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Medina CK, Aykut B, Kang L, McVadon D, Overbey DM, Helke KL, Taylor CL, Fitzgerald DC, Hassid M, Braxton AM, Miller SG, Mealer C, Ho CS, Whitworth KM, Prather RS, Moya-Mendez ME, Jeffs S, Parker LE, Turek JW, Rajab TK. Surgical Protocol for Partial Heart Transplantation in Growing Piglets. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2024:21501351241245115. [PMID: 38780414 DOI: 10.1177/21501351241245115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Partial heart transplantation is a new approach to deliver growing heart valve implants. Partial heart transplants differ from heart transplants because only the part of the heart containing the necessary heart valve is transplanted. This allows partial heart transplants to grow, similar to the valves in heart transplants. However, the transplant biology of partial heart transplantation remains unexplored. This is a critical barrier to progress of the field. Without knowledge about the specific transplant biology of partial heart transplantation, children with partial heart transplants are empirically treated like children with heart transplants because the valves in heart transplants are known to grow. In order to progress the field, an animal model for partial heart transplantation is necessary. Here, we contribute our surgical protocol for partial heart transplantation in growing piglets. All aspects of partial heart transplantation, including the donor procedure, the recipient procedure, and recipient perioperative care are described in detail. There are important nuances in the conduct of virtually all aspects of open heart surgery that differs in piglets from humans. Our surgical protocol, which is based on our experience with 34 piglets, will allow other investigators to leverage our experience to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature of partial heart transplants. This is significant because the partial heart transplant model in piglets is complex and very resource intensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathlyn K Medina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Berk Aykut
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lillian Kang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deani McVadon
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Douglas M Overbey
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carolyn L Taylor
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David C Fitzgerald
- Division of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marc Hassid
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alicia M Braxton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephen G Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Corey Mealer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ and Tissue Donor Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | | | - Sydney Jeffs
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph W Turek
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Vijayakumar Sreelatha H, Palekkodan H, Fasaludeen A, K. Krishnan L, Abelson KSP. Refinement of the motorised laminectomy-assisted rat spinal cord injury model by analgesic treatment. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294720. [PMID: 38227583 PMCID: PMC10790998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Usage and reporting of analgesia in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) have been sparse and requires proper attention. The majority of experimental SCI research uses rats as an animal model. This study aimed to probe into the effects of some commonly used regimens with NSAIDs and opioids on well-being of the rats as well as on the functional outcome of the model. This eight-week study used forty-two female Wistar rats (Crl: WI), randomly and equally divided into 6 treatment groups, viz. I) tramadol (5mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); II) carprofen (5mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); III) carprofen (5mg/kg); IV) meloxicam (1mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); V) meloxicam (1mg/kg); and VI) no analgesia (0.5 ml sterile saline). Buprenorphine was administered twice daily whereas other treatments were given once daily for five days post-operatively. Injections were given subcutaneously. All animals underwent dental burr-assisted laminectomy at the T10-T11 vertebra level. A custom-built calibrated spring-loaded 200 kilodynes force deliverer was used to induce severe SCI. Weekly body weight scores, Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), and dark-phase home cage activity were used as markers for well-being. Weekly Basso Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores served as markers for functionality together with Novel Object Recognition test (NOR) at week 8 and terminal histopathology using area of vacuolisation and live neuronal count from the ventral horns of spinal cord. It was concluded that the usage of analgesia improved animal wellbeing while having no effects on the functional aspects of the animal model in comparison to the animals that received no analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Vijayakumar Sreelatha
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hamza Palekkodan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Ansar Fasaludeen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Lissy K. Krishnan
- Biological Research and Innovation Wing, Dr. Moopen’s Medical College, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Klas S. P. Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Digranes N, Haga HA, Nordgreen J. High and Hyper: Fentanyl Induces Psychomotor Side-Effects in Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101671. [PMID: 37238100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Analgesic effects of fentanyl have been investigated using behavior. The behavioral effects of fentanyl and possible serotonergic influence are largely unknown. We therefore investigated behavioral effects of fentanyl, with or without the serotonin antagonist ketanserin, in pigs. Fourteen mixed-breed pigs, weighing 17-25 kg were included in a randomised blinded prospective, balanced three-group study. Ten pigs received first 5 and then 10 µg/kg of fentanyl intravenously. Ketanserin at 1 mg/kg or saline was given intravenously as a third injection. Four control pigs received three injections of saline. Behavior was video-recorded. The distance moved was automatically measured by commercially available software, and behaviors manually scored in retrospect. Fentanyl inhibited resting and playing, and induced different repetitive behaviors. The mean (SD) distance moved in the control group and fentanyl group was 21.3 (13.0) and 57.8 (20.8) metres respectively (p < 0.05 for pairwise comparison). A stiff gait pattern was seen after fentanyl injection for median (range) 4.2 (2.8-5.1) minutes per 10 min, which was reduced to 0 (0-4) s after ketanserin administration. Conclusion: fentanyl-induced motor and behavioral effects, and serotonergic transmission may be involved in some of them. The psychomotor side effects of fentanyl could potentially interfere with post-operative pain evaluation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Digranes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
