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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Polymorphic cytochromes P450 in non-human primates. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:329-364. [PMID: 35953160 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis, an Old World monkey) are widely used in drug development because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans, and this trend has continued with the use of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, a New World monkey). Information on the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP, P450) enzymes of these primate species indicates that multiple forms of their P450 enzymes have generally similar substrate selectivities to those of human P450 enzymes; however, some differences in isoform, activity, and substrate specificity account for limited species differences in drug oxidative metabolism. This review provides information on the P450 enzymes of cynomolgus macaques and marmosets, including cDNA, tissue expression, substrate specificity, and genetic variants, along with age differences and induction. Typical examples of important P450s to be considered in drug metabolism studies include cynomolgus CYP2C19, which is expressed abundantly in liver and metabolizes numerous drugs. Moreover, genetic variants of cynomolgus CYP2C19 affect the individual pharmacokinetic data of drugs such as R-warfarin. These findings provide a foundation for understanding each P450 enzyme and the individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in cynomolgus macaques and marmosets as preclinical models. In addition, the effects of induction on some drug clearances mediated by P450 enzymes are also described. In summary, this review describes genetic and acquired individual differences in cynomolgus and marmoset P450 enzymes involved in drug oxidation that may be associated with pharmacological and/or toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Utility of Common Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) Embryonic Stem Cells in Liver Disease Modeling, Tissue Engineering and Drug Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070729. [PMID: 32630053 PMCID: PMC7397002 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver disease is increasing significantly worldwide and, as a result, there is a pressing need to develop new technologies and applications for end-stage liver diseases. For many of them, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only viable therapeutic option. Stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all liver cell types and could closely mimic human liver disease are extremely valuable for disease modeling, tissue regeneration and repair, and for drug metabolism studies to develop novel therapeutic treatments. Despite the extensive research efforts, positive results from rodent models have not translated meaningfully into realistic preclinical models and therapies. The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus has emerged as a viable non-human primate model to study various human diseases because of its distinct features and close physiologic, genetic and metabolic similarities to humans. C. jacchus embryonic stem cells (cjESC) and recently generated cjESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (cjESC-HLCs) could fill the gaps in disease modeling, liver regeneration and metabolic studies. They are extremely useful for cell therapy to regenerate and repair damaged liver tissues in vivo as they could efficiently engraft into the liver parenchyma. For in vitro studies, they would be advantageous for drug design and metabolism in developing novel drugs and cell-based therapies. Specifically, they express both phase I and II metabolic enzymes that share similar substrate specificities, inhibition and induction characteristics, and drug metabolism as their human counterparts. In addition, cjESCs and cjESC-HLCs are advantageous for investigations on emerging research areas, including blastocyst complementation to generate entire livers, and bioengineering of discarded livers to regenerate whole livers for transplantation.
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. The marmoset cytochrome P450 superfamily: Sequence/phylogenetic analyses, genomic structure, and catalytic function. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113721. [PMID: 31751534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that has attracted much attention as a potentially useful primate model for preclinical testing. A total of 36 marmoset cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms in the P450 1-51 subfamilies have been identified and characterized by the application of genome analysis and molecular functional characterization. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the genomic structures, sequence identities, and substrate selectivities of marmoset P450s compared with those of human P450s. Based on the sequence identity, phylogeny, and genomic organization of marmoset P450s, orthologous relationships were established between human and marmoset P450s. Twenty-four members of the marmoset P450 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 3A, 4A, and 4F subfamilies shared high degrees of homology in terms of cDNA (>89%) and amino acid sequences (>85%) with the corresponding human P450s; P450 2C76 was among the exceptions. Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences revealed that marmoset P450s in the P450 1-51 families were located in the same clades as their human and macaque P450 homologs. This finding underlines the evolutionary closeness of marmoset P450s to their human and macaque homologs. Most marmoset P450 1-4 enzymes catalyzed the typical drug-metabolizing reactions of the corresponding human P450 homologs, except for some differences of P450 2A6 and 2B6. Consequently, it appears that the substrate specificities of enzymes in the P450 1-4 families are generally similar in marmosets and humans. The information presented here supports a better understanding of the functional characteristics of marmoset P450s and their similarities and differences with human P450s. It is hoped that this mini-review will facilitate the successful use of marmosets as primate models in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Mayumi K, Hanioka N, Masuda K, Koeda A, Naito S, Miyata A, Narimatsu S. Characterization of marmoset CYP2B6: cDNA cloning, protein expression and enzymatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1182-94. [PMID: 23395694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset is a promising species for evaluating the safety of drug candidates. To further understand the capacity for drug metabolism in marmosets, a cDNA encoding a CYP2B enzyme was cloned from the total RNA fraction of marmoset liver by 3'- and 5'-RACE methods. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 90.8 and 86.2% identity, respectively, with human CYP2B6. The marmoset CYP2B6 (marCYP2B6) protein was expressed in insect cells, and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of human (humCYP2B6) and cynomolgus monkey (cynCYP2B6) orthologs in liver and insect cell microsomes. Enzymatic functions were examined for the oxidation of 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-ETC), bupropion (BUP) and efavirenz (EFV). The kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates by liver microsomal fractions were similar between humans and cynomolgus monkeys (biphasic for 7-ETC and monophasic for BUP and EFV), but that of marmosets was unique (monophasic for 7-ETC and biphasic for BUP and EFV). Recombinant enzymes, humCYP2B6 and cynCYP2B6, also yielded similar kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates, whereas marCYP2B6 showed activity only for 7-ETC hydroxylation. In silico docking simulations suggested that two amino acid residues, Val-114 and Leu-367, affect the activity of marCYP2B6. In fact, a marCYP2B6 mutant with substitutions V114I and L367V exhibited BUP hydroxylase activity that was 4-fold higher than that of humCYP2B6, while its EFV 8-hydroxylase activity was only 10% that of the human enzyme. These results indicate that the amino acids at positions 114 and 367 affect the enzymatic capacity of marmoset CYP2B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mayumi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Seehase S, Lauenstein HD, Schlumbohm C, Switalla S, Neuhaus V, Förster C, Fieguth HG, Pfennig O, Fuchs E, Kaup FJ, Bleyer M, Hohlfeld JM, Braun A, Sewald K, Knauf S. LPS-induced lung inflammation in marmoset monkeys - an acute model for anti-inflammatory drug testing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43709. [PMID: 22952743 PMCID: PMC3429492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidence and substantial morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases requires the development of new human-specific anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying therapeutics. Therefore, new predictive animal models that closely reflect human lung pathology are needed. In the current study, a tiered acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model was established in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) to reflect crucial features of inflammatory lung diseases. Firstly, in an ex vivo approach marmoset and, for the purposes of comparison, human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) were measured. The corticosteroid dexamethasone was used as treatment control. Secondly, in an in vivo approach marmosets were pre-treated with roflumilast or dexamethasone and unilaterally challenged with LPS. Ipsilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was conducted 18 hours after LPS challenge. BAL fluid was processed and analyzed for neutrophils, TNF-α, and MIP-1β. TNF-α release in marmoset PCLS correlated significantly with human PCLS. Roflumilast treatment significantly reduced TNF-α secretion ex vivo in both species, with comparable half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). LPS instillation into marmoset lungs caused a profound inflammation as shown by neutrophilic influx and increased TNF-α and MIP-1β levels in BAL fluid. This inflammatory response was significantly suppressed by roflumilast and dexamethasone. The close similarity of marmoset and human lungs regarding LPS-induced inflammation and the significant anti-inflammatory effect of approved pharmaceuticals assess the suitability of marmoset monkeys to serve as a promising model for studying anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Seehase
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Lauenstein
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Simone Switalla
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Förster
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Fieguth
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Oststadt-Heidehaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Pfennig
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Uno Y, Iwasaki K, Yamazaki H, Nelson DR. Macaque cytochromes P450: nomenclature, transcript, gene, genomic structure, and function. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:346-61. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.549492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Orsi A, Rees D, Andreini I, Venturella S, Cinelli S, Oberto G. Overview of the marmoset as a model in nonclinical development of pharmaceutical products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:19-27. [PMID: 21156195 PMCID: PMC7126225 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is one of the more primitive non-human primate species and is used widely in fundamental biology, pharmacology and toxicology studies. Marmosets breed well in captivity with good reproductive efficiencies and their sexual maturity is reached within 18 months of age allowing for rapid expansion of colonies and early availability of sexually mature animals permitting an earlier assessment of product candidates in the adult. Their relatively small size allows a reduction in material requirements leading to a reduction in development time and cost. Fewer animals are also required due to their ability to be used in both pharmacology and toxicology (nonclinical) studies. These factors, alongside a better understanding of their optimal nutrient and welfare requirements over recent years, facilitate the generation of a more cohesive and robust dataset. With the growth of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals, non-human primate use has, by necessity, also increased; nevertheless, there is also a growing public call for minimizing their use. Utilizing, the more primitive marmoset species may provide the optimal compromise and once the scientific rationale has been carefully considered and their use justified, there are several advantages to using the marmoset as a model in nonclinical development of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Orsi
- Salupont Consulting Ltd., Kent Science Park, 940 Cornforth Drive, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8PX, UK.
