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Seyler T, Mazumder S, Ahamed R, Zhu W, Blount BC, Apelberg BJ, Wang L. Tobacco Smoke Is a Major Source of Aromatic Amine Exposure in U.S. Adults: 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:OF1-OF9. [PMID: 37195136 PMCID: PMC10654254 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. Aromatic amines (AA) are found in cigarette smoke and are well-established human bladder carcinogens. METHODS We measured and compared total urinary levels of 1-aminonaphthalene (1AMN), 2-aminonaphthalene (2AMN), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4ABP) in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively and in adult nonusers of tobacco products from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized U.S. population in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS Sample-weighted geometric mean concentrations of AAs in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively compared with adult nonusers were 30 times higher for 1AMN and 4 to 6 times higher for 2AMN and 4ABP. We evaluated the association of tobacco-smoke exposure with urinary AAs using sample-weighted multiple linear regression models to control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, diet, and urinary creatinine. Secondhand smoke exposure status was categorized using serum cotinine (SCOT) among adult nonusers (SCOT ≤ 10 ng/mL). The exposure for adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively (SCOT > 10 ng/mL) was categorized on the basis of the average number of self-reported cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in the five days prior to urine collection. The regression models show AAs concentration increased with increasing CPD (P < 0.001). Dietary-intake variables derived from the 24-hours recall questionnaire were not consistently significant predictors of urinary AAs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first characterized total urinary AA concentrations of the U.S. adult non-institutionalized population. Our analyses show that smoking status is a major contributor to AA exposures. IMPACT These data provide a crucial baseline for exposure to three AAs in U.S. non-institutionalized adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Seyler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shrila Mazumder
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rayaj Ahamed
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin J Apelberg
- Center of Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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Reng Q, Zhu LL, Feng L, Li YJ, Zhu YX, Wang TT, Jiang F. Dietary meat mutagens intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962688. [PMID: 36211500 PMCID: PMC9537819 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and preclinical studies suggested that certain mutagens occurring as a reaction of creatine, amino acids, and sugar during the high temperature of cooking meat are involved in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether meat mutagens [PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, total HCA, and B(a)P] present a risk factor for human cancer. Methods We searched the following databases for relevant articles published from inception to 10 Oct 2021 with no language restrictions: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Baidu Academic, Zhejiang Digital Library. Two independent researchers screened all titles and obtained eligible texts for further screening. Independent data extraction was conducted, and meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects models to calculate the risk ratio of the meat mutagens exposure. Results A total of 1,786,410 participants and 70,653 cancer cases were identified. Among these, there were 12 different types of cancer at various sites, i.e., breast, bladder, colorectal, colon, rectum, prostate, lung, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney, gastric, esophagus, pancreatic, hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer risk was significantly increased by intake of PhIP (OR = 1.13;95% CI 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.13; p = 0.013), total HCA (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03–1.38; p = 0.016), and cancer risk was not significantly increased by intake of B(a)P (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98–1.10; p = 0.206). Conclusion Meat mutagens of PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and total HCA have a positive association with the risk of cancer. Systematic review registration [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022148856].
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3
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Yang RY, Zongo AWS, Chen YC, Chiang MT, Zogona D, Huang CY, Yao HT. Green sweet potato leaves increase Nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity and facilitate benzo[ a]pyrene metabolism in the liver by increasing phase II detoxifying enzyme activities in rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:7548-7559. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Green and purple SPL consumption may enhance the Nrf2-mediated hepatic antioxidant activity and modulate xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Yu Yang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Abel Wend-Soo Zongo
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Zogona
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yin Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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4
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Lawal OM, Talsma EF, Bakker E, Fogliano V, Linnemann AR. Novel application of biofortified crops: consumer acceptance of pasta from yellow cassava and leafy vegetables. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6027-6035. [PMID: 33852732 PMCID: PMC8518994 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newly developed yellow biofortified cassava has been adjudged as a cost-effective solution to vitamin A deficiency in low- and middle-income countries with high cassava intake such as Nigeria. In this study, yellow cassava was developed into a novel pasta enriched with amaranth vegetable and tested among consumers. Attitudes, perception, motives for consumption and perceived barriers were ascertained using focus group discussions and randomised face-to-face interviews, while liking, preference and ranking of the novel food were established through consumer sensory perception. RESULTS Willingness to consume the new food, low food neophobia (32%), a health-driven consumption pattern, as well as an appreciable acceptance for the developed pasta, was established among the consumers. Ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) was found to be the most preferred leafy vegetable. The yellow cassava pasta was ranked better than the conventional white cassava. CONCLUSION This study shows new avenues to valorise yellow cassava by which nutrition security can be improved in low- and middle-income countries of Africa. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluranti M Lawal
- Food Quality and Design GroupWageningen University and ResearchThe Netherlands
| | - Elise F Talsma
- Food Quality and Design GroupWageningen University and ResearchThe Netherlands
| | - Evert‐Jan Bakker
- Food Quality and Design GroupWageningen University and ResearchThe Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design GroupWageningen University and ResearchThe Netherlands
| | - Anita R Linnemann
- Food Quality and Design GroupWageningen University and ResearchThe Netherlands
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5
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Kaewsit N, Winuprasith T, Trachootham D. Detoxification of heterocyclic aromatic amines from grilled meat using a PEITC-rich vegetable sauce: a randomized crossover controlled trial. Food Funct 2021; 12:10411-10422. [PMID: 34585700 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) including PhIP and MeIQx are potential carcinogens found mainly in well-done meat. Consuming brassica vegetables was shown to promote metabolisms of HAAs due to the action of isothiocyanates. Previous in vivo studies showed that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) was a potent stimulator of phase II detoxification enzymes. Nevertheless, the clinical effect of PEITC-rich vegetables on detoxification of HAAs in grilled meat was unknown. This research aimed to investigate the effect of a PEITC-rich vegetable sauce on the detoxification of HAAs in healthy people consuming grilled meat. A randomized crossover placebo-controlled trial was conducted in twenty-one healthy participants. They were randomly assigned into three groups. The participants consumed a single meal of grilled beef with 100 g of the placebo sauce and 100 g and 50 g of the vegetable sauce. All participants consumed all sauces in an alternating random sequence. After de-conjugation with β-glucuronidase, the HAA metabolites in urine were measured by using LC/MS-MS. Compared to the placebo sauce, consuming grilled beef with 100 g of the vegetable sauce increased the urinary excretion of both PhIP and MeIQx glucuronide metabolites (p-value <0.0001), while consuming 50 g of the sauce significantly increased only MeIQx metabolites (p-value <0.05). The findings of this study suggested that consuming grilled meat with 100 g of the PEITC-rich vegetable sauce could increase the urinary excretion of PhIP and MeIQx glucuronide metabolites. Since meat eaters usually consume a low amount of vegetables, the PEITC-rich vegetable sauce could be an alternative approach to provide detoxification benefits from vegetable-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitipon Kaewsit
