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Choudhuri S. Toxicological Implications of Biological Heterogeneity. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:132-142. [PMID: 35311363 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211066492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
From a micro to macro scale of biological organization, macromolecular diversity and biological heterogeneity are fundamental properties of biological systems. Heterogeneity may result from genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic characteristics (e.g., tissue microenvironment). Macromolecular diversity and biological heterogeneity are tolerated as long as the sustenance and propagation of life are not disrupted. They also provide the raw materials for microevolutionary changes that may help organisms adapt to new selection pressures arising from the environment. Sequence evolution, functional divergence, and positive selection of gene and promoter dosage play a major role in the evolution of life's diversity including complex metabolic networks, which is ultimately reflected in changes in the allele frequency over time. Robustness in evolvable biological systems is conferred by functional redundancy that is often created by macromolecular diversity and biological heterogeneity. The ability to investigate biological macromolecules at an increasingly finer level has uncovered a wealth of information in this regard. Therefore, the dynamics of biological complexity should be taken into consideration in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Choudhuri
- Division of Food Ingredients, Office of Food Additive Safety, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Liew Y, Capule FR, Makmor-Bakry M. Effects of genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 on the efficacy of anesthetic and analgesic agents: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:1099-1106. [PMID: 34590490 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To perform a systematic review to determine the effect of ABCB1 (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T) variants on the effects of anesthetic and analgesic agents in various surgical procedures. Materials & methods: Literature was obtained from established databases and reference tracking. The main outcome measures were efficacy of anesthetic and analgesic agents intraoperative or within 48 h post surgery of human population. Results: Seventeen studies were included for data extraction from 1127 screened studies. The influences of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on analgesic effects showed conflicting results. The mutational homozygous TT genotypes of 1236C>T and 3435C>T polymorphisms demonstrated significant association with the anesthetic effects. Conclusion: The mutational homozygous TT genotype in both ABCB1 1236C>T and 3435C>T is associated with weaker anesthetic effect but there are no clearly demonstrated analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Francis R Capule
- College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mohd Makmor-Bakry
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jarrar YB, Balasmeh AA, Jarrar W. Sequence analysis of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2) among Jordanian volunteers. Libyan J Med 2018; 13:1408381. [PMID: 29173142 PMCID: PMC5717714 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2017.1408381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the NAT2 haplotypes, linkage disequilibrium, and novel NAT2 genetic variants among Jordanian population. We isolated the genomic DNA from 68 healthy, Arab, unrelated Jordanian volunteers to amplify the protein-coding region of NAT2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the amplified PCR products were sequenced using Applied Biosystems Model (ABI3730x1). It is found that the allele frequencies of known NAT2 genetic variants 191G>A, 282C>T, 341T>C, 481C>T, 590G>A, and 803A>G were 0.7, 26.5, 48.5, 35.3, 30.9, and 32.4%, respectively. The NAT2 allele frequencies were generally similar to those of white Europeans but different from those of Asian and African populations. The most common NAT2 haplotype was NAT2*5B with a frequency of 29.3%. According to the NAT2 haplotype frequencies, 72% (95% confidence interval 61.4-82.7%) of the volunteers were slow encoding NAT2 haplotype acetylators. The NAT2*5 represented variants 341T>C and 481C>T were in strong but not complete linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.8, r2 = 0.63). In addition, this study found a novel nonsynonymous NAT2 436G>A genetic variant with low frequency (0.7%). However, this novel variant was predicted to be tolerated and not harmful to the NAT2 protein, using in silico prediction tools. It is concluded that the frequency of slow encoding NAT2 haplotype was high among Jordanian volunteers, which may have effects on drug responses and susceptibility to some diseases, such as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Bashir Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, AlZaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayat Ahmed Balasmeh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, AlZaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wassan Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, AlZaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Zhong Q, Chen X, Zhao Y, Liu R, Yao S. Association of Polymorphisms in Pharmacogenetic Candidate Genes with Propofol Susceptibility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3343. [PMID: 28611364 PMCID: PMC5469860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant individual susceptibility to intravenous anesthetic propofol exists. The etiology of individual variability in the response to propofol may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms in metabolic and functional pathways. With current pharmacogenetics and modern molecular biology technologies, it is possible to study the influence of genetic polymorphisms on susceptibility to propofol. When inducing general anesthesia with intravenous propofol, high individual susceptibility to propofol was found. Using Sequenom MassARRAY single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, we identified a mutation (rs6313) in the 5HT2A gene that was correlated to individual susceptibility to propofol effect-site concentration (Cep) and onset time of propofol induction. Carriers of the minor allele (G) of 5HT2A rs6313 required less propofol (20% decrease in Cep) and less time (40% decrease in onset time) to induce anesthesia. Moreover, associations were found between the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor SNP rs2279020 and the SCN9A SNP rs6746030 and the susceptibility of bispectral index (BIS) after propofol-induced anesthesia. In addition, dominant mutations in GABAA1 rs2279020, GABAA2 rs11503014, and CHRM2 rs1824024 were putatively associated with cardiovascular susceptibility to propofol anesthesia. No gene-gene interactions were found through a standardized measure of linkage disequilibrium and a multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms related to mechanisms of propofol anesthesia are involved in propofol susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421000, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
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Abstract
A significant number of commonly administered medications in anesthesia show wide clinical interpatient variability. Some of these include neuromuscular blockers, opioids, local anesthetics, and inhalation anesthetics. Individual genetic makeup may account for and predict cardiovascular outcomes after cardiac surgery. These interactions can manifest at any point in the perioperative period and may also only affect a specific system. A better understanding of pharmacogenomics will allow for more individually tailored anesthetics and may ultimately lead to better outcomes, decreased hospital stays, and improved patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Saba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LSU Health Science Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Room 659, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mijderwijk H, Klimek M, van Beek S, van Schaik RHN, Duivenvoorden HJ, Stolker RJ. Implication of UGT2B15 Genotype Polymorphism on Postoperative Anxiety Levels in Patients Receiving Lorazepam Premedication. Anesth Analg 2016; 123:1109-1115. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abdullayev R, Küçükebe ÖB, Kaya R, Çelik B, Kuşderci H, Duran M, Uludağ Ö, Öterkuş M, Buyrukcan A, Sabuncu Ü, Arpacı A. Pseudocholinesterase Enzyme Deficiency in Adıyaman City Area. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2016; 43:381-6. [PMID: 27366534 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2015.32848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pseudocholinesterase (PChE) is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of succinylcholine. In case of its deficiency, the effect of succinylcholine that is approximately 5-10 min is prolonged up to few hours. The use of succinylcholine has been declined recently. However, it is still actively used in some special conditions and in developing countries. In this study, incidence of PChE enzyme deficiency around Adiyaman city was investigated and presented with the literature review. METHODS After obtaining an approval from the investigational board of our hospital (Adiyaman University Medical School, Biomedical Research Ethics Board, 30.12.2012, Nr: B.30.2.ADY.0.20.00-600/51), patients undergoing any elective operation under general anaesthesia in the Adiyaman University Medical School Hospital between March and December 2013 were recruited for the study. After obtaining the patients' written consents, blood PChE, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, international normalisation ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values of the patients were analysed. Possible association of the PChE deficiency with other values was also investigated. The normal value of PChE was taken as 4260-11250 for females aged 16-40 years and 5320-12920 U L(-1) for other patients. RESULTS The study was completed with 964 patients, 702 (72.8%) of whom were females. PChE enzyme levels were under the normal in 7.2% of the patients. There were no correlation between patient group, ALT, INR, aPTT and creatinine elevation with PChE deficiency (p>0.05), whereas AST and urea level elevation was significantly associated with PChE deficiency (p<0.05). The risk of PChE deficiency was 4.5 and 9 times higher in the patients with the elevation of AST and urea levels, respectively. CONCLUSION Pathological elevations of AST and urea that are a part of normal pre-operative biochemical analysis of blood will indicate the possible deficiency of PChE enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Abdullayev
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ömer Burak Küçükebe
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Recai Kaya
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Bülent Çelik
- Department of Biostatistics, Gazi University Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kuşderci