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Liedel C, Mayer L, Einspanier A, Völker I, Ulrich R, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A new S. suis serotype 3 infection model in pigs: lack of effect of buprenorphine treatment to reduce distress. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:435. [PMID: 36510249 PMCID: PMC9743652 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptoccocus suis (S. suis) is a major porcine pathogen causing meningitis, septicemia, arthritis and endocarditis. These diseases severely impair welfare of pigs. Experimental studies in pigs are important to better understand the pathogenesis and to identify protective antigens, as so far there is no vaccine available protecting against various serotypes (cps). Due to the severity of disease, application of appropriate refinement strategies in experimental S. suis infections is essential to reduce distress imposed on the piglets without jeopardizing the scientific output. The objectives of this study were to evaluate buprenorphine treatment as a refinement measure and serum cortisol levels as a distress read out parameter in a new S. suis cps3 infection model in pigs. RESULTS Intravenous application of 2 × 108 CFU of S. suis cps3 (sly+, mrp+) to 6-week-old piglets led to severe morbidity in approximately 50% of the animals. Main pathological findings included suppurative meningoencephalitis and arthritis as well as fibrinosuppurative endocarditis. Buprenorphine treatment (0.05 mg/kg every 8 h) did not prevent signs of severe pain, high clinical scores, moderate to severe pathologies or high levels of serum cortisol in single severely affected piglets. Significant differences in the course of leukocytosis, induction of specific antibodies and bactericidal immunity were not recorded between groups with or w/o buprenorphine treatment. Of note, clinically unobtrusive piglets showed serum cortisol levels at 2 and 5 days post infectionem (dpi) comparable to the levels prior to infection with cps3. Cortisol levels in serum were significantly increased in piglets euthanized due to severe disease in comparison to clinically unobtrusive pigs. CONCLUSIONS Different clinical courses and pathologies are induced after intravenous challenge of piglets with 2 × 108 CFU of this S. suis cps3 strain. The chosen protocol of buprenorphine application does not prevent severe distress in this infection model. Important parameters of the humoral immune response, such as the level of IgM binding to S. suis cps3, do not appear to be affected by buprenorphine treatment. Serum cortisol is a meaningful parameter to measure distress in piglets experimentally infected with S. suis and to evaluate refinement strategies. In this intravenous model, which includes close clinical monitoring and different humane endpoints, clinics and cortisol levels suggest convalescence in surviving piglets within 5 days following experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonie Mayer
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iris Völker
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Baums
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Mirra A, Casoni D, Barge P, Hight D, Levionnois O, Spadavecchia C. Usability of the SedLine® electroencephalographic monitor of depth of anaesthesia in pigs: a pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput 2022; 36:1635-1646. [PMID: 35059913 PMCID: PMC9637619 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-022-00807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the usability of the SedLine® monitor in anaesthetized pigs. Five juvenile healthy pigs underwent balanced isoflurane-based general anaesthesia for surgical placement of a subcutaneous jugular venous port. The SedLine® was applied to continuously monitor electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and its modulation during anaesthesia. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance were performed to investigate the relationship between electrodes' positioning and anatomical structures. The pediatric SedLine® EEG-sensor could be easily applied and SedLine®-generated variables collected. An EEG Density Spectral Array (DS) was displayed over the whole procedure. During surgery, the EEG signal was dominated by elevated power in the delta range (0.5-4 Hz), with an underlying broadband signal (where power decreased with increasing frequency). The emergence period was marked by a decrease in delta power, and a more evenly distributed power over the 4-40 Hz frequency range. From incision to end of surgery, mean SedLine®-generated values (± standard deviation) were overall stable [23.0 (± 2.8) Patient State Index (PSI), 1.0% (± 3.8%) Suppression Ratio (SR), 8.8 Hz (± 2.5 Hz) Spectral Edge Frequency 95% (SEF) left, 7.7 Hz (± 2.4 Hz) SEF right], quickly changing during emergence [75.3 (± 11.1) PSI, 0.0 (± 0.0) SR, 12.5 (± 6.6) SEF left 10.4 (± 6.6) SEF right]. Based on the imaging performed, the sensor does not record EEG signals from the same brain areas as in humans. SedLine®-DSA and -generated variables seemed to reflect variations in depth of anaesthesia in pigs. Further studies are needed to investigate this correlation, as well as to define the species-specific brain structures monitored by the EEG-sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirra
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - D Casoni
- Department for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Barge
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Hight
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Levionnois
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Mirra A, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois O. Correlation of Sedline-generated variables and clinical signs with anaesthetic depth in experimental pigs receiving propofol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275484. [PMID: 36174080 PMCID: PMC9522294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of currently available electroencephalographic (EEG)-based tools to assess depth of anaesthesia have not been studied or have been judged unreliable in pigs. Our primary aim was to investigate the dose-effect relationship between increasing propofol dose and variables generated by the EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitor Sedline in pigs. A secondary aim was to compare the anaesthetic doses with clinical outcomes commonly used to assess depth of anaesthesia in this species. Sixteen juvenile pigs were included. Propofol infusion was administered at 10 mg kg-1 h-1, increased by 10 mg kg-1 h-1 every 15 minutes, and stopped when an EEG Suppression ratio >80% was reached. Patient state index, suppression ratio, left and right spectral edge frequency 95%, and outcomes from commonly used clinical methods to assess depth of anaesthesia in pigs were recorded. The best pharmacodynamic model was assessed for Patient state index, suppression ratio, left and right spectral edge frequency 95% in response to propofol administration. The decrease of Patient state index best fitted to an inhibitory double-sigmoid model (including a plateau phase). The increase of suppression ratio fitted a typical sigmoid Emax model. No relevant relationship could be identified between spectral edge frequency 95% values and propofol administration. A large variability in clinical outcomes was observed among pigs, such that they did not provide a reliable evaluation of propofol dose. The relationship between propofol dose and Patient state index/suppression ratio described in the present study can be used for prediction in future investigations. The evaluation of depth of anaesthesia based on common clinical outcomes was not reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mirra