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Thunnalin Winuprasith
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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6
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Eagles SK, Gross AS, McLachlan AJ. The Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable-Enriched Diets on Drug Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Dietary Intervention Trials in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:212-227. [PMID: 32086800 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few studies exist in the literature that discuss the effects of diet on drug metabolism and how this can affect interindividual differences in systemic drug exposure. Several studies have investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables (Cruciferae) or their constituents on drug-metabolizing activity, as these vegetables form an important part of many peoples' diets. In general, the ingestion of cruciferous vegetables is associated with induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in vivo; however, there is contention between reports, and the clinical significance of potential diet-drug interactions remains unclear. This study reports a systematic review, critical appraisal, and meta-analysis of the published literature in this area, and discusses the clinical significance of Cruciferae-enriched diets in the context of diet-drug interactions. Twenty-three dietary intervention trials with drug metabolism end points were identified across Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL). Cruciferous vegetables represented in the literature included broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and watercress. A range of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes and phenotyping metrics were represented in the literature. The meta-analyses performed demonstrated a significant effect on CYP1A2 and glutathione S-transferase-alpha (GST-α), with consumption of Cruciferae increasing the activities of these enzymes by 20-40% and 15-35%, respectively. The results herein suggest that patients undergoing pharmacotherapy with CYP1A2 or GST-α substrates could have altered drug exposure profiles if they regularly eat large or variable amounts of cruciferous vegetables. Recommendations regarding the design of future randomized, controlled trials to test hypotheses in this area are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane K Eagles
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette S Gross
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline R & D, Ermington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J McLachlan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Zhang L, Wang L, Li Y, Xia Y, Chang CM, Xia B, Sosnoff CS, Pine BN, deCastro BR, Blount BC. Evaluation of Tobacco Smoke and Diet as Sources of Exposure to Two Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines for the U.S. Population: NHANES 2013-2014. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:103-111. [PMID: 31575556 PMCID: PMC6954285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are a group of hazardous substances produced during combustion of tobacco or high-temperature cooking of meats. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a major carcinogenic HAA in tobacco smoke. METHODS Urinary AαC, used as a marker of AαC exposure, was analyzed on spot urine samples from adult participants of the 2013-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1,792). AαC was measured using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive combusted tobacco smokers were differentiated from nonusers of tobacco products through both self-report and serum cotinine data. RESULTS Among exclusive smokers, sample-weighted median urinary AαC was 40 times higher than nonusers. Sample-weighted regression models showed that urinary AαC increased significantly with serum cotinine among both exclusive tobacco users and nonusers with secondhand smoke exposure. Among nonusers, eating beef cooked at high temperature was associated with a significant increase in urinary AαC, whereas consuming vegetables was associated with decreased AαC. In addition, smoking one-half pack of cigarettes per day was associated with a significant increase of 23.6 pg AαC/mL calculated at geometric mean of AαC, controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, increase in AαC attributable to consuming the 99th percentile of beef cooked at high temperature was 0.99 pg AαC/mL. CONCLUSIONS Both exclusive smokers and nonusers of tobacco in the general U.S. population are exposed to AαC from tobacco smoke, with additional, lesser contributions from certain dietary components. IMPACT AαC is an important biomarker that is associated with tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yao Li
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yang Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brittany N Pine
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - B Rey deCastro
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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8
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Gyamfi OA, Bortey-Sam N, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Metabolism of Cyanide by Glutathione To Produce the Novel Cyanide Metabolite 2-Aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:718-726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obed A. Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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9
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Amato RJ, Boland J, Myer N, Few L, Dowd D. Pharmacogenomics and Psychiatric Clinical Care. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2018; 56:22-31. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20170928-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 55:169-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Pereira RTDS, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Solis MY, Artioli GG, Fernandes AL, Murai IH, Dantas WS, Seguro AC, Santinho MAR, Roschel H, Carpentier A, Poortmans JR, Gualano B. Can creatine supplementation form carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in humans? J Physiol 2015; 593:3959-71. [PMID: 26148133 DOI: 10.1113/jp270861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long-standing concern that creatine supplementation could be associated with cancer, possibly by facilitating the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs). This study provides compelling evidence that both low and high doses of creatine supplementation, given either acutely or chronically, does not cause a significant increase in HCA formation. HCAs detection was unrelated to creatine supplementation. Diet was likely to be the main factor responsible for HCAs formation after either placebo (n = 6) or creatine supplementation (n = 3). These results directly challenge the recently suggested biological plausibility for the association between creatine use and risk of testicular germ cell cancer. Creatine supplementation has been associated with increased cancer risk. In fact, there is evidence indicating that creatine and/or creatinine are important precursors of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs). The present study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic effects of low- and high-dose creatine supplementation on the production of HCAs in healthy humans (i.e. 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-MeIQx), 2-amino-(1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b])pyridine (IFP) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx)). This was a non-counterbalanced single-blind crossover study divided into two phases, in which low- and high-dose creatine protocols were tested. After acute (1 day) and chronic supplementation (30 days), the HCAs PhIP, 8-MeIQx, IFP and 4,8-DiMeIQx were assessed through a newly developed HPLC-MS/MS method. Dietary HCA intake and blood and urinary creatinine were also evaluated. Out of 576 assessments performed (from 149 urine samples), only nine (3 from creatine and 6 from placebo) showed quantifiable levels of HCAs (8-MeIQx: n = 3; 4,8-DiMeIQx: n = 2; PhIP: n = 4). Individual analyses revealed that diet rather than creatine supplementation was the main responsible factor for HCA formation in these cases. This study provides compelling evidence that both low and high doses of creatine supplementation, given either acutely or chronically, did not cause increases in the carcinogenic HCAs PhIP, 8-MeIQx, IFP and 4,8-DiMeIQx in healthy subjects. These findings challenge the long-existing notion that creatine supplementation could potentially increase the risk of cancer by stimulating the formation of these mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Augusto Dörr
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Yazigi Solis
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Lins Fernandes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Hisashi Murai
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Silva Dantas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alain Carpentier
- Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université of libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Ioannides C, Konsue N. A principal mechanism for the cancer chemopreventive activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate is modulation of carcinogen metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:356-73. [PMID: 26119477 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1058819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are small molecules characterized by high chemical reactivity that allows them to interact readily with cellular constituents eliciting a plethora of biological activities. They are present exclusively in cruciferous vegetables, as glucosinolates, the intake of which has been associated with cancer chemoprevention. When the physical structure of these vegetables is disturbed, e.g. during mastication, the enzyme myrosinase is released and converts the glucosinolates to isothiocyanates (R-N=C=S), where R can be aliphatic or aromatic. Although sulforaphane, an aliphatic isothiocyanate, has received most attention worldwide, the most extensively studied aromatic isothiocyanate is phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and there are substantial differences in biological activity between the two sub-classes. In animal cancer models, PEITC effectively antagonized the carcinogenicity of chemicals, especially nitrosocompounds. A principal mechanism of their action is to protect the integrity of DNA by decreasing the levels of the genotoxic metabolites of chemical carcinogens. Extensive studies established that PEITC modulates the metabolism of the tobacco-specific carcinogenic nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by inhibiting its cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation. Moreover, PEITC is a potent inducer of detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase, glutathione S-transferase and glucuronosyl transferase. PEITC is rapidly absorbed and is characterized by a large bioavailability; Cmax concentrations achieved in plasma after dietary intake are sufficient to modulate carcinogen metabolism. PEITC is primarily metabolized by glutathione conjugation and is excreted in the urine and bile as the mercapturate. The ability of PEITC to perturb carcinogen metabolism through modulation of cytochrome P450 and phase II detoxification enzymes is comprehensively and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Ioannides
- a Molecular Toxicology Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey , UK and
| | - Nattaya Konsue
- b Food Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand
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13
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Derivatization Method of Free Cyanide Including Cyanogen Chloride for the Sensitive Analysis of Cyanide in Chlorinated Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:975-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503401r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental
Science and ‡Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Chungcheong 314-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Bhandari RK, Oda RP, Petrikovics I, Thompson DE, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Bebarta VS, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Cyanide toxicokinetics: the behavior of cyanide, thiocyanate and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in multiple animal models. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:218-25. [PMID: 24711295 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide causes toxic effects by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, and can eventually lead to death. Cyanide exposure can be verified by direct analysis of cyanide concentrations or analyzing its metabolites, including thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) in blood. To determine the behavior of these markers following cyanide exposure, a toxicokinetics study was performed in three animal models: (i) rats (250-300 g), (ii) rabbits (3.5-4.2 kg) and (iii) swine (47-54 kg). Cyanide reached a maximum in blood and declined rapidly in each animal model as it was absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated. Thiocyanate concentrations rose more slowly as cyanide was enzymatically converted to SCN(-). Concentrations of ATCA did not rise significantly above the baseline in the rat model, but rose quickly in rabbits (up to a 40-fold increase) and swine (up to a 3-fold increase) and then fell rapidly, generally following the relative behavior of cyanide. Rats were administered cyanide subcutaneously and the apparent half-life (t1/2) was determined to be 1,510 min. Rabbits were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 177 min. Swine were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 26.9 min. The SCN(-) t1/2 in rats was 3,010 min, but was not calculated in rabbits and swine because SCN(-) concentrations did not reach a maximum. The t1/2 of ATCA was 40.7 and 13.9 min in rabbits and swine, respectively, while it could not be determined in rats with confidence. The current study suggests that cyanide exposure may be verified shortly after exposure by determining significantly elevated cyanide and SCN(-) in each animal model and ATCA may be used when the ATCA detoxification pathway is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Bhandari
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health Science Center (SAV) 131, PO Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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15
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Ultra-sensitive determination of cyanide in surface water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:168-73. [PMID: 25441894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been established for the determination of cyanide in surface water. This method is based on the derivatization of cyanide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol in surface water. The following optimum reaction conditions were established: reagent dosage, 0.7 g L(-1) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol; pH 6; reaction carried out for 20 min at 60°C. The organic derivative was extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and then measured by using GC-MS/MS. Under the established conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 0.07 μg L(-1) in 10-mL of surface water, respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship relationship with y=0.7140x+0.1997 and r(2)=0.9963 (for a working range of 0.07-10 μg L(-1)) and the accuracy was in a range of 98-102%; the precision of the assay was less than 7% in surface water. The common ions Cl(-), F(-), Br(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), K(+), Na(+), NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+) and sea water did not interfere in cyanide detection, even when present in 1000-fold excess over the species. Cyanide was detected in a concentration range of 0.07-0.11 μg L(-1) in 6 of 10 surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Lewandowska A, Przychodzeń W, Kusznierewicz B, Kołodziejski D, Namieśnik J, Bartoszek A. Isothiocyanates may chemically detoxify mutagenic amines formed in heat processed meat. Food Chem 2014; 157:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Kataoka H, Inoue T, Ikekita N, Saito K. Development of exposure assessment method based on the analysis of urinary heterocyclic amines as biomarkers by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Quantification of α-ketoglutarate cyanohydrin in swine plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 934:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Influence of carbohydrate on serum caffeine concentrations following caffeine ingestion. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:343-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Liu B, Mao Q, Wang X, Zhou F, Luo J, Wang C, Lin Y, Zheng X, Xie L. Cruciferous Vegetables Consumption and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:668-76. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.795980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Busquets R, Frandsen H, Jönsson JÅ, Puignou L, Galceran MT, Skog K. Biomonitoring of Dietary Heterocyclic Amines and Metabolites in Urine by Liquid Phase Microextraction: 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a Possible Biomarker of Exposure to Dietary PhIP. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:233-40. [DOI: 10.1021/tx3003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Busquets
- Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2860, Søborg,
Denmark
| | | | - Lluís Puignou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Abstract
As major determinants of the duration of drug action the CYP enzymes strongly influence drug efficacy and toxicity. In vivo phenotyping for CYP activities using cocktails of well-tolerated CYP-specific substrates may be valuable in the development of personalized medicine protocols, particularly for drugs that have significant toxicity profiles. However, the use of the cocktail approach in the clinic is dependent on the rapid provision of patient-specific information to the clinician. Here we describe the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for the simultaneous phenotyping of five major drug-metabolizing CYPs in patients within a 5-min assay.