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Nakanishi Y, Matsushita A, Matsuno K, Iwasaki K, Utoh M, Nakamura C, Uno Y. Regional distribution of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus monkeys. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:288-94. [PMID: 21273732 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-nt-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is an animal species widely used to study drug metabolism because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. However, drug-metabolizing enzyme activities have not been compared in various parts of the liver and small intestine in cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, therefore, drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were analyzed in the liver (the five lobes) and small intestine (six sections from the duodenum to the distal ileum). 7-Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, coumarin 7-hydroxylation, paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation, diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation, tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation, bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, and testosterone 6β-, 16α-, 16β-, and 2α-hydroxylation were used as the probe reactions for this investigation. In liver, all probe reactions were detected and enzyme activity levels were similar in all lobes, whereas, in the small intestine, all enzyme activities were detected (except for coumarin 7-hydroxylase and testosterone 16α-hydroxylase activity), but from jejunum to ileum there was a decrease in the level of enzyme activity. This includes midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, which are catalyzed by cynomolgus monkey cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5, orthologs of human CYP3A4/5, which are important drug-metabolizing enzymes. The data presented in this study are expected to facilitate the use of cynomolgus monkeys in drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Nakanishi
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan
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MATAL J, TUNKOVÁ A, ŠILLER M, ANZENBACHEROVÁ E, ANZENBACHER P. Isolation of two cytochrome P450 forms, CYP2A19 and CYP1A, from pig liver microsomes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:470-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Messina A, Chirulli V, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Purification, molecular cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of pig CYP1A2. Xenobiotica 2009; 38:1453-70. [PMID: 18949657 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802474437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the hepatic microsomes of beta-naphthoflavone-treated male pigs. In a reconstituted system, this enzyme showed a good catalytic activity towards caffeine, acetanilide, and methoxyresorufin, all known markers of mammalian CYP1A2. Using 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of coding DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE), we amplified from the liver RNA of control pigs a full-length 1827 bp cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1548 bp which encoded a putative CYP1A2 protein of 516 amino acids and an estimated Mr of 58 380 Da. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments showed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) of CYP1A2 was expressed in liver, heart and nasal mucosa but not in lung, small intestine, kidney and brain. Using the pCW vector containing a N-terminal modified cDNA, pig CYP1A2 was expressed in Escherichia coli. 3-[(3-Chloroamidopropyl)dimethylmmonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS)-solubilized E. coli preparations expressing CYP1A2 produced a functionally isoform which, in a reconstituted system, was catalytically active toward ethoxyresorufin and methoxyresorufin showing K(m)'s similar to those obtained with CYP1A2 purified from pig liver or human recombinant CYP1A2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that domestic pigs have a functionally active CYP1A2 gene well expressed in the liver with biochemical properties quite similar to those corresponding to the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Messina
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Area della Ricerca CNR, Pisa, Italy
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Mitchell S, Steventon G, Waring R. Metabolic fate of phenothiazine in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2009; 24:137-51. [PMID: 20408497 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2009.24.2-4.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fate of [35S]-phenothiazine, a veterinary anthelmintic, has been investigated in the adult male marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) following oral administration. A near complete recovery of radioactivity (c. 95%) was achieved in 0-3 days, with just over one-third of the dose (c. 37%) being present in the urine and the remainder (c. 58%) being accounted for in the faeces. The majority of the urinary radioactivity (c. 91%) was present as conjugates, tentatively identified as phenothiazine N-glucuronide and leucophenothiazone sulphate. Smaller amounts of phenothiazone, thionol, phenothiazine sulphoxide and unchanged phenothiazine were also identified. The only compound identified in the faeces was unchanged phenothiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mitchell
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, SORA Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK.