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Levionnois
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ienello L, Kennedy M, Wendt-Hornickle E, Baldo C, Moshnikova V, Guedes A. Ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block injections in miniature swine cadavers: technique description and distribution of two injectate volumes. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Preclinical evaluation of the new EDGE SP 1000 single-port robotic surgical system in gynecology minimal access surgery. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:4780-4785. [PMID: 34697678 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a new single-port robotic surgical system for gynecological surgery in the porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six female Tibetan miniature pigs underwent robot-assisted single-port laparoscopic total hysterectomy with the newly developed single-port EDGE SP1000 platform. Estimated blood loss (EBL), docking time, operative time, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Postoperative pain was assessed by VAS (visual analog scale) score at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Then the experimental animals were observed for one week after surgery to assess their mental status, incisional infections and finally euthanized for necropsy to assess the recovery of the vaginal stump. RESULTS Six hysterectomies of pigs were successfully completed. There were no significant intraoperative complications in the six surgeries. The average total operation time was 113.33 min (95-143 min), and the average docking time was 5.5 min (4-7 min). The average EBL was 10 ml (5 ~ 20 ml). The mean VAS scores at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively were 6.3, 5.7, 5, 3, respectively. At 7 days postoperatively, no significant incisional infections or other complications were observed. Post-euthanasia examination of the pelvis showed no significant abnormalities in the vaginal stump. CONCLUSION This preclinical study of a new single-port surgical system for gynecologic procedures demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the EDGE SP1000 system in porcine models. Further studies are required to assess its clinical utility in the future.
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Savard C, Dumais Y, Pouillevet H, Marcoux J, Finck C, Finck M, Benito J, Rainville MP, Vergneau-Grosset C. Extraction of aberrant tusk and mandibular osteomyelitis treatment in a pot-bellied pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Goutchtat R, Chetboun M, Wiart JF, Gaulier JM, Pattou F, Allorge D, Hubert T. Long-Term Analgesia following a Single Application of Fentanyl Transdermal Solution in Pigs. Eur Surg Res 2021; 62:115-120. [PMID: 34167112 DOI: 10.1159/000516828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In animal research, obtaining efficient and constant pain control is regulatory but challenging. The gold standard pain management consists of opioid analgesic administration, such as buprenorphine or fentanyl extended-release patches. However, as in all drugs with a short half-life time, repeated buprenorphine administrations are needed, leading to multiple injections that affect the research protocol. On the other hand, fentanyl patch efficacy is discussed in some species. These elements highlight the need of an optimal formulation of analgesic drugs for laboratory animals. In this study, we investigated how Recuvyra®, a fentanyl transdermal solution (FTS), validated in dog perioperative pain management, could provide sustained analgesia after a single topical administration in pigs in a surgical context. METHODS A total of 11 minipigs were used in this study. As a preliminary experiment, two different doses were tested as a single application on five pigs: two pigs at full dose (2.6 mg/kg) and three pigs at half dose (1.3 mg/kg). Plasma fentanyl dosages were performed during 4 consecutive days, using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The efficacy of FTS was then evaluated in a perioperative period. Six minipigs benefited from a surgical intervention comprising a laparotomy. The FTS was blotted on the skin in a single application 20 min before the surgical incision and plasma fentanyl dosages, clinical examination (body weight, food intake, heart rate, and body temperature) and pain assessment were performed for 7 consecutive days. RESULTS During the preliminary experiment, all fentanyl concentrations reached the minimum effective concentration (MEC) extrapolated in pigs (fentanylemia ≥0.2 ng/mL) throughout the 4 days. The half dose was chosen for the next step of the study. After the surgical intervention, all plasma fentanyl concentrations remained above the MEC up to 7 days post administration. Pig clinical examinations and pain evaluations showed efficient and constant pain control at the half dose, and few adverse events were observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study confirms the pharmacological and clinical efficacy of FTS at 1.3 mg/kg in pigs throughout at least 7 postoperative days following laparotomy. The clinical analgesic effect of FTS appears more efficient and well-tolerated than the one observed with repeated injections of buprenorphine. This analgesic drug formulation could be universally used in animal research to provide optimal perioperative pain management and long-term analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Goutchtat
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, Lille, France,
| | - Mikael Chetboun
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - François Pattou
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Thomas Hubert
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, Lille, France.,Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement (DHURE), Lille, France
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Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061777. [PMID: 34198637 PMCID: PMC8232193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the available literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses. This type of review tries to minimise the risk of bias inherent to narrative reviews/expert opinions. Abstract Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.