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Duran
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Öznur Uludağ
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mesut Öterkuş
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Aysel Buyrukcan
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Sabuncu
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Arpacı
- Clinic of Biochemistry, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
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IMMOBILIZING THE VULNERABLE APENNINE CHAMOIS (RUPICAPRA PYRENAICA ORNATA) WITH A LOW-DOSE XYLAZINE-KETAMINE COMBINATION, REVERSED WITH IDAZOXAN OR ATIPAMEZOLE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:213-23. [PMID: 26056871 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0079r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on chemical capture of the vulnerable subspecies within the genus Rupicapra. Low-dosage combinations of xylazine and ketamine were tested for immobilization of captive and free-ranging Apennine chamois, Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (85 and 66 immobilizations, respectively) in a retrospective analysis. Of the six dosage groups, all of them providing an acceptable level of immobilization, the optimal trade-off between safety and efficacy was found following administration of a mean dosage of 0.24±0.03 mg/kg xylazine and 1.07±0.15 mg/kg ketamine, resulting in 7.50±3.31 min induction time, deep sedation with no or limited reaction to handling in 96% of the chamois, minimal deviation of physiologic parameters from previously reported physiologic values for anesthetized or physically restrained chamois, and no mortality. Intravenous injection of idazoxan (0.05±0.01 mg/kg) or atipamezole (0.38±0.37 mg/kg) resulted in faster reversal than intravenous injection of tolazoline (1.05±0.15 mg/kg) in 1.3 vs. 4.1 min. When free-ranging chamois were darted with similar xylazine and ketamine dosages, induction time was 8.49±5.48 min, 88% of the animals were deeply sedated, and a single animal died from respiratory arrest (1.5% mortality). Intramuscular atipamezole provided smoother reversal than intravenous idazoxan. The results of this study suggest that xylazine/ketamine combinations, at remarkably lower dosage than previously published in Caprinae, may be safely and effectively used in chemical capture protocols of Apennine chamois, to facilitate conservation-oriented relocation and research.
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Alados-Arboledas F, Millán-Bueno M, Expósito-Montes J, Santiago-Gutierrez C, Arévalo-Garrido A, Pérez-Parras A, Millán-Miralles L, Martínez-Padilla M, de la Cruz-Moreno J. Utilidad de la monitorización anestésica con el índice biespectral en endoscopias digestivas altas en respiración espontánea. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 79:83-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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STORM H, STØEN R, KLEPSTAD P, SKORPEN F, QVIGSTAD E, RAEDER J. Nociceptive stimuli responses at different levels of general anaesthesia and genetic variability. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:89-99. [PMID: 23167532 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in skin conductance (SC), clinical stress score (CSS), the bispectral index spectroscopy (BIS) index and the variation in the BIS index may be used to monitor responses to nociceptive stimuli. We wanted to examine these methods during noxious stimulation during general anaesthesia and if the responses were associated with variability in genes related to pain. METHODS Sixty patients, given propofol to a BIS level of 40-50, were stimulated with standardised tetanic electrical stimuli during propofol infusion, plasma level of 3 μg/ml alone, or together with remifentanil target plasma level of 3 ng/ml or 10 ng/ml. The CSS, SC, BIS index and the variability of the BIS index were registered. The inter-individual variation in nociceptive responses was analysed for co-variation with genotypes of 89 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 23 candidate genes. RESULTS During tetanic stimuli, CSS and SC increased significantly and were attenuated with increasing level of remifentanil, different from the BIS index and the variation in the BIS index. Polymorphisms in the P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), tachykinin 1 receptor (TACR1), dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) and beta arrestin 2 (ARRB2) genes were associated with the co-variation in SC variables or CSS response or both during standardised nociceptive stimuli (P < 0.05). Because of no corrections for multiple testing, the genetic analyses are explorative, and associations must be tested in further studies. CONCLUSION This exploratory study suggests genes that may be tested further with relation to nociceptive response during anaesthesia. SC and CSS may be useful tools for monitoring nociceptive response during general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. STORM
- University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - R. STØEN
- Rikshospitalet and Ullevål University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | - P. KLEPSTAD
- St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim; Norway
| | - F. SKORPEN
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| | - E. QVIGSTAD
- University of Oslo; Rikshospital and Ullevål University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | - J. RAEDER
