length of R. purpurea and proboscis length of P. longirostris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- Tribhuvan University, Department of Botany, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Subodh Adhikari
- Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Yong-Shuai Sun
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
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22
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Maubecin CC, Cosacov A, Sérsic AN, Fornoni J, Benitez-Vieyra S. Drift effects on the multivariate floral phenotype of Calceolaria polyrhiza
during a post-glacial expansion in Patagonia. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1523-34. [PMID: 27124740 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Maubecin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. Cosacov
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. N. Sérsic
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. Fornoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - S. Benitez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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23
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Wanderley AM, Galetto L, Machado ICS. Functional decoupling between flowers and leaves in the Ameroglossum pernambucense complex can facilitate local adaptation across a pollinator and climatic heterogeneous landscape. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:528-40. [PMID: 26663030 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decoupling between floral and leaf traits is expected in plants with specialized pollination systems to assure a precise flower-pollinator fit, irrespective of leaf variation associated with environmental heterogeneity (functional modularity). Nonetheless, developmental interactions among floral traits also decouple flowers from leaves regardless of selection pressures (developmental modularity). We tested functional modularity in the hummingbird-pollinated flowers of the Ameroglossum pernambucense complex while controlling for developmental modularity. Using two functional traits responsible for flower-pollinator fit [floral tube length (TL) and anther-nectary distance (AN)], one floral trait not linked to pollination [sepal length (SL), control for developmental modularity] and one leaf trait [leaf length (LL)], we found evidence of flower functional modularity. Covariation between TL and AN was ca. two-fold higher than the covariation of either of these traits with sepal and leaf lengths, and variations in TL and AN, important for a precise flower-pollinator fit, were smaller than SL and LL variations. Furthermore, we show that previously reported among-population variation of flowers associated with local pollinator phenotypes was independent from SL and LL variations. These results suggest that TL and AN are functionally linked to fit pollinators and sufficiently decoupled from developmentally related floral traits (SL) and vegetative traits (LL). These results support previous evidences of population differentiation due to local adaptation in the A. pernambucense complex and shed light on the role of flower-leaf decoupling for local adaptation in species distributed across biotic and abiotic heterogeneous landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wanderley
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - L Galetto
- Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - UNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I C S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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24
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Kuriya S, Hattori M, Nagano Y, Itino T. Altitudinal flower size variation correlates with local pollinator size in a bumblebee-pollinated herb, Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1761-9. [PMID: 26174480 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of locally different species interactions on trait evolution is a focus of recent evolutionary studies. However, few studies have demonstrated that geographically different pollinator-mediated selection influences geographic variation in floral traits, especially across a narrow geographic range. Here, we hypothesized that floral size variation in the Japanese herb Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) is affected by geographically different pollinator sizes reflecting different pollinator assemblages. To evaluate this hypothesis, we posed two questions. (1) Is there a positive correlation between floral length and the proboscis length of pollinators (bumblebees) across altitude in a mountain range? (2) Does the flower-pollinator size match influence female and male plant fitness? We found geographic variation in the assemblage of pollinators of P. vulgaris along an altitudinal gradient, and, as a consequence, the mean pollinator proboscis length also changed altitudinally. The floral corolla length of P. vulgaris also varied along an altitudinal gradient, and this variation strongly correlated with the local pollinator size but did not correlate with altitude itself. Furthermore, we found that the size match between the floral corolla length and bee proboscis length affected female and male plant fitness and the optimal size match (associated with peak fitness) was similar for the female and male fitness. Collectively, these results suggest that pollinator-mediated selection influences spatial variation in the size of P. vulgaris flowers at a fine spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuriya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Hattori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Y Nagano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - T Itino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.,Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Zhao ZG, Wang YK. Selection by pollinators on floral traits in generalized Trollius ranunculoides (Ranunculaceae) along altitudinal gradients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118299. [PMID: 25692295 PMCID: PMC4334720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundance and visitation of pollinator assemblages tend to decrease with altitude, leading to an increase in pollen limitation. Thus increased competition for pollinators may generate stronger selection on attractive traits of flowers at high elevations and cause floral adaptive evolution. Few studies have related geographically variable selection from pollinators and intraspecific floral differentiation. We investigated the variation of Trollius ranunculoides flowers and its pollinators along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and measured phenotypic selection by pollinators on floral traits across populations. The results showed significant decline of visitation rate of bees along altitudinal gradients, while flies was unchanged. When