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Calice I, Kau S, Knecht C, Otero PE, Larenza Menzies MP. Combined caudal retrocostal and lateral ultrasound-guided approach for transversus abdominis plane injection: A descriptive pilot study in pig cadavers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248131. [PMID: 33690705 PMCID: PMC7946305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a regional anesthetic technique used to desensitize the abdominal wall in several species. This study aimed to describe the anatomical characteristics of the abdominal wall and to identify a feasible approach for an US-guided TAP injection that would result in adequate staining of the relevant nerves in the abdominal wall in pig cadavers. Fresh cadavers from five Landrace pigs (age, 12 weeks; body weight, 35.5 ± 1.6 kg) were used. One pig (n = 1) was anatomically dissected, and four pigs (n = 4; i.e., 8 hemiabdomens) were used for TAP injections and evaluation of dye spread. The volume of 0.3 mL/kg/injection point of methylene blue was injected bilaterally. In the caudal retrocostal approach, the injection was performed ventral to the most caudal part of the costal arch. In the lateral approach, the injection was performed between the last rib and iliac crest. A needle was inserted in plane for the caudal retrocostal and the lateral approach caudocranially and craniocaudally, respectively. Successful staining was defined as presence of dye on the nerve for a length of >1 cm in its entire circumference. The TAP was found between different muscle layers in the described anatomical regions. In the caudal retrocostal approach the TAP was found between the external abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle bellies. In the lateral approach the TAP was found between the internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. The approach combining lateral and caudal retrocostal injections at the studied volume stained a median of 5 (3–6) target nerves from the fourth-last thoracic nerve to L2 (six nerves). Combined caudal retrocostal and lateral TAP injections of 0.3 mL/kg/injection point, resulted in staining of target nerve branches which supply the periumbilical and caudal abdominal wall in pig cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Calice
- Clinical Unit of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Kau
- Institute of Topographic Anatomy, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, University Clinic for Swine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pablo E Otero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Paula Larenza Menzies
- Clinical Unit of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Haga HA, Lervik A, Nordgreen J. Inhibition and facilitation of nociceptively evoked muscular activity by fentanyl or dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:230-238. [PMID: 33526309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate motor and cardiovascular responses to dexmedetomidine or fentanyl in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, balanced, block randomized, two-group design. ANIMALS A group of 16 crossbred pigs, 55 ± 8 days (mean ± standard deviation) old. METHODS Deltoid electromyography (EMG) was recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation using 5, 10, 20 and 40 mA of the distal right thoracic limb elicited a nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR), quantified by the area under the curve (AUC) for the simulation intensity versus EMG amplitude response curve. Latency to movement evoked by clamping a claw for maximum 60 seconds was noted. Arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Data were sampled at baseline and during dexmedetomidine 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1 or fentanyl 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 μg kg-1 hour-1 infusions. The influence of infusion rate on NWR AUC and spontaneous EMG was analysed using a mixed model, with p < 5%. RESULTS NWR AUC increased at fentanyl 5 μg kg-1 hour-1 but decreased at fentanyl 40, 80 and 160 μg kg-1 hour-1 and dexmedetomidine 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1. All pigs at fentanyl 80 μg kg-1 hour-1, and three pigs at dexmedetomidine 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1 had mechanical latencies greater than 60 seconds. Spontaneous EMG activity increased accompanied by visually evident 'shivering' at fentanyl 5, 10 and 20 μg kg-1 hour-1 but decreased at dexmedetomidine 2, 4 and 8 μg kg-1 hour-1. Clinically relevant effects of increasing infusion rates on blood pressure or pulse rate were not observed. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE If anaesthetic plane or antinociception is evaluated in pigs, response to claw clamping and NWR will not necessarily give uniform results when comparing drugs. If only one method is used, results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Lervik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Ruemmler R, Ziebart A, Britten E, Kamuf J, Garcia-Bardon A, Hartmann EK. Targeted fibre-optical intrabronchial lipopolysaccharide administration in pigs - a methodical refinement for improved accuracy in respiratory research. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:26-34. [PMID: 33309470 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and evaluate a standardized method of targeted, intrabronchial drug delivery in pigs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS A total of 16 German Landrace pigs (Sus scrofa), age range 12‒16 weeks, and weighing 28‒35 kg. METHODS The animals were anaesthetized, intubated, and instrumented with extended cardiovascular monitoring. Lung injury was induced by administering via a flexible fibre-optic endoscope using 100 mL saline solution containing either 20 mg of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) (n = 8) or no additive (sham, n = 8) into the two distal mainstem bronchi. The animals were monitored for 8 hours and arterial oxygenation, inspiratory pressure and arterial blood pressure were measured repeatedly. Post-mortem, lung tissue was prepared for histologic damage scoring and determination of proinflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Statistical analyses were performed using inter-group analysis of variance and Student's t tests. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The targeted application of LPS led to significant deterioration of oxygenation consistent with mild-to-moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hypotension (Horowitz ratio: sham 2 hour, 300 ± 39; LPS 2 hour, 193.7 ± 52; p < 0.001). Histologic analyses identified increased inflammation and oedema in the tissues of the animals in the LPS group IL-6 sham: 6.4 ± 4.4 × 10-5 pg mL-1; IL-6 LPS: 2.8 ± 2.4 × 10-4 pg mL-1, p = 0.015. CONCLUSIONS The targeted application of agents via flexible fibre-optic endoscopy is a valid, reliable method of causing controlled lung damage in a porcine model. The data presented suggest the feasibility and possible advantages of controlled application and could expand the array of techniques used to help understand the critical condition of ARDS. In addition, a targeted approach could help reduce animal numbers used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ruemmler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Ziebart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Britten
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Kamuf