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23
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Influence of environmental and genetic factors on CYP1A2 activity in individuals of South Asian and European ancestry. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:511-9. [PMID: 22948892 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2 contributes to the metabolism of a number of commonly used medicines and displays wide interindividual variability. The aim of this study was to investigate CYP1A2 activity in a population of South Asian ancestry and compare it with a population of European ancestry. CYP1A2 activity was determined using the 4 h paraxanthine/caffeine saliva concentration ratio following a 100-mg oral dose of caffeine in healthy individuals of South Asian (n = 166) and European (n = 166) ancestry. Participants were surveyed for extrinsic ethnic factors and genotyped for polymorphisms in CYP1A2 and related genes. Significantly lower CYP1A2 activity was observed in South Asian participants (median: 0.42; range: 0.10-1.06) as compared with European participants (0.54; 0.12-1.64) (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression indicated that 41% of the variability in CYP1A2 activity could be explained by the diet, lifestyle, and genetic factors studied.
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Deziel NC, Buckley TJ, Sinha R, Abubaker S, Platz EA, Strickland PT. Comparability and repeatability of methods for estimating the dietary intake of the heterocyclic amine contaminant 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridine (PhIP). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1202-11. [PMID: 22571725 PMCID: PMC3412362 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.682657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent risk estimates for dietary heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure and cancers may be due to differences in exposure assessment methods and the associated measurement error. We evaluated repeatability and comparability of intake estimates of the HCA 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridine (PhIP) among two food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) collections, three diary collections, and three measurements of urinary PhIP and its metabolites in 36 non-smokers in Baltimore, Maryland, during 2004-2005. Collections spanned ∼9 months. Method repeatability was characterised with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Comparability among methods was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficients. Within-subject variability in PhIP intake was comparably high across all methods (ICCs of 0.20, 0.30, and 0.15 for FFQ, diary, and creatinine-adjusted urinary PhIP, respectively). Mean diary-based PhIP intake and mean urinary PhIP concentration were strongly correlated when restricting the analysis to participants with at least one non-zero diary-based estimate of PhIP intake (n = 15, r = 0.75, p = 0.001), but not in the full study population (n = 36, r = 0.18, p = 0.28). Mean PhIP intake from the FFQ was not associated with that either based on the diary or urinary PhIP separately, but was modestly correlated with a metric that combined the diary- and biomarker-based approaches (r = 0.30, p = 0.08). The high within-subject variability will result in significantly attenuated associations if a single measure is used to estimate exposure within an epidemiologic study. Improved HCA assessment tools, such as a combination of methods or validated biomarkers that capture long term exposure, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Youso SL, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. The analysis of protein-bound thiocyanate in plasma of smokers and non-smokers as a marker of cyanide exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:265-9. [PMID: 22474215 PMCID: PMC3523951 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When cyanide is introduced into the body, it quickly transforms through a variety of chemical reactions, normally involving sulfur donors, to form more stable chemical species. Depending on the nature of the sulfur donor, cyanide may be transformed into free thiocyanate, the major metabolite of cyanide transformation, 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid or protein-bound thiocyanate (PB-SCN) adducts. Because protein adducts are generally stable in biological systems, it has been suggested that PB-SCN may have distinct advantages as a marker of cyanide exposure. In this study, plasma was analyzed from 25 smokers (chronic low-level cyanide exposure group) and 25 non-smokers for PB-SCN. The amount of PB-SCN found in the plasma of smokers, 1.35 µM, was significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) when compared to non-smokers, 0.66 µM. Differences in sub-groups of smokers and non-smokers were also evaluated. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of analyzing PB-SCN in determining instances of chronic cyanide exposure with possible extension to confirmation of acute cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Youso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology Division, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
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26
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Edmands WMB, Beckonert OP, Stella C, Campbell A, Lake BG, Lindon JC, Holmes E, Gooderham NJ. Identification of Human Urinary Biomarkers of Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption by Metabonomic Profiling. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4513-21. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200326k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. B. Edmands
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf P. Beckonert
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Campbell
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G. Lake
- Leatherhead Food International, Leatherhead, KT22 7RY, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Lindon
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Gooderham
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli - an overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3287-309. [PMID: 21906651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemopreventive effects of broccoli, a highly valued vegetable, have been known for a long time. Several studies have demonstrated that broccoli might be beneficial by reducing the risk for the development of certain forms of cancer. These effects are generally attributed to glucosinolate-derived degradation products like isothiocyanates and indoles which are formed by the hydrolytic action of plant myrosinase and/or glucosidases deriving from the human microbial flora. However, recent in vitro and experimental animal studies indicate that broccoli, its extracts and the glucosinolate-derived degradation products might also have undesirable effects, especially genotoxic activities. However, the relevance of the genotoxic activities to human health is not known yet. This paper gives an overview on genotoxic, anti-genotoxic/chemopreventive, nutritive and antinutritive properties of broccoli, its ingredients and their degradation products. A qualitative comparison of the benefit and risk of broccoli consumption benefit-risk assessment shows that the benefit from intake in modest quantities and in processed form outweighs potential risks. For other preparations (fortified broccoli-based dietary supplements, diets with extraordinary high daily intake, consumption as a raw vegetable) further studies both for potential risks and beneficial effects are needed in order to assess the benefit and risk in the future.