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12
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Narimatsu S, Torigoe F, Tsuneto Y, Saito K, Hanioka N, Masuda K, Katsu T, Yamamoto S, Yamano S, Baba T, Miyata A. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel marmoset CYP2C enzyme, expression in yeast cells and characterization of its enzymatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1738-48. [PMID: 17010942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2C enzyme, called P450 M-2C, from a marmoset liver. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities to those of human CYP2C8 (87%), CYP2C9 (78%) and CYP2C19 (77%). The P450 M-2C enzyme expressed in yeast cells catalyzed p-methylhydroxylation of only tolbutamide among four substrates tested, paclitaxel as a CYP2C8 substrate, diclofenac and tolbutamide as CYP2C9 substrates and S-mephenytoin as a CYP2C19 substrate. p-Methylhydroxylation of tolbutamide by marmoset liver microsomes showed monophasic kinetics, and the apparent K(m) value (1.2 mM) for the substrate was similar to that of the recombinant P450 M-2C (1.8 mM). Although all of the recombinant human CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 expressed in yeast cells catalyzed tolbutamide p-methylhydroxylation, the kinetic profile of CYP2C8 was most similar to that of P450 M-2C. Tolbutamide oxidation by the marmoset liver microsomes and the recombinant P450 M-2C was inhibited most effectively by quercetin, a CYP2C8 inhibitor, followed by omeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, whereas sulfaphenazole, a CYP2C9 inhibitor, was less potent under the conditions used. These results indicate that P450 M-2C is the major tolbutamide p-methylhydroxylase in the marmoset liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Narimatsu S, Oda M, Hichiya H, Isobe T, Asaoka K, Hanioka N, Yamano S, Shinoda S, Yamamoto S. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 1A2 from Japanese monkey liver: comparison with marmoset cytochrome P450 1A2. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 152:1-12. [PMID: 15766918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) was cloned from the liver of an adult female Japanese monkey. The CYP1A2 protein was expressed in yeast cells and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of marmoset CYP1A2 using ethoxyresorufin (ER) and phenacetin (PN) as substrates. The nucleotide sequence of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 revealed 94.7, 99.5 and 93.5% identities to those of human, cynomolgus monkey and marmoset monkey CYP1A2, respectively. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 with CYP1A2 of humans, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets showed that Japanese monkey CYP1A2 had 92.4, 99.0 and 91.9% identities to the human, cynomolgus monkey and marmoset enzymes, respectively. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the enzymatic properties as ER and PN O-deethylases were considerably different between the Japanese monkey and the marmoset CYP1A2. Furthermore, both of these reactions in liver microsomal fractions from the Japanese monkey and marmoset showed biphasic kinetics. On the basis of the kinetic parameters, it is suggested that Japanese monkey CYP1A2 is a high-K(m) enzyme in both ER and PN O-deethylations, whereas marmoset CYP1A2 is a high-K(m) and low-K(m) enzyme in ER and PN O-deethylations, respectively. alpha-Naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, did not completely inhibit the liver microsomal oxidations of ER and PN even at the highest concentration (50muM), supporting the notion that CYP1A2 enzymes are not the sole ER or PN O-deethylase in Japanese monkey and marmoset liver microsomes. Inhibitory effects of furafylline, an inhibitor of human CYP1A2, on ER O-deethylation by recombinant CYP1A2 enzymes were much lower than those of alpha-naphthoflavone, but marmoset CYP1A2 was more sensitive to furafylline than Japanese monkey CYP1A2. These results indicate that the properties of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 are considerably different from those of marmoset CYP1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Hichiya H, Kuramoto S, Yamamoto S, Shinoda S, Hanioka N, Narimatsu S, Asaoka K, Miyata A, Iwata S, Nomoto M, Satoh T, Kiryu K, Ueda N, Naito S, Tucker GT, Ellis SW. Cloning and functional expression of a novel marmoset cytochrome P450 2D enzyme, CYP2D30: comparison with the known marmoset CYP2D19. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:165-75. [PMID: 15183128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a primer set designed on the cDNA encoding the known marmoset cytochrome P450 2D19 (CYP2D19), a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2D enzyme (CYP2D30) was cloned from the liver of a female marmoset bred at Kyoto University (KYU). In addition, a cDNA encoding CYP2D19 was cloned from the liver of a female marmoset bred at Kagoshima University (KAU). CYP2D30 and CYP2D19 showed homologies of 93.6 and 93.4% in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and digestion with NdeI demonstrated that the KYU-marmoset liver contained mainly mRNA for CYP2D30, while the KAU-marmoset liver contained mainly mRNA for CYP2D19. Marmoset CYP2D30, like human CYP2D6, exhibited high debrisoquine (DB) 4-hydroxylase activity and relatively low DB 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxylase activities, whereas CYP2D19 lacked DB 4-hydroxylase but exhibited marked 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxylase activities. The two marmoset recombinant enzymes showed enantioselective bufuralol (BF) 1"-hydroxylase activities, similar to CYP2D6. BF 1"-hydroxylation by CYP2D30 exhibited product-enantioselectivity of (1"R-OH-BF << 1"S-OH-BF), similar to that observed with human CYP2D6, whereas CYP2D19 showed a reversed selectivity of (1"R-OH-BF > or = 1"S-OH-BF). BF 1"-hydroxylation in marmoset liver microsomes from both sources was inhibited by antibodies raised against rat CYP2D1 in a concentration-dependent manner. A known inhibitor of CYP2D6, quinidine, effectively inhibited the BF 1"-hydroxylation activities in liver microsomal fractions prepared from KYU- and KAU-marmosets. These results suggest that CYP2D19 and CYP2D30 proteins can be expressed as functional enzymes in marmoset livers, although it is unresolved whether both enzymes coexist in the same marmoset liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hichiya
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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15
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Horii I, Kito G, Hamada T, Jikuzono T, Kobayashi K, Hashimoto K. Development of telemetry system in the common marmoset--cardiovascular effects of astemizole and nicardipine. J Toxicol Sci 2002; 27:123-30. [PMID: 12058448 DOI: 10.2131/jts.27.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a telemetry system for examining the cardiovascular system in the conscious common marmoset. Parameters obtained were blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, ECG, body temperature and locomotor activity, and these were continuously recorded on a data recorder via the telemetry system and then processed by a computerized system. Diurnal rhythms of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity were observed in this system. We studied the effects of astemizole (antihistamine) and nicardipine (Ca2+ channel blocker) on cardiovascular parameters. Astemizole at 30 mg/kg (p.o.) and at 1 to 3 mg/kg (i.v.), prolonged QT interval and induced ventricular extrasystole. Torsades de pointes occurred in one of three cases at 3 mg/kg (i.v.) and 30 mg/kg (p.o.), while it did not affect the blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature. Nicardipine at 30 mg/kg (p.o.) caused sustained hypotension and tachycardia. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the telemetry system using the common marmoset for evaluating the cardiovascular effects of drugs under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Horii
- Nippon Roche Research Center, 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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16
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Drogemuller CJ, Nunthasomboon S, Knights KM. Nafenopin-, ciprofibroyl-, and palmitoyl-CoA conjugation in vitro: kinetic and molecular characterization of marmoset liver microsomes and expressed MLCL1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 396:56-64. [PMID: 11716462 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA conjugation of xenobiotic carboxylic acids is catalyzed by hepatic microsomal long-chain fatty acid CoA ligases (LCL, EC 6.2.1.3). Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are considered genetically closer to humans than rodents and are used in pharmacological and toxicological studies. We have demonstrated that marmoset liver microsomes catalyze nafenopin-, ciprofibroyl-, and palmitoyl-CoA conjugation and that only palmitoyl-CoA conjugation is significantly upregulated (1.7-fold, P < 0.02) by a high fat diet. Additionally, the apparent C(50) values for nafenopin-, ciprofibroyl-, and palmitoyl-CoA conjugation of 149.7, 413.4, and 3.4 microM were comparable to those reported for human liver microsomes viz, 213.7, 379.8, and 3.4 microM, respectively. Comparison with human data was enabled by the cloning of a full-length marmoset cDNA (MLCL1) that encoded a 698-amino-acid protein sharing 83% similarity with rat liver acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1) and 93 and 90% similarity with human