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Garcia-Bardon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik Kristoffer Hartmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Clutton RE. An Anglocentric History of Anaesthetics and Analgesics in the Refinement of Animal Experiments. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1933. [PMID: 33096686 PMCID: PMC7589666 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous histories of animal experimentation, e.g., Franco (2013) have focused on ethics, the law and the personalities involved, but not on the involvement of anaesthetics or analgesics. Given that these were major subjects of (UK) Parliamentary debates on vivisection in the mid-19th century and viewed as "indisputable refinements in animal experimentation" (Russell and Burch 1959), it seemed that an analysis of their role was overdue. This commentary has, in interweaving the history of animal experimentation in the UK with the evolution of anaesthesia, attempted to: (1) clarify the evidence for Russell and Burch's view; and (2) evaluate anaesthesia's ongoing contribution to experimental refinement. The history that emerges reveals that the withholding or misuse of anaesthetics and, or analgesics from laboratory animals in the UK has had a profound effect on scientists and indirectly on the attitudes of the British public in general, becoming a major driver for the establishment of the anti-vivisection movement and subsequently, the Cruelty to Animals Act (1876)-the world's first legislation for the regulation of animal experimentation. In 1902, the mismanaged anaesthetic of a dog in the Department of Physiology, University College London resulted in numerous events of public disorder initiated by medical students against the police and a political coalition of anti-vivisectionists, trade unionists, socialists, Marxists, liberals and suffragettes. The importance of anaesthesia in animal experiments was sustained over the following 150 years as small mammalian species gradually replaced dogs and cats as the principle subjects for vivisection. In discussing experimental refinement in their 1959 report, "The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique" Russell and Burch described anaesthetics as "… the greatest single advance in humane technique, (which) has at the same time been virtually indispensable for the advance of experimental biology". Since then, the role of anaesthetics and in particular analgesics has become an unavoidable consideration whenever animal experiments are planned and conducted. This has been accompanied by a proliferation of training and educational programmes in laboratory animal anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eddie Clutton
- The Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Smith AJ. Guidelines for planning and conducting high-quality research and testing on animals. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:21. [PMID: 32665911 PMCID: PMC7348107 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are important scientific, legal and ethical reasons for optimising the quality of animal research and testing. Concerns about the reproducibility and translatability of animal studies are now being voiced not only by those opposed to animal use, but also by scientists themselves. Many of the attempts to improve reproducibility have, until recently, focused on ways in which the reporting of animal studies can be improved. Many reporting guidelines have been written. Better reporting cannot, however, improve the quality of work that has already been carried out - for this purpose better planning is required. Planning animal studies should involve close collaboration with the animal facility where the work is to be performed, from as early a stage as possible. In this way, weaknesses in the protocol will be detected and changes can be made before it is too late. Improved planning must focus on more than the "mathematical" elements of experimental design such as randomisation, blinding and statistical methods. This should include focus on practical details such as the standard of the facility, any need for education and training, and all the factors which can improve animal welfare. The PREPARE (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence) checklist was developed to help scientists be more aware of all the issues which may affect their experiments. The checklist is supported by comprehensive webpages containing more information, with links to the latest resources that have been developed for each topic on the list.
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Luna SPL, de Araújo AL, da Nóbrega Neto PI, Brondani JT, de Oliveira FA, Azerêdo LMDS, Telles FG, Trindade PHE. Validation of the UNESP-Botucatu pig composite acute pain scale (UPAPS). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233552. [PMID: 32480399 PMCID: PMC7263847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation of species-specific valid tools for pain assessment is essential to recognize pain and determine the requirement and efficacy of analgesic treatments. This study aimed to assess behaviour and investigate the validity and reliability of an acute pain scale in pigs undergoing orchiectomy. Forty-five pigs aged 38±3 days were castrated under local anaesthesia. Behaviour was video-recorded 30 minutes before and intermittently up to 24 hours after castration. Edited footage (before surgery, after surgery before and after rescue analgesia, and 24 hours postoperatively) was analysed twice (one month apart) by one observer who was present during video-recording (in-person researcher) and three blinded observers. Statistical analysis was performed using R software and differences were considered significant when p<0.05. Intra and inter-observer agreement, based on intra-class correlation coefficient, was good or very good between most observers (>0.60), except between observers 1 and 3 (moderate agreement 0.57). The scale was unidimensional according to principal component analysis. The scale showed acceptable item-total Spearman correlation, excellent predictive and concurrent criterion validity (Spearman correlation ≥ 0.85 between the proposed scale versus visual analogue, numerical rating, and simple descriptive scales), internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient >0.80 for all items), responsiveness (the pain scores of all items of the scale increased after castration and decreased after intervention analgesia according to Friedman test), and specificity (> 95%). Sensitivity was good or excellent for most of the items. The optimal cut-off point for rescue analgesia was ≥ 6 of 18. Discriminatory ability was excellent for all observers according to the area under the curve (>0.95). The proposed scale is a reliable and valid instrument and may be used clinically and experimentally to assess postoperative acute pain in pigs. The well-defined cut-off point supports the evaluator´s decision to provide or not analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucélia de Araújo
- Post graduation Program in Anaesthesiology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Tabarelli Brondani
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Augusta de Oliveira
- Post graduation Program in Anaesthesiology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Garcia Telles
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Quality of Adherence to the ARRIVE Guidelines in the Material and Methods Section in Studies Where Swine Were Used as Surgical Biomodels: A Systematic Review (2013-2018). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110947. [PMID: 31717897 PMCID: PMC6912630 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Through a systematic review of reports where swine were used as animal biomodels for testing or researching new surgical techniques, we sought to determine the quality of the report of the methodologies carried out on the basis of the ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) in a total of 108 studies from 2013 to 2018. In a large percentage of the articles, the information presented in the methodology of the studies showed incomplete data according to the ARRIVE guidelines recommendations for reporting the use of animals. There was a strong focus on descriptions of surgical techniques; however, sample size calculation, description of maintenance conditions, animal handling, and anesthetic and pain management protocols used were not very detailed. This could lead to the inability of others to replicate the described experiments. For this reason, we encourage authors to implement the ARRIVE guidelines to improve the quality of scientific reports and ensure animal welfare. Abstract Over the last two decades, pigs have become animal biomodels widely used for the investigation and practice of surgical techniques because of their great physiological and anatomical similarities to humans. Even though many of these studies must be carried out later in humans, the description of basic information is limited, making exact repetitions of the reported experimental methods impossible. In this review, 108 studies from 2013 to 2018 were considered to determine the quality of adherence to the ARRIVE guidelines in the reports of the methodologies. The majority of the studies lacked the details recommended in the ARRIVE guidelines regarding data directly related to the welfare of animals undergoing surgery and those about anesthetic protocols and analgesics. Information related to sample size calculation and housing and husbandry conditions was also very limited. We believe that the ARRIVE guidelines are an excellent tool for good-quality reporting. We encourage scientists to consistently use them as a tool to improve the quality of their scientific reports and, consequently, ensure animal welfare.