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28
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Lorentzen D, Durairaj L, Pezzulo AA, Nakano Y, Launspach J, Stoltz DA, Zamba G, McCray PB, Zabner J, Welsh MJ, Nauseef WM, Bánfi B. Concentration of the antibacterial precursor thiocyanate in cystic fibrosis airway secretions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1144-50. [PMID: 21334431 PMCID: PMC3070840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered enzyme system produces antibacterial hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)) in the airway lumen by oxidizing the secreted precursor thiocyanate (SCN(-)). Airway epithelial cultures have been shown to secrete SCN(-) in a CFTR-dependent manner. Thus, reduced SCN(-) availability in the airway might contribute to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene and characterized by an airway host defense defect. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the SCN(-) concentration in the nasal airway surface liquid (ASL) of CF patients and non-CF subjects and in the tracheobronchial ASL of CFTR-ΔF508 homozygous pigs and control littermates. In the nasal ASL, the SCN(-) concentration was ~30-fold higher than in serum independent of the CFTR mutation status of the human subject. In the tracheobronchial ASL of CF pigs, the SCN(-) concentration was somewhat reduced. Among human subjects, SCN(-) concentrations in the ASL varied from person to person independent of CFTR expression, and CF patients with high SCN(-) levels had better lung function than those with low SCN(-) levels. Thus, although CFTR can contribute to SCN(-) transport, it is not indispensable for the high SCN(-) concentration in ASL. The correlation between lung function and SCN(-) concentration in CF patients may reflect a beneficial role for SCN(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lorentzen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Lakshmi Durairaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Alejandro A. Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Janice Launspach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gideon Zamba
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Botond Bánfi
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Correspondence to: Botond Bánfi, M.D. Ph.D., Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 2501 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA, , tel.: 1-319-335-4228, fax.: 1-319-335-4194
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29
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Alaejos MS, Afonso AM. Factors That Affect the Content of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cruciferous vegetables in cancer prevention. ACTA FACULTATIS PHARMACEUTICAE UNIVERSITATIS COMENIANAE 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10219-011-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables in cancer preventionEpidemiological studies have reported a strong inverse correlation between the intake of cruciferous vegetables and the cancer risk. This association has been found stronger than the association between cancer risk and fruit and vegetable intake in general. Cruciferous vegetables are unique in that they are rich sources of glucosinolates. Hydrolytic degradation of glucosinolates results in the formation of biologically active compounds, including indoles (such as I3C - indole-3-carbinol, DIM - diindolylmethane, indole phytoalexins) and isothiocyanates (such as PEITC - phenethyl isothiocyanate, SFN - sulforaphane). Some mechanisms, like effect on biotransformation system, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and antiangiogenic effect, by which cruciferous vegetables act as chemopreventive agents have been described. Beneficial modulation of oestrogen metabolism with reduced risk of breast and cervical cancer after DIM and I3C supplementation was noted. Despite all health benefit expectation, some studies found that I3C actually promoted or enhanced the development of cancer when administered chronically after the carcinogen (post initiation) to rats. Because the long-term effects of the supplementation of the mentioned compounds on cancer risk in humans are not known, the widespread use of dietary supplements containing natural compounds in humans should be avoided until the potential risks versus benefits are better understood.