fitness is estimated by the visitation rate rather than the seed number per plant, phenotypic selection on the sepal length and width shows a significant correlation between the selection strength and the altitude, with stronger selection at higher altitudes. However, significant decreases in the sepal length and width of T. ranunculoides along the altitudinal gradient did not correspond to stronger selection of pollinators. In contrast to the pollinator visitation, mean annual precipitation negatively affected the sepal length and width, and contributed more to geographical variation in measured floral traits than the visitation rate of pollinators. Therefore, the sepal size may have been influenced by conflicting selection pressures from biotic and abiotic selective agents. This study supports the hypothesis that lower pollinator availability at high altitude can intensify selection on flower attractive traits, but abiotic selection is preventing a response to selection from pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi-Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
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26
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González AV, Murúa MM, Pérez F. Floral integration and pollinator diversity in the generalized plant-pollinator system of Alstroemeria ligtu (Alstroemeriaceae). Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pérez-Barrales R, Simón-Porcar VI, Santos-Gally R, Arroyo J. Phenotypic integration in style dimorphic daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) with different pollinators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130258. [PMID: 25002703 PMCID: PMC4084543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pollinators can exert different selective pressures on floral traits, depending on how they fit with flowers, which should be reflected in the patterns of variation and covariation of traits. Surprisingly, empirical evidence in support of this view is scarce. Here, we have studied whether the variation observed in floral phenotypic integration and covariation of traits in Narcissus species is associated with different groups of pollinators. Phenotypic integration was studied in two style dimorphic species, both with dimorphic populations mostly visited by long-tongued pollinators (close fit with flowers), and monomorphic populations visited by short-tongued insects (loose fit). For N. papyraceus, the patterns of variation and correlation among traits involved in different functions (attraction and fit with pollinators, transfer of pollen) were compared within and between population types. The genetic diversity of populations was also studied to control for possible effects on phenotypic variation. In both species, populations with long-tongued pollinators displayed greater phenotypic integration than those with short-tongued pollinators. Also, the correlations among traits involved in the same function were stronger than across functions. Furthermore, traits involved in the transfer of pollen were consistently more correlated and less variable than traits involved in the attraction of insects, and these differences were larger in dimorphic than monomorphic populations. In addition, population genetic parameters did not correlate with phenotypic integration or variation. Altogether, our results support current views of the role of pollinators in the evolution of floral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
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Newman E, Manning J, Anderson B. Matching floral and pollinator traits through guild convergence and pollinator ecotype formation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:373-84. [PMID: 24052557 PMCID: PMC3890386 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinator landscapes, as determined by pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same pollinator (pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their pollinators. METHODS We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range by Prosoeca longipennis, a long-proboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. KEY RESULTS Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated by P. longipennis were similar in colour throughout the pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. CONCLUSIONS Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Newman
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - John Manning
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town 7735, South Africa
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Sun M, Gross K, Schiestl FP. Floral adaptation to local pollinator guilds in a terrestrial orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:289-300. [PMID: 24107683 PMCID: PMC3890390 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of local floral adaptation in response to geographically divergent pollinators are essential for understanding floral evolution. This study investigated local pollinator adaptation and variation in floral traits in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia odoratissima, which spans a large altitudinal gradient and thus may depend on different pollinator guilds along this gradient. METHODS Pollinator communities were assessed and reciprocal transfer experiments were performed between lowland and mountain populations. Differences in floral traits were characterized by measuring floral morphology traits, scent composition, colour and nectar sugar content in lowland and mountain populations. KEY RESULTS The composition of pollinator communities differed considerably between lowland and mountain populations; flies were only found as pollinators in mountain populations. The reciprocal transfer experiments showed that when lowland plants were transferred to mountain habitats, their reproductive success did not change significantly. However, when mountain plants were moved to the lowlands, their reproductive success decreased significantly. Transfers between populations of the same altitude did not lead to significant changes in reproductive success, disproving the potential for population-specific adaptations. Flower size of lowland plants was greater than for mountain flowers. Lowland plants also had significantly higher relative amounts of aromatic floral volatiles, while the mountain plants had higher relative amounts of other floral volatiles. The floral colour of mountain flowers was significantly lighter compared with the lowland flowers. CONCLUSIONS Local pollinator adaptation through pollinator attraction was shown in the mountain populations, possibly due to adaptation to pollinating flies. The mountain plants were also observed to receive pollination from a greater diversity of pollinators than the lowland plants. The different floral phenotypes of the altitudinal regions are likely to be the consequence of adaptations to local pollinator guilds.