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Arjona M, Rubio CP, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Application of a score for evaluation of pain, distress and discomfort in pigs with lameness and prolapses: correlation with saliva biomarkers and severity of the disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:155-163. [PMID: 31494378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A score system was used to evaluate pain, distress and discomfort in healthy pigs and pigs with two different diseases: lameness and rectal prolapse. In addition, correlations between the results of this score and a panel of salivary biomarkers and severity of disease were studied. This panel included biomarkers of stress (cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), total esterase activity (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipase (Lip)), immunity (adenosine deaminase isozymes 1 (ADA1) and 2 (ADA2)) and oxidative status (uric acid (UA), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)). Based on their score, diseased animals were subdivided in those without and with evident pain. Lame pigs and prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher salivary levels of cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA1 and ADA2 compared with the healthy pigs. In addition, the prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher levels of FRAS, AOPP and H2O2 compared with the healthy animals. Salivary cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA isozymes 1 and 2, FRAS and AOPP correlated with the pain score. This five-point pain score system can be easily applied to lame and prolapsed pigs, and salivary biomarkers could be used as an additional tool for pain assessment in those pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Rogala P, Uklejewski R, Winiecki M, Dąbrowski M, Gołańczyk J, Patalas A. First Biomimetic Fixation for Resurfacing Arthroplasty: Investigation in Swine of a Prototype Partial Knee Endoprosthesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6952649. [PMID: 31355275 PMCID: PMC6634287 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6952649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Resurfacing hip and knee endoprostheses are generally embedded in shallow, prepared areas in the bone and secured with cement. Massive cement penetration into periarticular bone, although it provides sufficient primary fixation, leads to the progressive weakening of peri-implant bone and results in failures. The aim of this paper was to investigate in an animal model the first biomimetic fixation of components of resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses by means of the innovative multispiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold). The partial resurfacing knee arthroplasty (RKA) endoprosthesis working prototype with the MSC-Scaffold was designed for biomimetic fixation investigations using reverse engineering methods and manufactured by selective laser melting. After Ca-P surface modification of bone contacting surfaces of the MSC-Scaffold, the working prototypes were implanted in 10 swines. Radiological, histopathological, and micro-CT examinations were performed on retrieved bone-implant specimens. Clinical examination confirmed very good stability (4 in 5-point Likert scale) of the operated knee joints. Radiological examinations showed good implant fixation (radiolucency less than 2 mm) without any signs of migration. Spaces between the MSC-Scaffold spikes were penetrated by bone tissue. The histological sections showed newly formed trabecular bone tissue between the spikes, and the trabeculae of periscaffold bone were seen in contact with the spikes. The micro-CT results showed the highest percentage of bone tissue ingrowths into the MSC-Scaffold at a distance of 2.5÷3.0 mm from the spikes bases. The first biomimetic fixation for resurfacing arthroplasty was successfully verified in 10 swines investigations using RKA endoprosthesis working prototypes. The performed research shows that the MSC-Scaffold allows for cementless and biomimetic fixation of resurfacing endoprosthesis components in periarticular cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rogala
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Street 135/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Hipolit Cegielski State College of Higher Education, Card. Stefan Wyszyński Street 38, 62-200 Gniezno, Poland
- Veterinary Surgery Department, Naramowicka Street 68, 61-619 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Uklejewski
- Institute of Health Sciences, Hipolit Cegielski State College of Higher Education, Card. Stefan Wyszyński Street 38, 62-200 Gniezno, Poland
- Department of Medical Bioengineering Fundamentals, Institute of Technology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Karol Chodkiewicz Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Technology Design/Laboratory of Bone Implants Research and Design, Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo Street 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Winiecki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering Fundamentals, Institute of Technology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Karol Chodkiewicz Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Technology Design/Laboratory of Bone Implants Research and Design, Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo Street 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dąbrowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Street 135/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Spondyloorthopaedics and Biomechanics, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Street 135/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Gołańczyk
- Veterinary Surgery Department, Naramowicka Street 68, 61-619 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Patalas
- Department of Technology Design/Laboratory of Bone Implants Research and Design, Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo Street 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Raillard MC, Axiak Flammer SM, Spadavecchia C. Letter to the Editor Concerning the Article “Ex Vivo Heart Perfusion After Cardiocirculatory Death; a Porcine Model”. J Surg Res 2019; 237:89-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Benato L, Rooney NJ, Murrell JC. Pain and analgesia in pet rabbits within the veterinary environment: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 46:151-162. [PMID: 30737017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of pain and analgesia in rabbits with the aim of developing a more accurate understanding of these topics. To illustrate and discuss the areas that have advanced in recent years and those that still require further research. DATABASES USED Three key subject resources were used: Web of Science, Medline and CAB Abstracts. Search terms were rabbits, lagomorphs, laboratory animals, pet, pain, surgical