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31
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Pavanello S. Metabolic and DNA Repair Variations in Susceptibility to Genotoxins. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- a Section of Occupational Health, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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32
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Gu D, McNaughton L, Lemaster D, Lake BG, Gooderham NJ, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. A comprehensive approach to the profiling of the cooked meat carcinogens 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and their metabolites in human urine. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:788-801. [PMID: 20192249 DOI: 10.1021/tx900436m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A targeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics type approach, employing a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes, was established to profile 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and their principal metabolites in the urine of omnivores. A mixed-mode reverse phase cation exchange resin enrichment procedure was employed to isolate MeIQx and its oxidized metabolites, 2-amino-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-CH(2)OH-IQx) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid (IQx-8-COOH), which are produced by cytochrome P450 1A2 (P450 1A2). The phase II conjugates N(2)-(beta-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and N(2)-(3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-yl)-sulfamic acid were measured indirectly, following acid hydrolysis to form MeIQx. The enrichment procedure permitted the simultaneous analysis of PhIP, N(2)-(beta-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, N3-(beta-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-(4'-hydroxy)-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4'-HO-PhIP), and the isomeric N(2)- and N3-glucuronide conjugates of the carcinogenic metabolite, 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), which is formed by P450 1A2. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for MeIQx, PhIP, and 4'-HO-PhIP was approximately 5 pg/mL; the LOQ values for 8-CH(2)OH-IQx and IQx-8-COOH were, respectively, <15 and <25 pg/mL, and the LOQ values for the glucuronide conjugates of PhIP and HONH-PhIP were 50 pg/mL. The metabolism was extensive; less than 9% of the dose was eliminated in urine as unaltered MeIQx, and <1% was eliminated as unaltered PhIP. Phase II conjugates of the parent amines accounted for up to 12% of the dose of MeIQx and up to 2% of the dose of PhIP. 8-CH(2)OH-IQx and IQx-8-COOH accounted for up to 76% of the dose of MeIQx, and the isomeric glucuronide conjugates of HONH-PhIP accounted for up to 33% of the dose of PhIP that were eliminated in urine within 10 h of meat consumption. P450 1A2 significantly contributes to the metabolism of both HAAs but with marked differences in substrate specificity. P450 1A2 primarily catalyzes the detoxification of MeIQx by oxidation of the 8-methyl group, whereas it catalyzes the bioactivation of PhIP by oxidation of the exocyclic amine group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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CYP1A2 polymorphisms, occupational and environmental exposures and risk of bladder cancer. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:491-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yang G, Gao YT, Shu XO, Cai Q, Li GL, Li HL, Ji BT, Rothman N, Dyba M, Xiang YB, Chung FL, Chow WH, Zheng W. Isothiocyanate exposure, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, and colorectal cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:704-11. [PMID: 20042523 PMCID: PMC2824157 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isothiocyanates, compounds found primarily in cruciferous vegetables, have been shown in laboratory studies to possess anticarcinogenic activity. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism and elimination of isothiocyanates; thus, genetic variations in these enzymes may affect in vivo bioavailability and the activity of isothiocyanates. OBJECTIVE The objective was to prospectively evaluate the association between urinary isothiocyanate concentrations and colorectal cancer risk as well as the potential modifying effect of GST genotypes on the association. DESIGN A nested case-control study of 322 cases and 1251 controls identified from the Shanghai Women's Health Study was conducted. RESULTS Urinary isothiocyanate concentrations were inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk; the inverse association was statistically significant or nearly significant in the GSTM1-null (P for trend = 0.04) and the GSTT1-null (P for trend = 0.07) genotype groups. The strongest inverse association was found among individuals with both the GSTM1-null and the GSTT1-null genotypes, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.95), in a comparison of the highest with the lowest tertile of urinary isothiocyanates. No apparent associations between isothiocyanate concentration and colorectal cancer risk were found among individuals who carried either the GSTM1 or GSTT1 gene (P for interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study suggests that isothiocyanate exposure may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, and this protective effect may be modified by the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Youso SL, Rockwood GA, Lee JP, Logue BA. Determination of cyanide exposure by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of cyanide-exposed plasma proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 677:24-8. [PMID: 20850585 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanide can occur in a variety of ways, including exposure to smoke from cigarettes or fires, accidental exposure during industrial processes, and exposure from the use of cyanide as a poison or chemical warfare agent. Confirmation of cyanide exposure is difficult because, in vivo, cyanide quickly breaks down by a number of pathways, including the formation of both free and protein-bound thiocyanate. A simple method was developed to confirm cyanide exposure by extraction of protein-bound thiocyanate moieties from cyanide-exposed plasma proteins. Thiocyanate was successfully extracted and subsequently derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide for GC-MS analysis. Thiocyanate levels as low as 2.5 ng mL(-1) and cyanide exposure levels as low as 175 μg kg(-1) were detected. Samples analyzed from smokers and non-smokers using this method showed significantly different levels of protein-bound thiocyanate (p<0.01). These results demonstrate the potential of this method to positively confirm chronic cyanide exposure through the analysis of protein-bound cyanide in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Youso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Shepard Hall 121, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Busquets R, Jönsson JÅ, Frandsen H, Puignou L, Galceran MT, Skog K. Hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane extraction and LC-MS/MS detection for the analysis of heterocyclic amines in urine samples. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:1496-504. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fede JM, Thakur AP, Gooderham NJ, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and its carcinogenic metabolites in urine. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1096-105. [PMID: 19441775 DOI: 10.1021/tx900052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine that is produced in cooked meats. The simultaneous analysis of PhIP and its metabolites in human urine is a challenge, because these biomarkers only occur in urine at parts per billion or lower concentrations and must be selectively purifed from thousands of other urinary constituents. We have developed a facile solid-phase extraction method, employing a mixed-mode reverse-phase cation exchange resin, to simultaneously isolate PhIP, its glucuronide conjugates, and the glucuronide conjugates of the genotoxic metabolite 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine from the urine of meat eaters. PhIP and its metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS), using a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring scan mode. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of PhIP is 5 parts per trillion (ppt), and the LOQ values for the glucuronide conjugates are 50 ppt, when 25 microL of urine is employed for assay. The extraction scheme is versatile and has been employed to isolate other ring-hydroxylated and glucuronidated metabolites of PhIP, for characterization by LC-ESI/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Fede