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Moeller DA. Floral and mating system divergence in secondary sympatry: testing an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement in Clarkia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:223-35. [PMID: 24081279 PMCID: PMC3890389 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive character displacement (RCD) is often an important signature of reinforcement when partially cross-compatible taxa meet in secondary sympatry. In this study, floral evolution is examined during the Holocene range expansion of Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora from eastern Pleistocene refugia to a western zone of sympatry with its sister taxon, subsp. xantiana. Floral divergence between the two taxa is greater in sympatry than allopatry. The goal was to test an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement - that floral divergence of sympatric genotypes is simply a by-product of adaptation to pollination environments that differ between the allopatric and sympatric portions of the subspecies' range. METHODS Floral trait data from two common garden studies were used to examine floral divergence between sympatric and allopatric regions and among phylogeographically defined lineages. In natural populations of C. x. parviflora, the magnitude of pollen limitation and reproductive assurance were quantified across its west-to-east range. Potted sympatric and allopatric genotypes were also reciprocally translocated between geographical regions to distinguish between the effects of floral phenotype versus contrasting pollinator environments on reproductive ecology. KEY RESULTS Sympatric populations are considerably smaller flowered with reduced herkogamy. Pollen limitation and the reproductive assurance value of selfing are greater in sympatric than in allopatric populations. Most significantly, reciprocal translocation experiments showed these differences in reproductive ecology cannot be attributed to contrasting pollinator environments between the sympatric and allopatric regions, but instead reflect the effects of flower size on pollinator attraction. CONCLUSIONS Floral evolution occurred during the westward range expansion of parviflora, particularly in the zone of sympatry with xantiana. No evidence was found that strongly reduced flower size in sympatric parviflora (and RCD between parviflora and xantiana) is due to adaptation to limited pollinator availability. Rather, floral divergence appears to have been driven by other factors, such as interactions with congenerics in secondary sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Moeller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Van der Niet T, Peakall R, Johnson SD. Pollinator-driven ecological speciation in plants: new evidence and future perspectives. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:199-211. [PMID: 24418954 PMCID: PMC3890394 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that pollinators have been important drivers of angiosperm diversity dates back to Darwin, and remains an important research topic today. Mounting evidence indicates that pollinators have the potential to drive diversification at several different stages of the evolutionary process. Microevolutionary studies have provided evidence for pollinator-mediated floral adaptation, while macroevolutionary evidence supports a general pattern of pollinator-driven diversification of angiosperms. However, the overarching issue of whether, and how, shifts in pollination system drive plant speciation represents a critical gap in knowledge. Bridging this gap is crucial to fully understand whether pollinator-driven microevolution accounts for the observed macroevolutionary patterns. Testable predictions about pollinator-driven speciation can be derived from the theory of ecological speciation, according to which adaptation (microevolution) and speciation (macroevolution) are directly linked. This theory is a particularly suitable framework for evaluating evidence for the processes underlying shifts in pollination systems and their potential consequences for the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. SCOPE This Viewpoint paper focuses on evidence for the four components of ecological speciation in the context of plant-pollinator interactions, namely (1) the role of pollinators as selective agents, (2) floral trait divergence, including the evolution of 'pollination ecotypes', (3) the geographical context of selection on floral traits, and (4) the role of pollinators in the evolution of reproductive isolation. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to a Special Issue on Pollinator-Driven Speciation in Plants. The 13 papers in this Special Issue range from microevolutionary studies of ecotypes to macroevolutionary studies of historical ecological shifts, and span a wide range of geographical areas and plant families. These studies further illustrate innovative experimental approaches, and they employ modern tools in genetics and floral trait quantification. Future advances to the field require better quantification of selection through male fitness and pollinator isolation, for instance by exploiting next-generation sequencing technologies. By combining these new tools with strategically chosen study systems, and smart experimental design, we predict that examples of pollinator-driven speciation will be among the most widespread and compelling of all cases of ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheüs Van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Section Botany, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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