procedures, ovariohysterectomy, orchiectomy, castration, analgesia, opioids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. References from books and articles relevant to the topics were also included. CONCLUSIONS Rabbit medicine has improved over the last 20 years, but the literature suggests that pain management in this species is still inadequate and veterinary professionals believe their knowledge of pain and analgesia in this species is limited. Assessment and quantification of pain in rabbits can be challenging in a clinical environment not only because, as a prey species, rabbits tend to hide signs of pain but also because there are no validated methods to assess pain, except the Rabbit Grimace Scale, which is based on only one rabbit breed. Current consensus is that perioperative multimodal analgesia is the best practice. However, it is not widely used in rabbits. In rabbits, analgesia protocols and dosages reported in the literature are often poorly researched and do not result in complete pain amelioration with the return of normal. The present literature on rabbit pain and analgesia presents gaps either due to unexplored areas or insufficient findings. Further research should focus on these areas with the aim of improving the welfare of rabbits within a veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Benato
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
| | - Nicola J Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Jo C Murrell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Clutton RE. A review of factors affecting analgesic selection in large animals undergoing translational research. Vet J 2018; 236:12-22. [PMID: 29871744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread physiological effects of pain in experimental animals are likely to reduce the validity of data except when pain itself is studied. Appropriately prescribed analgesics will limit pain and improve the welfare of animals undergoing noxious experimental procedures. However, their injudicious use may also introduce variability in data and limit study reproducibility. Optimizing both animal welfare and the value of scientific data from experimental studies requires the ability to identify, quantify and treat animal pain by applying a knowledge of analgesic pharmacology that is sympathetic to study objectives. This review first examines the reasons for promoting analgesic use in translational animal research and, in focussing on pigs and small ruminants, then identifies factors that should be considered when devising analgesic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clutton
- The Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological condition defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg at rest assessed by right heart catheterization.Based on hemodynamic criteria, precapillary PH is characterized by a mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mmHg as opposed to the postcapillary PH by >15 mmHg. Postcapillary PH is one of the most common forms of PH, often caused by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.In this chapter, we describe protocols for creating a large animal model of postcapillary PH. It is induced by open chest surgery (lateral thoracotomy) to band the pulmonary veins. The model is characterized by low mortality, relatively easy surgical procedure with well reproducible results, and pulmonary and cardiac remodeling at the structural, functional, and molecular levels. The presence of right ventricular (RV) remodeling is of significant importance since right heart failure is the main cause of death in patients suffering from PH. One of the advantages of the model described in this chapter is that both adaptive and maladaptive forms of RV remodeling can be observed during the progression of the disease. This can help understand the progressive pathophysiology of RV failure in humans. Besides the description of the model, a detailed guidance of the RV functional assessment in pigs for both invasive (heart catheterization) and noninvasive (echocardiography) approaches is provided.
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Müller PC, Senft JD, Gath P, Steinemann DC, Nickel F, Billeter AT, Müller-Stich BP, Linke GR. Transrectal rigid-hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy can be performed without peritoneal contamination: a controlled porcine survival study. Surg Endosc 2018; 32:478-484. [PMID: 28799061 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The risk of infectious complications due to peritoneal contamination is a major concern and inhibits the widespread use of transrectal NOTES. A standardized rectal washout with a reversible colon occlusion device in situ has previously shown potential in reducing peritoneal contamination. The aim of this study was to compare the peritoneal contamination rate and inflammatory reaction for transrectal cholecystectomy after ideal rectal preparation (trCCE) and standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lapCCE) in a porcine survival experiment. METHODS Twenty pigs were randomized to trCCE (n = 10) or lapCCE (n = 10). Before trCCE, rectal washout was performed with saline solution. A colon occlusion device was then inserted and a second washout with povidone-iodine was performed. The perioperative course and the inflammatory reaction (leukocytes, C-reactive protein) were compared. At necropsy, 14 days after surgery the abdominal cavity was screened for infectious complications and peritoneal swabs were obtained for comparison of peritoneal contamination. RESULTS Peritoneal contamination was lower after trCCE than after lapCCE (0/10 vs. 6/10; p = 0.003). No infectious complications were found at necropsy in either group and postoperative complications did not differ (p = 1.0). Immediately after the procedure, leukocytes were higher after lapCCE (17.0 ± 2.7 vs. 14.6 ± 2.3; p = 0.047). Leukocytes and C-reactive protein showed no difference in the further postoperative course. Intraoperative complications and total operation time (trCCE 114 ± 32 vs. 111 ± 27 min; p = 0.921) did not differ, but wound closure took longer for trCCE (31.5 ± 19 vs. 13 ± 5 min; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS After standardized rectal washout with a colon occlusion device in situ, trCCE was associated without peritoneal contamination and without access-related infectious complications. Based on the findings of this study, a randomized controlled clinical study comparing clinical outcomes of trCCE with lapCCE should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Müller
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jonas D Senft
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Gath
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel C Steinemann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nickel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian T Billeter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat P Müller-Stich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg R Linke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Hospital STS Thun AG, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600, Thun, Switzerland