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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Edmands WM, Holmes E, Gooderham NJ. Effect of a Red Meat Meal on Human Urinary Metabotype After Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption. Toxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Edmands WM, Geier F, Benton P, Holmes E, Gooderham NJ. Analysis of the effects of cruciferous vegetable consumption on human metabolic phenotype analysed by UPLC-mass spectrometry. Toxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Mignone LI, Giovannucci E, Newcomb PA, Titus-Ernstoff L, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Orav EJ, Willett WC, Egan KM. Meat consumption, heterocyclic amines, NAT2, and the risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:36-46. [PMID: 19116874 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802348658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meat consumption and heterocyclic amine (HCA) intake have been inconsistently associated with breast cancer risk in epidemiologic studies. Genetic variation in N-acetyltransferase2 (NAT2) has been suggested to modify the association of meat intake with breast cancer through its influence on metabolism of HCAs. We examined associations between meat intake, HCA exposure, acetylator genotype, and breast cancer risk in a case-control study of 2,686 case women and 3,508 controls. Women were asked to report their usual intake, cooking method, and preferred doneness of specific meats. We observed no association between total meat, red meat, or chicken with breast cancer risk. Women who consumed 5 or more servings of meat per week had no increased risk of breast cancer compared to women consuming fewer than 2 servings per week (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.84-1.15). No statistically significant associations with breast cancer were found for individual HCAs or for total estimated mutagenic activity of meat. Results varied modestly according to menopausal status. There were no statistically significant interactions with NAT2 genotype. Results do not support an important association of HCAs with breast cancer risk, although potential biases in case-control studies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Mignone
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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41
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Steck SE, Hebert JR. GST polymorphism and excretion of heterocyclic aromatic amine and isothiocyanate metabolites after Brassica consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:238-246. [PMID: 19197987 PMCID: PMC2959165 DOI: 10.1002/em.20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetable intake has been associated with decreased risk and well-done meat intake has been associated with increased risk of cancers at multiple organ sites in epidemiologic studies. Experimental studies suggest a role of modulation of phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes as one mechanism for these associations. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogens formed in meat that has been cooked to well-done and at high temperatures. Phase I metabolizing enzymes catalyze the activation of HAAs, and phase II metabolizing enzymes serve to detoxify the active carcinogens. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of phase II metabolizing enzymes that are induced by, and act to conjugate, isothiocyanates (ITCs), phytochemicals found in Brassica vegetables. This review summarizes the results of feeding studies in humans that examine effects of polymorphisms in GSTs on ITC metabolite excretion, reviews the evidence for modulation of HAA mutagenicity by ITCs, and discusses the need for feeding studies examining potential interactions among polymorphic genes encoding phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes, meat intake, and Brassica intake to elucidate their role in cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health and Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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Abstract
Studies on the effects of caffeine on health, while numerous, have produced inconsistent results. One of the most uncertain and controversial effects is on pregnancy outcome. Studies have produced conflicting results due to a number of methodological variations. The major challenge is the accurate assessment of caffeine intake. The aim of the present study was to explore different methods of assessing caffeine exposure in pregnant women. Twenty-four healthy pregnant women from the UK city of Leeds completed both a detailed questionnaire, the caffeine assessment tool (CAT) designed specifically to assess caffeine intake and a prospective 3 d food and drink diary. The women also provided nine saliva samples over two consecutive days for estimation of caffeine and a metabolite (paraxanthine). Caffeine intakes from the CAT and diary showed adequate agreement (intra-class correlation coefficient of 0·5). For saliva caffeine and paraxanthine measures, the between-sample variation (within the same woman) was greater than between-woman and between-day variation. However, there was still adequate agreement between these measures and the CAT. The CAT is a valuable tool that is now being used in a large prospective study investigating caffeine's role in pregnancy outcome.
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De Waard W, Aarts J, Peijnenburg A, De Kok T, Van Schooten FJ, Hoogenboom L. Ah receptor agonist activity in frequently consumed food items. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:779-87. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701798880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Lumbreras B, Garte S, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen JP, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Palli D, Peluso M, Krogh V, Tumino R, Panico S, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Lund E, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Quiros JR, Berglund G, Hallmans G, Day NE, Key TJ, Saracci R, Kaaks R, Malaveille C, Ferrari P, Boffetta P, Norat T, Riboli E, Gonzalez CA, Vineis P. Meat intake and bladder cancer in a prospective study: a role for heterocyclic aromatic amines? Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:649-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Pavanello S, B'chir F, Pulliero A, Saguem S, Ben Fraj R, El Aziz Hayouni A, Clonfero E, Mastrangelo G. Interaction between CYP1A2-T2467DELT polymorphism and smoking in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2007; 57:266-72. [PMID: 17509724 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify new genetic characteristics contributing to individual susceptibility to smoke-induced lung cancer. Despite functional evidence of a possible role of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in lung cancer susceptibility, no studies have evaluated the influence of CYP1A2 genotypes on lung cancer risk. We investigated the interaction between CYP1A2-T2467delT (allele*1D) polymorphism and smoking in Tunisian lung cancer cases (n=101 male smokers) separately for the histological types squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=60) and adenocarcinoma (n=41), and in controls (n=98 male smokers) using a case-only study design. A significant interaction between CYP1A2-T/delT or delT/delT genotypes and tobacco consumption (pack-years) adjusted for age was evident (OR (95% CI) 7.78 (1.52-42.8)) in the SCC cases who smoked relatively less (< or =33 pack-years, I quartile value), but not in adenocarcinoma and controls. Our results suggest that CYP1A2-T2467delT polymorphism has an important role in lung carcinogenesis, especially SCC, among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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46
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Pavanello S, Lupi S, Pulliero A, Gregorio P, Saia BO, Clonfero E. Mutagenic activity of overnight urine from healthy non-smoking subjects. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:143-50. [PMID: 17295305 DOI: 10.1002/em.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Urinary mutagenicity was evaluated in relation to environmental mutagen exposure (i.e., diet, indoor/outdoor activities, residential area etc.) on the day prior to sample collection, and also considering factors that contribute to the variability of Salmonella mutagenicity assay results. Overnight urine samples from 283 healthy non-smoking residents of northeast Italy (46% males, 20-62 years) were analyzed for mutagenicity on sensitive Salmonella typhimurium strain YG1024 with S9 mix employing the preincubation version of the plate incorporation assay (i.e., the Salmonella reverse mutation test). Urinary mutagenicity varied between 0.02 and 9.84 rev/ equiv. ml, and 7% of samples were positive (i.e., sample elicited a two-fold increase in revertants). There was an evident increase in mutagenicity in subjects with increased intake of mutagen-rich meals (n = 80) (P < 0.01 and positive urine 13% vs. 5%, P = 0.025). Indoor-exposed subjects (n = 65) also showed a higher percentage of positive urine (14% vs. 5%, P = 0.015). In particular, those subjects exposed to cooking fumes the previous evening (n = 28) revealed higher urinary mutagenicity (P = 0.035, positive urine 25% vs. 5%, P < 0.001) than non-indoor exposed. The sources of variability of the mutagenicity assay, mainly the histidine content of the urine concentrate (z = 4.06, P < 0.0001), and to a lesser extent bacterial inoculum size (z = 2.33, P = 0.019), also significantly influenced urinary mutagenicity values. In a linear multiple regression analysis, their effects were still significant (i.e., histidine content P = 0.026 and inoculum size P = 0.021), but the effects of diet, indoor exposure, and other environmental exposures (i.e., traffic and heating system exhausts, residential area) were not. It is concluded that the previous day's exposure to mutagen-rich meals and cooking fumes may influence the presence of mutagenic activity in the overnight urine of non-smoking subjects. This mutagenic activity, which remains in contact with bladder mucosa for several hours, could be considered risk factors for colorectal adenoma and possibly other cancers (i.e., bladder) in non-smokers. Accurate control of histidine content and bacterial inoculum size is strongly recommended when investigating the mutagenic activity of urine from non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- Occupational Health Section, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy.