liver LCL1 and LCL2, respectively. MLCL1 transiently expressed in COS-7 cells activated nafenopin (C(50) 192.9 microM), ciprofibrate (C(50) 168.7 microM), and palmitic acid (C(50) 4.5 microM) to their respective CoA conjugates. This study also demonstrated that the sigmoidal kinetics observed for nafenopin- and ciprofibroyl-CoA conjugation were not unique to human liver microsomes but were also characteristic of marmoset liver microsomes and recombinant MLCL1. More extensive characterization of the substrate specificity of marmoset LCL isoforms will aid in determining further the suitability of marmosets as a model for human xenobiotic metabolism via acyl-CoA conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Drogemuller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
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17
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Schulz TG, Thiel R, Neubert D, Brassil PJ, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Boobis AR, Edwards RJ. Assessment of P450 induction in the marmoset monkey using targeted anti-peptide antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:143-55. [PMID: 11257517 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The identity and expression of hepatic P450 enzymes in marmosets was investigated using a panel of anti-peptide antibodies originally targeted against human P450 enzymes. In immunoblotting, of 12 antibodies examined, 10 bound specifically to bands in marmoset liver microsomal fraction corresponding to P450 enzymes. It is proposed that these represent marmoset CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP2C forms (CYP2C-1 and CYP2C-2), CYP2D19, CYP3A21 and another CYP3A form (CYP3A-m). The antibodies, together with an anti-marmoset CYP2E1 antibody, were used to investigate the expression of 10 P450 enzymes in marmosets treated with P450-inducing chemicals. Treatment with phenobarbitone caused CYP2B, CYP2C-2 and CYP3A21 levels to increase, rifampicin caused increases in CYP2B and CYP2C-1 and a decrease in CYP3A21 levels, whereas dioxin caused CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 levels to increase and CYP2E1 levels to decrease. Clofibric acid did not induce any P450. P450 enzyme activities were assessed using 8 different substrates and increases were found after treatment with phenobarbitone, rifampicin, and dioxin. However, due to species differences in substrate selectivity, it proved difficult to ascribe these changes to individual P450 enzymes. Thus, the use of anti-peptide antibodies provides a more informative way of assessing the levels of specific P450 enzymes than enzyme activity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Schulz
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Mankowski DC, Laddison KJ, Christopherson PA, Ekins S, Tweedie DJ, Lawton MP. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of CYP2D17 from cynomolgus monkey liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:189-96. [PMID: 10562433 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is a species used in drug-safety evaluation and biotransformation studies by the pharmaceutical industry. Relatively little is known, however, about the catalytic activities and specificities of cytochromes P450 (CYP) in this species. As a first step in characterizing monkey CYPs, a cDNA was cloned by reverse-transcriptase PCR from cynomolgus monkey liver mRNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the human CYP2D6 sequence. The full-length cDNA (called CYP2D17) encoded a 497-amino-acid protein that is 93% identical to human CYP2D6 and 90% identical to marmoset CYP2D19. The CYP2D17 cDNA was cloned into a baculovirus expression vector, and microsomes prepared from CYP2D17-infected insect cells were used to determine the catalytic properties of the recombinant enzyme. The recombinant CYP2D17 results were compared to data generated with monkey liver microsomes, human liver microsomes, and recombinant CYP2D6 and demonstrated catalytic similarity using probe substrates and inhibitors. Recombinant CYP2D17 catalyzed the oxidation of bufuralol to 1'-hydroxybufuralol and dextromethorphan to dextrorphan, reactions shown to be mediated by CYP2D6 in humans; the apparent K(m) values for bufuralol and dextromethorphan were 1 and 0.8 microM, respectively. Moreover, both of these reactions were more strongly inhibited by quinidine than by quinine. A more complete understanding of the substrate specificities and activities of monkey CYPs will be advantageous in delineating species differences in metabolite profiles and metabolic activation of new chemical entities in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mankowski
- Pfizer Central Research, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
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