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Lehmann HS, Blache D, Drynan E, Tshewang P, Blignaut DJC, Musk GC. Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7080061. [PMID: 28796153 PMCID: PMC5575573 DOI: 10.3390/ani7080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pigs are notoriously challenging patients. They are difficult to handle so the use of predictable and safe sedation techniques is required for husbandry and surgical procedures. Various combinations of sedative and analgesic drugs have been previously investigated in this species, though the combination of midazolam and detomidine with either butorphanol or morphine has not been reported for sedation in pigs. The use of these combinations was investigated in the context of adequate sedation to allow castration of boars with the aid of local anaesthetic infiltration. The combination of midazolam, detomidine with butorphanol provided a more reliable sedation combination than that including morphine. It is proposed that this combination of drugs would be useful for sedation during painful husbandry procedures in pigs. Abstract Juvenile male pigs were sedated for castration. Eight five-month old boars were sedated twice (two weeks apart) with a combination of detomidine (0.1 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and either butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDB, n = 8) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDM, n = 8) intramuscularly. The boars were positioned in lateral recumbency and lidocaine (200 mg total) was injected into the testicle and scrotal skin. Castration of a single testicle was performed on two occasions. Sedation and reaction (to positioning and surgery) scores, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial blood gas parameters and the times to immobility and then recovery were recorded. Atipamezole was administered if spontaneous recovery was not evident within 60 min of sedative administration. Data were compared with either a paired-sample t-test or a Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test. There was no difference in sedation score, body temperature, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation between MDB and MDM. Mild hypoxaemia was noted in both groups. There was less reaction to castration after MDB. The pulse rate was higher after MDM sedation. The times to immobility and then recovery were similar. The combination of MDB provided more reliable sedation than MDM. MDB may be useful for sedation for short procedures in pigs, though oxygen supplementation is recommended to avoid hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S Lehmann
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Drynan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Pema Tshewang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - David J C Blignaut
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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Osorio Lujan S, Habre W, Daali Y, Pan Z, Kronen PW. Plasma concentrations of transdermal fentanyl and buprenorphine in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:665-675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ison SH, Clutton RE, Di Giminiani P, Rutherford KMD. A Review of Pain Assessment in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:108. [PMID: 27965968 PMCID: PMC5124671 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a moral obligation to minimize pain in pigs used for human benefit. In livestock production, pigs experience pain caused by management procedures, e.g., castration and tail docking, injuries from fighting or poor housing conditions, “management diseases” like mastitis or streptococcal meningitis, and at parturition. Pigs used in biomedical research undergo procedures that are regarded as painful in humans, but do not receive similar levels of analgesia, and pet pigs also experience potentially painful conditions. In all contexts, accurate pain assessment is a prerequisite in (a) the estimation of the welfare consequences of noxious interventions and (b) the development of more effective pain mitigation strategies. This narrative review identifies the sources of pain in pigs, discusses the various assessment measures currently available, and proposes directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Ison
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - Pierpaolo Di Giminiani
- Food and Rural Development, School of Agriculture, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kenneth M D Rutherford
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC) , Edinburgh , UK
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Bradbury AG, Clutton RE. Are neuromuscular blocking agents being misused in laboratory pigs? Br J Anaesth 2016; 116:476-85. [PMID: 26934943 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature (2012-4) describing experimental pig surgery was reviewed to estimate the extent to which neuromuscular block (NMB) is used, to examine methods for ensuring unconsciousness, and to identify the rationale for use of NMB and establish the anaesthetist's training. In the first stage of a two-stage review, NMB use was estimated using Web of Knowledge to identify articles describing NMB during pig surgeries. In the second stage, PubMed and Google Scholar were used to increase the number of articles for determining measures taken to prevent accidental awareness during general anaesthesia (AAGA). The corresponding authors of screened articles were emailed four times to establish the reason for using NMB and the anaesthetists' backgrounds (medical, veterinary, or technical). The first search revealed NMB use in 80 of 411 (20%) studies. Of the 153 articles analysed in the second stage, two described strategies to reduce AAGA. Some (6%) papers did not provide information on anaesthetic doses; citations supporting anaesthetic efficacy were found in only 13. Five of 69 papers using inhalation agents measured end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations based on human, not porcine, minimal alveolar concentrations. The methods in 13% of articles reporting anaesthetic depth assessment were incomplete or questionable, or both; four described using somatic motor reflexes. Corresponding authors of 121 articles reported that the principal reason for NMB was improved 'surgical visualization' (26%). Medical or veterinary anaesthetists supervised anaesthesia in 70% of studies; non-anaesthetists provided NMB, unsupervised, in 23. Nine respondents prioritized experimental expediency over pig welfare. In laboratory pig studies, AAGA may be prevalent; reported details of its attempted prevention are woefully inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bradbury
- Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R E Clutton
- Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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