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Furge LL, Fletke KJ. HPLC determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in urine: An assay for cytochrome P450 1A2 activity. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 35:138-144. [PMID: 21591074 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of heme-containing proteins located throughout the body with roles in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Among exogenous compounds, clinically relevant pharmaceutical agents are nearly all metabolized by P450 enzymes. However, the activity of the different cytochrome P450 enzymes varies among individuals and, therefore, so does drug efficacy as well as susceptibility to side effects and toxicity. Thus, assessing P450 activity is of great interest in drug development and clinical pharmacology. This study investigates the phenotyping of a single P450 activity by analyzing urine samples using isocratic reverse-phase HPLC. Specifically, the activity of human P450 1A2, which converts caffeine into paraxanthine, can be investigated by measuring the change in caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations in urine over time following a single dose of caffeine. There is an observable relationship between caffeine intake and paraxanthine formation that varies among individuals. This laboratory exercise provides a means for simple assessment of P450 1A2 metabolic activity using an HPLC method without additional extraction or purification steps and introduces students to the complexities of individualized medicine as well as the basic biochemical techniques of sample preparation and quantitative HPLC. Furthermore, students may design and test their own hypothesis using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lowe Furge
- From the Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006-3295.
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48
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Growth, Yield, and Dietary Antioxidants of Broccoli as Affected by Fertilizer Type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1300/j484v12n02_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pool-Zobel B, Veeriah S, Böhmer FD. Modulation of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes by anticarcinogens -- focus on glutathione S-transferases and their role as targets of dietary chemoprevention in colorectal carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 2005; 591:74-92. [PMID: 16083918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that consumption of certain dietary ingredients may favourably modulate biotransformation of carcinogens. Associated with this is the hypothesis that the risk for developing colorectal cancer could be reduced, since its incidence is related to diet. Two main groups of biotransformation enzymes metabolize carcinogens, namely Phase I enzymes, which convert hydrophobic compounds to more water-soluble moieties, and Phase II enzymes (e.g. glutathione S-transferases [GST]), which primarily catalyze conjugation reactions. The conjugation of electrophilic Phase I intermediates with glutathione, for instance, frequently results in detoxification. Several possible colon carcinogens may serve as substrates for GST isoenzymes that can have marked substrate specificity. The conjugated products could be less toxic/genotoxic if GSTs are induced, thereby reducing exposure. Thus, numerous studies have shown that the induction of GSTs by antioxidants enables experimental animals to tolerate exposure to carcinogens. One important mechanism of GST induction involves an antioxidant-responsive response element (ARE) and the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is bound to the Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) in the cytoplasm. Antioxidants may disrupt the Keap-Nrf2 complex, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus and mediate expression of Phase II genes via interaction with the ARE. GSTs are also induced by butyrate, a product of gut flora-derived fermentation of plant foods, which may act via different mechanisms, e.g. by increasing histone acetylation. GSTs are expressed with high inter-individual variability in human colonocytes, which points to large differences in cellular susceptibility to xenobiotics. Enhancing expression of GSTs in human colon tissue could therefore contribute to reducing cancer risks. However, it has not been demonstrated in humans that this mechanism is associated with cancer prevention. In the future, it will be useful to determine GSTs during dietary intervention studies to enhance our understanding of this protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pool-Zobel
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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50
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Kobayashi M, Hanaoka T, Hashimoto H, Tsugane S. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) level in human hair as biomarkers for dietary grilled/stir-fried meat and fish intake. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 588:136-42. [PMID: 16289877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several case-control studies have reported possible associations between heterocyclic amine (HCA) intake and the risk of cancer. However, the validity of a questionnaire to assess HCA intake has hardly been examined. In particular, no biomarker which could serve as an independent measure of habitual HCA intake has been established. Therefore, the validity of a questionnaire to assess HCA intake by means of a biomarker remains to be investigated. In this study, we examined the availability of hair HCAs as a biochemical indicator of dietary intake of HCAs. Study subjects were 20 volunteers (7 men and 13 women) aged 25-57 years, either residents of Tokyo or the neighboring cities in Japan. We collected individual weighed dietary records (DR) over 28 consecutive days. Approximately 3-5 g of hair was collected twice from all subjects before and after DR at intervals of 1-3 months. The mean (S.D.) 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) level of hair was 1376.0 pg/g hair (928.9) and 16.6 ng/g melanin (12.3). A steady increase in the mean PhIP level in hair from the lowest to the highest tertile of the grilled/stir-fried meat intake was observed (P = 0.009), but not in the grilled/stir-fried fish intake (P = 0.461). The PhIP level in hair was highly correlated with the grilled/stir-fried meat intake (r = 0.68) but not with the grilled/stir-fried fish intake (r = 0.28). These observations were made of hair with and without melanin adjustment. The present study indicates that the PhIP level in hair can be used as a biological indicator of dietary intake of HCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minatsu Kobayashi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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