- University of Oslo; Rikshospital and Ullevål University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
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Landau R, Bollag LA, Kraft JC. Pharmacogenetics and anaesthesia: the value of genetic profiling. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:165-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wong C, McCarthy R, Blouin J, Landau R. Observational study of the effect of μ-opioid receptor genetic polymorphism on intrathecal opioid labor analgesia and post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Landau R. Pharmacogenetic influences in obstetric anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Magalhães E, Gomes MDA, Barra GB, Govêia CS, Ladeira LCA. Evaluation of the Influence of the Codon 16 Polymorphism of the Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene on the Incidence of Arterial Hypotension and Ephedrine Use in Pregnant Patients Submitted to Subarachnoid Anesthesia. Braz J Anesthesiol 2010; 60:228-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(10)70031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Current concepts in pain management: pharmacologic options for the pediatric, geriatric, hepatic and renal failure patient. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2008; 25:381-407; vi. [PMID: 18486851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a review for current practice. Strict guidelines are not available on some topics, and they may never be drafted because pain is such a unique individual experience. It is recommended to coordinate care with other medical specialties when patients present with organ dysfunctions or are at the extremes of age. More data are required in the field of pain management, particularly with regard to renal and hepatic dysfunction. In turn, these data serve as a foundation for physicians making practice decisions based on current evidence. Until this is achieved, clinicians must rely on anecdotal evidence and the experiences of others to treat a complex issue: pain.
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Kaymak C, Kocabaş NA, Durmaz E, Oztuna D. beta2 adrenoceptor (ADRB2) pharmacogenetics and cardiovascular phenotypes during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Int J Toxicol 2007; 25:443-9. [PMID: 17132602 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600959519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic variations that cause a variable drug response characterized by alteration in drug metabolism or in pharmacodynamics. The polymorphisms in genes encoding receptors relevant to treatment cause variation in sensitivity to many drugs. beta2 Adrenoceptor genetic variation contributes to regulation of blood pressure and hemodynamic changes by mediating peripheral vasodilatation. Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation associated with hemodynamic changes. Although there are four nonsynomic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of beta2 adrenoceptor gene, codon 16 (Arg16Gly) and codon 27 (Gln27Glu) SNPs are both common and functionally important. In this paper, the authors investigated the beta2 adrenoceptor Gly16 and Glu27 SNPs in response to drugs relevant to anesthesia and how these SNPs impacted upon the cardiovascular phenotypes. The authors measured arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and rate-pressure product before induction of anesthesia and 1 min following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Genomic DNA was amplified and genotyped using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays, respectively. When the authors compared hemodynamic results according to genotypes, the patients with Gln homozygote allele at codon 27 exhibited significant increase of heart rate than patients with Glu allele after laryngoscope and tracheal intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetin Kaymak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Turkey
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Sato Y, Seo N, Kobayashi E. Genetic background differences between FVB and C57BL/6 mice affect hypnotic susceptibility to pentobarbital, ketamine and nitrous oxide, but not isoflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:553-6. [PMID: 16643223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.001002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomics has allowed us to identify the mechanisms underlying much of the inherited variability in drug response. There have been several reports of strain-dependent anesthetic actions in rodents, indicating that significant genetic differences exist in the hypnotic and antinociceptive effects of various anesthetics. METHODS Loss of righting reflex was used to compare the hypnotic action of pentobarbital, ketamine, nitrous oxide and isoflurane between two genetically different populations of mice, C57BL/6 with black hair and Friends virus B (FVB) with white hair. RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were more susceptible than FVB mice to the hypnotic effects of ketamine, pentobarbital and nitrous oxide. However, the sensitivity to isoflurane did not differ between C57BL/6 and FVB mice. CONCLUSION Genetic background affects the hypnotic susceptibility to some anesthetic agents in mice. Our results indicate that there may be a different genetic basis for the operation of hypnosis between isoflurane and other anesthetics, such as pentobarbital, ketamine and nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- P-A Lönnqvist
- Astrid Lindgrens Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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